| 00:03 | Okay. Mhm. Yeah. Hey , welcome braving the cold weather if |
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| 00:48 | believe in the whole Groundhog Day he saw his shadow. Six more |
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| 00:53 | of winter. So, mm So um so we're obviously in the |
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| 01:02 | box here. Weeks day week Um So we're gonna finish up chapter |
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| 01:09 | finally and uh on the chapter Okay. So uh send out the |
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| 01:16 | again this morning. So usual stuff opens tomorrow. Smart work. Chapter |
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| 01:24 | do. And scheduling time schedule opens guess midnight tonight. So if you |
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| 01:33 | needing a certain time slot, I will be up at midnight. Um |
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| 01:40 | I don't know the exact time but generally it's nine in the morning |
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| 01:46 | six in the evening. Uh on saturday is probably a little shorter time |
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| 01:52 | . I think so. But the point is you got lots of |
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| 01:55 | . Lots to choose from. Um remember you have to be registered that |
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| 02:00 | the site to sign up. So do do those things. Um |
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| 02:07 | minor change. So the control of growth. Chapter five is one of |
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| 02:13 | flip class things. It's not I it since we're gonna be doing one |
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| 02:17 | away afterwards on blackboard. So just minor thing, but just to make |
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| 02:26 | aware of that. And so we have four days to finish up four |
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| 02:33 | chapter five. Okay, plenty of . Chapter five relatively short. Really |
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| 02:38 | on on antimicrobial uh physical and chemical of control. Just mainly just focus |
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| 02:48 | that. So it's not it's not extensive. So anyway, so let's |
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| 02:56 | Look at Chapter three. So on left is what we've covered. That's |
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| 03:02 | more or less in chronological order. so we still have remaining uh these |
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| 03:08 | the right. And so most of and say these different types of |
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| 03:15 | Granules, inclusions. They kind of different names uh collectively they represent, |
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| 03:24 | um buy products or parts of their . It's kind of how they relate |
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| 03:31 | maybe relate to metabolic features of the that have them. Okay, the |
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| 03:36 | two early focused on types of motion uh are pill. I can give |
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| 03:43 | a type of motion. Certainly. So those would be the last couple |
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| 03:47 | will go into Chapter four. Is anything about any of this stuff over |
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| 03:54 | ? Anybody have a particular question about ? Okay, so let's look at |
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| 04:02 | first question. This is these are terms we're gonna cover in the first |
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| 04:06 | here, today. Okay, so see uh ring a bell and there |
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| 04:13 | um there is a false answer So there is a answer. |
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| 04:41 | Mhm. Alright, Let's count down 10. Right? Yeah. |
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| 05:09 | I e. You are correct. , so that is false. So |
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| 05:16 | zones aren't related to any kind of or energy storage? It's uh basically |
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| 05:22 | compass, right, compass helps you magnetic north or south, depending on |
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| 05:28 | part of the world you're in. we will cover all these three, |
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| 05:32 | these four black terms here right Okay so as mentioned specialized structure. |
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| 05:39 | these things are often tied to a . These first ones are seen in |
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| 05:47 | trophic bacteria and in chemo autotrophs back . So both are types of |
