| 00:46 | I just by the, and we this all the time when we're making |
|
| 00:53 | in the lab. This is the principle that we use when we use |
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| 00:57 | boils law instrument to measure porosity B V one equals P two V |
|
| 01:03 | we measure an empty chamber. We pressures equilibrate, we put our sample |
|
| 01:08 | , we let pressures equilibrate again. that difference gives us are four |
|
| 01:16 | all right, apparent ferocity. Your is as good as mine about where |
|
| 01:22 | one came from effective ferocity. Let see here. I'm not that great |
|
| 01:28 | fan uh of the term effective because not used consistently. And most of |
|
| 01:35 | so if you are gonna use the , be sure that you say what |
|
| 01:38 | mean when you refer to it. If I were to use the term |
|
| 01:43 | porosity, I would define it as that is capable of flowing hydrocarbons to |
|
| 01:50 | board. That would be my Some people say that it's actually only |
|
| 01:55 | quote interconnected force base. And yet we do uh capillary pressure tests, |
|
| 02:03 | in fact see that all of the is connected. So saying that it's |
|
| 02:09 | interconnected course base would be incorrect. Inner granular typically um used for describing |
|
| 02:21 | sand, the porosity in a sandstone that of course would be the ferocity |
|
| 02:27 | occurs between the load bearing framework Mhm. Again, I've never used |
|
| 02:34 | term inter matrix. So, so that case, they're talking about a |
|
| 02:43 | of the pul bulk volume that's occupied fluids and dispersed shales which as you |
|
| 02:48 | are shales that are in the poor . So in that case, they're |
|
| 02:54 | including ferocity within dispersed place, which be fairly substantial. It can be |
|
| 03:01 | high as in a dispersed clay cluster be as high. It depends what |
|
| 03:06 | it is. The sedimentary fragment could 25% porosity, pale is typically 50% |
|
| 03:14 | and that usually occurs as little grain clusters. So that could be uh |
|
| 03:20 | substantial volume of solids is all formation , grain, uh all formation solids |
|
| 03:30 | shales which shales could also occur as drain. So again, clearly, |
|
| 03:35 | terminology is not particularly precise um the granular volume and this one gets people |
|
| 03:42 | trouble as well. So volume of and quote all shales. But what |
|
| 03:48 | I have a laminar shale? What I have a structural shale which is |
|
| 03:53 | a framework ring? Why would I that in an inter granular volume? |
|
| 03:58 | in fact, some people don't want and even include dispersed place more than |
|
| 04:04 | 5%. So it's there are, have sloppy terminology. That's what makes |
|
| 04:12 | job fun. So the volume of would be all formation solids again, |
|
| 04:19 | as accept dispersed shales. Um Not sure why that would be, other |
|
| 04:26 | that, those dispersed shales are in poor system. And then of |
|
| 04:31 | the volume inter matrix in that case be all fluids and dispersed cells. |
|
| 04:44 | ? Ok. So we've got a , it's got a bunch of quartz |
|
| 04:48 | in it. And other things that are bearing the load and a |
|
| 04:52 | clay or dispersed shale is something that in the primary pore system of the |
|
| 04:58 | . So it could either be a clay, it can have detrital dispersed |
|
| 05:03 | , it can also have orogenic dispersed . So something like a grain coating |
|
| 05:09 | would be a dispersed clay. So dispersed shale, see again here we're |
|
| 05:15 | fail where we ought to be using . And this is I think is |
|
| 05:20 | from um you know where this Yeah, this is an S |
|
| 05:27 | So I can go ahead and say here. Anybody here, an |
|
| 05:31 | No. So engineers like to take terminology and use them quite loosely, |
|
| 05:36 | ? Which is clearly what's happening But all right. So now we're |
|
| 05:43 | talk about what controls the ferocity in sandstone and the permeability. So here |
|
| 05:51 | looking at, I guess, did guys look at grain size already in |
|
| 05:56 | previous table. All right. So , but I mean, grain size |
|
| 06:03 | a function of porosity or porosity is function of grain size. Did you |
|
| 06:07 | at that? All right. So can ask that question. How does |
|
| 06:12 | vary as grain size? Mean grain varies? I'm just talking, I |
|
| 06:16 | well sorted sands and the grain size just changing from course to fine. |
|
| 06:21 | does the porosity change? Mhm. right. So here we are, |
|
| 06:34 | got extremely well sorted and we're going upper course through medium fine, very |
|
| 06:44 | . Um And you see that this is probably within our ability to |
|
| 06:49 | measurements here. And again, these made on artificial sand packs. Uh |
|
| 06:54 | you can see that we go from . 41% basically is the range of |
|
| 07:04 | properties with a mean of 42.4 and very small standard deviation, the grain |
|
| 07:10 | changing grain size does not change the at all. In contrast, when |
|
| 07:15 | now does it change the firm That's a later table. It does |
|
| 07:24 | in sandstones, I'll give it spoiler . The grain size is related to |
|
| 07:29 | poor body size and the poor body tends to show a relationship with poor |
|
| 07:35 | size. So, and we all from yesterday that poor throat size is |
|
| 07:40 | controls permeability. So now let's just with its upper court sand and move |
|
| 07:47 | the sorting taxes of this table. what happens to my porosity is the |
|
| 07:53 | becomes poorer. Yeah. Decreases like , right? So grain size does |
|
| 08:03 | chain vary in grain size unless I the sorting or the width of the |
|
| 08:08 | size distribution, which is a measure sorting. Um I change grain |
|
| 08:14 | It's not going to change my As long as my sorting doesn't |
|
| 08:20 | I change the sorting regardless of my size, the permeability will go down |
|
| 08:29 | the porosity will go down. on the porosity slide. This is |
|
| 08:34 | if you guys get a chance to this paper up when I was. |
|
| 08:38 | my degree is actually in geology when um was in school, this |
|
| 08:44 | Beard and wild. I think it published in 63. So already a |
|
| 08:48 | paper, but certainly something that I required to read in my sedimentary petrology |
|
| 08:55 | . It's actually a really excellent piece work. And of course they were |
|
| 08:59 | shell and so were Doctor Myers and , so I gotta, you |
|
| 09:03 | give shell some props. Oh, is 2020. Yeah. Um I |
|
| 09:17 | have a copy of it. I give it to you to post. |
|
| 09:28 | . All right. So sandstones are well behaved, not so for |
|
| 09:34 | So here and carbonates kind of actually least for porosity, you kind of |
|
| 09:40 | the other way. So here we've the depositional texture. So grains, |
|
| 09:47 | are we familiar with these terms? . So a grains stone would have |
|
| 09:54 | cent, well, less than maybe to 15% fine grain carbonate debris in |
|
| 10:01 | inter particle pores. OK. A stone would have more than 15 but |
|
| 10:08 | grains would still be the phase that through the volume. So the grains |
|
| 10:13 | still be load bearing in a wacky . We switch from a load grain |
|
| 10:20 | , brain load bearing structure to the being the load bearing phase. Uh |
|
| 10:25 | it's very, very finely crystalline carbonate mud, if you wanna call |
|
| 10:28 | that Nick, right? If you call it that. Um And then |
|
| 10:35 | , we would get to a muds which I'm not seeing here. So |
|
| 10:39 | just focus on the Greenstone pack stone wacky stone. And so you |
|
| 10:44 | as we increase the amount of that matrix, finally crystalline material, the |
|
| 10:51 | actually goes up. And in this , we would probably be the the |
|
| 10:56 | if you will of the material is in this direction, right? So |
|
| 11:02 | in my best sorted material, I the lowest ferocity and in my worst |
|
| 11:10 | of material, I have the highest . So it's kind of going directly |
|
| 11:15 | to what we would expect to see a sandstone. And again, what's |
|
| 11:20 | here. So normally we tend to , OK, we've all seen ferocity |
|
| 11:25 | regressions, right? As porosity goes , perm goes up, not So |
|
| 11:30 | carbonates here, the ferocity is going and the perm is crater and that's |
|
| 11:37 | of the very, very fine grain , the matrix, the Mick, |
|
| 11:41 | ? However, you wanna call that is where the majority of the |
|
| 11:44 | is a very, very small very small pore grows. So that |
|
| 11:49 | , that's carbonates. I like to them the bad boys of the reservoir |
|
| 11:53 | . But that's because I'm a sandstone . I don't think so. |
|
| 12:05 | This is from Archie and how he to describe carbonate textures. Is there |
|
| 12:13 | way I can get rid of this up here so I can see what's |
|
| 12:20 | . I don't remember how to do in zoom since I haven't used zoom |
|
| 12:23 | forever. That bad. Thank Bye bye. All right. And |
|
| 12:33 | Archie's classification based on my experience never took off. Other classifications are more |
|
| 12:42 | prominent for Armin eight rock. But basically, what? Yeah. How |
|
| 12:56 | was that? How successful was Ok. Yeah. OK. But |
|
| 13:07 | , there's nothing in here that necessarily bugs that I can see. All |
|
| 13:12 | . So he's got a compact texture we have very fine uh crystal |
|
| 13:18 | predominant, predominantly. Uh this would hard and dense uh and the matrix |
|
| 13:25 | made up of tightly interlocking crystals. no visible port space between the crystals |
|
| 13:30 | would be in a standard transmission light . If we were to put that |
|
| 13:35 | an sem and look at it at , 10,000 max, we would certainly |
|
| 13:40 | those pores. Um Then he has chalky uh texture where the extra pine |
|
| 13:50 | particles are less than 50%. So here ever gone or seen the Austin |
|
| 13:56 | or I'm sure you guys got chalks here somewhere. Um Again, the |
|
| 14:03 | and the chalk tend to be less interlocking. That's kind of the difference |
|
| 14:08 | the two. And you can have though an extremely fine texture. Um |
|
| 14:15 | again, so if we look most of the porosity is not |
|
| 14:20 | Uh And then the size of visible in terms of microns are fairly |
|
| 14:25 | And my guess would be that in case, what we would be looking |
|
| 14:29 | . So in order to be able see those pores would be the solution |
|
| 14:35 | molded pores and the chalk, something that, they have a nice piece |
|
| 14:38 | Austin chalk with big molded pores with bring it in and then Susic |
|
| 14:44 | So by this, we mean sandy sugary, actually sugary. Um And |
|
| 14:49 | can see again that the particle sizes hard to say what he's trying to |
|
| 14:56 | here with this particle size in Susic . Though particle sizes tend to be |
|
| 15:01 | enough, we can actually see large . Uh So this might be something |
|
| 15:06 | was actually Dolma, something like Um He's also putting lights. So |
|
| 15:14 | with large carbonate grains So even maybe sands into this category and, and |
|
| 15:24 | most of the ferocity in this case be visible. And so the nonvisible |
|
| 15:31 | are becoming less prominent as we move the table, the micro pores as |
|
| 15:37 | would call it. Lucia. This actually the one that took off. |
|
| 15:43 | Gus. Uh This is Lucia's classification carbonates and for carbonate for space. |
|
| 15:51 | So he's got bugs and the definition a bug is I know, you |
|
| 16:02 | , OK. So it's typically a that is at least three times greater |
|
| 16:09 | size than the mean crystal or particle in the rock. That's the standard |
|
| 16:17 | of a bug. The bugs tend be larger pores um than typical inter |
|
| 16:23 | pores. And then he has two kinds of bugs. We used to |
|
| 16:29 | at shell that touching bugs are actually fracture. Uh If they are, |
|
| 16:35 | they go through the the sample, , we would probably call it a |
|
| 16:40 | and not touching bugs. And then are inner through inner particle pores. |
|
| 16:45 | the only way you can connect one to another is that you gotta go |
|
| 16:48 | the matrix porosity. So it's basically the difference between the two connected versus |
|
| 16:54 | connected bugs. And then he simply um carbonate force base here as a |
|
| 17:03 | of the particle size. And all this is inter particle force base and |
|
| 17:08 | divides those into groups based on pressure and the capillary pressure curve. |
|
| 17:15 | larger to smaller for throat sizes. right, we already defined ferocity and |
|
| 17:25 | simply equal to the pore volume over bulk volume in plastics. It's independent |
|
| 17:30 | grain size decreases as sorting becomes I like to cross these two |
|
| 17:36 | These two are basically in the Um so increases as risk decreases. |
|
| 17:43 | basically, if I have some elongate and they're depending on how they're |
|
| 17:49 | I could have a slight increase in . Um and it also tends to |
|
| 17:55 | as roundness decreases. So if I some angular points on my grains, |
|
| 17:59 | could for some time prior to right? Once I bury that those |
|
| 18:07 | grains are gonna orient themselves, the corners of angular grains tend to get |
|
| 18:13 | off, et cetera. And so , they really maybe at the depositional |
|
| 18:19 | provide some increase in four case. by the time we bury this, |
|
| 18:24 | it to higher temperature and pressure, effects are really minimal. So this |
|
| 18:29 | the stuff that really controls your ferocity plastics. And then in contrast, |
|
| 18:35 | carbonates, it's not correlated to the particle size or sorting, it tends |
|
| 18:41 | increase with a higher percentage of MRI . And of course, diogenes since |
|
| 18:47 | are so chemically unstable recrystallizing, just they feel like it right has a |
|
| 18:53 | effect, could either go positive or permeability. And of course, this |
|
| 19:02 | so ferocity we tend to call storage . All right. So the total |
|
| 19:08 | , although there's gonna be some water in that force space, it tends |
|
| 19:13 | define the maximum storage capacity for hydrocarbons we could have or for any kind |
|
| 19:18 | fluid. And then the permeability is well that formation delivers fluids to the |
|
| 19:28 | . And again, is a measure how connected and the relative size of |
|
| 19:32 | throats and the connectivity of the core . And we typically measure this, |
|
| 19:38 | can measure this in a one inch core. Um We have a flow |
|
| 19:43 | through the sample. We measure an and an outlet pressured. We know |
|
| 19:47 | area of the core plug and the of the core plug. So we |
|
| 19:52 | a pressure drop going from the inlet the outlet. Again, the size |
|
| 19:56 | the sample is known. So here's delta P and L and A um |
|
| 20:01 | my flow rate I'm measuring right and . So I have two more |
|
| 20:07 | New is the viscosity of the fluid known. So I can solve this |
|
| 20:13 | for K which is the permeability or ability. And that's usually in units |
|
| 20:20 | darcy meter squared centimeter squared. Um , you would like to uh report |
|
| 20:27 | but it's always in a length That's the standard unit for, for |
|
| 20:35 | right. Oh Petro Physics man. . So the question is, I |
|
| 20:45 | know if people online can hear Why is the viscosity included in this |
|
| 21:00 | ? Mhm OK. So the greater viscosity, the lower the volume |
