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GEOL6379-Applied Biostratigraphy - Day1 08-26-2022-Part3
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00:09 you know why I don't see a button on this. Okay,
00:38 some continental shelves are a little bit . That's the only thing I can
00:41 this to, but but let's see I can get on here with,
00:51 just want to go back to Well, I don't have a laser
01:19 . Um one of the things that can see here is that we have
01:29 layer cake age, layer cake layer cake age and that's because that's
01:37 we interpret it. And now these have strategy architect and so these things
01:45 to dip down like this and dip like that and this gets very
01:50 So this would be uh in sections time. Excuse me? In sections
01:59 death, but perhaps equally long Okay, the way this is,
02:15 is time right here. So it's like a wheeler diagram showing you these
02:22 going back and forth. But if was spotted in depth, this would
02:27 down to a condensed interval. This squeeze down to, this would be
02:34 like that. This would come down that it looks just like this.
02:58 . So right through here. If had players and time like that,
03:06 is for sure, this is If you're fully close scale racial the
03:30 this year, this unit is gonna it's very very Makes the same amount
03:52 time. This see here, this like a 1.5 seven part. So
04:17 look at it through here, I see something like that thickness time and
04:38 . Yeah, Republican apostles. 30,000 apart. That's it. 750,000 years
04:52 when I go across here. I'm kidding 10s of thousands of years.
05:06 . So this is like layer cake plotted in time. But in reality
05:15 would bend down and these shells up and you get the final forms going
05:25 and you get this budding surface to middle. And even though it's more
05:32 because it all shrinks down, it's . It's really thin. So this
05:37 be time of deposition. This might 7500 position accumulation. and also the
06:07 offshore. That's seven. Yeah. it's also 500 what they want to
06:23 it out. Yeah. And uh you went on shore with the very
06:32 pathology was that? And I take piece people like a high school
07:01 I would show it to you. I used it impression in geology
07:14 Mhm. It doesn't. We'll get it. What happens? Let's see
07:23 cross this boundary. They looks like must so a lot of time
07:45 So you can but we haven't gotten yet. We will get there.
07:57 the fact that you ask means you're about what's important about this. And
08:02 trying to warm you up too to really neat stuff and why it's a
08:09 powerful interpretive tool to kind of have build it brick by brick. And
08:16 want you to kind of understand even we have these spaces shifts, even
08:21 we didn't know there was strata, architecture like that until the oil industry
08:25 doing sequence to figure. They called seismic photography action. They had these
08:30 long regional lines and they could actually how a basin was filling in the
08:36 . You know, we knew, know, when you're looking at an
08:40 draw, you look at something small , It's like a little snapshot.
08:51 see this stuff going on. But don't have a context of the larger
08:55 until we need uh sequence. And that's the reason why sequence photography is
09:01 good. But it's also a reason every bios photography needs to know sequences
09:06 interpretations are gonna be crap. okay. And this is just showing
09:14 that a different, these aren't geniuses species. These are groups of general
09:23 that uh that change as you go from near shore to shallow water.
09:29 uh some of these things are barely foraminifera. But but the same barbecue
09:36 thing is a very good indicator of deep water. But you know what
09:43 mean? Excuse me, shallow water it also occurs out here because none
09:49 these things actually terminate. They all a little bit a little bit.
09:53 the uh these uh glue donated foraminifera , they have an organic uh binding
10:02 that binds the grains together to make their test, which is a
10:08 Whereas these other ones are cal city you get into deep water, the
10:12 stuff dissolves because of the calcium carbonate . Uh and uh passenger starts to
10:22 certain temperature pressure. And uh some these she did you see that out
10:35 actually 50 in the same period It's actually a point where calcium carbonate
10:57 soluble until there's an awful lot of uh and so a lot of these
11:04 disappear Also. I just noticed when was looking at this the K and
11:08 word plank, it was missing. don't know why. So I put
11:12 in on mine And again this is you kind of this the seas going
11:20 the seas go out thing. And when this was done in 4 1949
11:25 didn't know about strata graphic architecture, we were we were thinking we were
11:30 it and this is this is like uh from the coastal plain way up
11:37 the coastal plain to way off as pro graded out sometime like this could
11:41 um south of boston and this could offshore. And people looking at
11:46 we're seeing stuff like this. They seeing something that looked like this
11:50 graphic architecture. And if if I it back, they took it back
11:59 that that diagram, sorry, I to pull this apart. Like actually
12:10 here, I have to pull this apart tickets. It's getting kind of
12:16 the marine advanced dies out and this all get squeezed down even more than
12:22 time. Um some of these as was drawn, these were probably major
12:29 surfaces or maximum flooding surfaces. And inside here there would be sea level
12:36 . It would create what we call flooding services and separate units called paris
12:41 or smaller than the towers. Did I? No. Okay.
12:53 regression is when the standard programs out this and it actually bend down on
13:00 of this like that. Okay. this one come down and he still
13:10 got this figured out. Never seen model. And uh so then uh
13:22 come in come in, seems And this is relatively rich because it's
13:32 offshore, it's more offshore. It's preserved. It's also a lot of
13:38 press so the assemblies. So um way I've got more since you're asking
13:57 . No, I might have 1.5 years, Let me just make this
14:06 1.5 to me. So se time a section of exception. Somewhere down
14:30 the chart there. Yes, over 1.5 million years we have these
14:45 Sorry. No, this is that is gonna end up being a lot
14:51 . It's gonna have the same This that's gonna happen. Two given
15:00 same uh We have multiple 30 this , 30 in this one. So
15:11 getting 30 in these these so it's out and But in here it's concentrated
15:19 you get the 30 things concentrating on thing and that's why it's rich part
15:25 his compensation. And also if you a lot of service coming in
15:34 So so you do see an impact from uh from the environmental deposition.
15:46 is high deposition rate. This is low deposition rate. So you get
15:50 concentration. You know we're looking at chart take this thing, squeezed it
15:58 to climb. I see something like just this would be stretched out the
16:12 layer. So this would be versus like this next layer squeeze down a
16:25 another undercover squeeze down. So things that. Then the next one spread
16:40 here. So seven see something. that's the top. This is a
17:10 you're vertical in time down. So sensitive conversation. This was just three
17:38 and funding. What genius. Uh again. 30, 30 30
17:55 Sure. And it looks rich 1949. He was figuring out the
18:04 impact of the fossil impact of Graphic architecture. I didn't realize that
18:12 what it was. He didn't realize was telling him their sequence strategic because
18:18 wasn't invented until the Probably the mid . Why is that? Because he
18:29 at outcrops. He looked like he looking at it well looking well here
18:34 here and well here I didn't see You couldn't see that it was actually
18:40 . You couldn't see that you had forms terminating on another surface.
18:48 there might actually be a surface like . And these are all terminating.
18:56 it's the way this is drawn. doesn't really know what's going on.
19:00 would have come down to this. one come down in front of
19:04 Overall, it's a regret. It's overall the dresses again with transgressions.
19:13 is a big, big high frequency station the lower frequency things like
19:21 And even at this scale, there's frequency perturbations that have little stingers.
