| 00:02 | Yeah. Okay. Mm hmm. folks, let's get started. |
|
| 00:26 | so a couple of things uh Windows open tomorrow so that will be a |
|
| 00:31 | more comprehensive. Um the uh it's smart work, remember that's due this |
|
| 00:40 | on sunday and Tuesday and cost exams week? So you're four for material |
|
| 00:47 | start on Wednesday of next week. that that is already up. Everything |
|
| 00:52 | there that you need ready to Okay. So that is the uh |
|
| 00:57 | the hell there's technically a final exam is not, its only his exam |
|
| 01:03 | , it covers uniform material. It's comprehensive. Okay, so the, |
|
| 01:11 | today we are going to get through , I'm not going to do all |
|
| 01:17 | the remaining traffic tennis that we're gonna through here this slide and we're |
|
| 01:22 | we're gonna talk about these topics next and then that will close out uh |
|
| 01:28 | three, chapter 10. And then the end of in terms of what's |
|
| 01:33 | the exam. Okay. So uh what we're gonna do is go through |
|
| 01:41 | really the rest of chapter this chapter part one. So we have yet |
|
| 01:45 | cover the fan Opteron and there's a of the control of the opera on |
|
| 01:49 | that's kind of pushed into part two this Chapter 10 material and and we'll |
|
| 01:54 | that. So basically just we'll do little bit of rehash on some of |
|
| 01:58 | stuff we've been talking about in this and then um and then finished out |
|
| 02:05 | trip defend Oberon and all the control goes on with that and then we'll |
|
| 02:10 | it a day. So uh sober uh didn't want that one to pop |
|
| 02:17 | . Let's go to this one. so eyes over here first. Okay |
|
| 02:21 | remember that uh kind of uh yes concept here. Right so we're looking |
|
| 02:28 | controlling gene expression. Okay so we previously previously went through operation structure. |
|
| 02:33 | we're coming back and revisiting it and how genes are controlled. Um and |
|
| 02:39 | the levels of control. So remember how genes are expressed right from |
|
| 02:45 | translation. Obviously this is where the points are as well. Okay so |
|
| 02:50 | can control we can manipulate DNA sequences nucleotides and that can influence expression. |
|
| 02:56 | can uh determine whether or not there any preliminaries will transcribe or not transcription |
|
| 03:04 | control. Very common mechanism and Um if the transcript is made then |
|
| 03:10 | can still have control there. We influence how stable it is, how |
|
| 03:13 | it hangs around. Um We can translation and manipulate the river zone or |
|
| 03:20 | going to translate or not. So control. Uh and then finally the |
|
| 03:25 | product of proteins themselves can also be whether through enzymes that are producing them |
|
| 03:34 | through ah modifying proteins. The typical too far forward. The protein that |
|
| 03:41 | kind of activate or inactivate. Uh depending on the protein. We can |
|
| 03:46 | just get rid of it completely. the point is any of these things |
|
| 03:51 | happen to control gene expression and they can all occur in combinations as |
|
| 03:58 | Okay, so all the efforts keeping control on really the functions of the |
|
| 04:04 | . Right? Because of course the being expressed or functioning in some sort |
|
| 04:08 | cell something doing something for the cell some way. So obviously the needs |
|
| 04:14 | a cell change. Microbial change certainly be rapidly. Maybe not so much |
|
| 04:20 | make what the environment it's in but gonna have a tight ring on all |
|
| 04:25 | functions and does so through not controlling points. Okay. Uh we're really |
|
| 04:32 | look at some of those different We're just focused now on the opera |
|
| 04:36 | the model and how the whole things through the through this probably talked about |
|
| 04:41 | one before. Uh these these people here. Right, induction de |
|
| 04:46 | So these terms you see here and , next week we'll look at some |
|
| 04:51 | examples of things other than just kind just operate control but for now we'll |
|
| 04:55 | focus here. So remember last time gonna be some again some terminology to |
|
| 05:01 | with the expression control. So, deeper pressure on me that that serves |
|
| 05:07 | uh these mechanisms turn on expression. , repression may often involve a co |
|
| 05:14 | that is about minimizing or stopping gene . Okay, and so this is |
|
| 05:21 | definition active versus inactive repressor. So involving they're ready to put the protein |
|
| 05:27 | compressor. That as we saw last relax those opera acts with the operator |
|
| 05:33 | . Right? That whether it's active inactive, that definition doesn't change. |
|
| 05:39 | what can change is one of the that bring it about and we'll see |
|
| 05:44 | these are two very opposite conditions um pressure from here combined to the operator |
|
| 05:53 | whatever the regulatory sequences. And then that would act as a block to |
|
| 05:57 | proliferation from terrance Bryant. Okay, we acted with pressure requires a co |
|
| 06:03 | . Right? So together, only they're together can they buy the operators |
|
| 06:08 | expression. So again the different. , but an active active repressor here |
|
| 06:16 | here. Right uh yields the same . Right, So active and active |
|