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| 05:55 | Okay so remember what that means Okay so uh photo trophy through light |
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| 06:03 | . So both of these first parts is all about formation of energy. |
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| 06:08 | whether you're bringing light to chemical energy mineral oxidation minerals are inorganic materials, |
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| 06:16 | , iron um hires and sulfide right are being used as energy sources and |
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| 06:25 | that energy from both processes to fix . 02. Right so they produce |
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| 06:32 | in the form of A. P. And N. A. |
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| 06:34 | . P. H. And use to fix C. 02. So |
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| 06:41 | C. 02. You build up . 02. You make it into |
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| 06:47 | complex organic material. That takes a a lot of energy. Right? |
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| 06:52 | the energy comes in the form of two molecules. Lots of these are |
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| 06:58 | in the process. Okay so you produce that energy if you're autotrophs through |
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| 07:03 | or by being a little pro. so um so one of the structures |
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| 07:11 | relate to that. Well uh this photo trophy. Okay fill the |
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| 07:19 | Okay so they have that in common car boxy zones are both common to |
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| 07:26 | of these. Okay and approach can car boxes. So first pilot |
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| 07:36 | So I know you're probably thinking okay not that that means chloroplasts. No |
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| 07:41 | carriers. They don't have chloroplasts. don't have those kinds of things. |
|
| 07:45 | the records are really in a Records just folded up membranes. And |
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| 07:51 | photo trophic bacteria that do that just up their cytoplasmic membrane. Right? |
|
| 07:58 | that's stuff. It full of uh pigments. Right? And so that |
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| 08:06 | as their final okay again not Not an organ. L. |
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| 08:11 | Um and of course by folding up membrane right? You can create a |
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| 08:16 | of service area lots of room to . It full of photosynthetic pigments. |
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| 08:22 | the like okay um Car boxes owns product. Uh Both products are used |
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| 08:32 | both. For and okay because they CO. Two. And if you |
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| 08:41 | lots of C. 02 then you of have a structure that is full |
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| 08:46 | the enzyme that fixes C. Okay and that's this romesco, this |
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| 08:52 | the shorthand name for it. It means uh remember by phosphate is the |
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| 09:03 | it's the enzyme, if you recall Calvin cycle, that's the enzyme that |
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| 09:07 | brings C. 02 in from the and combines. It with a |
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| 09:11 | Right? So you basically begin making organic molecules by fixing C. |
|
| 09:16 | Okay so a other trophy that's very in this activity um can form these |
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| 09:25 | which is basically a protein bound ethical full of that enzyme. Right? |
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| 09:32 | again not an organ l it's not by their surrounding it. It's a |
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| 09:36 | layer surrounding this this thing full of . Okay Biscoe so um now gas |
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| 09:45 | als our uh typically a function or feature in photo troughs. Okay. |
|
| 09:56 | so the total truth and of course would be a aquatic photo trophy. |
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| 10:01 | that's where many of them are Fresh water, marine water. Um |
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| 10:06 | if you absorb light you absorb specific of light. Right? Like plants |
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| 10:12 | algae absorb blues. Reds. Okay bacteria. There's something that do that |
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| 10:19 | of bacteria. Same same light others point is where you're at in the |