19:31 a complicated world. And again, another diagram that kind of gets that
19:36 strata, graphic architecture. But it show us how the faces faces get
19:43 and farther offshore. We have a period of time. This is an
19:48 . Again, we did it. . Um and so this diagram here
20:03 kind of showing you something similar where are changing here. We've got pro
20:10 and the tops of these fossils, here's a true top on a
20:16 And uh here and it's this is climate form showing you that that's the
20:23 . But some of these other fossils quite make it all the way up
20:27 where they could be in time because a faces break in it. So
20:33 are kind of reflecting uh time and . These are reflecting there. They
20:41 have been higher up. But they they didn't live higher up in this
20:45 because the faces change because pro gradation at that point. And uh I'll
20:57 you guys read that on your But it's something worth uh looking
21:01 Here's here's a little bit more detail it to to kind of break it
21:07 . But um uh this extinction of particular fossil is occurring uh lowering the
21:18 section than this one, then this . And then of course, here
21:23 another extinction point up here. But you can see this is the the
21:31 for him is is going extinct in . This is younger. Excuse
21:36 This is older and it goes to . And here there's another fossil that's
21:42 extinct along this plane. And And here's one, it's should be a
21:50 bit younger, but it doesn't make . Here's one that could stink
21:54 And here's one that's even in other , this fossil ranges from this period
21:58 time to at least that period of because of the faces shift from the
22:06 gradations being cut out in time. you have sequenced photography on it.
22:11 you can see the faces shift time inside of this. The face is
22:19 of goes like that. They're gone onshore to offshore. That faces
22:24 But these are the time lines. are all this is one sequence.
22:29 is another sequence. And then this another sequence and another sequence. And
22:42 take a look at that and see you can sort it out because you
22:45 , if I spend all day looking that it gets here. It says
22:59 this is a thing that I don't secrets strategically is a genetic process based
23:04 to security. Unlike other members, for subdivisions that involve as little interpretation
23:13 as possible. That would be a poor little because what I'm trying to
23:21 you now is we have to look those processes and we have to interpret
23:27 in fact because because we have the of time um sometimes these platforms are
23:37 as obvious as they are fossil terminations earlier in the with the obvious.
23:48 it. That's possible. In other , I could I may not see
23:53 any of these timelines besides from this mostly. But I would see that
23:59 fossil terminates in time one. This terminates in time to this one terminates
24:05 time three. Not even all the through time three. This one terminates
24:11 for this one. Exactly. And relation I could tell the termination earlier
24:20 older this one and this one is this time is actually you can't do
24:37 with sequence photography or you can only that with bio strategic feet integrated with
24:42 particularly. Okay, so bios photography out with this thing called final
24:56 And then they started to subdivide strata on fossils And in other words William
25:03 was looking at uh shafts that went in the minds and you could see
25:10 the rocks, the fossils were changing we went down and go to another
25:13 and see the same thing. So realizing that there's a correlation between these
25:19 mine shafts that go down to the seam. Then somebody started uh started
25:26 uh actually subdivide rock units based on these assemblages. In other words,
25:35 know, this is a sandstone that this and this is sandstone over
25:38 But I don't have that has some different. So the fact that there's
25:44 distinction between things based on mythology and components gives you a better idea of
25:52 they happen, not just how they . In other words, the old
25:56 sandstone is very, very old and red sandstone in the in the say
26:02 Miocene might look exactly like it. have completely different fossils. And then
26:13 so they started to build this thing the stage in the rock record where
26:21 units of rock would be called a and they usually had certain ammonites just
26:26 the necessary and uh where they have lot of in the started coming up
26:35 stages and they used a thing called zones. He started and the concept
26:46 bias traffic zone started to change to you have to stand, you
27:03 1000. This would be a stage they would have this what type of
27:23 different I can say side of if like a fence, see it there
27:41 on lot of so subdivided. one the problems is is, you
28:07 so one guy would have citizens like . Yeah, try to do
28:30 That's something we have to get. is a little bit more complicated than
28:37 algorithm. Uh anyway, that that's it got to. And then,
28:49 , then we started having major subdivisions strata defined by distinct fossil assemblages.
28:56 in those stages, uh, I multiple photographic units or not. But
29:02 were they were like, you they were trying to learn things
29:06 you know, here I have a of fossils that look like they're approximately
29:09 same age. There's a bunch Now we know more about the
29:13 more detailed extinction rates of all these . We've been able to subdivide it
29:18 . But in the beginning there it very crude. You know, the
29:22 was loved, we're talking about millions years instead of tens of thousands and
29:27 of thousands schools. And this is , this is how a stage and
29:35 is kind of got uh tied in bio zones. And here is
29:42 here's how you can see the ranges some of these little lines are like
29:46 range and time of a fossil. are the inception points, conception
29:52 inception points. These are the extinction , extinction points, extinction points.
29:58 we would see this assemblage in that at that stage, we would see
30:03 assemblage in that stage. We would this assemblage on that stage. And
30:07 might have started out with these stages , but we have ammonites that all
30:12 in here. We have ammonites that fit in there. We have an
30:14 that fits in here a lot of . They did ammonites because they were
30:18 tonic and they're a little bit more because they swam around. And uh
30:23 you have to realize that anytime you something a golden spike, you mess
30:28 all the other things. If there really a golden spike. Other words
30:34 if the change from one AM a to another is exactly a million years
30:39 every am a night, then these be a million Euro zone's, but
30:43 if one was a million years and one was three million years and you
30:46 know yet. And so that made complicated and that's that's why a lot
30:52 work has been done in this field it was not simple. Okay,
30:58 um what it kind of got at how we kind of got to using
31:05 to help us subdivide rockies sedimentary rockies , you can forget about because we're
31:13 gonna find too much water oil in , but sometimes. Okay, um
31:22 the main products or tools, the main tool is microfossils in the
31:28 industry, because cuttings, you'll get to thousands of specimens and samples,
31:34 you're doing macro fossils, even if something smaller, like an oyster versus
31:40 um a dinosaur, something dinosaur, can forget it, forget about
31:46 Um If you found a dinosaur piece you were able to identify would be
31:51 , but usually can't do that, rock cuttings and usually don't even see
31:55 . And if you had a you know, okay, we know
31:59 a dinosaur bone, I'm not quite which one it is. And uh
32:06 then they also, they didn't do at first because people were looking at
32:10 microfossils, but there are larval stages clams that are pretty small that people
32:16 to use. But it just got complicated. They stuck to leslie microfossils
32:23 you think about it, you if you have these animals with high
32:30 rates, um I evolutionary rates, have high inception and high infection
32:38 Uh, And we know this in settlements because it's better preserved that we
32:43 see things in less than 10,000 We can see layers less than 10,000
32:48 old. And you can imagine that of them are almost raising. And
32:53 if you take, if I just a sample like this, I'm averaging
32:58 age in terms of the potential resolution we could have. So through time
33:05 happened is someone gotta rock 11 sample of formation and they tied this all
33:11 way around the world for example. uh Sir Charles Lyell uh new some
33:19 over and even uh there were a . C. He came to south
33:26 , looked at the Santee limestone and saw they had some of the same
33:31 and so he said oh this must SN two. And that was the
33:35 point for american geologist looking at the plain of the atlantic coast of the
33:40 States. And finally we had something was easy relative to PSN over in
33:46 and uh it's very gross scale. still haven't gotten to where we could
33:50 see 10,100,000 year lives. Okay. so we did that with the zonal
34:00 . But as you can imagine, if we go back to this
34:07 these zonal schemes, if you have fossils, you might be able to
34:11 these even more and more. And of that um zonal schemes was what
34:19 always used but they were defined by or two bio events. But now
34:23 have lots of the databases have lots bio events in and it also helps
34:31 figure out things about the deposition all , in other words, the main
34:36 . We have our microfossils and the things that we can do is come
34:40 with a time frame work and we also uh and we can relate it
34:46 sequence photography or we can come up de positional uh information in terms of
34:54 depth in a marine system, whether deep water uh modern water depths or
35:02 shallow in a lake in an ancient . So the water depth is a
35:07 kind of an important thing because There a guy back in the 60's said
35:18 if I know, but uh just what here or here where things get
35:43 here where they get a race, know, get a certain kind of
35:49 little bit texas, you got a bit southeast and uh but you know
36:00 all the data we have now you do so much more than and that's
36:04 I think it needs to get into intelligence and different data analytics tools and
36:10 some machine learning to to get the to grasp all this information at one
36:17 . Uh The biggest difficulty when we talking about data is gonna be there's
36:22 qualities. Oh no, yeah, only two people here, you do
36:33 you want and just let us know we'll well wait, what happens when
36:46 drink coffee and water? Right, have to drink water, I don't
37:25 why my shoes left to untie So let me just tell you this
38:18 a and these are two of the products deputy uh time framework definition.