| 06:25 | the same results stop expression but occur different ways. Okay, similarly to |
|
| 06:30 | them, Same thing a little bit . Okay, and so the inactive |
|
| 06:37 | is generated through the the top top through the inducer and do certain induces |
|
| 06:46 | . Right? So it binds the and then that eliminates expression. And |
|
| 06:52 | down here in the irrepressible opera the is united by the lack of the |
|
| 06:59 | oppressor but it goes away. That's uh induces de repression or expression of |
|
| 07:06 | gene. Okay, so kind of know, you should be comfortable with |
|
| 07:10 | terms and what they mean. And versus inactive oppressor. Um and then |
|
| 07:16 | course on top of that we can have or in addition to that, |
|
| 07:20 | not just not just relieving the whatever the mechanism is, you can |
|
| 07:27 | add the function of activators. So will enhance expression. Okay, you |
|
| 07:33 | think of it as these two mechanisms inactivate the repressor allow expression to |
|
| 07:40 | Okay, that can sometimes be different increasing expression. Right? So we |
|
| 07:46 | allow it by one of these Okay, but then we can really |
|
| 07:51 | it by involving an activator. that's kind of how that it all |
|
| 07:55 | together. Okay. And so inactive increasing expression. Remember, it's kind |
|
| 08:01 | events happening at the promoting right molecules together. Activators. And depending on |
|
| 08:09 | organism in the scenario, other molecules come together at the promoter. It's |
|
| 08:15 | about enhancing the affinity of the promoter to the preliminaries to make those two |
|
| 08:22 | together. And so if they do in a very kind of tight |
|
| 08:28 | if you will you get lots of . Okay, so that's kind of |
|
| 08:30 | activators Rolls of those things are. . Um and so, you |
|
| 08:36 | an activator is not necessarily going to , right? Unless this has happened |
|
| 08:41 | the repression has been inactivated. So now there's access to that promoter and |
|
| 08:46 | when the activators and things can come . Okay, so uh that's kind |
|
| 08:52 | the nuts and bolts who went what went through last time in terms of |
|
| 08:56 | there any kind of questions about Okay, so uh I think one |
|
| 09:01 | that if you're kind of still fuzzy it. One thing that can help |
|
| 09:07 | take a look at a couple of animations and these are available call on |
|
| 09:12 | blackboard site, there's a on the , there's a menu button there that |
|
| 09:18 | take you to the textbook publisher material in their animations. And this |
|
| 09:23 | this is from that. Alright, there's one of the laptop round trip |
|
| 09:26 | opera on and you can you can on enable the text too if you |
|
| 09:31 | . But let's just kind of take look at this one real quick to |
|
| 09:36 | black cop Ron. Okay, and I'm gonna kind of just just goes |
|
| 09:42 | little slow. So I kind of to hurry it up a little |
|
| 09:44 | So here's the lack off run in to say E. Coli and uh |
|
| 09:49 | course remember the three genes. So don't have to worry about the lack |
|
| 09:53 | right that transit satellites, there's really knowing what the exact we know it |
|
| 09:58 | something to do with lactose metabolism. uh so just worry worrying about Z |
|
| 10:03 | Y. And so the um and here's a scenario we have glucose um |
|
| 10:14 | remember uh a couple of factors Right, so the presence of glucose |
|
| 10:19 | the influence, it has an expression course having the president's having lactose President |
|
| 10:24 | course is necessary for the upright to expressed. There's no need to express |
|
| 10:28 | , if there's no lactose around. so then remember the influence of the |
|
| 10:34 | white product is lactose permeates. This the thing that allows you to basically |
|
| 10:38 | transport protein for lactose specific proactive and will enable to sell. It's the |
|
| 10:43 | the soul can quote see if there's out there. Okay, so in |
|
| 10:48 | present scenario we the blue dots are glucose. Okay. No lactose present |
|
| 10:55 | . Okay. And so but again we have a tiny tiny low level |
|
| 11:01 | expression. Okay. And um and need that in order to form the |
|
| 11:06 | permits. And again, it's we're talking about a couple of molecules |
|
| 11:11 | Okay, so here is um because like coast. Alright. That's going |
|
| 11:18 | because repression no expression of genius. . And so um so for |
|
| 11:29 | Okay, so here's our like There's the regulatory genes like i that |
|
| 11:37 | for the repressor. Okay. And that forms a te trimmer. |
|
| 11:45 | And the te trimmer will bind both operator of the lack of opera and |
|
| 11:52 | the black eye. Okay. And what brings about this um coming together |
|
| 12:00 | the segments they're hiding the promoter So that our you know, primaries |
|
| 12:07 | really do anything. Okay, promoter not accessible. So um so of |
|
| 12:13 | that scenario occurs certainly we're not going be close as present. Okay. |
|
| 12:20 | and even if that person is present not. Right, so now there |
|
| 12:27 | occurrences, right, normally this is state. Right? But there's |
|
| 12:32 | you know, occasional rare time. back up a second. I win |
|
| 12:42 | that uh come on like more. , so here so okay, like |
|
| 12:51 | said occasionally there'll be a time when can sneak in and make it over |