|
| 21:07 | Right. Are you looking for something ? What is it about the |
|
| 21:11 | What what does that actually mean? guess is what Doctor Myers is trying |
|
| 21:14 | ask? He says it's a measure resistance to blow. Um Right. |
|
| 21:41 | viscosity, let me say it because online can hear you. Viscosity is |
|
| 21:46 | measure of how difficult it is to shear the fluid. So at the |
|
| 21:51 | of your chamber or whatever the fluid actually bound to the surface, we |
|
| 21:56 | to actually get that fluid to shear it will start flowing through the |
|
| 22:04 | Oh yeah. Um Right. Um So uh on the um yeah. |
|
| 22:44 | five that be OK. OK. you want, you're asking what determines |
|
| 22:56 | value of K? Absolutely 40 No, I would. Yeah. |
|
| 23:35 | Wow. Right. OK. yeah, well, but no one |
|
| 23:48 | could hear you. So the permeability a function of the tortuosity of the |
|
| 23:53 | flow system. Right. So here have a measure of L but if |
|
| 23:57 | have a very complicated internal structure, got to go around a bunch of |
|
| 24:03 | . This is how my fore throats connected. And so the actual length |
|
| 24:08 | the fluid has to travel is greater this nominal L. And so the |
|
| 24:15 | , that's a partial measure of And I forgot what your second measure |
|
| 24:22 | , what was the other? well, sure. The pore throat |
|
| 24:27 | , which we already talked about. right. So anything worth defining is |
|
| 24:34 | over defining. So here we have FM, which is the capacity of |
|
| 24:40 | rock to transmit a single fluid. it's completely saturated with one fluid. |
|
| 24:45 | measure the permeability with that same That is the absolute FM. It |
|
| 24:50 | also have an effective permeability to which would be the rock's capacity to |
|
| 24:56 | gass when it's only partially saturated with gas. Similar definition for oil uh |
|
| 25:02 | water. And then the relative perm either gas, oil or water is |
|
| 25:09 | ratio of the abs of the uh perm to a fluid over the absolute |
|
| 25:18 | . And of course, um if we were doing reservoir modeling, |
|
| 25:23 | would need to calculate this either in linear geometry for horizontal flow or typically |
|
| 25:32 | would use a radio flow or flow the well bore. And so you |
|
| 25:37 | see that there are S pe preferred for how we would calculate that the |
|
| 25:42 | are all given here here again is radial flow. Um And then the |
|
| 25:47 | pe preferred units versus historical and customary . And you can read those equations |
|
| 25:52 | well as I can even more. . So how do we model |
|
| 26:01 | Um or there are relationships between permeability other trophy properties. So this Carman |
|
| 26:10 | Well Peri who translated the paper model . Um You can see here, |
|
| 26:16 | constant here is called the cozy Actually, what we found is is |
|
| 26:21 | we can put the tortuosity in there is tortuosity is really hard to |
|
| 26:27 | So um Zany just applied the simple and then that constant would change as |
|
| 26:32 | function of the rock that you will . So you can see here in |
|
| 26:36 | Carmen Coven equation, it's the cube the total porosity divided by this constant |
|
| 26:41 | based on thin section work I you actually estimate the tortuosity. So you |
|
| 26:47 | put a towel there. And then is the estimate of specific surface area |
|
| 26:54 | . Purcell has a bundle of tubes shown here. Oh You know, |
|
| 27:00 | as we talked previously had his um pack method and then um femur as |
|
| 27:08 | method here sub M kind of what I can't read that a fight to |
|
| 27:21 | bo this is about never mind. is about NMR permeability. This is |
|
| 27:26 | team or coach equation. So that's pretty fluid not. So this |
|
| 27:34 | So in NMR, you can actually the total porosity, but you see |
|
| 27:38 | there is a section of the NMR is composed of bound fluids, whether |
|
| 27:44 | are capillary bound or play bound And then we have what we call |
|
| 27:50 | fluids. So this would be either three fluid ratio or the I can't |
|
| 27:58 | the team or coats equation. But you Google team or codes, you |
|
| 28:01 | find it and what this term But this would be based on NMR |
|
| 28:07 | and then Tamir, which we already about the cap pressure. Uh, |
|
| 28:12 | are tamer parameters, right? Oh my. Yeah. Oh, |
|
| 28:54 | . This leading term or the, , over here though 2.03. |
|
| 29:01 | OK. That made that make a . OK. Oh OK. All |
|
| 29:12 | . So don't forget that this VBP here is in percent. It's not |
|
| 29:17 | . So if you put your fractional in here, you'll be off by |
|
| 29:20 | orders of magnitude. So don't do . OK. OK. Bye. |
|
| 29:34 | I just, I have a question the air perm. Was this, |
|
| 29:39 | was corrected for slippage that a OK. So it's making sure |
|
| 29:47 | Ok. Ok. Mhm. Uh we're on the permeability table from Beard |
|
| 29:56 | Lyle. So again, now we're at grain size going across here, |
|
| 30:02 | can see that as grain size permeability decreases. Again, this is |
|
| 30:09 | there's this fairly constant relationship between grain and poor body size and poor body |
|
| 30:15 | and for throat size. And so why sands are so well behaved. |
|
| 30:20 | you can see here that as we down, we have the sorting becoming |
|
| 30:24 | poor and the permeability in all cases decreasing dramatically. All right. |
|
| 30:38 | yeah. Right. Right. So to the summary slide for ferocity, |
|
| 30:44 | have one for perms. So it, the perm decreases in plastics |
|
| 30:48 | brain size decreases and decreases as the becomes poorer. Um Again, I |
|
| 30:55 | think that the Felicity or the angularity maintain or exhibit much effect at |
|
| 31:02 | uh especially during burial and diogenes. and probably not enough for us to |
|
| 31:08 | about trying to account for carbonates similar uh their ferocity. There's no correlation |
|
| 31:17 | perm and well, actually, there a correlation between in ferocity between median |
|
| 31:23 | size and ferocity porosity goes up. obviously, if I'm in a chalk |
|
| 31:28 | has 70% porosity or a grains stone has 30% porosity, which is gonna |
|
| 31:33 | the higher perm. If I'm in truck that has 70% porosity or a |
|
| 31:44 | stone that has 30% ferocity, which have the higher perk the grains stone |
|
| 31:54 | have the higher permeability. So in again, it there is some correlation |
|
| 32:02 | ferocity and particle size, but it in the wrong direction for us to |
|
| 32:09 | say much about the permeability. Other that as the porosity goes up because |
|
| 32:15 | fines go up, the perm goes . And of course, just like |
|
| 32:18 | ferocity biogenesis because carbonates are chemically unstable recrystallized. Um Diogenes is the more |
|
| 32:26 | the more important influence rather than sedimentary . Mhm. Oh yes, you're |
|
| 33:12 | . Not sure what comes next. OK. OK. First Friday, |
|
| 33:23 | Saturday. So are we looking at the lecture and post are different is |
|
| 33:32 | you want me to open dialog Here it is. It just took |
|
| 33:51 | over. So excited, usually don't it. It's really that much of |
|
| 34:13 | . No, they don't. uh for this group might be an |
|
| 34:40 | thing to talk about it and why cut a core and it's some of |
|
| 34:45 | details of uh core barrel. Um So we're gonna talk about this |
|
| 35:26 | little bit about bits, uh the of mud logging P DC bits. |
|
| 35:32 | and then just some kind of uh statements about avoiding problems. Uh what |
|
| 35:39 | can do with side wall, which more than you might think, touching |
|
| 35:43 | walls them a little bit about measurements might make on the core, uh |
|
| 35:49 | plug and, and then things you do logic kind of things. A |
|
| 35:55 | is like I mentioned initially, uh boring is about having a piece of |
|
| 36:01 | rock in your hand. So you look at it, you can do |
|
| 36:04 | you want to it. Cool. there's a series of articles these should |
|
| 36:10 | been posted. They're not gonna make they get the drink. So there |
|
| 36:15 | some uh again that's recommended processing the analysis. It's getting a little |
|
| 36:20 | Now, I don't think it's been since then, what you might run |
|
| 36:26 | you measure saturations processing permeability measurements. then uh we will talk about both |
|
| 36:34 | and uh special core analysis. So applications uh core recovery, how you |
|
| 36:45 | manage to do that in a laminated . The issue there is you tend |
|
| 36:50 | art at the lamination. So it's weight up and things like that and |
|
| 36:58 | buggy carbonates, it's about losses. wells are an entirely different world. |
|
| 37:06 | Ko and others have written this, ? But these were conference papers, |
|
| 37:10 | know what you might do. So do we do it? Uh |
|
| 37:15 | I think to this group, it's obvious you get intact core, you |
|
| 37:19 | make direct measurements on the cord, can image the core and so you |
|
| 37:23 | can put the story together. Otherwise can get an idea of lithograph which |
|
| 37:29 | go through from logs. But you don't know the details, you |
|
| 37:33 | know how things are distributed, et . So uh huge value to actually |
|
| 37:39 | a piece of the rock. Uh I can determine what I need to |
|
| 37:43 | once I have it, right? this is what I'm talking about. |
|
| 37:48 | uh cuttings and cuttings have become less less valuable as we'll talk about P |
|
| 37:54 | bits which literally grind the rock rock , the image things gets harder and |
|
| 38:00 | . Even if you have caving that looking at the the issue with those |
|
| 38:04 | you really don't know where they came . So uh you can get some |
|
| 38:08 | , but uh it could have basically from almost anywhere in the world. |
|
| 38:14 | why do you do it? It's geologic and engineering. Uh You're gonna |
|
| 38:20 | at uh hydrocarbon presence, uh how distributed, how much oil is |
|
| 38:26 | how much gas is there, et . And again, where is it |
|
| 38:30 | about that yesterday? About Micropore We were looking at cap curves |
|
| 38:36 | introduction to cap curve which we're gonna again and then are we getting it |
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| 38:41 | the smaller pores like we have secondary systems, all kinds of things like |
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| 38:46 | ? Right? So the the goal always this value of information exercise uh |
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| 38:55 | courses to make money, just like else, they cost money. So |
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| 39:00 | really have to validate what you're I guess this slide is a good |
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| 39:06 | to talk about value of information. something that actually got quite popular at |
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| 39:12 | . I can tell you, I know uh what's going on where you |
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| 39:16 | . But uh anybody have any idea a value of information exercise is I |
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| 39:24 | give you, by the way, is quite important to you. You |
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| 39:27 | keep your jobs, you've proved that , the information you provide is worth |
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| 39:33 | money they're spending. This is the fundamental aspect of this, right? |
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| 39:39 | I doing enough? And when my looks at it, gee uh is |
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| 39:44 | worth paying this person this amount of ? Right? It really is what |
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| 39:49 | has decided when they lay people They've decided it's not worth it. |
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| 39:55 | . Fact I did this when I brave in my youth, I |
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| 40:00 | But I was in a class offered shell and I did a layoff was |
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| 40:05 | up there. I looked at the of information. Right. Went through |
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| 40:09 | exercise. Does it pay to get of people? Right. So, |
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| 40:14 | whole exercise was about, typically I enough experience by then to know that |
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| 40:20 | much we replaced them in 5 to years. We were back to our |
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| 40:24 | staffing levels, right? So you needed to show how much people were |
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| 40:30 | over that time frame. Ok. when you looked at that, you |
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| 40:34 | at their salaries, made estimates for productivity, et cetera. What were |
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| 40:39 | doing? It actually never moved ok, laying people off, they |
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| 40:45 | , you just couldn't do it. was, it was in the |
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| 40:48 | right, kind of doing that. , the, the one thing |
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| 40:53 | uh, that you did find when went through, that was the slightest |
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| 40:57 | in stock prices, right? Look the, the, the market capitalization |
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| 41:01 | the company, but it was worth everything. So I, I actually |
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| 41:06 | the instructor about this conclusion, Is this really why they're laying people |
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| 41:12 | ? And uh the guy who actually consult with the CEO of Shell, |
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| 41:17 | said, yeah, that this was primary consideration. So again, your |
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| 41:23 | as employees is to prove to people you are worth this amount of |
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| 41:30 | Uh, I don't know how much think they spend on your salary. |
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| 41:34 | way more than what they pay They're paying for all the management, |
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| 41:39 | paying for the building, they're paying all of this. So you typically |
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| 41:43 | it costs they will on their something like two times, at least |
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| 41:50 | times what you get paid. so that's a fair amount of money |
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| 41:55 | some of this is, but uh good news is it's not that |
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| 42:00 | not that hard to justify yourself, if rig costs are a million dollars |
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| 42:05 | day. All you gotta do is a day of rig time, |
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| 42:09 | All you have to sell it, you need to be aware of |
