| 00:00 | uh uh I need to give, you an update as to uh tomorrow |
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| 00:11 | there was not a consensus. It too much uncertainty about going online. |
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| 00:19 | we're going to be continuing face to here on set because of that. |
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| 00:25 | going to change the exams to saturday and how they get you preferred |
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| 00:34 | friday was okay because I thought we'd virtual. Um Well what students have |
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| 00:43 | me. Mhm. I'm more than to hear a discussion. They preferred |
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| 00:51 | friday nights, prepare for exams and examples first thing in the morning and |
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| 00:58 | think uh if anybody prefers from, me a reason now so we'll be |
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| 01:05 | Discussing the four crew members. Uh don't have a daughter but in the |
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| 01:15 | has been more convenient to give you extra time. Would you rather be |
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| 01:20 | front questions coming? It's the first . Yeah, I think friday and |
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| 01:33 | started the material before anything. friday. And then that was |
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| 01:57 | Okay, that works for me. Morning. Okay, we won't have |
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| 02:04 | exams for single front. Yeah. we will meet here at 8:30 on |
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| 02:11 | . Uh Block out the box my can last that long because we're really |
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| 02:19 | in a little later than average. assign I want that option going into |
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| 02:28 | , wow, I'll always try the recommendations for parties. Uh huh. |
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| 02:41 | . Yes girl. Oh that was entire tomorrow. I don't know if |
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| 02:46 | other football games on saturday but I I didn't want to me, you |
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| 02:55 | about that. There are if the wants Oh, uh huh, that |
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| 03:11 | be great, good industry, you're to have you Okay. Like a |
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| 03:36 | , yeah, yeah, yeah. . Uh there was like one giant |
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| 03:47 | lot. Well, I'm a don't you can hold the tribe, |
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| 03:57 | have to find out what that I don't know. I'm not sure. |
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| 04:02 | , okay. Yeah. Okay. . Okay. All right, let's |
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| 04:13 | uh let's get right, mm. . And I talked about the importance |
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| 04:21 | of knowing the variables that controls deposition and sentiment spies high on the |
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| 04:28 | And it's important for a lot of . If you want to model a |
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| 04:35 | , you need to know sudden If you're interested in pollutant transport, |
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| 04:41 | need to know some of the but it is often piggyback on the |
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| 04:45 | , on the backs of particular Uh If you're an engineering geologist, |
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| 04:51 | might know about soil erosion. Um studies have a different Terminology here. |
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| 04:59 | reservoir study in this contact is a reservoir, in a reservoir studies how |
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| 05:06 | it filled with seven. Uh If you want to modify a |
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| 05:13 | Okay, flood control, you need know that if you're in a more |
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| 05:18 | sense, if you're interested in the , landscapes, uh global climate |
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| 05:23 | all sorts of reasons Why you want know about seven supply. And also |
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| 05:28 | that even though these studies that soil may not be of your specific interest |
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| 05:38 | models that are used for facing modelling are based on these sets. So |
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| 05:47 | need to know the source of the you're using and the constraints the assumptions |
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| 05:55 | limitations. I included this just because really not directly interested in any of |
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| 06:02 | things. But if you're an environmental , your engineering geologist, these are |
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| 06:08 | variety of reasons why they also are in sediment studies. And many of |
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| 06:16 | critical sediment studies that geologists are using published in the engineering literature because the |
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| 06:22 | are doing a lot of the uh work really. So let's go back |
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| 06:31 | that sediment budget and talked about where trying to account for the input and |
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| 06:39 | uh source and sink of sediment and linking the source and say through seven |
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| 06:48 | system. So we're making observations through to create. Yes, understanding uh |
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| 06:59 | the sediments drives and where it's being . Now, the reality is, |
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| 07:05 | we show a model source their sink in between his transportation. It's really |
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| 07:13 | more segment than that. So, can take a talk about tully and |
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| 07:19 | erosion and deposition. Not at the of that gully is a colonial uh |
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| 07:25 | . Uh I like this. this is a source to safe |
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| 07:33 | Yeah, well, we can also at sources say here where this isn't |
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| 07:45 | . You can also look at source sink where this might be a girl |
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| 07:52 | assembling treatment. Mhm. In if we look at this year, |
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| 07:57 | see there are a variety of I have science. Yeah. The |
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| 08:03 | in floodplains helpful deep sea. So is the cyst. Both the |
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| 08:13 | the trajectory it sink. That ultimately you want to look at Now. |
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| 08:19 | good news is for the last 15 or so. There's been a lot |
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| 08:24 | case studies of whole drainage systems. we can begin to draw. |
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| 08:32 | now the rate of sediments fine is of that. Two of the critical |