|
| 12:55 | transcript, even though it's repressed because this binding is not irreversible, it's |
|
| 13:01 | bound but there's a little bit of when it's not and that's when they |
|
| 13:04 | sneak in and make a little bit transcript. Okay, and again, |
|
| 13:08 | importance is to make the permits. , so black president buy into |
|
| 13:13 | bring it in. Okay, assuming there is no glucose present and then |
|
| 13:19 | break it down into the dissect Sacha rides checking in going to metabolism |
|
| 13:24 | little bit of it goes to make low lactose time. And so ella |
|
| 13:31 | is actually the inducer. Ok. you see here. Alright, and |
|
| 13:37 | um uh so here is in the form of the oppressor, right? |
|
| 13:43 | have an inducer bound to it. in the state it can't bind to |
|
| 13:47 | operator here, I'm sorry here, it's a present because absent michael's present |
|
| 13:54 | . Okay, induction. And then we have the contribution then of the |
|
| 14:05 | mp. Right second MPO levels rise the absence of glucose and now available |
|
| 14:11 | bind to the receptor protein and form active activator form complex. Okay. |
|
| 14:18 | that promotes lots of binding by political to to um promote expression. |
|
| 14:25 | but when glucose is present then that imperial was dropped and now you can't |
|
| 14:31 | that um ah activator complex. so again glucose you want high level |
|
| 14:39 | expression of lactose flaperon. Get rid glucose obviously have lactose there. |
|
| 14:45 | Um so the uh um let's get of this one and we'll go just |
|
| 14:56 | this one up for in a few . We'll look at this one. |
|
| 15:01 | , but any any questions like what's ? Okay, so um so as |
|
| 15:11 | go into the we just went through that. So let's look at this |
|
| 15:15 | . Okay, so it's our segue the tryptophan opera on. Okay, |
|
| 15:21 | which is true regarding the trip to opera. Okay. Uh The operating |
|
| 15:27 | the metabolic pathway for metabolism. A to fan be in the absence of |
|
| 15:32 | co repressor. Fan operation will not expressed. The repression occurs when the |
|
| 15:40 | presents two different co repressor is trip fan itself. Well, none of |
|
| 15:47 | are true. Mhm. Okay. , let's go through these. |
|
| 16:39 | so first off defending controls. It's pathway that is for the synthesis. |
|
| 16:48 | metabolism. Alright, lactose up. is good. Catapult pathway uh for |
|
| 16:55 | breakdown and of lactose for as an source, this is all about |
|
| 17:01 | Okay, in the absence of the pressure. Um the trip different opera |
|
| 17:07 | not be expressed that actually it will will be expressed okay in the absence |
|
| 17:15 | the covert pressure as we'll see here a second the repression so remember that |
|
| 17:19 | is to stop expression. The repression the opposite. So that expression. |
|
| 17:25 | and so that occurs when the fan absent. Sure. And then uh |
|
| 17:33 | incorrect statement is d okay, tryptophan repressor is actually it is for the |
|
| 17:37 | itself which is kind of a self process. Check. Um so let's |
|
| 17:44 | at that here. Okay so again trip opteron right, is here's your |
|
| 17:53 | operator. Typical opera in structure multiple these all code for different enzymes of |
|
| 18:02 | pathway to make tryptophan from his starting called charisma. It's okay. Um |
|
| 18:12 | the tryptophan synthesized then of course can used primarily for protein synthesis. |
|
| 18:18 | All the all of the amino acid pretty much work the same way. |
|
| 18:24 | controlled the same way. Okay um so the in this situation where that's |
|
| 18:33 | reiterate. So back up a So the trip are is the regulatory |
|
| 18:37 | . Okay so the papal repressor is form that is not activated, dresses |
|
| 18:45 | inactive form here. Okay um and in that form it can't bite. |
|
| 18:53 | to the operator. So you can bind, become active when tryptophan binds |
|
| 18:58 | it. Okay so that if the present or low tryptophan then you get |
|
| 19:06 | because then the operator is not bound the oppressor and you is for you |
|
| 19:11 | transcribe. Okay. But if trip fan accumulates okay now it is free |
|
| 19:19 | bind repressor and activate it. And so um and so hence it |
|
| 19:28 | a core pressure for that reason binding the pressure makes the active complex. |
|
| 19:34 | um and so it binds the operator then we block expression. Okay so |
|
| 19:42 | couple of things. One is when tryptophan actually be present? Wild guess |
|
| 19:50 | would in this cell when is going accumulate? When is it not going |
|
| 19:57 | be used? It was being made not going anywhere. When likely would |
|
| 20:00 | happen? It depends the meal acid to make proteins. If those are |
|
| 20:05 | sitting there going no where where is most likely to happen? Doctor give |
|
| 20:11 | something, throw something at me. myself was like what should defend be |
|
| 20:21 | for actively growing. Wouldn't wouldn't that used for tryptophan if it's actively grown |
|
| 20:27 | proteins? Yes yes when it's the just slowing down or maybe you've zapped |
|
| 20:34 | with UV light. Right and all a sudden it's stressed right now it's |
|
| 20:39 | certainly not going to be in the to make sure you put the fan |
|