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| 42:13 | When you go in for your you need to document this. This |
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| 42:17 | a bit of mentoring, right? know Professor Laurie and I both had |
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| 42:23 | attitude. Could we show that we worth the money they paid and it's |
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| 42:29 | your time to go through that I would say. So that brings |
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| 42:34 | back to what a value of information . What is it? So when |
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| 42:40 | cut a core, right? When cut a core, how do you |
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| 42:44 | the cost of that core? The that people need? That's all I |
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| 42:51 | playing. The thing that people miss that if it does not impact the |
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| 42:56 | it has no value. So at heart of a value of information |
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| 43:02 | for example, if you know already you're gonna complete the, well, |
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| 43:06 | gonna produce this field or whatever and cutting a core doesn't matter, |
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| 43:10 | gonna do it anyway. So to this particularly and this is the way |
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| 43:16 | managers think. I know they having with enough of them, you need |
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| 43:20 | know, right? What are his ? What questions is he trying to |
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| 43:26 | ? And can you impact those Right. So the whole goal is |
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| 43:32 | narrow the error bars on the decisions has to make. So how do |
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| 43:37 | improve the uncertainty in the ultimate This is the exercise to go. |
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| 43:44 | cares about what the, what the are or something like that. Why |
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| 43:48 | you determine you're gonna be able to that much better later just by looking |
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| 43:54 | produced oil, right? Oh, are books written on this, et |
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| 44:01 | , but at the heart of it's sad. The other thing I |
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| 44:04 | tell you if you want to be on things where you can impact |
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| 44:10 | The decisions you're working on something where the decisions have been made. Like |
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| 44:16 | said, the value of your it's zero and you're gonna spend money |
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| 44:22 | things nobody cares about. So the of that information is actually negative, |
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| 44:28 | money on something that nobody's gonna So it should be aware of is |
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| 44:34 | at least they should impact your, you present yourself et cetera. One |
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| 44:40 | the worst things you could do she was look like you were trying |
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| 44:43 | do science. Right. Just raw . Nobody wanted to do that. |
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| 44:48 | wanted to spend the money and you work on a lot of very interesting |
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| 44:53 | . Right. I think I Or he would say the same |
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| 44:58 | Right. If you're lucky to be place and people knew that a lot |
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| 45:02 | that information is valuable, that's uh important. It's this bullet here, |
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| 45:08 | ? So it'll aid and maximize profitable , you will impact decisions and often |
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| 45:14 | that you can have the porosity a of times it's done to calibrate logs |
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| 45:20 | pain and you go in and you the wrong porosity uh just by a |
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| 45:26 | of porosity units, right? Uh this can mean hundreds of thousands of |
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| 45:33 | easily. So if you can narrow if you can get better information, |
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| 45:39 | you need to document this right? need to be able to make that |
|
| 45:43 | . It is all I'm saying. heterogeneity, you get this out of |
|
| 45:49 | core or you can talk about Um But the big thing about one |
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| 45:58 | the big things about a core is you're gathering information over many meters of |
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| 46:04 | core. This is the longest length , right? That you will get |
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| 46:09 | right, kind of detailed information. . So you can get the vertical |
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| 46:14 | , et cetera. What this does it gives you puts you in the |
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| 46:18 | position to extrapolate away from the well , right? So we know from |
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| 46:25 | core, you can determine that it's turbo. This gives you an idea |
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| 46:29 | the heterogeneity. This gives you an of how far away from the well |
|
| 46:35 | , we could determine properties, So it allows you to move in |
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| 46:39 | direction. Very, very rare nowadays you're gonna get more than one core |
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| 46:45 | a field and does doesn't happen, to happen more often early on in |
|
| 46:50 | career, we actually had the uh at one point. We try to |
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| 46:57 | , get them to cut a core a depleted field to answer questions. |
|
| 47:03 | . Uh Did we get it? , but we tried to answer questions |
|
| 47:07 | that. I don't even do that they already think they know volumes. |
|
| 47:12 | already think they know things that we worried about compassion and well failure and |
|
| 47:17 | kind of things, right that we have seen in a decor in a |
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| 47:21 | field. We got close. But again, we ran out of money |
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| 47:25 | that well, but they had troubles it down. Uh I've talked already |
|
| 47:30 | macroscopic versus microscopic data, but many scales, you have a piece of |
|
| 47:36 | , you can do SCM work, can spin section work. You uh |
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| 47:40 | actually describe the core, the longest scale. So you have all those |
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| 47:45 | scales that you gather data on, . This allows you to do the |
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| 47:50 | , upscaling allows you to extrapolate The recording is a good thing. |
|
| 47:57 | all know what Diesis is. Uh . I already mentioned this, |
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| 48:02 | what that means uh why we're interested ? It gives us uh Don't, |
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| 48:10 | one of the things I don't think emphasized enough yesterday, it's a |
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| 48:14 | I did mention it. A model you to extrapolate your data versus a |
|
| 48:22 | . You do that at very high . Yeah. So this is the |
|
| 48:27 | of a model Astrophysical model touring is lot of the ways you get data |
|
| 48:35 | actually establish a trophy model. It uh allows you to do things on |
|
| 48:42 | scales models you can extrapolate as long you understand that the model should still |
|
| 48:49 | , right. So upscaling is all dealing with. Also, I will |
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| 48:57 | like here that upscaling not an easy to do. Uh I have seen |
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| 49:04 | papers. People think they have solved problem. How do I upscale? |
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| 49:09 | don't believe it the problem with And what do you have to do |
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| 49:14 | upscale material is you have to identify relevant blank scales in the problem. |
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| 49:21 | do my property change? And what scales do they change? We already |
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| 49:26 | this initially grain size that the fundamental scale we talked about multiple times. |
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| 49:31 | , why is that? Basically, a large factor in permeability, |
|
| 49:39 | Uh As we move up from right? G uh I can tell |
|
| 49:43 | uh people talk about mass of right? What do you mean by |
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| 49:47 | mass of sand? And gee I have shale layers in it in |
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| 49:51 | right? You will call that a of sand, but you can have |
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| 49:54 | in brain size and a variation in play content, things like that. |
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| 50:00 | those will matter, they are a of hero. So sometimes that can |
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| 50:06 | a huge difference in what the rock are. Pressure curves will change with |
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| 50:11 | first place like that. I found that isn't very well understood. And |
|
| 50:18 | Corine fundamentally really helps you with the line. How often you core? |
|
| 50:26 | have watched this go down right over last decade, right? Uh I |
|
| 50:32 | mentioned once that uh when I first to shell, we would sometimes core |
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| 50:38 | we would sometimes pour in this in exploration wells that were not discoveries look |
|
| 50:47 | why don't see that happening at And some of that may be because |
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| 50:53 | you get more experience, you understand better. It's very rare as I |
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| 50:58 | talked about because multiple cores I've been with uh plays where they didn't get |
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| 51:05 | single core in an entire base part that was they tried four times and |
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| 51:13 | all four times. But it it was a real mess in trying |
|
| 51:18 | understand and interpret logs, actually understand fields in that basin. So that |
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| 51:25 | kind of a real fast. What was I, it was a, |
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| 51:30 | was actually quite fascinating how different, different the mistakes were as they went |
|
| 51:35 | this. There was, there was , well, where they had so |
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| 51:39 | weight on bit, they crushed every grain and cod. You remember that |
|
| 51:45 | ? So what are you gonna do that? You can't get, you |
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| 51:48 | get velocity, you can't get grain . You basically couldn't get anything. |
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| 51:53 | and there was other wells where they were completely mud shot and it |
|
| 51:58 | it was so overbalanced, right? destroyed all the profits. So this |
|
| 52:03 | where the geologist comes in other reserve , whatever is helping with this, |
|
| 52:09 | , designing the core analysis program. typically one of one of the reasons |
|
| 52:17 | you do it is to calibrate this will mean more to you as |
|
| 52:23 | go through this. And we talk the density log, for example, |
|
| 52:26 | you need a grain density to interpret . So a lot of times we'll |
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| 52:31 | a green density and we can build density models that we can build into |
|
| 52:36 | density log. And you get a accurate gloss. One of the reasons |
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| 52:41 | actually look at actually take an unconsolidated courses. They go like every |
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| 52:48 | take a scoop and measure green maybe do a green mouth for that |
|
| 52:52 | look at what the is things like , I think. Yeah, mentioned |
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| 52:57 | already. Uh If we're lucky and a good model, we should be |
|
| 53:01 | some confidence in extrapolating it, Based on the logs, this is |
|
| 53:09 | of. I'm not even that, seen this but uh core all the |
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| 53:15 | is pretty rare in Shell California, was my first site. We actually |
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| 53:23 | a lot more, a lot more we would core in deep water |
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| 53:27 | One of the reasons it was relatively , it's on land. Uh shallow |
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| 53:33 | really didn't have a good way of blogs, which we can talk about |
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| 53:38 | as we go through with very fresh , shale of sand with heavy |
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| 53:42 | So we could go through and look oil, saturation in the corn, |
|
| 53:46 | pretty good numbers out of the They were relatively cheap. So it |
|
| 53:51 | quite a bit. He still didn't every well. That's crazy. And |
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| 53:57 | the more data you have, the you're gonna do. It's very |
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| 54:03 | It's unheard of nowadays. And so are some of the down uh uh |
|
| 54:10 | ? And what do people say? , you have a core plug |
|
| 54:14 | you know, I have a core the only rock that's no longer in |
|
| 54:18 | . I mean, she probably heard right. But it's also very |
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| 54:25 | I never quite understood that, that's good news is that it's no longer |
|
| 54:29 | the reservoir, right? That, , I have almost always, if |
|
| 54:33 | gonna cut a core, you're gonna a fairly extensive logging program uh, |