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| 10:27 | column determine if you are in the level to absorb light energy your optimal |
|
| 10:35 | . Okay so you can adjust in water column up and down. So |
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| 10:39 | just gets back to the airfield so kind of just put some out or |
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| 10:43 | some more in and kind of goes and down suggesting. Okay so again |
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| 10:50 | gonna be a feature you'll see in photo tropes aquatic. So uh so |
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| 10:58 | these all all of these relate to some way directly indirectly to auto trophy |
|
| 11:07 | . Okay um Any questions about. so yeah it's so yeah it's gonna |
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| 11:24 | somewhere in the filled with gas air . Um. Alright lease on this |
|
| 11:34 | are all all it's one are well wouldn't call the other one the same |
|
| 11:40 | energy storage food, food slack energy . So many chromatic Granules gets the |
|
| 11:47 | kind of of their appearance under a . So Karen bacterium which you see |
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| 11:53 | here is one of those you stained methylene blue. And this particular genus |
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| 12:01 | known to produce lots of these um basically a phosphate polymer, phosphate and |
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| 12:06 | string it together. Okay. And very thick with this material. The |
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| 12:12 | will stay intensely purple like you see . Okay. And so what is |
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| 12:19 | just a quick store of energy. you take 80 these phosphate polymers, |
|
| 12:24 | take one off and added to ADP your form 18. That's all it |
|
| 12:29 | . So it's a quick way to some marriage right somewhat. Our own |
|
| 12:33 | have creatinine, right? That kind serves a similar function. Okay. |
|
| 12:40 | Now actually if you go through these of storage Granules, they're not going |
|
| 12:45 | be an all bacteria. Some have don't it kind of just various also |
|
| 12:50 | on their metabolism. Um Place So you're familiar with this like login |
|
| 12:56 | , starch and plants we contain glycogen an animal storage form but bacteria you'll |
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| 13:01 | both types like login and um starts just glucose units strung together in the |
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| 13:10 | . Okay. Um And so if need to use it they'll just cleave |
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| 13:14 | of glucose and then metabolize it. energy right? Um sulfur Granules. |
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| 13:20 | these uh depending on bacterial type, granule itself. So these are types |
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| 13:28 | can um utilized hydrogen sulfide and inform that to elemental sulfur. Okay. |
|
| 13:38 | can actually take that and oxidize that to other sulfur compounds. Okay. |
|
| 13:45 | in this type in the picture you the yellow blobs inside the cell |
|
| 13:49 | Okay, these are sulfur sulfur elements of sulfur Granules. And so |
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| 13:55 | have used this. The end products their metabolism is kind of just sits |
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| 13:59 | the cell. Okay. Other cell have the same metabolism and they released |
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| 14:04 | Granules. So you can actually it's way to kind of differentiate the two |
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| 14:07 | here. Um Others can can use S. O. And use it |
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| 14:12 | a food source. So you can some variations. Um The Liberty |
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| 14:20 | So these um are represented by poly . There's also P. H. |
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| 14:30 | . Which is probably hydroxy acetate, hydroxy acetate. Uh regardless. So |
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| 14:36 | a kind of a little bit form form the yellow, what's higher than |
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| 14:43 | yellow or the units that are stuck together. Um And so in bacillus |
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| 14:49 | can see the white blobs are all b all of these here. So |
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| 14:56 | known to be one that produced lots these storage components. So of course |
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| 15:00 | are a good source of energy, energy rich. And so when it |
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| 15:05 | to it can hide realize these and get energy from it. Um |
|
| 15:10 | several years ago this was developed this was developed for use as a it |
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| 15:20 | not to be the next to make bags, right, biodegradable. |