38:33 , here he is. Just there's be another slide with this because there's
38:37 But what I'm trying to get across the lead to what we have the
38:46 . This is just two of It's really good time for it.
38:50 I'm trying to explain to. Also the you can do faces and reservoir
39:02 studies. You can do faces and . In other words, some of
39:07 fossils actually turned into what So we actually tell you what kind of uh
39:15 be slipping rich or whether it's or in that grade and uh also other
39:27 maturation. I think in one sense I'm gonna get to hear I'm talking
39:34 as we get farther away from the of the deposition system. Three look
39:43 the slides now, technology survive. right. So we're organized here.
40:02 out of here. Mhm. basically. Mhm. So so so
40:26 have these very very different looking types particles. Even if you don't know
40:31 species, just look at the slide tell whether you're close to the river
40:35 or out on the shelf. And what the interfaces are. And then
40:40 a lot of quantitative tools. I've lots of cluster analysis analysis and stuff
40:45 that which relates to and you can and you can also you had to
40:54 assemblages of two very refined deposition settings example, it might be a little
41:02 at a uh I heard your island . You might be able to tell
41:08 there's a wash over pan based on channel when you were in the main
41:14 , when there was a wash When something you focus on watch
41:18 there was actually a channel title channel layers before we have a some kind
41:31 at the top of it and then later on. So you get really
41:38 definition uh typefaces analysis which which is affect. Um this will help you
42:00 . Yes. Yeah, yeah. they tell you whether it's, you
42:08 , whether it's uh type one, two, type three right away.
42:14 takes some five seconds. And again go from structured organic bits to less
42:22 organic bits to go from from the 4 to the Type one.
42:31 and here's some of the other obviously there's uh correlation issues. Um
42:37 and and the the interesting thing about issues is the better your time framework
42:45 the better your correlations are gonna And uh but you can also do
42:51 qualitative and quantitative correlation with fossil assemblages tops. And graphic correlation is uh
43:00 a framework for each. Well that be instantly correlated with another well or
43:04 crop all the way around the If you have the right type of
43:08 and uh here's thermal maturation. Uh actually not only can they tell you
43:15 third type color. Uh This is , this was the first one.
43:23 the one that picked up a lot the first one, I think this
43:31 is from almost translucent things to yellow brown to black. Comment on start
44:01 they go from from china and that the Yes, correct. Uh uh
44:23 index is also similar to thomas nobody how to use. Okay, so
44:33 we have the main the main tool course microfossils and I showed you a
44:38 of things that you can do with and here and talked about asian environment
44:45 these are a lot of different types fossils. But we have both types
44:53 furthers predominantly benthic tonic. We call it. Now we got rid of
44:59 tonic, it's just plain tip and got rid of the on because it's
45:04 an online course. But uh for we have we have and we have
45:13 than especially lot of carbonate precipitation. so it's easier for them to
45:29 because uh your super saturation makes it easy for the animals so they can
45:38 bigger shells and stuff they just But in addition to the olympics,
45:44 have things that almost all the outer , especially uh equipments don't have too
46:11 competitors here. They're all the way here when you get out from
46:22 when you get out of here to . So that's that's just the and
46:37 um there's a whole bunch of them are us, this list doesn't have
46:44 there's also the, which I have special type of regular test material that
46:53 them apart from the other. Then have the nano fossils. The
46:59 these are assist from the reproductive stage something. That's an al out.
47:08 is one of them. You it's amazing that these things are several
47:12 in size. It's a whole whole on and uh the diversity of life
47:23 you see these kinds of and this this is a type of uh and
47:30 satan that's probably the diatoms. And a this is a living foraminifera and
47:40 a This one. These are these super pods. You know what Anita
48:00 really Okay yeah surrounding membrane. But have the shell um projections of Souda
48:30 which are called risa podia. And actually stick out and help them float
48:34 the water. And uh and that's that's kind of showing. And this
48:41 a type of the following. So have scores in pollen. And uh
48:53 one of the things that you have look at for preservation. This becomes
49:00 . The continents are prosthetics of light and effective uh banana fossils and auditorium's
49:11 on for the crystallizing all sorts of uh this this thing has been oxidized
49:32 the process of doing it so you see some of the internal structure but
49:39 but as there's no asset. And but I cannot preservation of make sure
49:55 very anywhere. There were fossils, you have uh ocean sediments, even
50:11 lake sediments. You get these things they're always solution. And uh but
50:22 they get if they don't get buried anywhere near the surface that we can
50:27 and just like the material in the . Yeah, she's shaking her head
50:41 she remembers, would you like to , did Audrey basada ever do
50:49 Did he do that? He's hard tie down. You take geochemistry.
50:59 probably get like me there's no telling much longer will live. But uh
51:06 the guy's got a lot of energy he and he loves, okay,
51:13 what I'm getting at is the utility all of these things has a lot
51:18 do with whether or not the that a lot to do with. And
51:24 they don't all live through the entire record. One time I had a
51:29 come to me and asked me if knew advisor uh, and is the
51:41 . He wanted to know if so all in the same company. So
51:50 wanted to work in the the C. And if you come over
51:53 look at this and why am I you this? Charts like this are
51:58 important to you as a geologist because think that you're going to get some
52:04 really helps. You're able to necessarily the right thing. So, if
52:10 want to do something in the air , can I use diet tone a
52:22 Teresa. Can I use the he is in the tertiary. So
52:29 , I could use those. It's that there might be radial area.
52:38 . Well this is almost from, is almost the whole period of time
52:43 we had fossil. So yeah, was spores and pollen. Uh This
52:50 uh would be the top of the to again in the tertiary, you
52:57 , you have paleozoic, mesozoic, tertiary. Here's nano fossils,
53:04 you could use those and of course could be used to, you
53:09 there's a little something about the delicious that it's a problem. Uh but
53:17 something to solve 5000 sleeping songs. are places uh or see in other
53:30 but really well known in the North in the uh replaced with placement sometimes
53:43 replaced an Apostle. That structures. a different crystal structure and everything.
53:52 at a fine scale. So you see all the detail, show you
53:58 example, but uh it's often not useful in the web. They also
54:08 to be most of funding um the areas in the polar regions and the
54:15 uh pretty good everywhere. But they gone just because of geothermal temperature at
54:27 layers. We normally look at And this is another chart kind of
54:34 you the same kind of stuff. it has a little bit different information
54:39 uh this one actually um this one shows you environmental deposition and here you
54:48 see This, this is the time . This is the real water water
54:53 is about 600 ft or 200 I don't know what was wrong with
54:58 other most, most places around the around Today and it worked around 200
55:11 . I understand if you go to continental stop south east china sea.