|
| 54:38 | the board zone. So I, can do things there. That's my |
|
| 54:42 | chance to build these models, geologic , trophy models, et cetera. |
|
| 54:49 | it's legitimately can be called a model not a correlation if you're doing it |
|
| 54:55 | . You know, OK, so get vertical section property, you get |
|
| 55:00 | . So again, the geologist is there gonna tell me it's a |
|
| 55:04 | there's a, there's a channel, , things like that gives me, |
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| 55:09 | mean, that's really important that that the longest range direct information you're gonna |
|
| 55:17 | , the geologists are at the heart that. Um Sure you're all have |
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| 55:22 | involved with at least the geologist, ? And we use it to calibrate |
|
| 55:27 | lot. So, uh what should consider? This is a big part |
|
| 55:32 | it? This, I probably don't to preach to you about, |
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| 55:35 | How easy it is for this process break down. Uh uh And this |
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| 55:42 | because one reason is people are moving the time. So you're, |
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| 55:47 | you're gonna have meetings, right? gonna define the objectives. Uh And |
|
| 55:52 | is should be driven by the business , right? What are, what |
|
| 55:59 | our lack of understanding about this Right? If I already, if |
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| 56:04 | in a basin and I already have bunch of cords. Right. I'm |
|
| 56:07 | the deep water. I have cords Mars Ursa, a lot of other |
|
| 56:13 | . Now, I move out to field like win. I probably know |
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| 56:16 | a bit about it, so I have to do as much work |
|
| 56:20 | What do I understand? What don't understand this will motivate one? Am |
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| 56:24 | gonna cut the core? How am willing to spend that money again? |
|
| 56:29 | is the value of information exercise and , what kind of measurements will I |
|
| 56:34 | on the core? Right. So kind of things and so you're having |
|
| 56:39 | who should be at the meeting and talk about it, right? And |
|
| 56:45 | reservoir engineers should probably be there and that's the petrol business in. So |
|
| 56:50 | don't know or you have a separate physical engineer, et cetera, all |
|
| 56:54 | the people who are relevant and are to be using the data to be |
|
| 56:59 | these meetings. And one of the that we need to insist on, |
|
| 57:06 | is that uh from the company cutting cord, you have the proper people |
|
| 57:12 | , you're talking to them, you're to those people because uh I can |
|
| 57:17 | you, I've, I've been involved where he has to uh where we |
|
| 57:23 | actually been trying to cut a You've got maybe 10% recovery. You |
|
| 57:29 | the one guy off and bring somebody in, it goes up to 90% |
|
| 57:33 | everything. So that's important. Who's doing the work, uh, |
|
| 57:39 | can have a huge impact 10 10% . I'm not gonna be able to |
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| 57:44 | a whole lot with that data. . The more recovery I got better |
|
| 57:49 | we are that we're spending probably more trying out the 10% recovery as |
|
| 57:55 | uh, fooling around with things, cetera. But we're gonna make, |
|
| 57:58 | gonna make decisions in these meetings about kind of core meaning what sort of |
|
| 58:04 | sort of poor barrel rubber sleeves, example, were popular at one point |
|
| 58:10 | lost popularity, but they really didn't . How big should the core |
|
| 58:15 | That's fairly standard size. Usually, what core would be, we really |
|
| 58:20 | invade this thing. You can uh you want to be a little bit |
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| 58:26 | to hold the thing together, but don't wanna be so overbalanced that I'm |
|
| 58:31 | mud solids into the core. This to us in California. He got |
|
| 58:36 | he called these Lindsey layers. They injected mud periodically through the bulk of |
|
| 58:43 | core because they were so over. do they do that? That the |
|
| 58:49 | the higher the mud pressure more, actually putting an effect of stress on |
|
| 58:54 | to build a mud cake on the , you actually will tend to hold |
|
| 58:57 | down there that needs to be not overdone because uh you actually can |
|
| 59:03 | the core. So this is why want somebody with experience that they know |
|
| 59:08 | of what's going on there, you , what, what type of decisions |
|
| 59:13 | have to make. I know what change and what to do. |
|
| 59:18 | And then this actually has gotten reasonably back in the quote unquote, good |
|
| 59:24 | days. The way we cut cos we had to drill the TD and |
|
| 59:29 | we would go, then we would go back, pick where to initiate |
|
| 59:35 | core. We would sidetrack and cut core. That was a lot of |
|
| 59:38 | , right to do that. a days usually know enough with |
|
| 59:44 | pick the record points on the line expensive. You still gotta pull out |
|
| 59:49 | a hole. You still have to bit barrel, etcetera or barrel, |
|
| 59:54 | it a lot cheaper than actually sidetrack or well, you're only drilling at |
|
| 60:01 | . Somebody was asking about expenses with , particularly in accord. Well, |
|
| 60:07 | almost always will end up just to me pick the correct. It's a |
|
| 60:14 | expense. And so what kind of do we do on the core? |
|
| 60:20 | conventional special, like I mentioned already petrology, which uh maybe I could |
|
| 60:26 | you comment on. Right. we're gonna do that. We actually |
|
| 60:30 | be looking at the core, On all length scales should be looking |
|
| 60:35 | it. So what do we mean conventional analysis? We mean the frosty |
|
| 60:41 | oil saturation, uh gas saturation, , saturation grain density matrix uh that's |
|
| 60:50 | substituted for that. And we're photographing right is where we photograph it under |
|
| 60:58 | light as well as on visible Because a lot of times will allow |
|
| 61:02 | to determine where the oil is, ? Where the oil has reached, |
|
| 61:08 | . Oh II, I have never them not photograph it under both |
|
| 61:12 | invisible et cetera, right? It's pretty standard stuff, right? We |
|
| 61:19 | we have already gone through these right? We know what they |
|
| 61:22 | right? Why we want the So almost always you're gonna do conventional |
|
| 61:27 | analysis. It's pretty cheap. It us a lot of information when we |
|
| 61:32 | the special core analysis, this is kind of more complex decision needs to |
|
| 61:37 | made, right? A lot of they've done it in situ stress, |
|
| 61:42 | will measure porosity of situ trap. did that quite a bit when then |
|
| 61:48 | we would make the measure stress even there was some controversy about this. |
|
| 61:53 | think this may have happened. The geologist I talked about another thing he |
|
| 61:58 | was there was no real difference between measurements and and stress that later was |
|
| 62:06 | was reversed. By the way, in an unconsolidated sense, it can |
|
| 62:10 | a difference, right? And in , those differences gave you an idea |
|
| 62:17 | kind of a stress measure and gave an idea how much you put that |
|
| 62:21 | together and gave you one of the we had for, for damage, |
|
| 62:27 | , if it's strained over a few , right, you knew it was |
|
| 62:31 | good enough and, you know, can't put humpy dumpy back together |
|
| 62:37 | At least not by every single stress . We looked at that later and |
|
| 62:42 | up with more sophisticated ways to back stress. So all kinds of things |
|
| 62:47 | be measured, right? Permeability in uh can be important particularly in very |
|
| 62:55 | sands and believe it or not even the more live at Viagra. Why |
|
| 63:02 | that? Because always when you cut cord, you will, you relieve |
|
| 63:07 | stresses on it, it will You do get micro cracks forming, |
|
| 63:12 | happens. So you have to go and these in a fight sample, |
|
| 63:18 | will have a fairly high impact on . So you need to go back |
|
| 63:23 | a just to get the right right. So in the middle, |
|
| 63:27 | wasn't quite as important. But the of the dream really didn't matter that |
|
| 63:32 | do with stress temperature. It's mostly things like measuring wet ability, things |
|
| 63:37 | that. This we'll talk about more that means, but it will, |
|
| 63:41 | have a high impact on the fluids distributed, right? The other thing |
|
| 63:46 | one point, we thought we could the in situ strategy uh by making |
|
| 63:51 | measure, by listening to acoustic put the core back together. What |
|
| 63:57 | happen is that after you go past situ stress, they'll start to complain |
|
| 64:02 | lot more than below. In situ , people would map different stress pass |
|
| 64:11 | . This was the that and then looking at uh kind of what they |
|
| 64:18 | the intermediate stress was. That's one to do that. Petrologist, I'll |
|
| 64:24 | you talk about what? Petro it was, it's just the |
|
| 64:50 | Ok. So the, the petrologist usually do a core description, define |
|
| 64:56 | faces. And then the geologist would a range of samples that spanned or |
|
| 65:04 | to span the range of properties exhibited the core for more detailed analysis like |
|
| 65:10 | standard core analysis than possibly the special analysis ways that you can approach |
|
| 65:17 | And I'm sure Doctor Meyers is gonna about this. A lot of people |
|
| 65:20 | what they call a statistical analysis where just sample once every foot and they |
|
| 65:27 | , oh, that's my foot I don't care if I'm in a |
|
| 65:30 | , I'm gonna drill a core I don't care if I get half |
|
| 65:33 | , half shale. I'm gonna drill core plug. Shell's approach was to |
|
| 65:38 | by sedimentary faces and be sure that sampled the variability of each sedimentary |
|
| 65:45 | First of all, in a 300 core that could save you a lot |
|
| 65:49 | money because you're not doing 300 core measurements, some of which are useless |
|
| 65:56 | you got mixed lithe in them, know. So um we would |
|
| 66:01 | we would define the sedimentary faces. would look for the range of those |
|
| 66:06 | . We would get the get core acquired that spanned the range to those |
|
| 66:12 | . And then from each core plug we would make a measurement on, |
|
| 66:15 | would make a thin section and do petr graphic analysis. Sometimes sem sometimes |
|
| 66:23 | uh scanning, you know, CT become really big recently when I started |
|
| 66:28 | CT didn't really exist yet. It kind of boomed around 2005. And |
|
| 66:35 | course, now digital rocks is the to in everything except that it really |
|
| 66:39 | . Um You still need to make measurement, you still need to actually |
|
| 66:45 | sedimentary faces because then you're gonna take faces, you're gonna relate them to |
|
| 66:49 | logs, you're gonna take the you're gonna make cross sections across the |
|
| 66:53 | , you're gonna tie the logs to and seismic character. So it, |
|
| 66:58 | all has to tie together and that's the petrology would come into play. |
|
| 67:06 | , great, thanks. So, this is just a typical plot where |
|
| 67:12 | make it, make the plot based coding information. So they'll put |
|
| 67:18 | ferocity, things like that in. you can directly compare this to log |
|
| 67:24 | data, right? So it's one format, I guess as we've seen |
|
| 67:28 | , right? You can see where is oil is things like that and |
|
| 67:39 | . This is an example of the photos I talked about, right? |
|
| 67:42 | have kind of fluorescent lights here, ? This is one in particular uh |
|
| 67:48 | can see where it's invaded, where oil. You can see the invaded |
|
| 67:52 | here along the edges. So it value for that. So I, |
|
| 67:57 | don't want highly invaded zones. I don't want, it depends on the |
|
| 68:02 | you're doing, But I, I well not wanna cut a plug there |
|
| 68:06 | because it's uh invaded. If it's quite deeply invaded, there is no |
|
| 68:12 | to recover. If you have mud distributed in the core, you cannot |
|
| 68:16 | those out of the core. You try flooding, you get acid, |
|
| 68:21 | you're gonna dissolve the core as easily the mud. So you really cannot |
|
| 68:27 | from that. So it's gonna affect . It's gonna affect the croc |
|
| 68:32 | It's gonna affect the car measurement. gonna affect any electrical measurement you |
|
| 68:37 | So anything is gonna be completely the core. You can look at the |
|
| 68:42 | still and good petrologists might be able get uh avoid the issues related to |
|
| 68:48 | . It's probably blown the core up . You basically dislocated the clean things |
|
| 68:54 | that if you really have injected mud into the core. So you, |
|
| 68:59 | is one where you really want to talking to who's ever acquiring the |
|
| 69:05 | right? The uh don't ruin my core. Right. Spent a lot |
|
| 69:10 | money for not much value. I tell you when managers get ad |
|
| 69:14 | it's when that kind of thing Right. Probably at least as familiar |
|
| 69:19 | I am with that. Right. , I just spent 10 millions on |
|
| 69:23 | core. You're telling me I can't any data, I imagine in |
|
| 69:28 | uh, one basin where these four somebody was getting pretty frustrated by the |
|
| 69:32 | of that, they went, they up after the fourth one, they |
|
| 69:39 | went on and tried to develop the as best they could with no real |
|
| 69:46 | . An example of a special core is uh this is these are relative |
|
| 69:51 | curves. We will talk, you what a relative perm is, talked |
|
| 69:56 | it already today. This was actually this is when you normalize it to |
|
| 70:02 | largest permeability measure, either the oil or the brine perm. So what |
|
| 70:07 | get is a fractional value less than . And so you can see one |
|
| 70:13 | here, right? That's the maximum you're gonna get uh and then it |
|
| 70:18 | reduced, right? What happens is relative perm ability to oil back, |
|
| 70:24 | is gonna reduce, right? As water saturation goes up, that should |
|
| 70:29 | fairly intuitive, right? Interesting to here, right is we didn't normalize |
|
| 70:35 | the brine perm. We are normalizing the oil firm. That's not all |
|
| 70:40 | unusual to have an absolute permeability to being larger than the absolute permeability to |
|
| 70:49 | . Why might that happen? In of Darcy's equation worked? These should |
|
| 70:57 | the identical values. One of the I don't call it a law |
|
| 71:05 | this has to do with the boundary . We just talked about the |
|
| 71:09 | right? This slippage, right. oil, if you have a water |
|
| 71:13 | core, it's gonna be a better for water, the stationary at that |
|
| 71:20 | at the surfaces of the pores than . So it's not unusual to have |
|
| 71:25 | higher absolute oil. But so we have to be everywhere. And you |
|
| 71:30 | see there's a certain amount of histories that if you're measuring it as the |
|
| 71:35 | goes up and measure it as bound again, you're leaving fluid behind and |
|
| 71:41 | do this right? Talked about his of banks just yesterday. Remember that |
|
