| 00:24 | OK, folks. Um You shut . It's usually the uh sparse |
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| 00:31 | same as my 1130 class. um I'll be coming up. Um |
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| 00:38 | , uh so today we're gonna continue uh diseases, infectious Diseases. Uh |
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| 00:44 | then finish, we're, we're gonna it up on next Tuesday. So |
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| 00:48 | no need to come in on from then of next week. So, |
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| 00:54 | so, but this week there's no no blackboard quiz or mastering that's due |
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| 01:02 | Monday. So that the final assignments aren't due until December 5th. Um |
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| 01:10 | the um the exam last week, it was like a, I posted |
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| 01:15 | distribution and average. It was like close to a 70 I think. |
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| 01:20 | . Um to remember that the last it is just um this material, |
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| 01:26 | ? Just gonna be 18 and uh and 21 through 26. But |
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| 01:33 | remember the 21 to 26 is very parts of that. OK. |
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| 01:40 | uh in fact, uh show, just remember kind of adhere to what |
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| 01:45 | says here in terms of pages and each chapters. So we obviously aren't |
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| 01:50 | each chapter in its entirety. um uh and so we uh we |
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| 01:56 | , we did this part last right? Just getting soft tissue |
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| 02:01 | Um And, and including um shingles mainly a, I would say AAA |
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| 02:11 | involving the nerves. Certainly. Uh your textbook puts it into the skin |
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| 02:16 | soft tissue because that's how it begins chicken pox and the skin infection and |
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| 02:21 | , but then can manifest itself later shingles. But anyway, um uh |
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| 02:28 | today we'll focus on central nervous system and 11 representative of cardiovascular, which |
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| 02:36 | uh Sinia is the uh plague, cartage plague. So, um and |
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| 02:42 | we'll finish up next Tuesday with remaining , respiratory system G I tract and |
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| 02:49 | one S TB OK, just kind give you a sampling of, of |
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| 02:55 | infectious diseases from different systems. uh by no means um comprehensive, |
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| 03:01 | at least just kind of give you , an idea or a, a |
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| 03:05 | bit of a survey of kind of infectious diseases. So remember as you're |
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| 03:11 | , collecting this information right? To a good idea to kind of put |
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| 03:15 | in some uh some uh organized And so this is just an |
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| 03:21 | One way is to, here's the I want to know. OK. |
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| 03:25 | you can organize it in this fashion . If you wish, you can |
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| 03:29 | add one or two more columns uh is kind of, I'd say that's |
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| 03:34 | of your, your, your, know, study sheet for this material |
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| 03:39 | uh with these diseases. Um I it makes it easier to kind of |
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| 03:45 | into your head this way. Um kind of that format. So, |
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| 03:49 | I mean, obviously it's up, to you how you best know how |
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| 03:52 | learn stuff. So, but this just an idea. OK. |
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| 03:56 | um but you do definitely stick to it says here in terms of what |
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| 04:01 | of the track is because you don't stray. And you know, obviously |
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| 04:05 | you answered, answered the other great. But um you're only gonna |
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| 04:09 | tested on what's, what's uh in pages in the table. This is |
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| 04:15 | happened. OK. So um let's . Any questions. Here we |
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| 04:22 | OK. So let's uh we're gonna with a question and this question introduces |
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| 04:30 | infectious diseases we'll look at in the of central nervous system. OK? |
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| 04:36 | meningitis is one of those. Um assume I don't know if it's a |
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| 04:42 | I know for many schools it's a I, I don't know if it's |
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| 04:48 | , it's a law, it's not law but I mean, it's, |
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| 04:50 | for you all when you applied was it like encouraged or how, |
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| 04:55 | did they phrase in terms of, assume it was a requirement, |
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| 04:59 | Help me enjoy. So they say have to have it or you can't |
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| 05:02 | kind of a thing Right. Uh, it's been a long time |
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| 05:06 | I've been in school. So I really forgotten that the rules on |
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| 05:09 | . But for the, but it's , um, it is a condition |
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| 05:17 | can break out in, in a because it's typically include quarters where this |
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| 05:22 | . And, um, so the we're talk referencing first, this is |
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| 05:26 | one you got vaccinated for. But answer is question, the exception is |
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| 05:30 | . Ok. So rabies does not meningitis. It certainly affects the |
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| 05:36 | but it causes what's called uh it the uh uh it's called encephalitis, |
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| 05:42 | is different from what um meningitis So, um but certainly all three |