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| 08:43 | we get how much material is coming here. What is the relative |
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| 08:52 | And conversely, if you're looking inside package in the sink and that's one |
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| 08:57 | the ways we do. We look submarine fan, try to reconstruct that |
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| 09:04 | to sink. We know the We need to define it by |
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| 09:10 | And then we need to do something what percent of that law and then |
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| 09:17 | is ultimately these variables are whose effects day she composition mr tickets the |
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| 09:26 | Let's just look at one example. North sea sequence development essential. |
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| 09:38 | Mhm. Changing sort area relief Related on climatically, there's changes in seven |
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| 09:48 | by the main controls. No, no mention of semen. I didn't |
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| 09:54 | sea level in but the more important in this particular basis. These changes |
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| 10:02 | of is that is that again, that include carbonates? Uh the Northeast |
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| 10:10 | the fault Originals. Okay. Uh I'm talking about this specific area is |
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| 10:18 | case. Yes, that's the potential faces and deposition system. It affects |
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| 10:29 | , regressions, flooding surfaces. It the Diack, pretty and of different |
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| 10:35 | tracks. And what we mean by is that for the same system |
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| 10:39 | you may have regressive and transgressive. she's a great at the same time |
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| 10:47 | of variations and said supply. Alluvial force recession, regressions, incised |
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| 10:56 | These are all things that are influenced seven o'clock. And that just goes |
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| 11:04 | to this diagram, which I'll refer to. So what are the variables |
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| 11:08 | control the production set? Mm climate influences rainfall, vegetation and to |
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| 11:19 | certain extent basil. That could be water level of lake or the water |
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| 11:26 | is static level of the sea. . Mhm. Tectonics also affects space |
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| 11:38 | . Two societies can even affect sea managerial relief and sources. These are |
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| 11:47 | tectonic lee control variables. So we these six barriers that are all important |
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| 11:54 | terms of controlling sediment supply. And we can add human activity. You |
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| 12:02 | assume that a petroleum geologist is on about human, certainly the age of |
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| 12:11 | locks and not going to be But the reason it's important is because |
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| 12:18 | going to have to make relationships based modern systems. So you've got to |
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| 12:25 | be able to measuring in removed or the influence of human activity in order |
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| 12:33 | get back to those variables that influence walks good. Now when we talk |
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| 12:38 | sediment supply, there's two terms that used interchangeably and they're not the same |
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| 12:46 | one is the sediment one that's the of sentiments a lot. Typically in |
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| 12:53 | per year it varies. Yeah. that's different than setting the yield. |
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| 13:02 | is the senator lubricated area. Now can you think of her modern |
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| 13:14 | ? Where's you want to know settlement ? You don't know how much sentiments |
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| 13:23 | . That's the specific point. And by the way when we do this |
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| 13:30 | often talking about of a basin with spaces. Okay. But it's always |
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| 13:37 | a point from a point in the said so what's the situation? You |
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| 13:45 | need to know seven years why? need to notice that? Mhm. |
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| 13:56 | . Yeah. Maybe you want to how much you from Mississippi. |
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| 14:04 | If you if you wanted to restrict for specific Grandage basis um it's all |
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| 14:11 | need Or if you were looking at reservoir son, if you want to |
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| 14:17 | how fast is this reservoir filling how long will it be function or |
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| 14:24 | supply? I need those. How sense. But can you think of |
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| 14:31 | situation where you might want to know much? seven per unit area of |
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| 14:37 | region. Well that might be more . For example I've got the sediment |
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| 14:53 | Mississippi and the sediment load for the in the sediment load from the |
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| 14:58 | santa. If I were only interested those three spots, then said it |
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| 15:06 | okay. But suppose I wanted to what the very controlling set, what's |
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| 15:15 | called or the same thing. I to know something about the role of |
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| 15:25 | in that place for the role of and that base I can't generalize that |
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| 15:39 | I'm looking at averages of three different . And so what I want to |
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| 15:49 | is to try to comport ideally look smaller basis sub basis where I can |
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| 15:59 | the influence of those tectonic and climatic . Once I got that if I'm |
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| 16:09 | the same then I can extrapolate. can build a new base with the |
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| 16:17 | percent being urbanized, X percent being X percent being carpeting. So much |
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| 16:27 | what we need to do in order understand the relative importance. Different variables |
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| 16:33 | lives on seven years or make sure clear to you. The difference between |
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| 16:40 | and you have some sense. It become more evidence about why we use |