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| 15:28 | By using by using this material to them make bags out of it. |
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| 15:34 | they can certainly make the grocery bags that material. And they did it |
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| 15:38 | taking I think they took bacillus anytime have a micro that can make some |
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| 15:45 | of a product for this or a of some sort like an enzyme. |
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| 15:52 | had lots of lots of developed bio technology developments that center on this. |
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| 15:59 | , and so you've got to basically commercialize that you have to make the |
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| 16:05 | , make lots of it. You're commercialize something, You can't deal with |
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| 16:09 | quantities. You need buckets, we're make money. Okay. And so |
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| 16:13 | do that. This relates to Chapter , growing up in ways that will |
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| 16:18 | it make lots of the material genetically . Right? Oftentimes you do both |
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| 16:23 | it in a way that makes that more of it plus kind of genetically |
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| 16:28 | to make it express more of the . So different ways you can tinker |
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| 16:32 | it, but it turned out that was not as successful. Okay, |
|
| 16:38 | what might be the obvious thing why bag didn't work? Right, get |
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| 16:43 | bag put your stuff in it. doesn't work. It's probably probably because |
|
| 16:50 | want you to your car and get on the ground values. Hold |
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| 16:55 | Okay, so it turns out this was not as robust. Okay, |
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| 17:02 | hold up to the stress. So ended up making your variation which actually |
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| 17:07 | plastic stuff in it. So it of, you know the purpose of |
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| 17:10 | something completely biodegradable, but nonetheless I they're still working on this to perfect |
|
| 17:15 | . Um So you biotech majors out , these are the kind of things |
|
| 17:20 | work on. Okay, if you're in the pharmaceutical industry. Okay, |
|
| 17:25 | let's look at this question and we're cover these next. Okay. Um |
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| 17:31 | there any questions about the storage? . B. I think that so |
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| 17:49 | can use uh Yeah. Yeah Yeah. But yeah you're right. |
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| 18:03 | would be to be a some kind autotrophs. Any other. Okay, |
|
| 18:14 | . Put the timer on here. any type of motion. We were |
|
| 18:20 | talking about the silver from point To point B. Could it be |
|
| 18:32 | ? Alright, cutting down from 10 . So you tie between F. |
|
| 18:50 | G. Okay. Um G. . F. Which which one do |
|
| 19:07 | ? Yeah. Yeah it's G. . S. G. They all |
|
| 19:17 | so again just so point A. point B. Certainly can. I |
|
| 19:21 | we can agree on that is a . Right? So that actually can |
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| 19:26 | a kind of motion because it attracts attraction. You draw, it actually |
|
| 19:31 | to magnetic north or south putting on they're at in the world. Um |
|
| 19:36 | pilots can make this kind of weird that's called twitching motility. We'll talk |
|
| 19:41 | that. And the gas back you kind of adjust it up and down |
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| 19:44 | waterfall photo so they can. All , some kind of motion. Um |
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| 19:52 | um Okay, magnetism. So these any kind of taxes is kind of |
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| 19:58 | magneto taxes, Chemo taxes uh photo . Right. So these contain um |
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| 20:07 | magnetite Granules. Okay, it literally it a compass for this. |
|
| 20:13 | so helps it orients itself and its . These are aquatic organisms I |
|
| 20:21 | Uh Maybe found in freshwater environments But certainly in marine environments. Um |
|
| 20:27 | so the movements toward the pole. it's also down so it's down and |
|
| 20:33 | the pole, The north and south the northern and southern chemistry. |
|
| 20:38 | So what does that mean? Well does that it relates to its |
|
| 20:43 | Right, so anaerobic Or micro Let's talk about this in Chapter |
|
| 20:49 | But um so bacteria can have an have a wide range of responses to |
|
| 20:59 | presence of oxygen. Okay. It it can be toxic to them. |
|
| 21:05 | can be required for them to live be somewhere in between. I can |
|