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| 05:47 | these can cause uh meningitis obviously, this one being uh most cases that |
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| 05:56 | probably this is number one, we're rank them, but one, number |
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| 06:00 | and number three. OK. So talk about streptococcus pneumonia next time in |
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| 06:06 | context of respiratory infection. But it's it's number two in terms of progressing |
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| 06:12 | pneumonia to meningitis. So, um meningitis refers to kind of this part |
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| 06:20 | the term men meninges s those are the kind of the layers protecting your |
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| 06:29 | nervous system. Ok. So for reasons, you really protect the the |
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| 06:37 | tissues right, through neurons that make your brain is something you definitely wanna |
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| 06:43 | protected. Um And you do of course, through a bone, |
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| 06:46 | ? The skull is obviously affecting, then you have multiple layers underneath that |
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| 06:53 | . Uh you see here, dura , pia, mater, you don't |
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| 06:56 | to memorize the names of the anatomy the ear. But um but it |
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| 07:01 | , it comprises basically three layers, cranial meninges. OK. And so |
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| 07:07 | course, it is uh vascularized, vascularized. So you see capillaries |
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| 07:13 | they're gonna, you know, they feed the brain tissue. Um |
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| 07:19 | and of course, it's uh being a skull, of course, it's |
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| 07:21 | a, it's in a confined right? So things that can cause |
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| 07:26 | swelling of the brain, right? it's inflammation, whether it's, you |
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| 07:30 | , infectious or noninfectious, um uh of the brain, there's limitations |
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| 07:36 | And if it's a the inflammation is much, you're gonna get have issues |
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| 07:42 | this will then um press the brain , presses against the, the membranes |
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| 07:46 | then against the bone and that can little hemorrhaging to occur. OK. |
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| 07:52 | men meningitis can uh induce that. . As can other conditions. |
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| 07:59 | the other thing here is uh aside the protection, you also have a |
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| 08:04 | fluid that bathes the brain and the cord, cerebral spinal fluid, CS |
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| 08:11 | OK. So it's gonna be a uh obviously should be free of any |
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| 08:15 | of microbes. OK. So the things uh so it's gonna uh provide |
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| 08:20 | environment. That's the, that uh nervous system needs. Your neurons are |
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| 08:26 | uh well, they car as it , you have a number of cells |
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| 08:30 | support them, as you'll see on next slide here in a second. |
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| 08:34 | So certainly, um any kind of anything that may suggest that there's an |
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| 08:41 | going on here, uh men meningitis other, it's certainly uh taking the |
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| 08:48 | fluid is gonna be one of the things to check with that because I |
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| 08:53 | , and this is how you deal uh what do you call a spinal |
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| 08:56 | ? You probably heard of that. mean, is there a needle in |
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| 08:59 | the vertebrae and remove some of the F fluid and then, you |
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| 09:04 | microscopy or one of these and, uh I immunological tests we talked about |
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| 09:11 | in chapter 18, looking for antigens the pathogen uh would be done to |
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| 09:16 | . Uh is there something in there may be causing the symptoms? |
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| 09:21 | Um, the uh um viral meningitis a type that's very common. |
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| 09:30 | And is very mild. Ok. doesn't cause the, the problems you |
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| 09:34 | with like bacterial meningitis. Um at , it's maybe like a headache. |
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| 09:40 | may be a slight fever. but doesn't progress much more beyond |
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| 09:46 | right? It's not something that you die from certainly. Ok. |
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| 09:50 | , but it's probably likely the most . So, you know, we're |
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| 09:53 | about, you know, respiratory diseases week, um, gas intestinal uh |
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| 10:00 | next week. And in fact, are the main, main cause of |
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| 10:04 | of those as well. Ok. And, and the viral forms of |
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| 10:10 | diseases, gas intestinal uh infections, meningitis uh tend to be the milder |
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| 10:19 | . So um back when it becomes bacterial infection causing those uh conditions, |
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| 10:27 | typically is worse. Ok. Um the uh uh let's look at here |
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| 10:35 | kind of, I mentioned that your are very well protected. So your |
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| 10:40 | being of course there, these bigger here, you have different types of |
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| 10:45 | cells, astrocytes, gluteal cells, Schwan cells, of course, cos |
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| 10:52 | and neurons. So all kinds of supporting their function and of course, |
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| 10:57 | need a very particular environment uh So here's a blood supply here. |