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| 16:46 | ones. Let's kill him. You're her. Tell me to square the |
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| 16:53 | injury. Yeah, granted. Okay, well other dreams use any |
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| 17:00 | . Hector's baker's square kilometers square Mhm. Okay. Uh So the |
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| 17:09 | load with 17 transforms, we'll break dead load and suspended. Uh This |
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| 17:20 | salt station, suspended load is really up into parts intermittent suspension includes uh |
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| 17:32 | that kind of gets temporarily suspended and then comes back onto the bed and |
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| 17:40 | is referred to as Washington wash Longwood saying mm is thought to be sediment |
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| 17:47 | is continuously suspended and as a result never on the bed. Oh, |
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| 17:54 | when you sample the bit, it's to be after a flood or whatever |
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| 17:59 | going to be different than the sediment the flood because a portion of that |
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| 18:03 | going. It was never suspended. mhm We're rethinking that. Talk about |
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| 18:11 | I like, but the short of is turns out mugs is often not |
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| 18:18 | as mud, but rather as for . So they're more like saying. |
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| 18:27 | that has some important implications in terms where you get mud and uh what |
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| 18:34 | measure now, dissolve load is strictly to be the dissolved irons. And |
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| 18:42 | it's obviously measured different measures, different to talk about each. Mhm. |
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| 18:48 | it's not a sediment production. Talking the removal or lowering of the land |
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| 18:54 | by different processes, mainly weathering in . If so you generate the dissolved |
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| 19:03 | and you measured by the total design . And that's relatively you could actually |
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| 19:09 | a generalized measure that by looking at conductivity, If you want to know |
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| 19:14 | much is carbonate or sulfate or something , then you'll have to do 10,000 |
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| 19:21 | the solid he had TSS which total solids and then total bit. |
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| 19:34 | we typically met your only suspended So of the sentiment solid set as |
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| 19:46 | . It's not, this all turns it's usually not get suspended. We're |
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| 19:54 | talk about how we do that in of the problems with doing that. |
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| 20:00 | with chemical Dino dish, we're basically at the lowering of the land by |
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| 20:07 | solution. And that's more specifically by weather with mechanical demonization. We are |
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| 20:17 | the land risks. You wrote Yeah. So the rate of chemical |
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| 20:26 | innovations functions planet they may rainfall in the thickness of the soil. And |
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| 20:35 | has to do with relative supply fresh whether jerry and write that. Obviously |
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| 20:46 | chemical susceptibility of dissolution for carbonate is to be different than Grant Yeah. |
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| 20:55 | , when we measure the dissolved material a rear the iron and let's |
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| 21:02 | we are looking to break it up different Oh, I it's so that |
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| 21:10 | can get a better feeling for the of the rocks. We usually do |
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| 21:16 | as normal low river. We don't it during flooding. Why do you |
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| 21:24 | we focus on low water to measure chemicals I am. They're the |
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| 21:32 | The chemical composition of the irons in one given that we're doing this in |
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| 21:39 | to reconstruct the mythology in the Why do you suppose? Well runners |
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| 21:49 | Taiwan? Our water is more The next more physical more water. |
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| 22:03 | , maybe you're getting for weather just the action of the water is opposed |
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| 22:06 | the chemical reactions. Well, you're going to get a whole lot of |
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| 22:13 | from the running war. You get . Um but it's mainly mechanical. |
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| 22:20 | is going to give you a dissolution when water sinks and infiltrates within the |
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| 22:28 | and chemically alters the hot spots Okay. Mhm. Here's the flood |
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| 22:49 | . Okay, here's rain. Some in some rooms. This eventually some |
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| 22:59 | back here. And so what we in a blood high in a |
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| 23:08 | there's really two components of water that that ran all off the surface surface |
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| 23:16 | that water that came through the groundwater baseball. Mhm. So based flow |
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| 23:24 | that portion of water discharge that is by the return a graph when we |
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| 23:35 | Okay, the composition the chemical composition water during flood. We're measuring books |
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| 23:46 | we measured during well. So we're american the rally and it's the groundwater |
|
| 23:53 | is the process rather the transporting agent which the dissolved ions of transport. |
|
| 24:03 | , the effect of surface flow is dilute that conversation. Yes. So |
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| 24:11 | least in terms of the total magnitude dissolved love. Yeah. You want |
|
| 24:17 | try to as close as possible Based book. Nice flow or Love |
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| 24:24 | church. Yeah. Okay. And what allows us to do is |
|
| 24:35 | look at the relative contribution of dissolved in different mythologies within these Carbonates give |
|
| 24:47 | 45% worldwide Evaporates 18% yet they they 17% of the R 63 is from |
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| 25:02 | of the off because they're so relatively dissolved excess. But now that we |
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| 25:10 | quantify this and begin to use these too, extract ancient basement, solicit |
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| 25:20 | 25% for half an hour, Crystalline . Yes, there are a third |