| 21:10 | with or without it. Um Or may have a requirement. That's micro |
|
| 21:15 | . Filic actually there's a lot more have that are like this that aren't |
|
| 21:20 | era files kind of remember atmospheric levels CO two are like 2021%. So |
|
| 21:26 | micro profile can only handle not maybe by 1% somewhere in that range because |
|
| 21:33 | high levels it's toxic to them. the point here is that um by |
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| 21:39 | this magna magnetite and they organize them their environment such that they move down |
|
| 21:46 | the pole. They can move to level where the oxygen is either low |
|
| 21:54 | very low and that's where they'll adjust because that's optimal for their growth. |
|
| 21:59 | so they think that's why what this them do. Okay. Um So |
|
| 22:05 | not again it's not something that it's a food storage thing. It's really |
|
| 22:09 | of a orient myself in the environment I can get my right level to |
|
| 22:12 | to kind of thing, compass really of it that way. Um Okay |
|
| 22:18 | brad collide and stuff. We talked stocks and just start with that. |
|
| 22:22 | talked about that earlier in the context pools of the cell. And so |
|
| 22:29 | is a nutrient driven stocks. So can you can switch between the stock |
|
| 22:38 | the. Okay so the stock enables to um find two rocks or whatever |
|
| 22:47 | the environment that keeps them stationary. presumably in a nutrient rich environment they |
|
| 22:52 | to remain there and then that's optimal their growth. Um Once nutrients decline |
|
| 22:59 | it reverts to a gentleman. It away to find a more favorable environment |
|
| 23:04 | that's kind of what's going on The pill and difference there they may |
|
| 23:11 | the same material but the tend to more numerous and more plentiful around the |
|
| 23:20 | coming out of the cell. attachment is what it's for um biofilm |
|
| 23:27 | that do they have uh for attachment the surface to initiate the biofilm |
|
| 23:34 | Um pill I'm are tend to be specialized functions, less numerous and more |
|
| 23:42 | . Everything from what you see A sex pilots for conjugation we'll talk |
|
| 23:48 | the next unit. So in this I pilots singular D. N. |
|
| 23:55 | . Or segments of DNA can be between cells. Um There's other pillai |
|
| 24:00 | can be involved in in transformation transformation the uptake of DNA fragments from the |
|
| 24:08 | . There's types that can have a that bind to the fragments and bring |
|
| 24:11 | in itself. Um Other types can this twitching motility we'll talk about. |
|
| 24:18 | again tend to be more specialized functions fewer of the. Okay so let's |
|
| 24:25 | at twitching motility. Okay so um the movement relates to the lengthening or |
|
| 24:38 | shortening of the pilots. Okay and lengthening occurs by just adding more units |
|
| 24:45 | pilot protein to make it longer um . Okay Diploma rising, taking units |
|
| 24:53 | makes it shorter and so it just between these two tops. Okay so |
|
| 25:01 | other thing twitching motility is all about . Okay? It happens on a |
|
| 25:08 | . Not like a flagellum were swimming in this matrix. Ok. In |
|
| 25:13 | dimensions, this is movement on along . Okay? Because the pill I |
|
| 25:19 | . And so it attaches to a . Right? And so if we |
|
| 25:21 | here, here is our pilots and can see a diagram that we hear |
|
| 25:26 | well where the modern reform. And we prelim arise to lengthen it. |
|
| 25:32 | , so it will lengthen see here then attached to the surface. |
|
| 25:39 | So if you look where it so it starts here. Alright and |
|
| 25:44 | moves this distance. Okay. And does So by this then Diploma |
|
| 25:53 | So it attaches. Then Diploma rises then lose towards that point of |
|
| 25:59 | Okay. And so uh then it detach and then extend again. So |
|
| 26:06 | kind of like a stop start Right? It'll extend then like |
|
| 26:18 | So it's kind of a jerky herky motion. Which is what I call |
|
| 26:22 | , twitching motility. Okay, so , t is it's on the |
|
| 26:27 | Okay. Not free swimming. And so you see this if you |
|
| 26:34 | maybe lab you did a you look the plate called from an organism called |
|
| 26:43 | . I think I cannot plate. a normal colony looks something like |
|
| 26:49 | right on the plate. But this will do that. But then you |
|
| 26:53 | see like concentric rings around it. so and that's because peter uses a |
|
| 27:04 | . Okay. And sell to begin move okay along the surface and that's |
|
| 27:13 | to this twitching motility. Okay, along the surface. Very big. |
|
| 27:20 | kind of hard to work with Proteus I said it comes from a colony |
|
| 27:25 | early that you have the swarming motion of all runs together. Okay, |
|
| 27:30 | it's really due to this kind of that can do okay on this again |
|
| 27:34 | the surface. Okay. Yeah, , the retraction is cutting off the |
|
| 27:49 | . The extension is the additional Yes, yes, it's going |
|
| 27:56 | There's even variations of this, there's part of something that rolling, humble |
|
| 28:00 | this and in addition to the So there's a lot of weird things |
|
| 28:05 | happen on the surface, so to in their emotion wise. Uh you |