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| 11:03 | . So material that will feed them course nutrients, right? Uh So |
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| 11:08 | of material back and forth is regulated by the support cells. OK. |
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| 11:17 | it's very restrictive of what can actually to the neurons. OK. It's |
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| 11:22 | good reason why you don't protect their , right? So, um and |
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| 11:26 | they help to really support their, viability and function. So remember if |
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| 11:31 | recall uh neurons and action potentials and , things like that. So very |
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| 11:37 | environments to, to support those functions that's what those other cells do. |
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| 11:43 | . Uh And so by restricting, know what can flow in and go |
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| 11:46 | . So, neurons um your your tissue only feeds on glucose. |
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| 11:52 | Um as well. Uh So if , if they, these cells are |
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| 11:57 | the environment in terms of what can in there and have access to a |
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| 12:01 | , which is good. But you , if there's an infection, then |
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| 12:05 | means antibiotics may have a issue getting there as well. So that's my |
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| 12:11 | of antibiotics, you know, depends uh the ease with which they can |
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| 12:16 | through this layer. And what and what this refers to the bug brain |
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| 12:21 | , right? Is basically think of as here's the blood supply right here |
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| 12:26 | your neurons. So it's kind of here is the barrier. OK. |
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| 12:31 | how if a pathogen is in here a, how's it gonna get into |
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| 12:36 | blood supply? And two get out into here and infect neurons, et |
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| 12:43 | . So that uh and then tell typically, at least for bacteria, |
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| 12:51 | usually starts like a sore throat, ? So it's gonna, it starts |
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| 12:54 | and it ends up in here. it's gonna be layers of cells that's |
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| 12:58 | have to get through. So, an easy task. Ok? Because |
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| 13:02 | you're gonna have immune system cells that be on, on the watch as |
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| 13:06 | to, to take care of So it is a not an easy |
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| 13:10 | for a pathogen of this, of area of the body to, to |
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| 13:15 | its thing. And that's why the mechanisms the the pathogens have are specific |
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| 13:22 | that. And so what many ones talked about this before in the context |
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| 13:27 | uh gram factors is this op A ? So remember the transits process and |
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| 13:34 | exactly how they can cross this blood barrier. Let me try. And |
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| 13:40 | again, it's the op A proteins are the ones close to the surface |
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| 13:45 | . OK. And pili providing more uh connection to the cells. |
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| 13:54 | And then the op A proteins, the um the PP I kind of |
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| 14:01 | the cells toward the surface of the as you see here. And then |
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| 14:06 | tight connections are made with the op proteins. And so that's that t |
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| 14:12 | connection induces this process of engulfment, ? So they can get inside the |
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| 14:18 | and basically are crossing, OK? going in that, going in this |
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| 14:25 | , OK? And so um and that, that, you know, |
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| 14:29 | and ride in these are cell type um make up a blood vessel, |
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| 14:37 | a blood vessel, uh so this be a blood vessel, right? |
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| 14:42 | here's the endothelial cell here and here make it up, make up the |
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| 14:47 | of the vessel. And so if gets inside, then it can travel |
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| 14:50 | the blood. And that's a way get into the brain cross over into |
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| 14:55 | nerve cells. OK? And there's ways it can hit your eye as |
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| 14:59 | . Monocyte, uh This would likely it to end up in the lymphatic |
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| 15:04 | to release these cell types, uh into macrophages um than gri cells. |
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| 15:10 | anyway, so the point here is this is how it can cross the |
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| 15:14 | brain area and do its thing. Now, uh of course, you |
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| 15:20 | , hiding inside it can, it lots of different vance factors. Let's |
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| 15:24 | focus here on the. So the uh meningococcal meningitis is kind of the |
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| 15:30 | term for this. And um you see and they typically look like uh |
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| 15:36 | they call diplo toine pears, like bean bean shaped. So pears uh |
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| 15:42 | group, you can see there and have a thick capsule uh to get |
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| 15:48 | capsule to hide their antigens. Um have uh they can't, they being |
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| 15:55 | negative, right? They can produce um or when they lice, |
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| 15:59 | the release of a toin uh the variation, right? So, remember |
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| 16:05 | uh just to kind of simplify. here's a, here's our bacterium here |
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| 16:10 | the antigens right on the surface, example, a G short for |