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| 25:27 | them. Yeah. So the relative different types of rocks in the drainage |
|
| 25:38 | controls both the type of dissolved load the amount of dissolved. Now let's |
|
| 25:47 | look at three bases or the It's gotta love total Zomba and notice |
|
| 25:55 | looking in hell alone not because we're all amazon this. The reason is |
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| 26:03 | is because that water is seeping through deeply leached sort. The intense humid |
|
| 26:15 | in the amazon basin has reached Located m in some cases. Um dissolvable |
|
| 26:26 | leaving behind. Not much. So that water is flowing through there, |
|
| 26:31 | been depleted. And the thing is been weathering for a long time. |
|
| 26:40 | you were to look at fresh no leaching it would be pretty |
|
| 26:48 | Uh the Ganges, it's not a mode. And that actually mainly is |
|
| 26:53 | contribution carbonates an associate the rio grande in texas. If you ignore irrigation |
|
| 27:03 | that's that's not an easy thing to now. But the right before tradition |
|
| 27:09 | had a lot of this, although carbonates in the airplanes in the dream |
|
| 27:14 | agent that writes flirtatious and charming. . Right. So total dissolved songs |
|
| 27:23 | dissolved look uh very much dependent on climate and Mhm. Tech stocks. |
|
| 27:34 | let's look at the amazon a little . It's kind of interesting to see |
|
| 27:39 | if we look at the relative called of the same delamination, the |
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| 27:50 | It's really quite on 100 years. down in the lower cheer on |
|
| 28:00 | Uh huh. I mean now it out most it's all over the |
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| 28:17 | And but the point here is that hard belief at the end Is making |
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| 28:29 | 7 uh is increasing now. It's of a good it they rich |
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| 28:44 | But you're down here are so Yet they the area for mechanical work |
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| 28:54 | also being influenced our dissolved set. And I can't reconcile this for you |
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| 29:04 | now except to say I interpret this they dissolve a surrogate for suspended sentence |
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| 29:17 | this particular example. Because what is of the amazon is it? Most |
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| 29:24 | the suspended sentence is also coming through Andes. And what the takeaway here |
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| 29:32 | that relative relief is actually hugely important that important vary in terms of controlling |
|
| 29:42 | sense and that relative relief is very a function of technology. And we |
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| 29:50 | this. Um Mechanical communication. That's is mainly to mechanical weathering. It's |
|
| 30:01 | difficult to measure. Um There are ways we do measure, we measure |
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| 30:07 | sediment discharge in a river and gauging . We measure short term accumulation. |
|
| 30:17 | right. Like in a reservoir or . We can look at Cosma genic |
|
| 30:25 | derived innovation rates. I'm not going be getting into this but And we |
|
| 30:30 | look at Uh huh. Great Oh, package is upset. Now |
|
| 30:43 | measure things mainly they for model short um river load reservoirs. Uh We |
|
| 30:57 | look at sentiment volumes here. Mm . What? How to get to |
|
| 31:05 | ? Really? Not that either packages or somehow extracting. What was their |
|
| 31:15 | decision. Trying to reconstruct the three surface either by thermal chronology and cars |
|
| 31:26 | ISIS are more literally in some cases morphine criteria. Not to. |
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| 31:35 | I'm gonna focus on, first of , river sediment lose. And what |
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| 31:41 | you measure here? And they also picking up dissolved sediments and good |
|
| 31:49 | Okay. Now, the problem is there's not a great relationship between there's |
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| 31:59 | expended and so we're going to treat as different even though the Andes I |
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| 32:06 | amazon is ambiguous. Uh We're going say we're going to ignore any Correlation |
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| 32:13 | the two. Yeah. And so going to stand, problem is |
|
| 32:19 | The discharge of anything is a measure the volume types of velocity. |
|
| 32:28 | Uh And the problem is that The changes I hear decrease, restore |
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| 32:37 | . So you literally have to sit sam example in the street package years |
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| 32:47 | the river cross section and then some a lot of work. Yeah, |
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| 32:55 | you do it because once you eventually enough water discharge and seven discharge relationships |
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| 33:05 | can Plot relationships on the 7th 18 routinely measure water discharge and engaging |
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| 33:20 | We rarely collect suspended sediment. is to official. So if we've |
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| 33:29 | it enough to get this relationship, just forget a computer we said if |
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| 33:37 | know this time allows us to create suspended discharge budget, if you for |
|
| 33:49 | particular gauging station now notice they have very but it's all for yellow forgiven |
|
| 34:00 | border of value to us. It . Now the problem is uh and |
|
| 34:12 | average that's pretty close to the The problem is that's what we |
|
| 34:15 | Well typically say ah it's about 10 that's what we'll do most often. |
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| 34:25 | the problem is it's very so we measure bed load traps literally trapping sediment |
|
| 34:34 | the bottom. We can the empirical better or differentials and those are often |
|
| 34:42 | we use in our investment models. as you'll see Which one right is |
|
| 34:49 | the story. This is where longer studies would be because we can look |
|
| 34:54 | the sediment in the Houston, We pour it and we can see what |
|
| 34:59 | of that seven is said and the thing with the demonization generations. We |
|
| 35:11 | do this right off. There's a of trouble. You're trying to put |
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| 35:15 | on the bottom of the bed. all sorts of interference. But we |
|
| 35:19 | do it because we've got to try verify some of these other models. |
|
| 35:24 | so here is what we're trying to . We're looking at a theoretical equipment |
|
| 35:33 | were talking against and I think what can say is I want to be |
|
| 35:39 | just don't fit that particular yet. we're gonna try to make a |
|
| 35:48 | we offered rely on these a an . Mhm. I'll know here that |
|
| 35:56 | is the Einstein equation. It's not is his son hans. And hans |
|
| 36:06 | said he didn't go into physics because wanted to go into sedimentation where he |
|
| 36:11 | a lot more complicated and more questions solve that may have been far or |
|
| 36:17 | . I'm not sure which uh, a reservoir study. You go in |
|
| 36:23 | and we measure the Lion Court determined percent. Yeah, we do |
|
| 36:29 | We really 10% is pretty bad Maybe a great average. He's pretty |
|
| 36:37 | number to use very specifically 1% amazon 85% in the open. So we |
|
| 36:49 | , this is one of the big weaknesses of our sediment story, calculating |