55:24 . Yes. So your profile like is part of all right preservation going
55:47 this part of me show deposition, . There's also saves a lot of
56:12 out of here. Get down here resources. It's a lot of actually
56:22 china sea have height, probably your source. Something like this types of
56:40 . So we looked at four that sequence that samples with diversity and uh
57:02 100 Species of 200 species 67. was almost pure. It's a
57:23 So, any anyway, this kind shows, you know, you
57:27 you're working in a turban night based more fans, you want to look
57:31 stuff that's over here. If you're near shore, you want to look
57:35 the things that I find out And if you're looking at the
57:39 mostly the shell could be right in . So this right here, that
57:51 the rest of this stuff up Okay, this brackish and then uh
57:59 continental custom and the customer can be different. And uh and just and
58:08 draw these things. They don't always what's going on. But the ostrich
58:14 are really good all the way out the horrific. And there's also they're
58:24 out of calcite instead of a Some which dissolves quicker in the cluster
58:32 can last longer. Uh And some the the deep waters sediments were the
58:42 calcium carbonate is very soluble. This just an example of some of these
58:50 from this was a guide to help identify nano fossils. Do you guys
58:58 you could learn this and identify nano ? There's no way in hell.
59:04 the reason is this is a snapshot . The uh expert actually identifies them
59:13 he focuses up and down. This just one plane. It's a really
59:18 . So he focuses up and down on the change in shape. The
59:22 quality he's able to figure out a and uh go back this thing for
59:39 , this was real lucky because this a it's a it's a fossil,
59:46 looks like a star related to me the rest of the new. It's
59:51 separate group. You can kind of the morphology here. It's just this
59:55 that looks like it's part of. show you another picture and I'll maybe
59:59 point out why it's very hard To these with one snapshot at one
60:06 And these are these are mostly And uh these are predominantly uh upper
60:19 , some lower police seen ones that the paleo jean cretaceous boundary where the
60:25 of the fossils were. Some of are just above it. Somewhere below
60:29 . And these bull of annoyed he's have really nice nice striations on them
60:33 make them easy to identify. Uh is this is a plank tonic forum
60:40 had some weathering. This is a electron micrografx. You look at it
60:44 a microscope with reflected light underneath it you put a drop of water on
60:50 and actually see the internal structure. hand in these pictures to a geologist
60:58 tell them to identify him bio strategic can't always identify them unless he actually
61:03 what the assemblage was. And he know that this particular global Italia was
61:11 certain species of global italian. This another uh another one that based on
61:17 ridge right here and that ridge there probably but it's really hard and I
61:24 even want to tell you why I know what that is but but you
61:29 you have to have a really good on these things to really identify them
61:32 pictures that are just showing you this . The codes with with good uh
61:40 SCM pictures are really good uh and to identify if you have internal and
61:45 views. Here's another one of those of a noise. And this one
61:49 better preserved. Here's an ostrich And uh you can see a lot
61:55 his internal structure based on a scanning microscope. They're a little bit
61:59 So you're you're a lower power on scanning electron microscope. So you can
62:04 a little bit more than just one . You know, it's uh kind
62:08 gives us almost a three D. of of one of these things where
62:13 these are so small that it's you to ratchet it up almost double the
62:20 to see it. So and again is you had a drop of water
62:25 it. Uh just a regular reflect microscope. Uh You could see an
62:33 lot with and if you put it a petra graphic scope, we have
62:37 light going through it. You can a lot of the internal structure with
62:40 drop of water. And uh this in the North Sea showing you the
62:47 of detail uh where they have these with nano fossils. And well,
62:54 is most this this before we did nano fossils. This was mostly
62:59 And this is the sweet spot. when we had horizontal drillers come in
63:05 they started to penetrate this, we tell them right when they got the
63:09 of this zone one for that particular all the way down to zone
63:14 And then for the next formation we tell them when they were in HF
63:19 and then b and then a couple these other ones. So we could
63:22 tell the driller that he was he too deep and he just started turning
63:25 up and the driller, you got to this point, he would
63:30 try to level out kind of like corkscrew like this so he could drain
63:34 of them at the same time with pipe. And uh I think the
63:39 time I checked was only a few ago When I was there in the
63:43 and we developed a good nano fossil . They want to drill a horizontal
63:47 in the North Sea of the talks having a for their real time to
63:51 them where they're at. It's better JIA steering. And uh it's really
63:57 person of chalk, you'd never be to just hear a chalk because there's
64:03 gamma spikes kind of like this, is what it looks like. Especially
64:19 uh receptivity that blows it all with contact. It's kind of like this
64:31 can identify this would tell you this really in person if you stay in
64:53 building. Like this might see sometimes know where they always are contact is
65:13 they might figure out what direction it's the chalks. The chalks were really
65:18 until uh we took uh the Torah area And turned it into a billion
65:30 field. It was 600 million which is a lot of money.
65:33 turned it into a billion barrel field we were able to subdivide the units
65:39 and uh and that gave exploration people reason to do O. B.
65:45 . Social bottom size mint for And uh and be able to use
65:52 waves along with primary waves. The to see through the gas. There's
65:56 gas cloud above the about the charts blocks out a lot of the a
66:03 of the seismic signal. Can't see . But with O. B.
66:08 . You can see everything because it she's right through the right through the
66:17 . Okay. This these are These are in the hot formation which
66:22 spacious. You can see there's an lot of structure preserved in the in
66:28 things. And I think these were and uh changed from Delicious two Plus
66:37 . And they got preserved. And so they were able to identify pieces
66:43 of the part of the assemblage in of those zones. And of course
66:51 the oil industry, tops are driven bio events are are based on
66:58 Does everybody know what the topics. ? Do you know what the top
67:05 ? And an oil well for a . What's another way of describing,
67:14 know, no, the top of fossil bustles. Like when we drill
67:22 , we hit a top. What that talk? This is So this
67:48 the one. So we're gonna talk too. And that's what this is
68:03 here. You can see the pleistocene, the miocene is here.
68:07 the legacy and the essenes underneath that . So just so you know,
68:15 essenes down below this, but it's the Mesozoic. But here you can
68:22 um using the the varia, these nano calculus nano fossils are able to
68:34 the flooding surfaces here. Uh which what these are. These are maximum
68:39 surfaces. And uh this is a event. This is the transgressive event
68:47 . And then you have a regressive and then sea level drop and then
68:51 repeats. But you can see the surfaces have this isn't in the millions
68:58 years or mega animals. Three. is 5.85 point five up here,
69:04 Uh 4.2 in there. And here 2.6, These are millions of years
69:13 on primarily on the cal curious That's going down some time. There's
69:35 reason why we we can use spaces we have to be very careful.
69:42 have to make sure you kind of where we are in this section and
69:46 whether it makes sense. Yeah, me do it with this.
69:59 so here's one right here. Just ask her to malice. Its its
70:04 is right there and it's too. the top of this this low stand
70:11 which this would be right here. top of that low stand event Is
70:17 million years. Based on the celebrated of that fossils. Top Okay.
70:23 on this person's system now um there's really good paper in I think it
70:32 a P. G. By Jim and a bunch of other people and
70:37 Bergen was on my chalk team him a guy named paul sick or and
70:46 they recently published a little bit more the section in the gulf of Mexico
70:53 with literally hundreds of tops and this this is a top here. Normally
71:00 you call the talent geologist business check the probably when we see a top
71:15 with something like today like this. that is the time it's tough go
71:34 example boston start again or something First start down here somewhere.
71:56 What do we do? Outcrops is these spaces face would be fun.