| 20:42 | make any protein proteins. Right remember thousands of proteins. And they sell |
|
| 20:50 | bet the farm that each one of proteins has at least one trip to |
|
| 20:53 | . Right? So the cells actively trip making proteins, it absolutely will |
|
| 20:58 | using tryptophan among the other As well the other 19 amino acids. So |
|
| 21:05 | one growth when it's when it's growing gangbusters, it's a log phase growth |
|
| 21:11 | what have you. It's it's basically using as fast as it's made more |
|
| 21:16 | . So interest several levels will be low when it's actively growing. But |
|
| 21:22 | , it's not an all or It's going to be a continuum. |
|
| 21:26 | . It could be there's almost Okay. If it's a super stressed |
|
| 21:32 | , maybe it's a late stationary phase something, you know? But but |
|
| 21:39 | could be, you know in maybe maybe before mid log phase maybe at |
|
| 21:44 | beyond. But it's gonna fluctuate. going to be in a state of |
|
| 21:49 | there's a little and a lot or lot and a little. Alright, |
|
| 21:53 | depends and it will adjust accordingly. but the point is that again, |
|
| 21:58 | will not build up in a cell something's happened to that cell either nutritionally |
|
| 22:04 | grow much anymore or it's stressed in other way that's when you should defend |
|
| 22:09 | made previously will then accumulate. So signal them for themselves. And that's |
|
| 22:15 | not keep making more trips to fan do that? Because I'm obviously stressed |
|
| 22:20 | something is stopping my growth. I need it as much anymore. So |
|
| 22:25 | again, as I said, the time this semester processes like this gene |
|
| 22:34 | DNA replication protein things all take lots energy. Okay. It's not obvious |
|
| 22:41 | it's not showing you a tps being or whatever, but it takes a |
|
| 22:44 | of energy to do this. So you're gonna definitely keep it under |
|
| 22:49 | . So I want you to see on the screen does control probably 95% |
|
| 22:58 | the expression. Um But so there a plan B. Okay for a |
|
| 23:07 | bit of expression that may occur when doesn't put the complete clamp on. |
|
| 23:12 | , so in other words, in state here. Okay, repressed. |
|
| 23:18 | , that again this binding. That binding is not irreversible. Like |
|
| 23:24 | can come off and it may do well once in a blue moon. |
|
| 23:28 | ? Not a lot. But it . And that's the opportunity when you |
|
| 23:33 | you can transcribe this. Right? so you kind of want to if |
|
| 23:40 | need to you want to keep that to zero as close as you can |
|
| 23:43 | the situation requires that you like. , so again, whereas most of |
|
| 23:48 | control is through this mechanism, you a backup plan in case. |
|
| 23:54 | and that's what involves this sequence. you notice that when transcription occurs, |
|
| 23:59 | get this obviously these are the structural . Okay, but you also get |
|
| 24:05 | because that's actually right before. I this was right before that information, |
|
| 24:10 | leader sequence. Okay, so and really the can be control mechanism. |
|
| 24:16 | gonna talk about next the attenuation So if you do that a little |
|
| 24:22 | of expression when you don't want how can you still put a clamp |
|
| 24:26 | ? And that's what are expected to which structural genes are involved in a |
|
| 24:32 | between. Absolutely not. Yeah So um uh yeah he was responsible |
|
| 24:42 | knowing the control mechanism. That's it just as a repressor. And if |
|
| 24:46 | don't need it yeah as long as can you know well you need to |
|
| 24:54 | the unit quiz. So if I something what if what if there's a |
|
| 24:59 | that the repressor doesn't mind anymore. things like that. Right so you |
|
| 25:06 | it off and I'm not saying something . But no it you know what |
|
| 25:09 | mean? Right so but there will questions like that on the quiz. |
|
| 25:14 | think of okay if this went wrong would happen? Okay that tests your |
|
| 25:20 | of the mechanism. Okay so so said can you get a little bit |
|
| 25:27 | expression when the soul doesn't want The first thing that gets transcribed is |
|
| 25:32 | leader sequence and that's really the crux the whole attenuation mechanism. So let's |
|
| 25:37 | at that here. Well not I forgot I wanted to throw this |
|
| 25:42 | first. So again this is about able to compare and contrast between the |
|
| 25:47 | and left hop around. We just about. Okay so here we have |
|
| 25:51 | . Coli which which can has lactose on as you can see lack plus |
|
| 26:00 | a trip Oberon. So obviously you ferment lactose you can use like toast |
|
| 26:05 | metabolize it. It can make a to France because of that. So |
|
| 26:08 | growing on minimal medium. Okay containing lactose and tryptophan check. So no |
|
| 26:16 | coaches present. Okay so what can say about these cells with respect to |
|
| 26:23 | and trip operations respectively? Okay so for lack opteron in this scenario is |
|
| 26:31 | opteron expressed yes or no. Yeah. Yeah because lactose is |
|
| 26:40 | glucose is not. That's the clue key. Um Is the trip Opera |
|
| 26:46 | expressed? Why not? Obviously trips already. Okay um What is the |
|
| 26:55 | of the oppressor in Black Opera is active or inactive ah inactive. Right |
|
| 27:05 | inactive repressor allows expression. Active repressor not it stops expression. Okay and |