|
| 36:59 | amount of that. Now there are problems. What about the rare |
|
| 37:06 | Remember that For the most part we're at suspended sediment, What it is |
|
| 37:11 | um 2030, 50 times at a station. Well, what about the |
|
| 37:18 | that only happens once every few Maybe once every. In terms of |
|
| 37:24 | , you may have missed it. may have been so high you didn't |
|
| 37:26 | to be patient on the average, the sediment is transported during a few |
|
| 37:34 | . One case of half to 718 was over seven days. Yeah, |
|
| 37:40 | sediment in three days from previous seven . The big flood events are when |
|
| 37:45 | of the sediment is transported yet. not when we may. So we |
|
| 37:51 | forced to extrapolate that curve. That curves higher and higher. District is |
|
| 37:56 | extent to which that's accurate. You , you're not sure. Another thing |
|
| 38:02 | find is that if you look at first single seven christian, this is |
|
| 38:13 | wildfires. Uh, with wherever let's say 50 20 200 Year Events |
|
| 38:24 | More. If there's been a wildfire will significantly increase the discharge and wildfires |
|
| 38:36 | happened and will happen. Um, in the ancient, it's probably more |
|
| 38:44 | tried to extract the influence mandate on lee influenced awful. A lot of |
|
| 38:54 | is one of the factors tended not take account. There's a good article |
|
| 39:00 | death 2019 talking about variety of things humans do. These are all important |
|
| 39:07 | your job as a geologist is to to predict the environmental impact of changing |
|
| 39:15 | use. It's also of interest to petroleum geologists in trying to remove these |
|
| 39:23 | in order to make a model that applicable when the ancient Yeah, deforestation |
|
| 39:34 | increases discharged by up to an order magnitude. Yeah. Uh locally Land |
|
| 39:43 | change could be up to 1000 So what we see Agriculture, 50 |
|
| 39:53 | erosion, drop them saying, what's million one study looking at already reservoir |
|
| 40:06 | upon study forgiven drains basis. When went from former army, It left |
|
| 40:15 | 200 are you? No, it back. The farms were abandoned. |
|
| 40:27 | that suburbs? He Yeah. Inaction on concrete. So we see tremendous |
|
| 40:39 | , temporal variations and set in the with with changing land use. |
|
| 40:46 | if we look at the wang he , yellow river, not much change |
|
| 40:53 | . Big increases big decrease. This when we began through the chinese farm |
|
| 41:03 | nurses made silk easily eroded, lot it can be transported huge increase the |
|
| 41:14 | , basically erosion, remediation, we're uh trump changes and also for investors |
|
| 41:22 | games. So what we see here a temporal decrease in both discharged and |
|
| 41:35 | , telling now the decrease in water says that it's more than just better |
|
| 41:47 | . It says that it's also So we're also seeing the combined mm |
|
| 41:59 | agriculture and reduced water because it In fact, if we look at |
|
| 42:08 | mode as a function of elevation rivers here agriculture soil. So we want |
|
| 42:24 | extract, remove that from the Again, the effective relief. That's |
|
| 42:31 | dominant factor here, Not how much is coming in. We need to |
|
| 42:40 | this to get to this before they each. Yeah, dredging damns. |
|
| 42:49 | of these are influences. We see we look at uh hoover dam, |
|
| 42:56 | at the decrease in sediment this If we look at the change in |
|
| 43:01 | , look after 19 7, This 100% with zero. This is actually |
|
| 43:12 | from 19 cents. All of these . Billions of colorado. Yeah, |
|
| 43:22 | looking at 80% more than So. are huge issues with respect to not |
|
| 43:35 | understanding the sentiment budget of the but also how they affect coastal stability |
|
| 43:43 | river stability. So much of our with coastal erosion is because of the |
|
| 43:49 | of Slovene set. Yeah. Remember said earlier that if you look at |
|
| 43:58 | sentiment budget and look for sinks, are sinks everyone. The biggest thing |
|
| 44:05 | be a submarine fan or adult sense plan. Mm About a quarter of |
|
| 44:15 | Senate on the amazon threat. When experience. Yeah, up to half |
|
| 44:26 | of the 70 80%. That's the . Okay, so we need to |
|
| 44:33 | this partitioning of trapping both human induced in geologic. So that's where we |
|
| 44:45 | begin looking at different tectonic cities and introduces the concept of the sediment |
|
| 44:54 | That's the percent of sediment traps. that was that number is that. |
|
| 45:03 | if you look at This kind of trailing is one thing seven is telling |
|
| 45:11 | not your face where the technology change we have most of his body. |
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| 45:26 | get down to the coastal funny wonder is often notice 57 more they |
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| 45:39 | sustains them mormon result ship and there's bypass read down in here. Deputy |
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| 45:49 | . So we had three cents which the ultimate set all for real. |
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| 45:56 | wanted to preserve this one. Now would be different if we were at |
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| 46:06 | convergent ocean Hollywood margie. We're still have probably sitting here but it presented |
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| 46:20 | ocean of here we got for our for the seventh. Then there's his |
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| 46:29 | transfer down into the big change. of course it's being segregated within more |
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| 46:37 | pieces of that summary positive. Now also already back up that's what the |
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| 46:49 | side it's not going into the ocean but it is of interest and here's |
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| 47:00 | continent, continent again here the whole forward basically this is a form and |
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| 47:12 | I noticed the family the implicated trust this occurs of In 400 back hard |
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| 47:23 | and also in them along you have bases trump what is malange but Malaj |
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| 47:37 | is the highly contorted settlement that's called seduction zone. So there's a lot |
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| 47:47 | physical uh stretching and deformation. Uh huh prison area said it's not illustrated |
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| 48:00 | to hear the case. And so sentiment is what you get in the |
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| 48:06 | coast range. The California coast range actually a prosthesis. Um mm This |
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| 48:16 | therefore that's a different thing now. tectonics. But what about time? |
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| 48:26 | just take one spot and look at every time. Mhm. We are |
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| 48:33 | now in an interglacial periods. A of ways. That's a long. |
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| 48:39 | . Oh my God. Until we looking a little older. So what |
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| 48:44 | see is your inflation particularly where the impact they say most itself with the |
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| 48:55 | relationship a little bit by glacial food . No, as we begin the |
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| 49:04 | dig negotiation, you begin to have that material. So you get this |
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| 49:13 | influx and racial food. Meanwhile the transport is getting less and less now |