72:05 is conception. This is this is you know documented, wow this part
72:24 time is missing this part time relative this so that you just kind of
72:37 why you you know you know whether getting in school it's not a mistake
72:55 this would be telling this could be top face more words to go with
73:07 simplest terms that doesn't. Yes. this is yeah this is like or
73:17 it substitutes and as I drill down the, well the well I get
73:27 in this step is the first. , so this possibly going down.
73:40 . The reason why these bases to cuttings wait, it's hard to use
73:49 faces. Okay. You like for . Okay, Alex Jordan, that's
74:07 like that's fun. Don't worry. do have a problem. Like to
74:21 at well done, that's with them that's what this means by events.
74:32 group. Okay because we drill down the and uh This says latest,
74:42 was 2017. There may be a one from Paleo data but this is
74:47 almost that same section and how many tops there are. And foraminifera and
74:58 because they can use the use the depth, can't read any of
75:01 But it's showing you what the water ranges over here. It's plotted
75:06 So here you're seeing time can eventually . That failure environment. This diagram
75:16 of pulls together when you're reading it's blackboard simply in this. A couple
75:45 that was there. You see it yours, I can post it.
76:02 don't know why it's not there because posted it. Maybe I messed up
76:09 date. Maybe. Maybe it's already showing for you and when I get
76:16 to my office I'll see it there I have to change the date because
76:20 have a click on calendar and sometimes click on calendar doesn't work. I
76:25 having a lot of trouble this and was weird, but I'll check,
76:35 used in europe. I don't know they use it here. Well I
76:38 know they've used it in the equal . I know Chevron, Houston,
76:43 and Exxon mobile Houston because a lot companies don't have the expertise to do
76:53 . A lot of companies have never it and they don't understand why they
76:57 it. But, but when uh, when I was with
77:02 we, we were favored in lately because we had this extra expertise considered
77:08 strategic advantage to do so to be to do graphic correlation as we
77:13 we found oil fields that other people find. And I worked on one
77:18 Scott Field where Amoco owned it And drilled seven wells and couldn't find this
77:25 field. It totaled close to 500 barrels away. They couldn't find.
77:30 I went in there and did a correlation prior to the first, well
77:33 found The first block had 90 I predict predicted 90 million barrels
77:39 And when they drilled it, it 89. Give me a lot of
77:43 about that. I, but they , they were chucking. So you
77:51 that, how do you determine the ? How is she? Oh,
78:03 you may not know where it But what it's trying to do is
78:06 you in the sweet spot. Yeah. And a lot of times
78:13 they do, it's with nano fossils because one thing I didn't tell you
78:18 going to be talking about nano fossils on the, well uh we bring
78:25 home. It might take us an to do a sample under. Well
78:28 can do a sample of five five minutes or less for ams it
78:33 take you 30 minutes to process the um is a little bit longer.
78:39 I worked well worked to wells in Caspian sea with pasta codes And uh
78:47 was real time. Actually called the stop drilling, had to drill to
78:55 certain point and on one well and well they didn't, they had me
79:02 there doing it just in case the came up with something because I I
79:08 it so they didn't have to spend million to eight million billion four because
79:15 I could prove that they they reached of the point then we collected samples
79:21 took them back to the lab takes . And uh and they their conclusions
79:30 , they're going to see the same . But real time they argued with
79:36 for a whole week, stuck in a whole week. And uh at
79:43 time it was a rough place. a lot better now. But they
79:49 a soviet life business minor because they to be part of the service.
80:00 . And people that were higher ranking voice meant more than someone like.
80:06 I had to argue a lot for but I won and then then it
80:13 out I was definitely right, And this is just an example showing
80:19 that the uh uh these are ammonites . These are actually pseudo ammonites
80:27 And each one of these lines is maximum flooding surface tied to a gamma
80:34 . And it kind of shows you certain parts of the world. They
80:37 use bios photography a lot. And the way these zones are actually recognized
80:43 the wells is using mostly using dina and and also for eminent. And
80:51 is a list of their dina flashlights uh they have these things uh here's
80:58 maximum flooding surfaces picked picked by their . And uh what I found that
81:07 we did graphic correlation compared to to composite standard out of all the tops
81:12 they were using to pick these Only the ones in yellow including some
81:18 them were events only the yellow ones were valid. The other ones did
81:28 actually fit this. This is kind a made up bios. A nation
81:34 the ammonites that don't even occur And so everything was miss tide was
81:39 to show that that only a few these things actually were working properly out
81:44 the whole batch and that's because we graphic correlation. Okay, so again
81:52 I think this is to wrap this up. Let me just check.
82:00 uh we can use bios photography for age dating. And here's a bunch
82:06 examples of that relative age dating for purposes between wells, paleo environmental reconstruction
82:14 bio faces. Uh We can also sequence boundaries, maximum flooding surfaces and
82:22 of sequences boundaries sometimes. And uh that kinda helps. And this is
82:28 showing you a what was considered a order sequence, the main sequence that
82:42 and others started using an Exxon maybe esso when they first started doing
82:48 But you can see here that there's sequence strategic fee and a well it's
82:55 to find these surfaces. And here can see a sequence boundary up here
83:00 is a big erosion all feature, graphic correlation. I'm gonna show up
83:12 pretty good, pretty good erosion on surface. And uh then there's the
83:20 flooding surface we can normally spot, can see when you start to get
83:26 to the transgressive systems track with various . You can see here that it
83:34 of relates to. There's the S. T. Here's the maximum
83:38 surface comes in right there and you a whole lot of things at that
83:42 . If I did graphic correlation, would get something that looks like this
83:47 across like that and then went up this because some of these things are
83:53 ranging, but some of them And uh so anyway, it's um
83:58 is a simplified sequence photographic model, may not seem simple to you,
84:06 it's This would be the one and and uh here's here's c um church
84:22 so pretty the pathology on the And uh in the abundance of certain
84:29 on the and we'll be looking at in the nature of fossil units in
84:34 detail. And uh of course bio graffiti, uh can be integrated a
84:43 of ways into the rock record. uh and I think all means of
84:50 correlation or interpretive as opposed to that , photographer's definition of what we
84:56 And the most robust correlation comes from integration of all available data, especially
85:02 seismic and in Mexico we were able constrain. And also sometimes you can
85:30 imagine if this is reality got a sample but you didn't have anything in
85:48 . For example, narrow it's actually the time. Thanks. That could
86:26 us find on this side. That help us figure out. No,
86:32 , that's the or you know, we had quite a few samples but
86:44 was, you know, when you the reflector type in it all made
86:50 sense. And there's a there's a poster on the outside my office that
86:57 how we were using using that method pick the sequences. And um I'd
87:06 to show this chart because again, the earlier set sections, this is
87:14 like a healer diagram, which means this is time and uh this again
87:24 is time to so what it's showing is that all these sediments were deposited
87:30 the same time. But if this done in thickness, this purple stuff
87:34 all dead center. This this whole here would collapse down like that.
87:44 things would these things would bend down it. This would bend down into
87:48 . The one on top of them this would bend down into because this
87:53 goes to something like this in These might stay the same thickness.
87:57 so they just their um their final . So you have one bending down
88:04 this one bending down like that one down like that, like the siren
88:09 here. So here, here's I this some putting surfaces here. Maybe
88:28 lot of time like this. This is that this makes people that's that's
88:49 . Stop. Yeah. We have funding circumstance at the top of
89:07 Sharp over there. The purple is perfect is that this is the so
89:18 time looks like it's more reality. thin. It sits right on
89:27 Actually, this one's down on top and um and see here there's there's
89:38 bunch of zones in here actually Calling tracks. And that's right. But
89:46 was yeah, it seems with me really small. Yeah, this is
89:57 high stand systems track and can't read broadcast T. S. T.