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| 16:17 | And so if it comes into the , uh and it has that form |
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| 16:24 | an, you know, your your system can eventually find it antibodies to |
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| 16:30 | . But then maybe it switches to different form, just go down |
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| 16:35 | So now it spontaneously switches and then next generation that forms has not the |
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| 16:43 | but has this shape, right? now that an engine is not immediately |
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| 16:51 | by the body. So remember I about how time, time, just |
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| 16:56 | , uh the time concept can work work for us and against us, |
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| 17:01 | ? So a fever that we produce slow down growth of a pathogen that |
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| 17:06 | us time for our immune system to up, right? To find it |
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| 17:09 | then produce antibodies perhaps. But they buy time too. Pathogens can by |
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| 17:15 | something like this. Because remember your immune system doesn't work like that super |
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| 17:22 | , right? It has to find , uh buy into it and then |
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| 17:28 | , right? So that, and takes time and, and this is |
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| 17:30 | phenomenon that will allow that to OK? And so because we know |
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| 17:35 | things fast these things can grow, ? So you don't need a whole |
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| 17:38 | of time for them to proliferate, ? And, and be able to |
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| 17:41 | their engines is a way to do . And they can some especially nice |
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| 17:46 | can, can have, you in this example, we see one |
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| 17:52 | two forms of the engine. No, my pen's not working |
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| 17:58 | hold on. Um We see two , 12 triangle and square. It |
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| 18:04 | be 3456 different forms and, and switch, you know, so it |
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| 18:10 | kind of stay ahead of your immune a bit. So uh very sneaky |
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| 18:14 | that, how that can do Ok. Uh so, like |
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| 18:21 | That's not true. Let me. , 40%. So humans are the |
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| 18:26 | for this, um, disease. . Healthy humans carry it in, |
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| 18:31 | their throat. Um, the an occurs of this and it's not, |
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| 18:36 | , not uncommon, which is why were, um, vaccinated in a |
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| 18:42 | situation. Right? For quarters, ? Transmission occurs faster when lots of |
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| 18:48 | against population, it's typically through a type, uh, spread. |
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| 18:53 | Somebody has a sore throat, maybe like symptoms, perhaps has a bit |
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| 18:59 | a headache maybe and neck feels a bit sore. Ok. Uh Then |
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| 19:04 | can spread. Ok. Um The about this, this disease is that |
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| 19:12 | you begin to experience really the uh you get the fever, ok, |
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| 19:18 | neck, the neck and the uh then maybe nauseous feeling, then |
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| 19:24 | clock is really ticking because this can very rapidly. Things can go |
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| 19:30 | Ok. Batteries went out. Um , um, so I actually |
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| 19:40 | uh I was in the junior of , I had a uh childhood |
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| 19:49 | Uh I think it was sixth not fifth grade, um where it |
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| 19:56 | literally on, on, yeah, a Friday diagnosed, went to the |
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| 20:03 | and my Sunday had died. So , it's nothing to uh fool around |
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| 20:08 | . So, um hence, you , the reason I'm getting vaccinated |
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| 20:12 | and um to, to prevent these of things. So, um now |
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| 20:19 | , so mysteria meningitis is the, the main cause, but certainly, |
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| 20:28 | , right behind is, uh, pneumonia. You, you saw Hemophilus |
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| 20:34 | , not, not the strain reason worry about, but it, it's |
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| 20:37 | number three, in terms of, this, uh, we'll talk |
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| 20:40 | um, listeria. Uh, it is one that can cause, |
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| 20:45 | meningitis. It's part number four on list. But, um, |
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| 20:49 | yeah, it's, it's, it's, it can develop very quickly |
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| 20:52 | be quite, quite serious. So um vaccine is actually to the |
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| 20:58 | right? So this has a very capsule. And uh uh so the |
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| 21:04 | is made of components of that, the most common forms that are |
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| 21:08 | I think it's A B and, there's AC and Y. So um |
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| 21:14 | uh so you have to do, there any questions about it? So |
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| 21:21 | um so here's a question, The reservoir that is presented thus |
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| 21:29 | And I think that's, I think a list of everything we've seen so |
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| 21:33 | . Um Which of these, what be the reservoir? What would be |
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| 21:37 | source of these microbes? OK. there's an infection, an outbreak, |
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| 21:47 | gonna go where to find the |
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