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| 49:23 | this group. During the glacial and video issues we got a lot of |
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| 49:29 | we work because the sediment is Yeah, that's what And we have |
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| 49:38 | . Now this story could be the Mississippi river basically records this whole store |
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| 49:51 | protection. Uh huh. They early seem too late. Twice the singing |
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| 50:01 | of the Mississippi in the middle part Mississippi great extreme vision and then today |
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| 50:09 | moving in. So clearly climatic change changed The amount and type of segment |
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| 50:17 | seven sources. So let's just go to amazon race and let's say that |
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| 50:27 | were concerned with my scene uh, of the continental shelf. I mean |
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| 50:36 | continental slope of the amazon my scene . So you want to know what's |
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| 50:41 | good analogy? Well, it kind depends on when I was looking at |
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| 50:51 | or say late glacial maximum or the . Okay, here, here are |
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| 51:02 | places or send is seven accumulates one that you are the Amazon mega |
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| 51:14 | These mega fans are basically a type positional system that's forming in the foreland |
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| 51:22 | for four. Also before this, , for something storage, particularly their |
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| 51:33 | . You have some stories within it . And he had story she thinks |
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| 51:40 | possible places where for me now you at them all solid basically you see |
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| 51:54 | mr Policy. What stream and almost of it in the summer. This |
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| 52:02 | a high standard. If you look it during the long standing, it |
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| 52:08 | out more fun of all of we Angela a little bit can notice that |
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| 52:19 | had, let's get down here because got in C during the most simple |
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| 52:28 | that sermon sitting exams. So we delta deposition, high stand fan |
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| 52:37 | Yeah. So what is the best it turns out? But in the |
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| 52:43 | ? Uh, yes, analogous system actually low stances when we got a |
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| 52:51 | of deposition, these mega fans and not because it's glaciation, but because |
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| 53:01 | is the concrete active and it has narrow shelf, You don't have this |
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| 53:08 | . We'll be back and forth because should extended situations. So basic analogy |
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| 53:15 | knock them off installation. Okay. settlements gets into the world oceans, |
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| 53:25 | , little dead by eyes less by that's my coastal rouge there, will |
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| 53:33 | talked about saM talked about before. what we do is try to quantify |
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| 53:39 | controls. Well, total now seven increase for the increased size is basically |
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| 53:50 | Except it's not a very good So maybe we could do better if |
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| 54:01 | looked at the yield. No, no better. In fact, what |
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| 54:08 | see here is that the yield decreases bigger, bigger base. Can you |
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| 54:16 | of a reasonable the yield per unit ? It's less. If we look |
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| 54:23 | bigger and bigger amounts many people turn . Well, what do you mean |
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| 54:29 | jerks and that's you're saying the same , you get less more. Why |
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| 54:35 | the percent be less? Is there upper limit on how much can actually |
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| 54:47 | ? No rather is upset. That's think about delivery rations. What does |
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| 54:53 | Rachel mean? I justified mhm is 2% sediment trapped. The bigger |
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| 55:19 | drainage base, The more places there to trap the scent and so that |
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| 55:28 | representing the increased storage of six that available in an increasingly large area. |
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| 55:38 | basins. We talked about the inter basis the mega fan foreland basis. |
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| 55:46 | are all things that are causing the now, why the scatter everything goes |
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| 55:55 | to nothing. And what this says area is not a very good predictor |
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| 56:02 | 17 year. There must be other within that drainage base that's affecting the |
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| 56:09 | amount sent. No, I talk the delivery ratio and decrease. Help |
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| 56:17 | increasing area. There's less and less makes it through. Okay, I'm |
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| 56:23 | out the type of basis. Said , uh don't normally have to consider |
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| 56:28 | type of the basis that it Absolutely. That's because that is in |
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| 56:35 | why there's such a scattered. So we're gonna do is we're gonna, |
|
| 56:40 | mean, I think it's obviously I'm , we're going to start looking at |
|
| 56:47 | . We have start looking at climate they send their so we're beginning to |
|
| 56:55 | there are components of our model that to be pretty specific and this is |
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| 57:02 | to june uh part of the reason that there is a geographic variation in |
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| 57:13 | and that in turn affects climate. the climatic variations, the role of |
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| 57:21 | in controlling not only the amount of , but the amount of sediment sediment |
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| 57:26 | huge. So, let's just look this from a global point of view |
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| 57:31 | a minute. Okay, we've got sense that there is a site |
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| 57:38 | there is a a consistent pattern. air circulation. We're cold air sinks |
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| 57:48 | the polls and rise, warm air in the equator and there, it |
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| 57:55 | drops down and goes up top down . So we've got a series of |