90:02 . And so this this is actually convention of because it's all offshore the
90:12 when you get you get out So so so so you have a
90:24 . Sometimes you want to see, see, it's fine. That's what
90:38 did the sequence boundaries because the fine stuff absorbs radioactive material uh in a
90:47 log this will be a spike. will be a spy here. And
90:52 what they used to define their What sometimes these blocks get uplifted and
91:01 whole sequence disappears, disappears and BP tell they couldn't calibrate their sequence boundaries
91:09 they were gone by the spikes and by the fire strategic let me use
91:14 bios photography in the spikes. And chart that I produced here showed that
91:22 bio strategic fee was was calibrated wrong the system that they were working because
91:28 the yellow ones are the only ones are working the rest of them are
91:31 way off. I compared him, looked at them in different wells with
91:40 composite standard and they were inconsistent, inconsistent. In other words, the
91:46 that they were with didn't separate them though. And uh and that's because
91:52 looked at all of the we looked all the bio events and not just
91:55 ones and this is just a diagram you as you go this this diagram
92:07 here should help you do your graphic exercise that I'm gonna talk about
92:15 Because you're gonna have a will this like that one and another one something
92:23 that. And one of the questions is it I have that position here
92:31 deposition when we talk about deposition of all of a sudden it's rolling in
92:41 direction. So this is down In other words, the rivers are
92:48 here, the rivers are here store here the uh and then as you
92:54 down here this is deposition. So be you'll be able to grab since
92:59 draw will help you figure out that is deposition lee one is close to
93:07 shelf break and one is all the down based on the graphic. That's
93:17 the sediment starvation is a hurt is create all the time you got here
93:26 thing. Yeah. It's all, always gonna be seven The starvation until
93:35 out to it. And that's what is. That's a basic. And
93:41 over here you're gonna have several exposure here you're gonna have southern exposure because
93:47 time there's a list and there's gonna a position on here at all it's
93:51 eroded and out here you're gonna have period of sediment bypass. So it's
93:59 start out with sediments starvation and then gonna get 75 in other words,
94:10 beginning of this one is very Many sentiments and then you get here
94:15 got the slogan. It's just on face. I corrected that one word
94:43 I have to remember that. I it here and not on my other
94:52 . I correct things all the time in my lectures. Yeah sure.
95:00 . It's gonna take me a while pull this one up. It's a
95:05 time for a break figure. Feast rocks, you're gonna be getting a
96:24 of petroleum geology in this place. I think it will help you with
96:28 next semester of life. Even help with the next class. And uh
96:35 lecture this lecture doesn't require too much but it's a little bit lighter but
96:40 important. And uh this just goes the type of data data that we
96:46 and when we when we do buy strategic fee uh traditionally in academia and
96:54 we like outcrops because we know what are. So when when we build
96:58 lot of these six systems we start with outcrops. In fact when we
97:03 into it, I'll tell you about at America we had About 25 people
97:11 probably 15 years going to outcrops all the world. It's really helped the
97:16 science of bio strategic funeral. And but But we'll get to that in
97:24 detail. But anyway outcrop samples are . Core samples are are almost as
97:29 . They can be bad because sometimes know you capture two ft in uh
97:36 out of a five ft section of or something or whatever. The core
97:40 sometimes you lose you lose section, don't know what you don't know lust
97:45 or the bottom. Usually it's one the other. There's another types according
97:50 , it's called a split spin or sediment. And I think they used
97:55 in the oil industry but I used with with our we had a drill
98:00 at University of south Carolina where PHP we actually hammered into the ground gets
98:07 . But uh but um and then other thing we use is conventional.
98:13 one thing that's not listed on conventional of course of course uh I
98:18 just talking about the sidewalk courses where like the size of the prescription.
98:37 had a wire on. That's okay does not always work because you might
98:59 30 30 shots, 36 to Sometimes it just falls out. But
99:09 side wall power is pretty good because uh because it gets it right at
99:15 certain point it's not a cut. having said that most of our
99:21 90% of information comes from cutting And uh and that data has lots
99:28 things wrong with it. But it works well when when you're tired.
99:32 to the well and you know, know that they're they're doing a good
99:37 . Sometimes the well could be completely and you just step to throw it
99:40 . But if the, if the catcher was doing a good job,
99:45 depth comes in remarkably close to what really should be. And I found
99:52 , when I was doing some other with logs and the driller depths,
99:59 things seem to be off more than the law. I don't know why
100:02 log in the cuttings come in really a lot of times. And I
100:06 because they're both estimates kind of affected same way, like when stretches out
100:12 one could be longer than you thought it, it works out really
100:19 Um, but another thing that's not here is rods with that we
100:25 we had seven authorize and they had steel core to it. And of
100:34 you around, it looks like like a bottle of uh kind of
100:39 a wine bottle of, except except flights we call them flights. There
100:45 , so we would, we would down depending on the condition of the
100:55 , whether it was falling off Normally was pretty sticky. So we would
101:00 down 10 ft, which would be ft sections, pull it straight up
101:06 then we would just sample it right and cut off the line. And
101:12 , and I found no the contamination better than anything because it was a
101:18 suit. So it's like, it's if you drill a screw and a
101:22 of wood and pull it straight the wood would be right where it
101:25 when it's like stuff stuff on the of the consistency of the sediment,
101:33 of like sticky stuff. So like almost like to screw down into
101:41 pull it straight up and you would to be and it was, it
101:45 when we had outcrops sometimes in the could go up on top of an
101:50 and go through it. It was by centimeter or even less directly tied
101:57 the outcrop. And then we would down below the outcome to to make
102:01 bigger section and then sometimes we go the way down to the base of
102:04 riverbed. Uh so that it's like river was really low, we could
102:10 down to that and we go below even and the tie was really
102:15 So that's something I should add on . I'll do it later.