|
| 28:10 | , it's warm, so I think certainly has food has had something to |
|
| 28:14 | with that moving towards more and more . So um any questions with |
|
| 28:23 | Uh let's see. So now to . So um basically just extensions inside |
|
| 28:29 | that contact each other so it can through these little tunnels. Um I'm |
|
| 28:36 | say a relatively new phenomenon in the five years, they've seen these um |
|
| 28:42 | not super well characterized although in some than others Vasilis spoiler we looked at |
|
| 28:49 | is one of these types that can it. Um and so presumably, |
|
| 28:54 | know, lots of things can pass you know, you know materials in |
|
| 28:57 | cytoplasm proteins salute. Um They even EM RNA. So that means that |
|
| 29:05 | know if you pass an M. . N. A. So can |
|
| 29:08 | explain one. So they sell receiving express it. Okay. Uh they've |
|
| 29:13 | seen anybody resistance in some types uh acquired this way. So it's still |
|
| 29:20 | to be fully figured out phenomenon but um interesting. I've never heard of |
|
| 29:28 | when I was studying this stuff so but you know it has a lot |
|
| 29:33 | implications in terms of transfer material and . N. A. And so |
|
| 29:38 | . Okay. Um so last is jell O. Okay so remember this |
|
| 29:50 | emotional for gel but a eukaryotic Um Okay e uh protozoan sperm |
|
| 30:00 | right? It's gonna be kind of undulating mode. Okay. Like a |
|
| 30:08 | almost. Okay. Um that's due the how the tubular, right? |
|
| 30:14 | micro tubules works. The mechanism works like motion. Okay, so bacterial |
|
| 30:20 | rotates. Okay, propeller propeller. , very different. And so the |
|
| 30:29 | of the is much simpler, precarious basically just combining these flagellum proteins |
|
| 30:37 | But um so the H engine so body can can if can stimulate the |
|
| 30:47 | response in the body an engine. the engine first with the jell |
|
| 30:54 | The remember was the Opie Sacha right the in the gram negative right? |
|
| 30:59 | LPS layer. And so again, the Elwood H engine. These things |
|
| 31:05 | developed decades ago as a way to they found out that these structures could |
|
| 31:12 | a new response. Among the gram . Important pathogens are foodborne pathogens like |
|
| 31:21 | , E. Coli which are There is kind of the same |
|
| 31:25 | Um and so it's kind of developed those types and so you know the |
|
| 31:31 | 70 colon. The always for there's some they have the H designation or |
|
| 31:36 | designations. It's away. Uh we antibodies to different H and O |
|
| 31:43 | It's a way for us to identify quickly. So if there is an |
|
| 31:47 | of 157 we can probably identify it quickly to the use of these um |
|
| 31:52 | NH antibodies to the uh one H . Okay, so um morphology these |
|
| 32:00 | what these pictures showing you here. you can have different arrangements of the |
|
| 32:05 | . It's gonna be this is what call and don't worry about writing this |
|
| 32:09 | . This is called Polar Polar someone one end. Um this is I |
|
| 32:16 | right and fee trikus I think is name. Um we have several at |
|
| 32:23 | end. Um No this is para trikus means for jell O. Perry |
|
| 32:30 | all around. Okay. And then this this is the one this this |
|
| 32:38 | uh this metric is Cameron, this Anthony trikus. This 11 on both |
|
| 32:45 | . Forget what that one's called? not important. Anti trikus on both |
|
| 32:52 | . Okay, now you can visualize it's on one end or around the |
|
| 32:57 | . They can kind of come together swim in unison secularized in unison. |
|
| 33:03 | empty track is one is a right? That's not very common. |
|
| 33:06 | uh Either one or the other is at a given time. They kind |
|
| 33:11 | alternate between uh not uncommon for the common ones are like, are these |
|
| 33:17 | three? But um structure of the ? Okay, this is a gram |
|
| 33:26 | uh The part is the rotational This facilitates the rotation of the uh |
|
| 33:34 | other parts basil body etcetera. Are anchored in the membrane. Okay, |
|
| 33:40 | grand positives can of course too. , but they're just showing a picture |
|
| 33:45 | a gram negative here. Okay, is obviously energy requiring. So um |
|
| 33:51 | then the motion itself. Okay So being a rotary motion right? |
|
| 33:58 | can deduce that you can move one two ways, either clockwise or counterclockwise |
|
| 34:03 | that's exactly what happened. So the comes down to the proportions of counterclockwise |
|
| 34:12 | clockwise rotations, what's occurring more counterclockwise clockwise, that determines kind of |
|
| 34:18 | Okay, so let's look here. right, so the counter clockwise. |
|
| 34:25 | if you're a type that has multiple this and they're all rotating in the |
|
| 34:32 | way counterclockwise. Um they kind of in unison. Okay. And they |
|
| 34:39 | basically a straight line motion or Okay, the tumbles occur when you |
|
| 34:47 | you have um clockwise counterclockwise straight clockwise, tumbling, basically spinning in |
|
| 34:59 | is kind of what they do. like so and so you also have |
|
| 35:04 | , Okay so the question is what whether you go one way or the |
|