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| 58:02 | and falling air masses in the human of the equator, air is |
|
| 58:10 | We got a lot of rain At 30°. Air is dropping is drawing not |
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| 58:18 | rain in the polar regions. Water , the air is dropping is |
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| 58:26 | not much rain where the converging polar , uh, converges a lot of |
|
| 58:37 | . So what we see is a for a latitude change, precipitation |
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| 58:50 | precipitation. Mechatronics very long, semi , very no in the region. |
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| 59:03 | . And polar desert. Now, only is there the attitudinal variation in |
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| 59:13 | , but there's also a attitudinal variation temperature and vegetation. Just you. |
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| 59:21 | pretty much just decrease, mm vegetation tends to spike. Yeah. |
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| 59:31 | the little green here. So high temperature, lots of education. |
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| 59:42 | vegetation is falling for biomass. Two West evaporation is not parallel to |
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| 59:53 | evaporation is out the latest and Cindy and the reason is no plans. |
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| 60:03 | actually not assigned trucks even though it work. And then the So if |
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| 60:14 | were to look at what's going on terms of the soul language, the |
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| 60:21 | songs are down here. Almost no in the area hinder soils. What |
|
| 60:36 | it? Yeah, if you look the composition. So yeah, he |
|
| 60:46 | unmodified slacking Crs here we go into gorilla 98 or 9 11, |
|
| 60:57 | What we're doing is we're looking at stripped reached. In fact, we |
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| 61:06 | get that extensive reaching hit and Okay. When you get to the |
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| 61:16 | and the parents in europe, which us something about the, the total |
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| 61:23 | of salts. Yes. What's an of the temperate regions? Example where |
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| 61:29 | are example 30 To 63 North. Fuller air come himself. Mm the |
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| 61:49 | trade winds suddenly with more get get front coming man, this shit. |
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| 62:00 | passage of both is mhm mhm basically cold air solar cell. BG the |
|
| 62:14 | air response. So this is the founder yesterday of course it moves up |
|
| 62:23 | because gesturing follow gesture blinds. So kind of looking at average position, |
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| 62:35 | prevailing west, which are coming in the northwest control, but it always |
|
| 62:42 | to as it gets down to get passenger. We are. So there |
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| 62:48 | something you would think there'd be similar to the south of us. |
|
| 62:53 | So next in Mexico. Northern Yeah. Uh, and it's better |
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| 63:02 | the sub profits. Uh, it's little hard I heard because there's effective |
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| 63:10 | as well, but the chihuahua is a desert and if you go |
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| 63:17 | south texas, it's almost in fact was a huge sand, didn't feel |
|
| 63:24 | . Hundreds of spark along hundreds of miles in south texas. During the |
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| 63:29 | information. People, it was very . And my time to get into |
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| 63:34 | is a desk at least the northern go into southern Mexico into Guatemala. |
|
| 63:41 | , it's getting better. Is there party trucks? Mhm. So keep |
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| 63:53 | in months. I'm gonna go to improbable 200 titles. Work north of |
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| 64:03 | stars. Tundra is the area basically remarkable. The concentration desire for hires |
|
| 64:17 | energy can lowest tropics. That seems but the amount um okay, |
|
| 64:34 | Yes. As great or greater and . That is because we have our |
|
| 64:41 | . So in general, even though don't have a lot of there's also |
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| 64:49 | because extremely cheap. What is there we get a lot of it |
|
| 65:00 | Uh specific. Uh huh. We very little getting out. Mhm. |
|
| 65:10 | talk most of the there's a dissolved . Most of the irons. All |
|
| 65:18 | . In the arab region trapped within creative sorts. Exactly. So the |
|
| 65:24 | . S the total dissolved solids They're measured in the rivers. |
|
| 65:33 | But um trying to look at low well, very of you're looking at |
|
| 65:47 | tall woman in a bizarre father Uh huh. Beaters of second first |
|
| 65:57 | this is not flashy. Um maybe easier to look at stepping out |
|
| 66:07 | So resolved 70. Why? Mm . Uh basically it is reflected specific |
|
| 66:19 | , rainfall combined with the weathering induced . Great chemical being asian glory of |
|
| 66:31 | land is the portion the Republic. , I'm not understanding why I'm not |
|
| 66:42 | . Why there's such a spike in Yeah, is it just the |
|
| 66:46 | The human temperate despite here, the temperate in here. Well, it |
|
| 66:56 | to do with this is an area ordinary raise. Come on. Even |
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| 67:07 | water example transport. See how published sparks this is all of them. |
|
| 67:22 | how we used to have. So this bit's fine grain, his |
|
| 67:33 | in big spike which is resolving. by uh total Presumptions. I |
|
| 67:42 | So you have a lot of solids the waters of the semi eric because |
|
| 67:48 | haven't been bleached. Okay, that . And so it just kind of |
|
| 67:56 | this much global weathering and skipped and in Canada. Is that global or |
|
| 68:07 | model really fix this? Stupid oh . No, here remain. So |
|
| 68:21 | is a significant impact uh sierre in cordillera, the walkies and the Andes |
|
| 68:33 | modify declined again. With the good is we can reconstruct them in the |
|
| 68:40 | markets. We actually have global climate now or the quotations And for other |
|
| 68:48 | that go into modeling a seven production ? Let's look at three different said |
|
| 68:58 | problems intent pick So we all started . Never, never is being in |
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| 69:16 | from the source. So last six unique place because when loading a soil |
|
| 69:32 | a lot of dissolved. Now the savings in the temperate region. It's |
|
| 69:47 | so all things equal their day and just from the soul. So getting |
|
| 69:59 | played. I told him in the here basically. No. So so |
|
| 70:09 | definition, whatever erosion you're getting is to be derived from the parent jury |
|
| 70:17 | where Uh huh grow solved dominantly Yeah. So if you look at |
|
| 70:32 | so what that sale tells me is climate is a huge very in terms |
|
| 70:38 | preparing the drainage base. No for center. Now the other thing we |
|
| 70:48 | is the effect of allegations. This stripping out the effect of agriculture. |
|
| 70:58 | we have a smoke dominant area, of the land produced 73% sent. |
|
| 71:12 | that's cute. Yeah. And so one of our variables and whatever equation |
|
| 71:18 | use better include relief and relief is a part of grain is your. |
|
| 71:25 | how did that scatter was different kinds of that scattered was different relief. |