102:22 And uh this kind of goes into I said to build strata, graphic
102:25 or composite standards for any kind of that you're doing. Well. It's
102:30 to use an outcrop because the you don't have to worry about caving
102:34 you're sure you're getting it right into and then the only thing you have
102:38 worry about is reworking. But as I told you re working is
102:41 signal. So we want to find when it's there. Um another thing
102:48 that people are like, you go from Mexico, okay og graffiti
103:26 stuff like this. So you might a problem section sample that hear from
103:52 younger stuff. See 6 17. just driving towards the coast. Some
104:26 complain about the texas, there's so and uh this is usually the
104:40 Yeah, there are a few places we actually have, so what happens
105:04 you get, sometimes there's rotating and you go out to the west and
105:13 why there's just stick up in the . And and it basically it
105:21 it zooms the the rock, you the rocks are deeper, but they
105:27 up like that and they're still And even though some of the tops
105:31 it off, you can see, can see a section here that over
105:35 is deep, This one was uplifted it didn't thermally mature. But the
105:39 down here that's even deeper. Might still be might have been thermally matured
105:44 now, things like that. And works all over the, that works
105:49 over the world around the edges of basins, especially the rift basins and
105:56 east brazil west africa uh source rocks actually outcropping places where the fault blocks
106:06 rifting started are still on either side the ocean and you can see what's
106:13 deep and buried and where the billion oil fields are offshore and especially in
106:21 massive effect. So doing outcrop work very useful to the oil industry in
106:28 lot of ways. That's what I'm to get at. And here's the
106:33 dip coastal plain thing that I'm talking . You can walk down and kind
106:36 pick it up. This is that went to base and I worked in
106:39 Uinta basin and uh, I think right about in here is mahogany
106:46 It's a formation uh, between these pledges. There's one where,
106:53 yes. Picture of my mother hanging 300 ft here samples on breathless and
107:12 , TRC's out of there were over and we're able to get ostracized and
107:17 a lot of work with that In Uinta basin. But again, that's
107:22 section right here, we get down here, it's, it's buried deep
107:26 the ground. And as these uh, sometimes they're like this and
107:31 like this and like this are offset little bit to do the whole
107:35 You might get uh, 5000 ft section as you walk kind of down
107:41 as a base and terraces down and might, might actually at the bottom
107:45 it see what's actually old enough to deep enough to be mature in producing
107:50 . So a lot of times the rocks are figured out by outcrops that
107:57 been exhumed on the edge of some these big rift basins. This is
108:03 I did on the atlantic coastal plain all this is showing you is the
108:07 kind of thing that I grew over . Where you know, here's the
108:13 . This is, I can't read because I think it's cretaceous out here
108:20 you can see the tertiary alien gene and getting thicker and thicker over top
108:27 it as as the cretaceous gets deeper deeper. But all the while we
108:31 these little outcrops and we have in some of these things are poor,
108:36 of them are water wells that we in these places and you can see
108:40 one that's probably the water. Well section. Yeah, these are water
108:45 here and sometimes we had cuttings and we had for uh this this looks
108:52 it might have been this was inaugural . Well there's a couple of cores
108:59 the Army Corps of Engineers put that together. What all of this geology
109:10 way up there. So outcrops can be very useful and the stuff that's
109:19 , his buried offshore and could have full of oil with Cambridge stage Jurassic
109:25 them. So you can figure out lot about what's offshore before you even
109:31 there. If you just look at rocks up and so coarse and sidewalk
109:37 . You know, it would be the higher resolution thing. And some
109:41 the deep sea cores that have been for, through texas, A and
109:46 . And D. S. P. And D. O.
109:49 . O. D. They keep the acronym, but there's the deep
109:53 drilling project started this and they do lot of stuff where where you actually
109:58 core data way offshore. And a of really interesting places, including a
110:03 over top of the chicks to lub crater. Uh They have some
110:09 in there to look at the but bullet event when the cretaceous tertiary boundary
110:13 that thing came and uh it ejected lot of material and they scored all
110:19 it offshore. Uh to see if could see remnants of the ejected material
110:25 on the cretaceous tertiary cretaceous. And you have the ejected material and then
110:29 have barely seen stuff above it. really cool. So there's a lot
110:35 can do with some of these high cores and and of course we,
110:39 build composite standards and strata. Graphic are often based on some of these
110:46 sea things. And one of the with the deep sea though is it's
110:50 condense and uh this is where resolution kind of surprising if you have cuttings
110:59 30 ft. Um whether it's a accumulation rate versus every three m for
111:11 meter offshore where it's condensed, That offshore is not as high, you're
111:16 getting as much resolution is that the is like an accordion appear it's stretched
111:22 . So if you were to do centimeter samples here, you have incredible
111:27 compared to just getting a few samples here. Because this is all
111:32 Every time you take a sample, taking a lot more material in a
111:37 bigger chunk of time each time you a sample than if you took a
111:40 sample. And here's one of the clubhouse crossroads core hold at the USgs
111:50 itself to it gave them they were to figure out why the earthquake happened
111:56 charleston south Carolina. Don't think we figured that out with the core,
112:00 we did a lot of geology Okay, well, the reason cuttings
112:08 are very difficult is you can read on your own, but uh getting
112:16 slurry, you have to time it well. And a lot of drillers
112:19 really careful about it. Some are , and if you're working on a
112:24 oil company, they normally force them be good at it. And uh
112:29 depending on what's happening on the rig the progress and everything, they might
112:34 antsy about time and push you harder make it harder to get good
112:39 Uh, sample interval can also be , but rock accumulation rate in a
112:44 area is very important. And the collection rate also relates to that.
112:51 So what I'm gonna show you here this is kind of, this is
112:55 cartoon of how much system works and drill down like this and you're breaking
113:01 rock off. So the new rock coming up going all over the shale
113:06 . And then of course uh the slurry goes here and it gets processed
113:12 sent through here. Uh some places , they actually have hydro cones and
113:20 that that actually filter all of you know, it's something the size
113:26 a four am or bigger Palin ology nano fossils, They don't get
113:31 But anything that's the size of a am or bigger uh won't go through
113:37 . So the forums, you don't have to worry about caving as much
113:41 you do with the, with the size things. But this is why
113:45 use tops because uh we reached a in a well like this and what
113:51 seeing coming across when they figure out time it takes for this bit to
113:54 up here. First time I see fossil is going to be this depth
113:59 they have it tied to it that . But this stuff rattling around down
114:05 the bottom. Could have been from here and just it's still rattling around
114:08 the bottom. And so you can some cave material also hear something fall
114:18 here shows cases, something can fall sometimes with 1st 4000 ft that
114:29 So something service can be and I've interpretations and uh so mexican, they
114:45 drilling the well um Writing about 58 years ago, 2056. And it's
114:56 here at the top, the whole powerful section, 11 zone, you
115:07 , it's just the whole thing is same famously started collecting samples on
115:16 They respond top to bottom to it graphic correlation. You can kind of
115:25 them. Okay, here's a shale just to show you what they're
115:32 This is the shaker surface, this thing shakes. Um this is footing
115:36 here's footing to go up to another that's next to it. They usually
115:42 this offshore rig in the Caspian sea probably a dozen of these things,
115:45 they have one running at a time then when it gets kind of slowed
115:49 or whatever whatever is happening, sometimes shift to another shale shaker. Uh
115:54 they don't get too much stuff on shale shaker at a time, but
116:00 they kind of um sometimes they'll drop in there so that they can kind
116:03 make sure they've got the the uh thing right, But they actually based
116:09 the timing of when the, when samples are coming up, they're able
116:12 figure out what depth they were first into. So it'll be that depth
116:17 with where the stuff is coming Okay, here's uh this is where
116:23 watch samples in a little trailer with mud loggers and uh, I don't
116:30 what they use this for, but actually processed samples in here and this
116:37 my microscope. And uh you could through it, this was the geologist
116:43 and when I looked in and I'm , you can't see anything hadn't been
116:47 in seven years. And uh they and looked at my microscope and they
116:52 me if they could use mine and said, there's no way in hell
116:54 letting you use my scope because I want it to look like this.
116:58 uh biased photographers do a better job keeping things clean and this is
117:10 But uh, this is showing you uh, it's my feet, um
117:17 actual mythology, but there may be lag Sen. This is all probably
117:28 than 100 ft. I gotta tell , I barely saw any kind of
117:34 . I mean when we look at list ology to when says sand,
117:40 get sand samples because we would get raw sample of cuttings and then process
117:46 when it said shale, we were in the shale and I mean it
117:49 almost like clockwork every now and then would run into problems, but almost
117:55 never uh what we have right now , they're hydro drilling in there and
118:02 also using uh oil based muds and they do that, it gets the
118:07 real high and it can it can a lot of the fossils and grind
118:11 up. Hydro drill is really bad . So a lot of times you
118:14 even use cuttings and you know there's thickness versus time and then there's a
118:26 called sedimentation rate and this is something all geologists and all the professors by
118:35 this university and I don't know why we look at the provides all of
118:45 like your conference uh That's it. really exactly sample 1000 ft. Okay
119:10 it's a lot less than 20 therapy would call service. Mhm. That's
119:43 you get just a lot of like first. Absolutely. So they actually
120:12 that use exactly does not. This been so it's a small part of
120:49 girls. Thank you are granted correlation that's pretty much the same sort of
121:07 . I think I was like this really steep Anyone who scale outfits
121:17 thickness I think so it's a small of time circuits. It's a small
121:28 of time just sent you how we to four just about every time.