| 71:48 | raise a saturation, you will leave of that fluid behind when you lower |
|
| 71:54 | pressure again. And therefore, what's happen? Right? Is your firm |
|
| 71:59 | be lower, for example, coming than it was going up. |
|
| 72:08 | These are what are called my end , irreducible water. I right. |
|
| 72:16 | oil, et cetera. Um It's easy to get these end points. |
|
| 72:22 | harder to get the intermediate values. I will tell you that uh to |
|
| 72:27 | uh relative terms and take months and you many tens of thousands of |
|
| 72:35 | Why on earth would we go to trouble. One of the bigger problems |
|
| 72:41 | absolutely about how long it took. . Cut a core, you want |
|
| 72:45 | make a decision on the field. , gee am I really willing to |
|
| 72:49 | six months to get the data? all identify with the difficulties there. |
|
| 72:55 | . And we actually went through a of exercise, try to speed that |
|
| 72:59 | . Right. The end points are easy to get. Uh, you |
|
| 73:05 | see there's no histories is there. it really doesn't matter, right. |
|
| 73:09 | we're doing, you just let it a residual and you measure the permeability |
|
| 73:14 | that fluid. But other saturations, what you're doing, uh you're doing |
|
| 73:20 | it called steady state rail burn is special that I don't want to go |
|
| 73:25 | here. Kind of you're really interested uh it takes a long time for |
|
| 73:29 | to stabilize. And then a lot times people don't believe it that much |
|
| 73:34 | , but steady state rail firms are best way to get these points. |
|
| 73:38 | can do an unsteady state rail term the end points, but a lot |
|
| 73:42 | times that's all you do. That's dominant measure. You'll make the end |
|
| 73:49 | , firms doing unsteady state per, just a dynamic process where we raise |
|
| 73:56 | pressure of a fluid. We use , for example, and we'll let |
|
| 74:00 | oil flow, right. And we'll water as we do that, we're |
|
| 74:04 | saturation. But if you're doing it . You'll measure those intermediate saturation correctly |
|
| 74:11 | you'll measure the flow rate, you , better for the only way to |
|
| 74:18 | that regularly is melody or the There's the trilogy. When do you |
|
| 74:24 | of that SCM work? Right. support these things in the middle? |
|
| 74:31 | a number of plays in here and orogenic. This is like my, |
|
| 74:43 | , we'll talk about this more later hexagonal structure there for a reason. |
|
| 74:50 | this I think is uh I don't , I would say so you probably |
|
| 74:56 | see it again. This is an to uh actually maybe uh I don't |
|
| 75:02 | what it is, describe a workflow how, how you might measure |
|
| 75:07 | the kind of measurement you're gonna make what their impact is. Mhm. |
|
| 75:14 | there's sem don't know, can't even it on the screen and usually uh |
|
| 75:33 | bear with me. Mhm I don't at any rate. I I talk |
|
| 76:03 | this and you know, you you're welcome to look at this. |
|
| 76:11 | don't know how this is the additional . Part of them did talk about |
|
| 76:21 | of that, right? But it's deposition setting. And so uh core |
|
| 76:31 | and samples. What kind of information we get for getting geologic parameters, |
|
| 76:36 | data, reservoir engineering data and these overlap and everybody, the reservoir engineers |
|
| 76:42 | be talking to the geologist, to production engineer, et cetera about what |
|
| 76:46 | completions are et cetera. So all this is helped by core. That's |
|
| 76:52 | I said there. What kind of parameters? I guess you talked about |
|
| 76:56 | already on quite a bit. So listed here for you. Uh paleo |
|
| 77:05 | is interesting, right? That one the ways they uh play tectonics, |
|
| 77:12 | establish that I wanna get through this quickly. What kind of completion data |
|
| 77:23 | you want? You basically want to ? Do I have to do sand |
|
| 77:27 | ? What should my completion look like general? So all of those |
|
| 77:31 | right? Do I have to do management? All of those kind of |
|
| 77:35 | come up here on the core and him to. We used to make |
|
| 77:40 | lot of velocity measures on a cord that allows us to calibrate our basically |
|
| 77:46 | sand control, right? Do we to do sand control? We had |
|
| 77:50 | bottle called fist, right? Where told us at what depletion stressed to |
|
| 77:58 | sand recently the day after and talk how much sand they will use as |
|
| 78:05 | functional. It helps with the planning the field of production. Like to |
|
| 78:16 | you decide where to drill wells, many wells to drill, et |
|
| 78:20 | anisotropy, for example, horizontal perm vertical uh that does bring up a |
|
| 78:28 | typically comes up uh horizontal perm versus vertical perm with the reservoir engineer who |
|
| 78:35 | using a vertical perm measured on a and the answer is no why is |
|
| 78:47 | ? Because the reservoir engineer is interested a length scale much longer than a |
|
| 78:54 | scale. And they're gonna be interested it like uh a block in the |
|
| 79:00 | , right? What permeability do they in there? What vertical do they |
|
| 79:05 | in? This is an example of , right? And encountering a link |
|
| 79:10 | which you have to deal with When you go from a plug scale |
|
| 79:15 | the large scale, you have your scale, you probably get to a |
|
| 79:21 | and even going from a log scale what we put into a red |
|
| 79:26 | There's an upscaling issue there. So we have data a lot of times |
|
| 79:35 | vertical barriers, a lot of times horizontal barriers and all of these things |
|
| 79:40 | into play. So uh we, had a group that this is supposedly |
|
| 79:45 | they did. They were specifically about versus splitting and I didn't do |
|
| 79:57 | So I think that's fine. So re re engineering data, you're gonna |
|
| 80:04 | it again. A lot of these overlap with uh other ferocity permeability. |
|
| 80:10 | other other disciplines want? Water et cetera. The oil based core |
|
| 80:20 | from the fact you're going to get the invasion amount of invasion from an |
|
| 80:24 | based core if you do a water or, and uh we ability is |
|
| 80:33 | of this, which we'll talk about , more about pressure curve, visual |
|
| 80:43 | , rock mechanics and it's, it's quite important to us for a |
|
| 80:49 | It seems to have for some reason some of its glamour. But we |
|
| 80:55 | doing things. We were building uh mechanical simulators. We were simulating how |
|
| 81:01 | entire reservoir depleted. We were comparing to seismic. I seize using backs |
|
| 81:09 | look for bypassed oil in a big of like cars or somewhere like |
|
| 81:15 | that actually can make money. Even all those surveys are quite expensive, |
|
| 81:20 | can find the regions of significant amount bypassed oil like that. I don't |
|
| 81:25 | who you're working for or how common is. But uh I haven't heard |
|
| 81:30 | as much about it as people were it about 10 years ago. They |
|
| 81:34 | building coupled simulator where you would go the reservoir simulator at the same |
|
| 81:41 | it's particularly important and consolidated sand like deep water. One of the main |
|
| 81:48 | is compassion to five. If I my ferocity by 20% that's gotta go |
|
| 81:55 | the we do. Yeah, that . So to understand where things are |
|
| 82:01 | , uh give you real insight as where the oil might go. |
|
| 82:11 | so the conclusions of this part, a a lot of information uh that |
|
| 82:16 | not gonna get any other way. I fully endorse it, understanding and |
|
| 82:22 | improves our understanding at a well scale scale and even a base scale, |
|
| 82:27 | ? And it should be considered hopefully if you a lot of your initial |
|
| 82:33 | , right? Should I set up platform, a particular place? How |
|
| 82:38 | does that cost? You might be yourself? Maybe you all know deep |
|
| 82:45 | platform, it's on the order of billion or so, right? I |
|
| 82:53 | told by actually the same talked about economic class. I had that the |
|
| 82:59 | that you put into your frame, money is costing the people? Uh |
|
| 83:04 | , you divide by basically a right? Put it in your frame |
|
| 83:08 | reference. So something's costing you a dollars uh divided by a million. |
|
| 83:15 | like $1000. And so oil Shell Exxon BP, whatever cares, |
|
| 83:21 | probably wouldn't throw away $1000 is my for no reason. Um But uh |
|
| 83:27 | then spending a million, right? not a whole lot. Wow. |
|
| 83:34 | of my, when I first got shell one of my uh fellow |
|
| 83:41 | little bit tongue in cheek cheek was , you know, you really ought |
|
| 83:45 | consider making a $50,000 mistake, but not enough money, right? That |
|
| 83:51 | boss is gonna care about, but will remember your name. So uh |
|
| 83:58 | when you get up into things like a condo cost PP it was like |
|
| 84:03 | billion. Yeah, a total and found everything that kind of hurts, |
|
| 84:11 | a similar loss like 40 billion and so right, were forced to get |
|
| 84:16 | of Russia, that kind of Right. So, uh, for |
|
| 84:20 | art companies, obviously the scaling work same way. But, uh, |
|
| 84:25 | does put it in perspective. Your salary, why are they willing |
|
| 84:29 | pay for football and spend hundreds of of dollars a year for a |
|
| 84:33 | Every year? This is because, , divide that by a million, |
|
| 84:38 | not that bad. Right? But you're not gonna throw away 100 |
|
| 84:42 | right? And so yeah, I things that need to be done I |
|
| 84:52 | and quickly I can go through this like kind of core barrels we |
|
| 84:59 | Um There's a rubber sleeve BVC, , aluminum, etcetera. So these |
|
| 85:04 | more about unconsolidated scenes, sponge they think uh versus pressure core |
|
| 85:12 | This was uh this was basically uh response to pressure cores uh which we'll |
|
| 85:18 | to and talk about uh sponge pouring now done, right? And then |
|
| 85:24 | go from the cheapest to most expensive , right? So, so hard |
|
| 85:29 | is relatively easy and things like So I get a little tougher wire |
|
| 85:40 | , the floor save on mining, that. Um And the the pain |
|
| 85:51 | unconsolidated sands, fractured rock and bunch . And this one about trying to |
|
| 85:57 | residual oil saturation. Uh pressure core wasn't done for quite a long |
|
| 86:05 | I have heard rumors of people starting do pressure cores again. Uh But |
|
| 86:09 | pretty expensive for this down the list pretty dangerous. So, what does |
|
| 86:15 | conventional core barrel look like? Is it actually, you can go |
|
| 86:20 | 30 60 or 90 ft, you do this with kind of these other |
|
| 86:25 | . What's the tradeoff? Yeah, one gets basically for 90 ft a |
|
| 86:33 | you cut, you have to cut 30 ft barrels. Ok. |
|
| 86:38 | why would we do that is uh, this is about value of |
|
| 86:43 | . Again, if, if my barrel jams 10 ft in on a |
|
| 86:49 | ft barrel still might get my other barrels out of that 90 ft. |
|
| 86:54 | so I only lose 20 ft of if I jam on a 90 ft |
|
| 86:58 | , 10 ft in, I only 10 ft, right? So it's |
|
| 87:02 | tradeoff between how badly do I want core versus how much money am I |
|
| 87:08 | to spend? You know? uh, and I can tell you |
|
| 87:13 | happened here too because we've gone from barrels to longer barrels as I watched |
|
| 87:18 | industry move through my career and I was there long enough, I |
|
| 87:23 | I can call that a career. So what size do they come in |
|
| 87:29 | ? The typical, I mean, common size, right? Is, |
|
| 87:32 | this, uh, four and three inch, uh, barrel somewhere and |
|
| 87:38 | a typical size of a cord? do you want to do that? |
|
| 87:42 | you can get twin samples and things that. Right. So it gives |
|
| 87:47 | , it gives you the ability of matching samples at a particular depth. |
|
| 87:52 | also because, uh, that's typically you get a much smaller well bores |
|
| 87:57 | your ability to cut that, at in the Gulf, you can't get |
|
| 88:01 | production that you wanna get. You get 20,000 barrel a day wells. |
|
| 88:06 | the well spot, the original will you most common to get those or |
|
| 88:13 | oriented is a little bit better. they basically have a consolidated rocks, |
|
| 88:20 | a scratch on the rock. And know the orientation of this because |
|
| 88:25 | they have something that determines the orientation the well bore when you're cutting |
|
| 88:30 | So if you're marking it, know it's oriented, you know what direction |
|
| 88:35 | scratch is in, or you can to me better about why you would |
|
| 88:40 | an oriented to. That's what you stresses, maybe things like that, |
|
| 88:49 | ? Some of the big problems we about tensor stresses and tensor. It |
|
| 88:53 | a direction, it has three principal . You have a vertical stress to |
|
| 88:58 | stresses. I would like to know orientation of that that helps me interpret |
|
| 89:03 | of uh on a base and scale going on helps me interpret my velocity |
|
| 89:09 | , things like that. So I don't recall a whole lot of |
|
| 89:13 | going on. But uh every once a while people can cut oriented |
|
| 89:18 | So they would know. And here have to be worried about as MUTH |
|
| 89:25 | , we can talk about this an later. But, uh, you |
|
| 89:28 | various symmetries in the rock. if you have something that varies around |
|
| 89:33 | axis of the well, or you wanna know, run an oriented to |
|
| 89:38 | , that's basically what it's telling What's my beautiful direction. How do |
|
| 89:43 | orient my garden versus north, east and west? Yeah. So |
|
| 89:53 | don't run them as often part of about it. Imaging logs, which |
|
| 89:58 | haven't got to, we will get , that's just a high resolution uh |
|
| 90:03 | high resolution resistivity log which gives me resistivity on a very fine scale millimeters |
|
| 90:11 | uh wire line retrievable. Again, is rarely used in the or more |
|
| 90:18 | buying. So more about retrieving pores the wire. They're, they're smaller |
|
| 90:25 | one of the main problems with But for some, again, for |
|
| 90:30 | and things like that, that sometimes an unconventional, we've done things like |
|
| 90:36 | too because they're cheap containerized, So this is actually we have an |
|
| 90:44 | sand. So I really have to with want to minimize the disruption to |
|
| 90:51 | . So for a long time or least for a while, rubber sleeves |
|
| 90:55 | actually in bow, they're not used anymore because the problem with them is |
|
| 91:00 | tore a lot, right? They very strong. So people were kind |
|
| 91:05 | fallen out of favor, right. rubber sleeves. Uh-huh, prone to |
|
| 91:12 | . The sheets have been terror, cetera. It was really nice. |
|
| 91:19 | , you have other, you have barrels, you have PV C |
|
| 91:22 | et cetera and basically the same Right. So we have a core |
|
| 91:27 | here. Part of the problem with aluminum barrel is that it will, |
|
| 91:32 | will chemically interact with the core. , under certain circumstances, aluminum |
|
| 91:39 | uh, isn't ideal, but this probably the most common one we use |
|
| 91:44 | deep water gull because it, it's uh it's fairly robust. Um More |
|
| 91:52 | than PV C. So, how alterations right to court? Right. |
|
| 92:01 | , and I've mentioned this already. we have mud built trade, |
|
| 92:05 | And Coors will invade, you want to evade to a certain extent because |
|