|
| 27:14 | means it's not working. Yeah Exactly. Exactly. Um So trip |
|
| 27:20 | is an active or inactive. That's . Sorry you're right. Alright so |
|
| 27:28 | to fan if the court pressure so bind third pressure and inactivated. Okay |
|
| 27:33 | activated. Sorry? Co repressor binds the pressure and activates it. So |
|
| 27:39 | have an active with pressure. Okay binds repressor but does not prevent the |
|
| 27:46 | from binding to the opera. No the thing. It's opposite. I'll |
|
| 27:51 | lactose and I just offering. That's . And if you're different operators not |
|
| 27:57 | binding to the repressor activates it binding the molecule and the black opera an |
|
| 28:05 | . So correct. Yeah. Yeah that's that's the the term active inactive |
|
| 28:16 | means the same thing in both It's what is causing it is way |
|
| 28:20 | . Right? Um so second GMP are the higher road in the lack |
|
| 28:27 | operation scenario. Uh Yeah, so will lower it. So no glucose |
|
| 28:34 | . Doesn't apply it. Obviously the opera. Okay. Um Okay so |
|
| 28:40 | the so this is the um plan . Control for the trip operation. |
|
| 28:47 | again, mhm 90-plus% of it is care of by the previous mechanism. |
|
| 28:54 | takes cover a little bit that that's . Okay, so again it's all |
|
| 28:58 | around this leader sequence. Right, it's called. And so I'm kind |
|
| 29:03 | doing a little different here because I to show I'm going to show. |
|
| 29:08 | this Alright, so this leader Right. This is the trip. |
|
| 29:16 | . Okay. Leader a couple of . Note the location. Right |
|
| 29:24 | Right here. So these are the jeans the beginning. Right? It's |
|
| 29:33 | E D C. B. Okay, structural genes are this way |
|
| 29:40 | that point. So the mechanism is , is about really are we going |
|
| 29:46 | allow RNA polymerase? Which is right . Right. So here's our nina |
|
| 29:50 | race. Mm hmm. And Okay, so it's gonna go It's |
|
| 30:04 | Transcribed that trip leader sequence 1st. changed my pants color here. She |
|
| 30:11 | the leader sequence. Right. And here comes our people embrace. All |
|
| 30:18 | . It's moved from here down here as it's transcribing. And here is |
|
| 30:27 | on a on a form of the sequence. Okay, just basically transcribing |
|
| 30:37 | DNA making the art form. And so um and so here's our |
|
| 30:43 | down here now. So it's about that going to continue to go forward |
|
| 30:50 | is it gonna be knocked off? that's that's the all or nothing |
|
| 30:55 | Okay. So if it's allowed to then it will transcribe the structural |
|
| 31:00 | If not it gets knocked off then won't. And that's that walnut shell |
|
| 31:04 | the mechanism. Okay. Now, determines whether it gets knocked off or |
|
| 31:10 | ? Okay, well that involves these . Okay, so um we have |
|
| 31:19 | adjacent trip coordinates. Okay, right . Oops. Two. Okay, |
|
| 31:32 | we have a normal Mhm Stop cooking all transcripts we have. Okay, |
|
| 31:42 | right. So, um now the zone. Okay, will bind. |
|
| 31:52 | here is our right, okay. so it will move forward once the |
|
| 32:05 | begins to be made. Um So mechanism of whether it knocks off or |
|
| 32:16 | is about the position of the river . Right, Where is it going |
|
| 32:20 | stop? Is it going to stop for here. Okay. Two |
|
| 32:31 | Right? Starting stop at that point that Right. So it's really whether |
|
| 32:42 | knocked off or not, it's really it's it's a mechanism where it's transcription |
|
| 32:46 | control. Okay. Because we're influencing the audience criminals can transcribe it. |
|
| 32:54 | the definition of transcription control. What's but what's actually kind of controlling |
|
| 33:01 | temperature control is the ribosomes. That's very kind of very legal. |
|
| 33:07 | but most of the specifically it's the of the river zone. Right? |
|
| 33:12 | so if it stops here at the code ons then you get the army |
|
| 33:20 | gets to go and keep transcribing. , if it stops here at the |
|
| 33:25 | code on then it won't, it off the. Okay. And that |
|
| 33:32 | happens because there's secondary structure with this this particular transcript. Okay, there's |
|
| 33:39 | that will it will fold up. , so now let's flip to the |
|
| 33:44 | thing. So another thing before I to the next five. So what |
|
| 33:49 | whether it stops at the trip code or the stop code on is what |
|
| 33:55 | required for translation? Are these Right. I draw them like |
|
| 34:01 | Right. Uh And this will have anti code on corresponding to the code |
|
| 34:09 | the T. R. N. . Right? The charged P. |
|
| 34:14 | . N. A. S. ? So this will contain the anti |
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| 34:18 | on. Right? That's charged. means the Trn A Right? Charge |
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| 34:29 | N. A. Has its its acid hooked to it. Right? |
|
| 34:34 | every T. R. A. specific for each coat on, |
|
| 34:38 | And that is bound to a one the 20 amino acids. Okay. |
|
| 34:42 | makes it charged when it's hooked hooked it. Right? Uncharged. Would |
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| 34:48 | like this. There's there's nothing. right, that's uncharged. And so |
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| 34:56 | charges uncharged. And so then what that? All right, Whether you |