121:48 in it's the same accumulation rate, segmentation thing to this population. This
122:06 this has been very flattering what same taxes on those identical Saturdays.
122:34 is an intersection. And so we when you drill offshore. Remember I
122:49 you the purple stuff is all Well he's the S. And
122:55 And O. D. P. is often are thrilled when the rock
122:59 . Iraqi the sedimentation rate was low begin with on top of it now
123:04 have compassion and what So so you was actually good. So I'm working
123:19 much in the same page six. so here's sickness and hey what if
123:40 a lot of section? Yeah it's thank you. Sorry I was
124:36 This is this is sorry either. . Next couple of slides I'm talking
125:27 if uh I have a high market with shell. This is the perfect
125:41 . What is truth Quite sample? know simple. Thanks. This section
126:09 . Yes sir. So in the interval place as many samples in the
126:38 thing. So when I'm really in water this is suppressed. They're close
126:49 resolution. Could be instead of having close together stretching my heart. That's
126:59 that's why what material really. Time to stretch out. So you
127:29 so so like halfway halfway up here do one sample their sample. There's
127:37 sample like samples here. I don't by sample this distance but because it's
127:48 even though my getting getting more samples a million years, does that make
128:00 ? It's really hard to explain But now I think that's a better
128:04 than I've used before. And uh need to draw that and make a
128:09 like that to make it easier for understand. So I don't waste time
128:13 it on the board and that's basically this is all about. This
128:22 it doesn't really matter what it The other one might have more
128:29 That's good because my private accumulation rate higher here examples, Pakistan is better
128:56 . We feel like this. but we're still we're still than the
129:09 that think they're doing higher resolution. this is just showing you, you
129:14 , 13 mm per 1000 years. uh and then when we um uh
129:24 at some of these other wells were samples a lot, a lot more
129:33 . Yeah, I did. Okay. The sedimentation rate is what
129:39 is deposited like the before that we in lake turkana sedimentation rate was a
129:46 amount of, you know, that was a very short period of
129:50 but it will be compressed and compressed compressed and compressed to this so that
129:54 you actually took a core of it a rock, Okay, that's the
129:59 accumulation rate. It's not, it's a meter for whatever this was.
130:04 a lot less in terms of a accumulation. And I was also trying
130:08 explain to you in the whole entire as we go from the recent down
130:15 the Miocene, the rock accumulation rate around the coastlines uh changes when you
130:22 to a certain depth. Uh and it's almost a certain time too because
130:29 and the watering takes time. And if you have your on a shelf
130:33 you have high accumulation rates in uh It's a time it's a time
130:38 you get to a certain time. and uh The de watering changes more
130:44 compaction compression when you get down to . n. four. And this
130:53 kind of showing you if you look something that's the same um the same
130:58 accumulation rate. If you sample more gonna see more than if you sample
131:04 your intervals less. And that's If I sample this one, les
131:17 example this with free samples events example at the same time my samples I
131:31 they have Because it's a fair one the same amount of time I have
131:44 sections his death relates to that relates not only sit here example rates for
131:57 is what's critical cause that's what we . Even if you had the same
132:16 . Okay. Okay. So processing relates to uh the financial aspect of
132:26 it in the speed. Remember we talking earlier about um the speed that
132:32 took to do, we can do smear slide with a nano fossil really
132:38 . And that's why they use a offshore here in the gulf of Mexico
132:41 the then the nano fossils have a evolutionary rate. So they have lots
132:46 extinction points and inception points. And have the the highest precision bio Strat
132:54 any fossil group because of that. also they're easier to process. So
132:59 you go to an offshore well where really expensive to get a bios photographer
133:03 there, uh it's well worth the because they do it very quickly.
133:07 you must always send out nano fossil used to be always four am
133:12 Forum guys are great onshore because you have the deep water stuff and you're
133:16 have uh it's not all deep water you're gonna have fewer and fewer nano's
133:21 more and more forums. They do onshore here in texas. But nano
133:26 are rule on offshore. And uh the timing of its really important.
133:36 and also um if you, if process confidence it takes it can take
133:41 week. So the things that take remember I talked about, you
133:48 when we're, when we're developing a graphic model of what it should look
133:54 when we go drill, when we're that, we use outcrops were doing
133:59 . We can use slower methods and that are slower to process to help
134:04 more data points in there. So we actually accidentally find one of these
134:09 things in here. It helps us it out because the more fossils you
134:13 , the better off you're gonna be . And uh it's getting late
134:19 So well, well, um let see what slide we're on, you
134:25 , we're almost halfway through this But again this um I'm trying to
134:31 this really well because of where you're and because it's at the beginning and
134:36 think you'll get a lot out of if I do. And I think
134:40 Megan claims to be an engineer. she's she's had a lot of geology
134:47 uh by the way she got the grade in petro physics this past
134:54 And uh is that okay that I him? Okay? You haven't gotten
135:04 yet? Oh you did okay because gonna have badges now now they're gonna
135:09 badges that it's uh it gives you for every credit hour of your three
135:14 hour course, it'll be on a party application and you'll be able to
135:20 up your, you know like the one official transcripts and it gets the
135:26 transcript and goes petroleum geology, that's lot of stuff. What did he
135:32 ? It'll tell, it'll it'll be there. I'll say what you
135:35 It will be this will tell you skill sets that you got. And
135:40 it's kind of like normally you do two year or or a for you
135:45 masters might do 2 to 3 you're going to do it in 16
135:49 hopefully. And uh and then uh in a bachelor's it's four years.
135:56 you have to invest all this time you have a transcript to show
136:01 But this way while you're working on degree you can tell your, you
136:06 tell an employer, look I got skill set, I got that somebody
136:09 do that. We need something to that right now. I need to
136:13 that. Here's here's my uh micro another thing. If you're somebody with
136:22 like I would have been a long ago. Uh You know how they've
136:28 all the staffs, they have people three jobs. And uh this guy
136:33 really good at this. He's really at that. But he doesn't have
136:36 on that skill set or that skill . If it's a whole course,
136:40 could take the whole course if it's one micro credential, you could take
136:44 micro credential and get the background on skill set to make his boss
136:48 He doesn't have to go hire a just to do that one little thing
136:52 he's already got a hard worker that's . And uh and so it's
136:58 I think it's a really neat way do things. Do you like a
137:03 a woman or man got sent to war or something. You know on
137:09 like when we were sending people over Afghanistan all the time. You know
137:13 have to stop your career in the of that and you got shifted out
137:17 . But when you got back you have all these credentials that you could
137:20 use to maybe get a part time or a job while you're finishing your
137:25 . And uh or uh sometimes women both men can take maternity leave
137:31 And if you take maternity leave um have to stop for a semester even
137:39 you haven't finished your degree. You all these says you can do
137:43 she can do that, you can this, you can do that.
137:46 uh an employer can see it. not just you've looked at the transcript
137:51 just tells you the name of the engineering, what does that mean?
137:59 seismic amplitude analysis, but it hasn't down into what some of these things
138:07 . So geophysicists with no right away it's got A. B.
138:11 In there and everything. Okay? gonna let you guys go,
138:17 we'll take over, well we'll catch . Um We don't have that many
138:26 for this Point. We have five
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