| 92:10 | wanna build mud cake on the core keeps the core intact, right? |
|
| 92:14 | for an unconsolidated sand. You wanna this. Now, uh the opposite |
|
| 92:20 | the invasion is slow down, which sometimes ignored. And this was always |
|
| 92:26 | tension again between the and the person the core, you cut this core |
|
| 92:32 | , in the barrel out faster and pull it out. So what's the |
|
| 92:36 | with that? If you gas saturation if you pull it out, you're |
|
| 92:40 | reach the bubble point and you're gonna up the core. If you pull |
|
| 92:44 | out of the, how often have seen this happen? A lot, |
|
| 92:49 | , in particular, with some reason don't communicate, right, what the |
|
| 92:57 | physics of this is really important to through how the is very, most |
|
| 93:04 | the blowdown occurs near the surface. deep at 10,000 ft 20,000 ft, |
|
| 93:10 | can pull it relatively quickly. But you get to the surface near the |
|
| 93:16 | , the last 90 ft 120 something like that, you want to |
|
| 93:21 | as slowly as possible. So, the rig will allow you to |
|
| 93:28 | you can pull it more quickly I can't tell you how many times |
|
| 93:32 | ran into these people pulling the door slowly, they get near the surface |
|
| 93:38 | , gee, I want to go . I know. Oh, oh |
|
| 101:37 | , we can't, we can't hear , sir. They got popular, |
|
| 103:09 | ? The September contracts, right? that meant was you would go to |
|
| 103:15 | companies and say, uh my next co jobs. If you give me |
|
| 103:21 | a little chicken, that one then the business for those 10 wells. |
|
| 103:38 | if you're bidding every well out, always saying now look at the |
|
| 103:43 | well, all right. Uh Get the rest of this scoring lecture, |
|
| 104:22 | we'll go to lunch. So core . Uh again, we're gonna basically |
|
| 104:30 | rotary bits to P DC bits. what you're gonna see, right? |
|
| 104:34 | diamond core bits are used, but P DC are the most commonly used |
|
| 104:40 | , why is that money? You the best penetration, PC bit, |
|
| 104:46 | bits, the downside of A P bit is basically you, uh a |
|
| 104:50 | of times you're grinding the rock to so you really can't get much information |
|
| 104:55 | the cuttings. I should like Professor , talk about uh mud, |
|
| 105:02 | Right. I'm sure there's a section . Right. So, uh then |
|
| 105:08 | DC versus diamond, right? And is all about saving money penetration |
|
| 105:13 | How often the bits wear out. so much about the cost of the |
|
| 105:17 | , but a lot of times it's side, I can't drill anymore with |
|
| 105:21 | bit. I gotta pull out and a lot of time associated with swapping |
|
| 105:25 | bit out. So, uh longevity a big part of this. There |
|
| 105:31 | uh actually one bit that actually will you to cut like a 1.5 inch |
|
| 105:37 | or something like that, which for reason hasn't seen a whole lot of |
|
| 105:43 | kind of a compromise between these two that you should be aware. Remember |
|
| 105:47 | name of that. Yeah. so people don't use it because you |
|
| 105:55 | , it goes more slowly than just the well, but at least you |
|
| 106:00 | some rock, right? So I so it's a bit of a |
|
| 106:06 | Uh rotary bits. Yeah, they the first used. I have one |
|
| 106:09 | my uh office. They moved into lab now. Um, so they're |
|
| 106:16 | . They, again, they don't money. Right. So, they've |
|
| 106:20 | moved the PV C bits. They'll run for a long time. |
|
| 106:24 | , you will get bit balling and . Just meaning that, uh, |
|
| 106:29 | things, they'll sit there and tend spin something real gummy deductible. |
|
| 106:35 | that's supposed to be a joke. , the Diamond Corvettes are just simply |
|
| 106:42 | bread. Those are not just I assume because of the money. |
|
| 106:49 | ? Um Penetration rates, common uh whirling, I have actually seen |
|
| 106:56 | where you actually will get instead of nice core like this actually get these |
|
| 107:02 | around the edge of the edge of core. Not sure exactly what causes |
|
| 107:10 | . Right. So what can go ? Lots of things is the bottom |
|
| 107:14 | here. Um Wrong, people can too much invasion and things can be |
|
| 107:22 | shot like I've talked about that. want to have bits that are actually |
|
| 107:32 | not worn out. So they typically that based on your penetration rates |
|
| 107:37 | Then you need the core barrels to maintained. Last thing you want is |
|
| 107:41 | core barrel to jam, right? Then the core barrel can jam inner |
|
| 107:47 | can bend. Why don't you wanna it because you'll fracture your core and |
|
| 107:53 | friction between the barrels, right can things to stick, particularly inertia. |
|
| 107:59 | could share the core unconsolidated sands are bit of a problem that uh Laurie |
|
| 108:07 | I are both somewhat familiar with. . They're difficult to core if you |
|
| 108:12 | too high. Actually, if your pumps are running too quickly, you |
|
| 108:17 | can wash the core away and, , and wrote it, you want |
|
| 108:23 | fairly low fluid loss, these sands to be fairly per permeable. So |
|
| 108:28 | really don't want to inject all the . You like to see some level |
|
| 108:33 | engagement, but not too much. . And then if you're adding solids |
|
| 108:37 | things like that to your mud, ? Uh Then, geez, that's |
|
| 108:42 | good way to jam the barrels, ? The idea there uh increasing mud |
|
| 108:50 | is a good idea up to a point, the higher the mud |
|
| 108:53 | But that why does this thing hold at all if you're drilling in |
|
| 108:57 | But you have a certain mud right? You build a the filter |
|
| 109:02 | on the core and you actually apply to it. Uh actually watched uh |
|
| 109:09 | in Consortia develop models for uh this they kind of ignored these kind of |
|
| 109:15 | . And according to their model, would never get an unconsolidated board. |
|
| 109:20 | was the one that came out of . Um So it's, it's a |
|
| 109:26 | thing to model, right? People attempted finite element modeling, et |
|
| 109:31 | But again, this is ultimately like already mentioned, boils on somebody with |
|
| 109:37 | , they know what they're doing and something to fight for. You don't |
|
| 109:41 | to be the one paying for the with the brand new hire with nobody |
|
| 109:46 | that. Right. So that's an thing to work out for. What's |
|
| 109:51 | experience level if they are breaking somebody you want somebody there, who knows |
|
| 109:56 | they're doing? And, and this a jungle women, swelling clays. |
|
| 110:03 | mentioned already when I talked about swelling clays, et cetera. That's |
|
| 110:07 | bad idea. Right? To a water mud when you're right, |
|
| 110:13 | with a swelling clay, uh, a driller willing to do that. |
|
| 110:18 | . But, uh, you're gonna barrels. Uh, worst case you |
|
| 110:22 | twist something off even. Right. of money, lots of time. |
|
| 110:27 | , uh, uh, not a idea. So, oil based muds |
|
| 110:32 | actually happened once in a while, ? You would specifically because we were |
|
| 110:36 | core a well, right now in deep water, we primarily use oil |
|
| 110:41 | muds. Why do you think we to that? When I first, |
|
| 110:45 | we first were drilling with water, used water base high in muds. |
|
| 110:52 | , uh, we use water based . Why didn't we switch to oil |
|
| 110:55 | muds? More expensive? They're more to purchase, they're more expensive to |
|
| 111:01 | of and they just in general why would we be using them? |
|
| 111:10 | didn't hear that but they save Is that what you said? |
|
| 111:18 | Well, I mean, they can both months up because that, that |
|
| 111:21 | is not such a problem. But , what it, what it did |
|
| 111:25 | was you actually, your penetration rates up significantly. So with the high |
|
| 111:30 | cost, you actually could get the down. Uh, byproduct of that |
|
| 111:35 | was that you got much better Bohol the oil base mud. So you |
|
| 111:40 | much better core, you've got much cos you got much better logging |
|
| 111:44 | all of those things. That wasn't primary reason, primary reason was they |
|
| 111:49 | nothing that they could get well down back. Why they really switch. |
|
| 111:55 | again, at a million dollars a for red card, it doesn't take |
|
| 111:59 | long to pay for a lot of based mud. So do they always |
|
| 112:04 | cost? Like just what you mean that is the oil based cost more |
|
| 112:09 | a water based? Right? Then have to dispose of them. Get |
|
| 112:13 | big trouble if you're dumping oil based over the reef side. Uh, |
|
| 112:17 | do that, right. Uh, happened, right. But, |
|
| 112:21 | don't get caught for sure. It's a good idea. They can see |
|
| 112:25 | sheen from satellites even so gonna get . People don't do it. |
|
| 112:33 | and then, uh, this is as true as it used to |
|
| 112:37 | Things like, uh, that FM the pollination, right? That |
|
| 112:40 | that high resolution resistivity tool. They have a new tool that they actually |
|
| 112:45 | get these high resolution resistivity even in oil based mod So some of these |
|
| 112:51 | have gotten better. You're, you're use a different log, right? |
|
| 112:56 | , it used to be, we'll talk about it when we did |
|
| 112:58 | logs, but oil based ones limit to induction laws, things like |
|
| 113:04 | So, in thin beds, this , uh, hurts you a little |
|
| 113:09 | . Gotta wait for the logging part the course to really understand that. |
|
| 113:14 | where I work at. So, , if you have swelling clays, |
|
| 113:19 | , you need to use some So they add passing or something like |
|
| 113:24 | for the mud, right? To you stabilize these swelling clays. So |
|
| 113:28 | can tailor your clay or I'm you can tailor your mud to actually |
|
| 113:33 | the swelling. I told him that was uh actually uh Mohammed sample. |
|
| 113:41 | fact, I wanted to bring it to show him. So it would |
|
| 113:44 | fun to bring that in and just it flew up the. So we |
|
| 113:56 | that. I used to think Bigfoot that, right. And we did |
|
| 114:00 | with Bigfoot. It didn't blow up stuff does. There must be a |
|
| 114:05 | of spec games. Yeah, it's that anymore. So I go be |
|
| 114:13 | loss, low spurt losses. You wanna be injecting a lot of uh |
|
| 114:17 | fs right into the cord with a based. This is a look at |
|
| 114:21 | kind of a, a spurt loss . Basically what happens is during this |
|
| 114:26 | . You're building flood cake and then reach equilibrium and the mud cake that |
|
| 114:31 | equilibrium, then you inject it And there's lots of these models |
|
| 114:36 | There depends on the mud properties, on formation properties, et cetera. |
|
| 114:42 | um oil based muds, water based actually very different models for Asia where |
|
| 114:48 | to be and how much they oil mud, uh oil based mud, |
|
| 114:55 | have large invasions and low pros and . Water based mud, uh the |
|
| 115:03 | , fine, but just means a , you, you have a region |
|
| 115:11 | rapid induction. So this is when get loss. But what happens is |
|
| 115:22 | mud cake will ultimately limit the invasion into the idea. And so you |
|
| 115:29 | go quickly while it's building while it's mud cake. Once the mud cake |
|
| 115:33 | fully developed, you get a lower rate, right, just related to |
|
| 115:40 | cake, you build mud cake and there's a certain erosion rate to the |
|
| 115:45 | cake because you're circulating mud too. ultimately, that will reach an |
|
| 115:50 | That reach is an equilibrium where you this constant break, uh hydrate and |
|
| 116:01 | , swelling, things like that fractured has different problems. They can split |
|
| 116:07 | into jams. So this can happen fractured carbonates. Normally, if they're |
|
| 116:11 | they're relatively easy to co but if have something that's highly fractured, |
|
| 116:16 | then just like an unconsolidated sand, can jam the core barrel that made |
|
| 116:23 | more likely, right? You don't a lot of mud solids, like |
|
| 116:27 | said, and you throw a bunch walnut shelves in the air and you're |
|
| 116:31 | to, you're trying to inject a into a four barrel, they're not |
|
| 116:36 | hold you, they're gonna tend to things up. You like to minimize |
|
| 116:40 | . Right. If you want the to actually easily into the barrel, |
|
| 116:45 | don't want to be bouncing up and , danging lead and you don't want |
|
| 116:49 | start to stop and all of these are gonna gonna cause you problems with |
|
| 116:54 | good core recovery. And again, is about uh typically you're hiring somebody |
|
| 117:01 | supervise this court and somebody other than . So these guys will fuck but |
|
| 117:07 | to get it down, right? to get it down. Nobody likes |
|
| 117:12 | spend a lot of money. So was still, I'm sure argue a |
|
| 117:16 | . So avoiding potential problems, you want things breaking, you don't want |
|
| 117:19 | use the wrong mud. Uh If core isn't what you thought, |
|
| 117:24 | then you might uh you probably ought plan and design things, right? |
|
| 117:30 | Again, at all of those gonna you. So if we get the |
|
| 117:36 | right, there are two ways rather a whole core, you also can |
|
| 117:42 | side wall samples. So this is viable opportunity. A lot, it's |
|
| 117:47 | lot cheaper to run in on a line right there, either cushions are |
|
| 117:53 | cheaper, they literally are shooting bullets the formation. I don't know if |
|
| 117:59 | shot me with a bullet or you a bullet, there's a significant amount |
|
| 118:03 | damage associated with it. So if want to design, if your rock |
|
| 118:09 | extremely hard, it's not a good . The bullets will bounce off the |
|
| 118:14 | , right. If, if the is really soft, then you may |
|
| 118:19 | not such a great idea either because all get very damaged. So there's |
|
| 118:26 | , a little boring tool has become popular uh nowadays than it used to |
|
| 118:31 | . Uh both of them are cheaper a whole core. Uh your, |
|
| 118:36 | better quality comes from a rotary There are a couple of size, |
|
| 118:40 | can get the rotary cores in. problem is with either of these, |
|
| 118:44 | limited, you can get way more out of a percussion side wall than |
|
| 118:48 | kind of rotary tool. Right. , we'll look at pictures of those |
|
| 118:52 | just a second. Gas people won't do the rotary to them kind of |
|
| 118:57 | to replace that. Yeah, but can actually get decent data out |
|
| 119:06 | Or the only the real problem with is I can't get vertical standards if |
|
| 119:11 | will be fully, uh they will fully uh filtrated, will not get |
|
| 119:17 | of a rotary tool because they will fully in for sure. And there's |
|
| 119:22 | way like we talk about with a cord that correcting for that. So |
|
| 119:28 | , for certain things like permeability, tough to get it out of either |
|
| 119:33 | these. Right. Again, you mud solids in the corner at |
|
| 119:38 | Ok. Ok. You can get decent or out of a rotary cornering |
|
| 119:42 | can make in section, etcetera, . I love professor has can talk |
|
| 119:49 | it. She did a lot of trying to extract information from those. |
|
| 119:54 | the advantages of talking about a lot it can get with some idea of |
|
| 120:00 | . Uh if you're lucky, uh amounts of hydrocarbon, but it's probably |
|