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| 35:02 | a trip to fan residue there or . Alright. It's black, it's |
|
| 35:10 | . Right? So the level of defending itself determines that. So, |
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| 35:17 | you have a lot of trip to in the cell accumulating, then you've |
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| 35:21 | lots of this. Okay. Which that the survival rate is going down |
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| 35:27 | transcript. It gets those trip cordons won't be any hesitation. Will just |
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| 35:33 | right through it because you've got lots charge. Trip to RNA is |
|
| 35:39 | And they will go bam right in and it'll just keep going. So |
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| 35:44 | scenario, that's when it will stop the stop code? Right? In |
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| 35:49 | other scenario, if you have lower trip to fan, then you've got |
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| 35:53 | of many more of these. And then it gets to the trip |
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| 35:57 | ons and it's gone, oh, can't go any further because I've got |
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| 36:02 | uncharged T. RNA. Is sitting and they can't form a peptide bond |
|
| 36:08 | there's no amino acids there. So just stalls, right? And so |
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| 36:13 | it's position there means the that the can actually go unhindered. And so |
|
| 36:22 | just let's look at that here. So what you have on hand as |
|
| 36:29 | ? Okay. Are these labeled Right. Our regions of but but |
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| 36:39 | strand can base pair with itself. it's all a Ugc. Right? |
|
| 36:44 | all it is. Right A's B's with us. Right. G. |
|
| 36:50 | . Right? So there's lots of compatible sequences in those regions that allow |
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| 36:56 | to Buy them together like that. and so it's all thermodynamics. |
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| 37:03 | And the ones that form are likely that are having lots of a. |
|
| 37:07 | right away. You have only 200 bonds G. CSF three. So |
|
| 37:12 | going to be energetically more favorable to together the AU sequences. And so |
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| 37:17 | 23. Yeah you can actually form . Okay and that is the one |
|
| 37:25 | will for most of the time. that's the one that's most energetically |
|
| 37:30 | So it's really a battle between that's called excuse me. That's actually called |
|
| 37:37 | anti attenuate. Er the 23. that one And so it's a battle |
|
| 37:48 | that one in that one the continue and the anti attenuated which one will |
|
| 37:55 | . Okay and so that again depends where is the ribosomes sitting? Where |
|
| 38:00 | it stall at the trip protons are the stop code on that determines which |
|
| 38:05 | forms. Okay so but again it each thing leads to another. So |
|
| 38:11 | all goes back to one of the of tryptophan. That determines the proportions |
|
| 38:16 | these. Okay, that determines where privacy almost stopped. Okay? And |
|
| 38:22 | that determines which loop forms. And then that determines whether preliminaries can |
|
| 38:28 | transcribing or get knocked off, So it's one leads to the |
|
| 38:33 | Okay? And so um so let's at the high tryptophan scenario. Okay |
|
| 38:41 | high tryptophan, you're gonna have lots these is you're charged trip Tr |
|
| 38:45 | S. Okay? Um arched. and so um so it will go |
|
| 38:56 | the stop code on the regular, stop code on. Okay. And |
|
| 39:01 | that you see here is a regional and two. Okay so the ribosomes |
|
| 39:10 | that up physically covering it up. so that promotes the formation of The |
|
| 39:17 | 4. Okay and so notice the two, the rhyme zone is traveling |
|
| 39:25 | . Remember like we have we have we have a primary zone is I'm |
|
| 39:30 | excuse me memorizes going ahead transcribing And so the 34 loop is in |
|
| 39:37 | proximity to it. Okay and that's the contacts and actually knocked it |
|
| 39:44 | Okay so second story structure that forms actually the obstacle that interferes with the |
|
| 39:48 | rice and goes away. Okay And again all based on. Okay, |
|
| 39:55 | tryptophan levels. Alright, high level charge tr N. A. |
|
| 40:01 | This will mean that a person can past the trip code on center together |
|
| 40:05 | stop the stop code on that covers the region here. The three or |
|
| 40:10 | conform. The antibiotic will be continually then. Okay and so we prevent |
|
| 40:17 | of the structural genes. Okay so the low defense scenario we have more |
|
| 40:25 | these. Okay Which means as it to the trip cardin's it's going to |
|
| 40:31 | it can't it can't make the bond the peptide chain so it just kind |
|
| 40:37 | stops there. And so of course only covering up that's that's really at |
|
| 40:43 | beginning of the transcript. And so two adjacent trip code on. So |
|
| 40:48 | only covering up region one. That's region one right there. And |