| 35:10 | ? Okay and that's where these receptors in. Okay so you have, |
|
| 35:16 | specifically looking here at chemo attraction, taxes movement based on the presence of |
|
| 35:23 | chemicals, right? That's where the of chemicals that bacteria archaea would be |
|
| 35:31 | in, that would help them move that chemical things that they would |
|
| 35:36 | right nutrients like amino acids, um of different kinds, right? These |
|
| 35:41 | things they can use as nutrients and would actually move for. Okay so |
|
| 35:48 | that's so it's the presence of these of chemo attractants. If of course |
|
| 35:55 | had to respect the form that that influence whether it's more clockwise motion, |
|
| 36:00 | counter clockwise or clockwise. Okay so know in the in the situation where |
|
| 36:06 | is maybe not a lot of chemo around, okay, it'll likely do |
|
| 36:12 | like this okay. Which is basically of random meandering movement, right? |
|
| 36:18 | any purpose to it, so to . Okay so all these little points |
|
| 36:24 | , right, these would be So these will be tumbles and the |
|
| 36:32 | in between of course run here so interspersed with tumbles in between. |
|
| 36:43 | , so if you had a brain might think okay what's going on |
|
| 36:48 | Well it's kind of by by going a tumble it can kind of just |
|
| 36:54 | set it off in one direction once begins to run to expand and as |
|
| 37:00 | goes. So perhaps the logic here let me kind of go and random |
|
| 37:09 | here and there because maybe I'll run a chemo attractive market. Okay? |
|
| 37:15 | so if it does then that can and then maybe increase the proportion of |
|
| 37:23 | um counterclockwise rotation. So going from completely random walk one that bios towards |
|
| 37:32 | it's attracted to. Okay so then become less less meandering like this is |
|
| 37:40 | to a more of a purposeful motion movement we can see going towards something |
|
| 37:46 | ? And this level of attractive right greater and greater and greater as it |
|
| 37:53 | in that direction. Okay So it it's filling up the receptors on its |
|
| 37:59 | are finding more and more attractive and creating more and more counter clockwise rotations |
|
| 38:06 | means more straight runs chemical. Okay so um so of course in a |
|
| 38:14 | like this on the on the right have a lower tumbling frequency you don't |
|
| 38:19 | as much this way that it's more run because it's binding that attractive and |
|
| 38:27 | what influences the having more counterclockwise Okay so um and it's not an |
|
| 38:36 | that these pictures what you see arrived cells rule of thumb is bacteria are |
|
| 38:46 | are more time overwhelming. There are few examples of cock side of motor |
|
| 38:55 | very few very few and far between rod shaped cells that motel types. |
|
| 39:03 | um Any questions about that. Again all influenced by. Is the chemical |
|
| 39:11 | there and that's what influences I'm gonna that's clockwise rotations. Okay that's really |
|
| 39:18 | drives the whole thing. Okay. um That closes out chapter three. |
|
| 39:26 | so let's flip to chapter four. so for um it's about growth. |
|
| 39:36 | not gonna go through these bullet by . But basically in part one we |
|
| 39:43 | um here's what here's what we grow grow here's what they need. Okay |
|
| 39:54 | grow we can take those components and them together in a growth medium. |
|
| 40:00 | then we find out there can be types of growth media and then I |
|
| 40:06 | one. So before we get to point it's okay here's the metabolic |
|
| 40:12 | Here's the nutritional type it is. let's put the components together that will |
|
| 40:18 | it to grow right so we'll go different nutritional types and then here's the |
|
| 40:22 | medium here are the types of growth and then um kind of finish up |
|
| 40:29 | the dynamics of growth. So here's we grow them. Here's how we |
|
| 40:32 | measure growth. Here's how quantitative growth then it becomes here is what it |
|
| 40:38 | like. Here's the profile is what looks like when we inoculate something |
|
| 40:44 | And then you go to a Okay? You're gonna see a particular |
|
| 40:49 | of growth curve. Okay. And has different features to it. You |
|
| 40:58 | the same general shape. So so inflections maybe less or greater. But |
|
| 41:07 | always see a lag a log phase death phase are stationary than death, |
|
| 41:14 | ? You see all four of those it can vary depending on growth |
|
| 41:19 | vitriol type et cetera. Okay. talk about that next lecture but the |
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| 41:24 | two is actually relatively small really covering things. And that's biofilms and In |
|
| 41:33 | sport. Okay so part one is commodity. Here's what growth is and |
|
| 41:39 | etc. So uh of all the in this course I know most about |
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| 41:48 | one because I did this for like years in biotech grew cells for commercial |
|
| 41:52 | . So um so I've also some that you don't need to be tested |
|
| 41:58 | . But if you're a biotech major may be familiar with, you will |
|
| 42:02 | encounter these things when you're on the . Okay. Anyway so let's start |
|