| 120:07 | fairly, it has been fully right? Uh Some idea on that |
|
| 120:13 | mostly their value on the is to uh information and things like that. |
|
| 120:25 | can speak to that if you'd like more of an expert than me. |
|
| 120:30 | The good news is you're right, can acquire these percussion side walls after |
|
| 120:36 | have walked the, well, the good news is you can do it |
|
| 120:40 | the way up and down the well . So you have not limited to |
|
| 120:44 | deficit of where you're gonna do right? So generally you're gonna cut |
|
| 120:48 | core, it's gonna be, you're a whole core, it's gonna be |
|
| 120:52 | . You're not gonna wanna pull out times, multiple bits, etcetera. |
|
| 120:57 | the money. But here I'm running with a wide that you'll see |
|
| 121:02 | You said when with a wire line actually pull out of the hole with |
|
| 121:10 | drill strength of multiple runs with percussion too. They get far more |
|
| 121:18 | far broader range. Well, it's . So it's actually gotten reasonably |
|
| 121:26 | A lot of times you will only percussion sideways. People aren't gonna spend |
|
| 121:30 | the money on that. So that's . Uh, good luck getting reasonable |
|
| 121:44 | . Um, showing pictures. I up, am I right? And |
|
| 121:58 | , then you should talk about All right. So the idea was |
|
| 122:09 | through the whatever, when they're working these sorts of problems, um a |
|
| 122:17 | of financial so side walls, you then mhm section from, look around |
|
| 122:30 | VIN section and look for a relatively zone and you as the capacity. |
|
| 122:43 | , so you could get a lot data out of the. Uh not |
|
| 122:48 | that's all that common in brackets. . Do think we were way ahead |
|
| 122:52 | the industry doing as one of Um But what percentage of this thin |
|
| 123:00 | was still intact typically out of some of this? Right. And |
|
| 123:24 | and so, yeah, they there's been several generations of bullets for |
|
| 123:34 | reason, the original generation of bullets pretty stupidly designed. They were, |
|
| 123:40 | were weighted incorrectly. So they did damage to the formation. And so |
|
| 123:46 | , I think I have a picture this later. They actually are doing |
|
| 123:50 | at actually because they're redesigning bullets. getting better at getting less damage |
|
| 123:56 | And, and the problem with doing this is you think you might |
|
| 124:00 | biased in terms of what sample, type of sample survive or regions of |
|
| 124:06 | . You're always worried about getting a estimate of properties when you get |
|
| 124:11 | I don't know. What was your is that, is that really a |
|
| 124:16 | getting a biased data set as of survived? Right. Fair enough. |
|
| 124:31 | you don't know what PS A it's particle analysis, right? So you |
|
| 124:35 | this thing that's completely shattered, Then you do it. You're gonna |
|
| 124:39 | a huge amount of fines, smaller sites. You get people to do |
|
| 124:44 | . Yes. Even worse people do incorrectly or just it's bad. So |
|
| 124:50 | , you take, you take a , we had experience with this, |
|
| 124:55 | take a sample and you, you're to do this in alcohol because that |
|
| 125:00 | not cause claves to swell, but will because alcohol is relatively expensive relative |
|
| 125:06 | distilled water they'll take and, and uh use distilled water as the carrier |
|
| 125:16 | for this. So you're later, literally circulating the fluid. If your |
|
| 125:21 | the particle size is in it, scattered laser drop. And if you |
|
| 125:25 | swelling clays, what's gonna happen to sample? You're gonna generate this |
|
| 125:31 | So you're gonna completely get biased Correct? Do they do this? |
|
| 125:36 | . Have I seen people make laser of analysis without telling you using distilled |
|
| 125:43 | rather than alcohol. So uh you to be on top of this that |
|
| 125:49 | were working, for example, we need to worry about students doing |
|
| 125:54 | , right? For example, So you have to understand this is |
|
| 125:59 | you all know about swelling clays. know, all know that if you |
|
| 126:03 | swelling clays, you have to pay to the salinity of the water, |
|
| 126:07 | ? That you contact the blow it's aggregate. So this will happen |
|
| 126:13 | too, right? Uh Again, to be adjusted, serious adjustments. |
|
| 126:21 | also they lie to you about these and how good they are, |
|
| 126:31 | Cool. And so it's a holler , it's propelled from the gun. |
|
| 126:35 | again, literally, you're shooting a , you can do this based on |
|
| 126:39 | logs, you can get up to samples for run in the hole and |
|
| 126:46 | , then they pushed hard and they too hard. They've done a better |
|
| 126:51 | . This is just a look, is your, this is your uh |
|
| 126:55 | , they actually have gunpowder, this of the design of features, how |
|
| 127:00 | you can shoot this into the you can use different levels of |
|
| 127:05 | And if you have too much that gonna get it well into the formation |
|
| 127:09 | you're really gonna bust everything up. , this is something that you want |
|
| 127:13 | have some experience with and an understanding how hard to shoot that bullet. |
|
| 127:19 | you shoot the bullet into the which is a picture of and then |
|
| 127:22 | literally can pull it out right via wire line, right. This will |
|
| 127:26 | with it and your sample is left that barrel. If it's, if |
|
| 127:35 | have a bad hole, which is this, if you have a borehole |
|
| 127:40 | out borehole, what's your likelihood of sample there? Not very likely, |
|
| 127:45 | ? You just gotta shoot getting right? So again, it's another |
|
| 127:50 | along with blogging, we'll talk about kind of the quality of the borehole |
|
| 127:54 | your retrieval range like that. And I know I talked about a |
|
| 128:02 | of this, what the advantages are that's up to 96 now. So |
|
| 128:12 | hard rock, right? Um It's your retrieval, it's not gonna be |
|
| 128:17 | good. So uh it's increased by , getting a high quality board is |
|
| 128:23 | slower barrel in velose which I just about the charge. And then how |
|
| 128:28 | I dent this? But part of things they did when they redesigned the |
|
| 128:32 | is they actually initially literally, you all that right? When you did |
|
| 128:38 | . So you can see why that's a good idea. So then they |
|
| 128:42 | to it, at least when you it in the mud is some place |
|
| 128:46 | go out of the. And so shifted the mass to the rear. |
|
| 128:52 | so that was about, this is the increasing barrels, it's a tapered |
|
| 128:57 | . You can, you can, the thing gets dull. But if |
|
| 129:01 | use this multiple times, right, gonna be less, be able |
|
| 129:05 | less penetrated efficiently. Right. It's with any knife, right? The |
|
| 129:11 | doesn't cut it out. Right. , if you have interchangeable cutting |
|
| 129:15 | you actually sharpen them, uh, have to throw out the whole |
|
| 129:19 | Right. So you're allowed, you slow down the barrel and still get |
|
| 129:24 | of sand, won't you? This an argument for the, this is |
|
| 129:28 | argument for the, you know, there's this look of several barrels, |
|
| 129:36 | and more modern barrels. I guess saying just recently the bar, |
|
| 129:46 | that would be interesting to see what look like. OK. Going |
|
| 130:01 | So rotary operation, these, we not run in the Gulf for quite |
|
| 130:06 | long time. Why wouldn't we run ? It's uh you have this uh |
|
| 130:16 | the arm that comes out of the that pushes it against the wall. |
|
| 130:20 | is actually a real recipe, Or actually sticking the tool. You |
|
| 130:26 | know what differential sticking is. there was significant force going into the |
|
| 130:35 | to penetrate that much of it then of their brand. So that beer |
|
| 130:45 | largely gone away because they've been fairly at doing this, right. So |
|
| 130:51 | whole idea is you go down with depth you want. This uh side |
|
| 130:55 | comes out, pushes you against you then drill into the formation and |
|
| 131:00 | they literally can break this thing right, retrieve it and then drop |
|
| 131:05 | into a slot. So when some the things that have been improved, |
|
| 131:11 | more samples, et cetera, the of the hole, you still can't |
|
| 131:15 | as many samples here in a one you can with a Russian side. |
|
| 131:20 | you can see you're gonna get a quality sample. You also can see |
|
| 131:24 | this is gonna be a horizontal OK? So part of my problem |
|
| 131:30 | this was that people always wanted me run geo geo mechanical tests on the |
|
| 131:37 | orientation on this modular etcetera. So kinda got you get close to cut |
|
| 131:49 | the side of it, you can a vertical plug. So kind of |
|
| 131:55 | tried that a few times to see kind of data. So that's still |
|
| 131:58 | option you might consider. But predominantly doing this, you get horizontal plugs |
|
| 132:04 | it and washouts don't work well. so advantages, right? Drilling things |
|
| 132:13 | rather than just shooting bullets, you , you just like percussion, you |
|
| 132:18 | select samples wherever you would like can denser formations and the percussion side, |
|
| 132:26 | literally are drilling into the formation. li samples, it works pretty |
|
| 132:34 | Uh takes a fair amount of time electrical power to actually get the |
|
| 132:39 | Uh You can't get as many as already mentioned, right. Uh can't |
|
| 132:44 | this thing to real hot environments and it's significantly more expensive jazz. |
|
| 132:54 | don't, don't worry about it. , uh a number of factors |
|
| 132:59 | I've mentioned a lot of these Uh you can do this. Uh |
|
| 133:04 | can do this either before or after actual ring, right? If you |
|
| 133:09 | a decision and a lot of times in a chord, well, they |
|
| 133:13 | shoot percussions. Why do they do ? Because they will shoot percussions in |
|
| 133:18 | same zone that they actually get the core with the thought that gee I |
|
| 133:23 | correct my percussion measures locally here, ? How well that works? Uh |
|
| 133:29 | won't guarantee, but it's a The other thing is a lot of |
|
| 133:33 | people aren't willing to, to cut whole core and the overburden or under |
|
| 133:38 | and then shoot percussion side walls right? Uh Over burn and under |
|
| 133:44 | properties can be actually fairly important. core analysis program, the rock mechanical |
|
| 133:51 | or even if you're trying to do ST kind of things you might want |
|
| 133:55 | do that, right. So there's lots of reasons and you may |
|
| 134:00 | able to sample other formation. I an objective. I'm gonna pour it |
|
| 134:05 | here. You may see some up hole or down hole, maybe |
|
| 134:09 | a future project, right? So shoot some percussions while I'm here. |
|
| 134:15 | want to consider that later possible stuff that. And So how do we |
|
| 134:23 | that? How do we drill et cetera and all of that kind |
|
| 134:28 | bad for hole? Not a good . Then you might wanna test your |
|
| 134:36 | you can see what might happen if get a hole in your, |
|
| 134:40 | uh, and this is where you and shooting that direction might not be |
|
| 134:44 | direct deal thing. Fair enough. not gonna get those samples. So |
|
| 134:51 | off, like to have like, , have a consistent standoff. You |
|
| 134:59 | who is pulling out a pole? , you want the core barrel to |
|
| 135:05 | downward, et cetera. All these are pretty obvious. I really don't |
|
| 135:10 | to rinse these again, for lots reasons. I have swelling claves. |
|
| 135:15 | shot a percussion sidewalk. I know a hose on them, which is |
|
| 135:21 | , right? And will happen, . So you shouldn't be doing |
|
| 135:25 | Right? Might seem obvious. this guy's on the rig floor, |
|
| 135:30 | acquiring your holes. Gee He wants get home. So he's just taking |
|
| 135:35 | hammer and a punch and pounding them of this. Right? That idea |
|
| 135:40 | probably damage them and we should be the press, say nobody would ever |
|
| 135:45 | that. That's not true. It all the time, right? |
|
| 135:51 | Um, so, uh, you generally, you'd like to handle |
|
| 135:55 | gently, gently as possible. The of somebody rushed something down and don't |
|
| 136:01 | on a train. So again, don't want to damage your core. |
|
| 136:08 | is kind of just general, you would like to seal these |
|
| 136:12 | You don't just all dump them in bucket to take them back. |
|
| 136:16 | Or put them in individual vials. a mistake. I really haven't |
|
| 136:20 | they, they generally will label them they came from, et cetera. |
|
| 136:25 | de came from, et cetera. . But you don't want these things |
|
| 136:29 | the jar bouncing up and down right the back of the truck or |
|
| 136:33 | uh maybe freeze them. That's up you. That would depend on unconsolidated |
|
| 136:41 | . Maybe that. Oh What can learn from them? We're getting close |
|
| 136:55 | that. What, what can we from them? And we talked about |
|
| 136:59 | , ferocity, hydrocarbon type type of , percussion and this is well |
|
| 137:08 | Then you have to plan uh you select where you want to do |
|
| 137:15 | Uh You don't want to go in the day that you're gonna get your |
|
| 137:18 | side walls, side uh At, least without some sort of selection criteria |
|
| 137:24 | would have to have. It may depend on what your logs look |
|
| 137:27 | right? Um Then you would want decide how you're gonna evaluate these, |
|
| 137:33 | you Yeah, uh Some of these actually quite generous. No, this |
|
| 137:41 | from uh World Oil. Again. guys were pretty optimistic on the kind |
|
| 137:46 | things you could get out of side . I I really don't see how |
|
| 137:51 | gonna get critical water. Uh might able to need some idea where an |
|
| 137:56 | water contact is, et cetera. might get some idea of permeability if |
|
| 138:01 | clever. Uh these things again, have to do that with a lot |
|
| 138:07 | care knowing. Uh kind of your bars are pretty big brain size and |
|
| 138:14 | better be careful. I just throwing in this, you know, LP |
|
| 138:20 | is not a good idea. I give you anything. And so where |
|
| 138:30 | we sample? Can usually sample the zones. Frequently water zones less |
|
| 138:37 | I think that's obvious again about contacts you would like to get a representative |
|
| 138:44 | . So what isn't this one? don't buy at all? Uh These |
|
| 138:48 | a little bit optimistic. You can some idea of li for sure. |
|
| 138:52 | might get an idea if I know about what the green density is. |
|
| 138:57 | , di genetic history. Some cases texture depending on what you mean by |
|
| 139:06 | , uh possibility thing. So I don't buy that's minimal. I |
|
| 139:15 | look at this in a minute. got crush these things pretty well. |
|
| 139:19 | might be more than a mag terms the. So here, here's an |
|
| 139:26 | of basically uh when people have plotted side walls, right? This is |
|
| 139:33 | core here, this concussion core here gee look at how nice we we |
|
| 139:39 | do, we know how to correct it. But the idea here is |
|
| 139:43 | high porosity, you have multiple right? And crushing thing it is |
|
| 139:49 | they they cancel here. I'm dominated squishing the thing, right? That |
|
| 139:55 | be my conventional core ferocity, General bigger than this is. Uh |