|
| 40:53 | now two and three Or free to even though four Is available to bind |
|
| 40:59 | 3. 2 and three is more favorable. Okay and so it will |
|
| 41:05 | will favor that loop, hairpin loop and so then you can see compared |
|
| 41:12 | the distance between that and the That's up ahead. Okay so comparing |
|
| 41:21 | here in here. Okay you can't with it basically. So the plane |
|
| 41:28 | is free to keep going. Okay is what you want because you're low |
|
| 41:34 | to fan and um uh you are to maintain uh transcription to keep making |
|
| 41:43 | of it. Okay so um that's this works. So it's kind of |
|
| 41:51 | it's all about RNA positioning. I'm ride his own positioning on that leader |
|
| 41:56 | . Okay. And that's influenced by of crypto fan because that determines the |
|
| 42:01 | of charge which is uncharged TR A. S. Which will determine |
|
| 42:05 | it stops or stalls. The trip are at the start. That then |
|
| 42:11 | what do forms the attenuated or anti . So kind of, It's like |
|
| 42:16 | story. That thing one happens in in a row. So um and |
|
| 42:23 | just start with am I in the or low trick defend mode? Then |
|
| 42:28 | will happen after that? Okay. so let's look at the next um |
|
| 42:37 | we go. Animation. Yeah, ahead. You have a question. |
|
| 42:43 | . Everything gonna show us the Exactly. I think so. |
|
| 42:48 | it will. So let's see Okay, so again, here's our |
|
| 42:57 | opteron mm hmm. Starch. so I'm gonna we have some stuff |
|
| 43:07 | . Again, some structural genes, regulatory region. There's a transcript until |
|
| 43:13 | products of the transcript form or what of the pathway to make crypto fan |
|
| 43:19 | um such a defendant's produced green And then um there is a |
|
| 43:31 | So in that form it's inactive, won't bind To the operator. Now |
|
| 43:36 | the active form. 50 fans binding it. And that will be able |
|
| 43:41 | bind to the operator, causing Okay, as in that way. |
|
| 43:49 | . Right. And so um no in that scenario. And then let's |
|
| 43:59 | what's next. So then if the is then utilized and goes away. |
|
| 44:05 | of course it's inactive and you can can transcribe. Okay, so here's |
|
| 44:11 | attenuation mechanism. Okay, So, we're going to transcribe the leader sequence |
|
| 44:18 | . Okay. And there we And so again, the decision has |
|
| 44:24 | be made. Um before we get this orange region here, that's the |
|
| 44:33 | genes. Alright, So there's our kind of structures that can form the |
|
| 44:41 | loops. Okay. 1, Okay, so that's the anti continue |
|
| 44:48 | . 3/4. The attenuated loop. . Um and mm hmm, mm |
|
| 45:01 | . So there's our continually really performing that will ah lead to knocking out |
|
| 45:09 | primaries. Okay, so let's they be going through. Okay. Mm |
|
| 45:23 | . Slow. There we go. . No. Alright, let's get |
|
| 45:35 | as I'm on there. Mm Stop code on. It's the adjacent |
|
| 45:50 | Oden's and those they're in, they're kind of that one region. So |
|
| 45:55 | rivals um stops. It's going to was a stop code and it's going |
|
| 45:59 | overlap on that to region. So here's high defense scenario. |
|
| 46:10 | So there's the river zone begins to , then it's going to do |
|
| 46:16 | So, because again we have lots fans, lots of charged to |
|
| 46:22 | Trh right past these two adjacent trip on stop, stop. And that |
|
| 46:29 | with that two regions. So the informed 34 loop, Tanya loop is |
|
| 46:35 | forms. Okay. And it's right to the people embrace and knocks it |
|
| 46:45 | . Okay, knock it off. we go. And then in the |
|
| 46:54 | defense scenario, mhm. It's going start off the trip code ons. |
|
| 47:02 | . And then that is way far from the plummer is compared to the |
|
| 47:08 | loop and so it's free to keep . Okay? And that's what happens |
|
| 47:16 | on it goes. So um any any questions about that? |
|
| 47:25 | And of course you can you can at yourself and enable the sound and |
|
| 47:28 | the guy narrating you might find that . I just find it annoying. |
|
| 47:34 | that's me. Um Okay, so look at this question to kind of |
|
| 47:44 | that mechanism. Right, so continuation that helps block expression. The trip |
|
| 47:52 | would include all of these except uh see. M. RNA transcript of |
|
| 47:57 | leader sequence. The drivers are installed the crypt cottons of the trip |
|
| 48:03 | Leader sequence information of continuing to high interest several levels of the |
|
| 48:11 | no exceptions. All are required. see. So B. E. |
|
| 49:27 | right. So if we're talking about AIDS saying attenuation mechanism, that's clue |
|
| 49:33 | one sort of blocking expression. So going to occur. Uh when if |
|
| 49:45 | fan is going to be to Okay. Is Hi. Okay. |
|
| 50:02 | And so a of course is going happen whether whatever the scenario you're going |
|
| 50:07 | make the trip leader sequence. so that's that's true. Okay, |
|
| 50:14 | the formation of an attenuated loop. , this is the attenuation mechanism. |
|
| 50:19 | certainly that's what we're going to Okay, I just mentioned depending levels |
|
| 50:23 | high. Right? So that's So I was installed the trip code |
|
| 50:28 | . Okay, so high tryptophan means of charged tr NH which means it |
|