|
| 71:33 | now if you look at this look at the they are precipitation. |
|
| 71:44 | . Now take this curve. This is a dynamic a player moral |
|
| 71:57 | we can't really represented. So this on this is the decreasing lee from |
|
| 72:08 | li and what it says it is highest amount of sediment view is where |
|
| 72:21 | got high relief. Mhm accepted. , it gets less and less. |
|
| 72:32 | with heart rate as you go. . Yeah. And the tropics and |
|
| 72:42 | of these things. The senate will as we decrease. So what we |
|
| 72:51 | is basically the impact of climate, is serving. Thanks, Henry. |
|
| 73:01 | there's a few caveats here and I'm gonna get into details subdivision. Uh |
|
| 73:10 | . Different types of material. what this gives you is a quick |
|
| 73:17 | said, where do you get the contribution? How? Uh huh. |
|
| 73:24 | funds, relief impacts the oh seven . How to say it again? |
|
| 73:34 | , they were relative relative relief within dream space. So is that from |
|
| 73:40 | lowest point to the highest point? . Mhm. Okay. Uh that |
|
| 73:47 | an interesting comment we had here. models are highly based towards low |
|
| 73:57 | Increasingly we're going so high latitude The arctic is especially ironic with uh |
|
| 74:08 | hot zone. Uh So what this is we need really began to look |
|
| 74:15 | at high latitude case studies. I for four years on the Yukon delta |
|
| 74:22 | last it was a very different kind river delta system than anything else is |
|
| 74:31 | anything else. So there is this balance. We know the climate is |
|
| 74:37 | . We don't have as many field . We've got pretty good satellite |
|
| 74:44 | but field studies or something else, limited number of rivers. Right? |
|
| 74:51 | Well, yes, but it's not the rivers is the whole artists, |
|
| 74:58 | sister. If you look at the that are draining into the north |
|
| 75:03 | But what you want to do is want to know what is, what |
|
| 75:06 | the processes that are forming de positional within an hour or so. And |
|
| 75:16 | only one river that was, has studied as the little called it. |
|
| 75:20 | you got the Mackenzie and a whole of others as well. You got |
|
| 75:23 | Alina and other deltas going into this the Siberia. So there's, there's |
|
| 75:29 | lot of smaller rivers as well as rivers that are in total controlling the |
|
| 75:37 | huh. Yeah, deposition of fishies the north slope where the arctic region |
|
| 75:44 | said that we have very few detailed . Yeah. Now we're in the |
|
| 75:52 | of relief and empty. We're using as a surrogate for expectation. I |
|
| 76:01 | that's because it's here too. Mm a certain to get Probably what it |
|
| 76:15 | is that a prison relationship is tighter the previous one. Uh Our spider |
|
| 76:24 | . In fact, this is an when we're very but what we're doing |
|
| 76:34 | and I say now, um or the last 20 years of serving a |
|
| 76:41 | of 15, We've been using a that's developed in about 25 cents. |
|
| 76:50 | takes into account and therefore allows you extract other, vary variables other than |
|
| 76:57 | region temperature. You know, it's geologic and human acts. They come |
|
| 77:05 | to think of b racial roots mythology in place, traffic, fish on |
|
| 77:16 | soil would have to be so, by looking at sediment yield values and |
|
| 77:25 | types of bases. Yeah, with racial erosion and bedrocks and different |
|
| 77:31 | Different human activities. We can come with the fourth one. This is |
|
| 77:42 | much state of the art. We're to predict sediment input based on these |
|
| 77:50 | and it looks something like that. . Our squares .95 looking a lot |
|
| 77:57 | . The best mom got. But is one exception. Um Well there's |
|
| 78:04 | couple of caveats I guess. It is designed for I think. And |
|
| 78:11 | sentiment is their ceiling. Yeah. done this to make better. It |
|
| 78:18 | really tell you much about what's being in delta wrestler foot. Okay. |
|
| 78:27 | can happen. Work your way around . Um It's also it uses water |
|
| 78:36 | . The problem is trying to reconstruct discharge ancient system. We can do |
|
| 78:45 | in areas the energy that uh basis . There's a riding waves. We |
|
| 78:54 | reconstruct basic temperature. My high end . Climatic temperature sensitive fossil But from |
|
| 79:05 | of this charges to function not only area, the climate spoiled. And |
|
| 79:12 | what the regional deportment did the just here problem is if you keep that |
|
| 79:23 | . Uh huh. Okay, Compare contrast .8 you really did get a |
|
| 79:32 | of skin. But if you stop based on quiet then you begin to |
|
| 79:46 | very good college everything there. marriages. Mhm. Because it's just |
|
| 79:56 | there's not but if you if you at their or to find it. |
|
| 80:07 | Children when uh huh Society. Presuming not in an area set. This |
|
| 80:17 | the model. You'll use two So for example in this palm |
|
| 80:25 | Okay. Trying to re control delta . You're getting water this using water |
|
| 80:35 | 10. This journalist. Mm This is uh also look in the |
|
| 80:44 | level. Uh what did in this ? This was what they were trying |
|
| 80:51 | reproduce. These are the box. variables for seven of supplies because this |
|
| 81:01 | the model. So they were able reconstruct the existence and master using |
|
| 81:14 | Yeah. Now I'm gonna skip There's really three different ways we've been |
|
| 81:21 | basin mark. One is basically equal . The variables here. Another is |
|
| 81:36 | reconstruct a larger scale and family one actually looks at hey ideology of a |
|
| 81:49 | . The first one is on you're for. What it really says is |
|
| 81:56 | we know the drainage base area at three water discharge temperature, we can |
|
| 82:11 | the second matter. Oh is uh , that's just the very information. |
|
| 82:19 | second reason is related to source the market that have tried to relate. |
|
| 82:29 | God. Sad volume. It's lonely the academy. Megadeal morphing relationships. |
|
| 82:41 | has a good article in that I have time to deal with. Um |
|
| 82:47 | needs the things that image God, problem is there's a lot of inheritance |
|
| 83:00 | . But these marks. The 3rd was our fault. And for full |
|
| 83:08 | thinking about it as a place where don't want. He said uh right |
|
| 83:19 | most of the souls you see it insane. So we're looking at trump's |
|
| 83:29 | major river stream just before it begins split out two adults. And there's |
|
| 83:37 | whole bunch of things that you need know about that river and it's basically |
|
| 83:45 | is referred to is paleo hydrology. reconstructing the water and sediment discharge from |
|
| 83:56 | , as you might expect, some those things are easier to figure. |
|
| 84:05 | I'm not going to get into Now there's two article here, it |
|
| 84:12 | about the various issues with this. real popular in the sense that a |
|
| 84:19 | of people are using it, ponch using it. Um They mhm. |
|
| 84:27 | will talk about this more when I'm about lego set when we get |
|
| 84:35 | Okay, but this is a third . And I'm going to end with |
|
| 84:42 | example here, which is just one study. This is for the paleo |
|
| 84:49 | . Willcox in texas. Okay. at the seven coming insists bill. |
|
| 85:01 | , source the set his beef board a monte Carlo simulation to look at |
|
| 85:13 | within the various Uh huh Because reality , you know, we know the |
|
| 85:20 | is this tough remarks. What's the of sediment probabilistic distribution of each of |
|
| 85:30 | were so you're buying Montevallo distribution use and you get a part of our |
|
| 85:41 | And this heart of rooms in 2018 Really very nice. Article 84 and |
|
| 85:51 | huge Source to six and predicted the type and volume. Then the ancient |
|
| 86:02 | . Yeah. So I'm going to their and we'll stop recording for electric |
|
| 86:10 | . Keep |
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