|
| 140:03 | , you look at what the data looks like with something like that, |
|
| 140:10 | . So do you really believe do you believe that regression? This |
|
| 140:15 | an example of people want to sell things. You need to understand what |
|
| 140:20 | selling. So can I get value of this? Maybe I can tell |
|
| 140:27 | this from this but any particular Right? And conventional for your percussion |
|
| 140:35 | sidewalk or may range from less 55 das to to 500. How much |
|
| 140:44 | is that going? Bye. So have to be careful with that |
|
| 140:51 | then you have invasion blowdown, complete saturations and you uh problem is |
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| 140:59 | this doesn't, this doesn't tell you residual saturation you're gonna leave in a |
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| 141:05 | this, this also people model what near a well door, right? |
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| 141:09 | I invade, I have mobile my my residual saturation there is not |
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| 141:14 | be what it would be when I flood when I actually produce the |
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| 141:20 | And that's all about uh yes, don't think we go into that. |
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| 141:26 | of course, it's all about what's a number or how much oil I |
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| 141:29 | behind. Depends on how quickly I uh water through the right. So |
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| 141:36 | it's gonna be quite quick compared to happens in an actual well when you |
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| 141:41 | it. So it does give you qualitative idea. Is there movable |
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| 141:46 | You cannot use these numbers, Uh And this is a function as |
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| 141:57 | function of oil type, et cetera , where they are and where you |
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| 142:01 | get, right? This is uh why we cut a fair number of |
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| 142:07 | in the San Joaquin Valley. My company assignment was that oil was so |
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| 142:13 | , right? You actually really There was no move for oil. |
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| 142:17 | could believe the saturations you got out the corn. Um Still it's completely |
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| 142:27 | , but it was a way to a continuous idea of where the oil |
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| 142:40 | , so typically on a percussion Well, people don't bother making stress |
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| 142:46 | , why don't they do that because already so far off that it's kind |
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| 142:50 | a waste of money going to the expensive time to do that part of |
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| 142:59 | corrections. They argue that it's there things that are contributing. So we're |
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| 143:08 | the laboratory analytic techniques, analytical we'll go to 12 close to. |
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| 143:21 | uh what you're typically gonna measure and . You mentioned some of this, |
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| 143:25 | we have the product to you gonna , this could be from whole core |
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| 143:29 | you're gonna get better numbers, Got grain size distribution grass include saturation |
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| 143:35 | and the and a grain size This is actually a here why then |
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| 143:44 | the uh yeah, and this is done on it. This is a |
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| 143:50 | value. This is a lot of they'll plot it on a big |
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| 143:57 | you know anything you wanna say about , that really, that's really not |
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| 144:18 | , right? Basically to get, , look how good this one. |
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| 144:51 | this in general, right? So depth versus uh permeability, et cetera |
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| 144:58 | then they're using uh a, a for permeability versus this. All I |
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| 145:04 | say is if you're gonna do well, you've locally correlated it all |
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| 145:09 | would say when we describe chores, get to run. So all the |
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| 145:14 | we talk about staining is about, know, I, I assume that's |
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| 145:19 | looking for and things like that. Oh sure. OK. So |
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| 145:28 | we've talked about almost all of Right. Right. These were things |
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| 145:37 | actually did again because uh because it such a freshwater shale sand in the |
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| 145:43 | Joaquin Valley, we really had troubles the log resistivity interpretations didn't work, |
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| 145:50 | you'd go in there, you'd cut , you shoot percussion side walls and |
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| 145:55 | you would actually you wash right in solvent, look for fluorescence and have |
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| 146:00 | look for oil. So literally, is how we decided whether to complete |
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| 146:05 | wells or not, where to complete would be based on simply uh looking |
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| 146:11 | the fluorescence, looking at, looking the cut, right, cut fluorescence |
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| 146:18 | pretty qualitative. So again, rain and talking about this already multiple s |
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| 146:27 | little rocks you're gonna break things makes permeability. There's two effects here, |
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| 146:34 | ? And they showed you this you you actually have compressed the sample |
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| 146:39 | you shot the bullet in it that to make the permeability lower. Uh |
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| 146:44 | happens when you break a bunch of grains. The argument is you're creating |
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| 146:48 | paths so that causes the permeability to to hide. So again, uh |
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| 146:55 | right, uh the perm depending which these dominates, you could be, |
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| 147:01 | saw how much scattered that was depending can be quite far off. I |
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| 147:07 | know if they can see this or . Uh You probably have better |
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| 147:12 | yeah, you can bust up a of grains log interpretation. What do |
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| 147:21 | do? Uh how do we integrate with core data? So again, |
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| 147:25 | about Li Shali. Um uh a of times, for example, we |
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| 147:30 | measure things like uh how shay it various measures like exchange capacity, et |
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| 147:37 | , which we mentioned yesterday, you regress that locally against the gamma rate |
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| 147:43 | even in some cases uh neutron density , things like that, which you'll |
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| 147:50 | better later that you can calibrate these . So they become much more |
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| 147:54 | right, better than just qualitative where have oil where we have water |
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| 147:59 | oil contacts uh grain density, et . All these things, critical water |
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| 148:10 | . Uh So what this is uh could spend a long time on this |
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| 148:14 | we wanted it. But that's actually critical water saturation. As we increase |
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| 148:20 | saturation, there will become a saturation which the water is free to |
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| 148:25 | That's where that phase percolates, that's the critical water set going to. |
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| 148:34 | there's charts and people locally will, actually correlate when critical water saturation is |
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| 148:41 | function of ability, see what's going here, right? In my uh |
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| 148:46 | saturation as my permeability goes up, my porosity goes up, my critical |
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| 148:55 | saturation gets higher. So this is about a model in a classic. |
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| 149:02 | may well carbonate would not be this trilogy. Yes, I can talk |
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| 149:10 | this. I've already done a lot this, talked about it already. |
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| 149:14 | are doing XRD. I say some about XRD. Oh You could talk |
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| 149:23 | it. Sorry. Give me First. OK. OK. So |
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| 149:48 | diffraction is a good measure of bulk . It basically doesn't tell us anything |
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| 149:56 | whether we've got orthogenics or detrital It doesn't tell us anything about |
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| 150:02 | Uh and it is very sensitive to you prepare a sample extremely. So |
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| 150:09 | we did a XRD round robin shortly I left shell and it was kind |
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| 150:16 | mind blowing how bad some of the data that is available out there actually |
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| 150:23 | . Um one of the things that will notice sometimes is that quartz tends |
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| 150:28 | get overestimated relative to clay phases. course, clay phases are important because |
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| 150:33 | wreck our permeability. So we'd kind like to know a correct number for |
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| 150:38 | . And the issue that we have that if you don't prep the |
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| 150:42 | right? So you've got to grind to ideally a uniform powder particle |
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| 150:49 | which is really hard to do because will break easy quartz won't. So |
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| 150:53 | you take your sample and you present to the X ray beam and you |
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| 150:58 | a size differential, you will see stronger quartz peak than your clay |
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| 151:03 | And that's just because you didn't prep sample, right. Uh Now, |
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| 151:07 | been a lot of work recently to care of some of that, but |
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| 151:10 | everybody does it, you also need have a randomly oriented powder and sometimes |
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| 151:16 | doesn't happen either. And in order get clay mineral ID out, you're |
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| 151:21 | gonna have to do both a bulk and a clay fraction, xrd. |
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| 151:29 | for, and sometimes with the clay , xrd, you're gonna do it |
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| 151:32 | dried, you're gonna do it. salivated to expand layers and expandable |
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| 151:38 | And you may also do it heated that you could identify the difference between |
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| 151:42 | Night and chloride. So again, is a, it's a lot of |
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| 151:47 | , but you really need an oriented if you're gonna be able to identify |
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| 151:51 | clay minerals definitively. So again, this is about um sample prep. |
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| 152:00 | is one of the things that people to cut costs on because sample prep |
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| 152:04 | time. And so you know, you cut costs on that or even |
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| 152:07 | running in your x-ray, you run x-ray too fast, you're gonna get |
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| 152:10 | wrong answer. So you have to be very careful about looking at x-ray |
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| 152:17 | laboratories, how they prep samples and they run the instrument if you want |
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| 152:22 | get a good answer. And also how do they actually devolve the |
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| 152:27 | Because basically what you get is a of peaks and how do you take |
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| 152:32 | peaks and convert them to a weight of particular phases? Ok. |
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| 152:41 | Yeah, that'd be all work you do tonight. We have and we |
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| 152:48 | uh yeah, we can do We're ready to do that. This |
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| 152:56 | . Yeah, we'll do that in when we get back. And then |
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| 153:01 | we just had like an hour of . We have a classic exercise |
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| 153:07 | So starting to use what we have , but right now for lunch. |
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| 153:17 | I guess we'll come |
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