| 50:34 | have to stall, the trip coordinates go through those, install or stop |
|
| 50:38 | the stop code ons or it should okay, so that's the fault. |
|
| 50:43 | , so that's the exception, Writers on the stones at the stop |
|
| 50:47 | of Right? Not there, not . Okay. Um, any questions |
|
| 50:55 | Yeah, so when it's low levels Yes, because they're in charge, |
|
| 51:08 | does that help? Because low, to fan is gonna want to synthesize |
|
| 51:16 | the fan. So by stopping the cardigans, he didn't promote the information |
|
| 51:21 | the anti teenager loop that allows the to keep and transcribing into the structural |
|
| 51:26 | to make trip to fans. So you look at the fan mode, |
|
| 51:29 | almost a matric defense. Yeah, it's immediate. My name doesn't complete |
|
| 51:44 | transcription of Dakota up into the No, there's no trick to fan |
|
| 51:54 | because no trip to fan mean is tR NH for trip to fan. |
|
| 51:59 | basically, when it stops before, it stops at the trip code |
|
| 52:03 | it tells the cell. Uh basically, yeah, but that's what |
|
| 52:12 | lip. Oh because because that, think of that, that leader |
|
| 52:18 | we just take the leader sequence by and plop it in the buffer. |
|
| 52:22 | , it will form that 23 Okay, customers, energetically favorable |
|
| 52:28 | Okay, So um so that the point is you're not forming the |
|
| 52:35 | . Okay, because the 34 is will knock it off. Okay, |
|
| 52:39 | it's more about the 23 loop forms that's the most energetically energetically favorable form |
|
| 52:44 | it's free to form, right? when it stops the stop code |
|
| 52:47 | that is not free to form because being covered up by the Rheiman |
|
| 52:52 | So the 3 4 forms, which the retailer, right? It's real |
|
| 52:55 | to the, to the primaries that it off. Okay, so when |
|
| 53:00 | , when it stalls at the trip ons Then that two region is not |
|
| 53:05 | up. And so the 23 loop , which doesn't really mean anything in |
|
| 53:09 | of interfering with the rivals. And just means that the 34 doesn't |
|
| 53:13 | Okay, because that that is what knock off the preliminaries. The fact |
|
| 53:18 | the forms of 23 loop is really , it forms because it's the most |
|
| 53:22 | favorable luke to form. So just spontaneously. Okay, The loop itself |
|
| 53:29 | the 23 has nothing to do with interfering with the primaries, but that's |
|
| 53:33 | point. It doesn't interfere with It keeps going. What's the connection |
|
| 53:37 | the and the actual Because of the loop forms, it's right in proximity |
|
| 53:42 | that proliferates. That's right there and can mark it off as the 34 |
|
| 53:48 | forms, it physically interferes with arrival and knocks it off the transcript so |
|
| 53:53 | it doesn't transcribe. Which is what want when it's in the high tryptophan |
|
| 54:00 | . Right? So it stops at stop but when its stop. |
|
| 54:08 | Right. Because all about positioning on leader sequence and positioning on leader sequence |
|
| 54:13 | what loot performs. So you want look the forms that you want to |
|
| 54:18 | transcription of the trip opera or not that's determined by the levels of tryptophan |
|
| 54:24 | the south. Alright, let's look this table then. Okay, so |
|
| 54:34 | is another way to look at examine it. So low levels of |
|
| 54:38 | versus high levels of trips. So interest rates. Trip levels. Are |
|
| 54:43 | going to synthesize trip to fan? . Um Yes high levels obviously not |
|
| 54:52 | the opteron and low levels of All right. Yes. No. |
|
| 54:57 | a trip co repressor repressor complex form low trip levels. No. |
|
| 55:05 | Over their charter trip. RNA. RNA is plentiful in the low trip |
|
| 55:13 | . No Robertson stalls at gardens in low trip level. Um At the |
|
| 55:21 | code ons and the high trip scenario trip leader sequence forms in the low |
|
| 55:28 | levels. It's the 23 And the one is the attainment of Loot. |
|
| 55:35 | , so just just another way to at it. Okay, so just |
|
| 55:39 | Uh and again as it's, there's gonna be like 50 questions on this |
|
| 55:44 | exam three. Okay. You lick lick, lick opera lack opera |
|
| 55:50 | android different operation in total. Specifically those two things. Maybe four |
|
| 55:55 | Okay, two and two, five the most, but blackly just two |
|
| 55:59 | two. Okay, that doesn't mean understand it because it's only four |
|
| 56:04 | but you know, I'm making a on this only because it takes a |
|
| 56:10 | bit talking to kind of go through see how it works. Okay. |
|
| 56:15 | um but certainly, you know, look at the animations and turn on |
|
| 56:19 | audio, right? That that anything think even text us with it as |
|
| 56:23 | , So but certainly ask me questions you, you know, uh you |
|
| 56:28 | email me. I mean you can about it on monday as well. |
|
| 56:33 | , we just kind of go through animation, listen to it. Um |
|
| 56:36 | think it makes logical sense. so anybody have any questions about it |
|
| 56:42 | be best to kind of like an mull it over right uh and and |
|
| 56:46 | know, there'll be some questions on , you know quiz. So look |
|
| 56:51 | uh get some practice there as Okay, that's all I got for |
|
| 56:56 | , folks. So we'll finish up these other kinds of genes control examples |
|
| 57:00 | monday, And that will finish you three, |
|