| 42:08 | I think a question. No, yet. After this one. So |
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| 42:13 | why grow microbes? Well there's lots reasons to do that campus here. |
|
| 42:19 | likely um Main purposes are likely let's let's isolate D. N. A |
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| 42:26 | soulless organism because I want to sequence to you know, see what the |
|
| 42:32 | related to. Maybe I want to growing up to isolate the protein of |
|
| 42:37 | sort that I'm studying um is an or something like that. I wanna |
|
| 42:43 | enzyme activity, these kind of Okay um lab this kind of lab |
|
| 42:49 | growth. We're talking small buying. . And it could very well be |
|
| 42:55 | if you're in a molecular biology lab you're doing you know work in cloning |
|
| 43:01 | and plasmas and you're using maybe an really care so much about the nuts |
|
| 43:08 | bolts and details of how he collides . You just inoculate it, let |
|
| 43:12 | go overnight, come in the next and bam bam. Do your |
|
| 43:15 | Okay. But you may want to more about it. Okay. Not |
|
| 43:20 | much but maybe something else. You're your study, you want to get |
|
| 43:23 | growth curve, how's it grow, they grow. Let's go best |
|
| 43:26 | Okay um if you're doing something industrial right? You have got to know |
|
| 43:35 | it grows from the very beginning from you're on the bench and small volumes |
|
| 43:40 | you take it up to 100,000 Okay? You've got to know all |
|
| 43:44 | ins and outs of how it grows what makes it increasing growth. Okay |
|
| 43:51 | can you know lots of lots of you use and buy these days when |
|
| 43:55 | enzymes and laundry detergent and what these are grown you know in these commercial |
|
| 44:02 | . So anyway, okay if you to study uh effects of antibiotic |
|
| 44:08 | Uh it's in my criminal agent. start with a culture see what |
|
| 44:14 | So growth knowing how to grow things is essential. And so of course |
|
| 44:22 | nature versus laboratory. Right? In lab of growing things pretty much in |
|
| 44:27 | culture, right? That allows us ability to control everything. Um We |
|
| 44:35 | uh and that's what allows us to really high cell densities. Very very |
|
| 44:41 | thick with cells in culture because we control it. And they're not competing |
|
| 44:45 | anybody, right? They're not in competing with thousands and hundreds of thousands |
|
| 44:51 | other micro objects impeding with right growth nature is limiting right? Everybody's grabbing |
|
| 44:56 | the same stuff a lot of nitrogen phosphorus, et cetera. And |
|
| 45:01 | to limit growth you can have sports and there. But Atlanta you control |
|
| 45:06 | the parameters that control growth. And can really get lots I cell densities |
|
| 45:12 | . So it all boils down to right? C. H. |
|
| 45:16 | M. P. S. And course we're talking about it in the |
|
| 45:19 | . You as well. You need . H. O. M. |
|
| 45:23 | . S. So uh let's look this question. All right. I |
|
| 45:30 | this will be an easy one for bacteria increasing the amount of this nutrient |
|
| 45:37 | X. In a growth medium typically not quite but almost a two |
|
| 45:45 | Increase in cell yield. Oh don't attention to this yet, stretch it |
|
| 45:53 | . So which nutrient would this likely ? Hmm. Okay, count down |
|
| 46:34 | And I pause and here we Okay. So of course it's |
|
| 46:41 | Absolutely. It's all about the Alright. Um because as we know |
|
| 46:51 | , this served as a framework making molecules the fake acids, lipids, |
|
| 47:00 | , proteins, right? Have that the core. Right? Then you |
|
| 47:06 | different atoms side groups, et cetera make your various biomolecules types. |
|
| 47:12 | So it all starts with having that . So um that's why we're carbon |
|
| 47:18 | life forms. Right? And so which of these is this isn't a |
|
| 47:24 | question. Which of these is an nutrients. Which of those is |
|
| 47:34 | Yeah, all of them. They're essentially um Now the forms of |
|
| 47:42 | Right? So we add these of to because the soul can't can't make |
|
| 47:49 | elements, right? So we provide in different forms. Okay. For |
|
| 47:55 | sulfur. Okay. Um nitrogen and like ammonium, phosphate or something. |
|
| 48:05 | regardless. So um if a cell make it, you have to provide |
|
| 48:10 | . And that makes it the Okay, so um macro and micro |
|
| 48:18 | usually divide these by quantities I call like grams per liter micro nutrients micro |
|
| 48:26 | or less per liter. Right. it's you know some things are needed |
|
| 48:31 | among essential nutrients because they're they're used larger amounts of carbon essentially is gonna |
|
| 48:39 | oftentimes the most in terms of quantity add, Right, because the amount |
|
| 48:45 | carbon pretty much dictates how much cells gonna get now. Yeah, there |
|
| 48:51 | a hierarchy, you know, carbons in terms of influencing growth, What's |
|
| 48:56 | number 2? Not good, but get a long ways before you get |
|
| 49:04 | limited, you get karma limited pretty quicker than you do. Not |
|
| 49:08 | But there can be really high cell growth of things um that you might |
|
| 49:15 | in industrial scale, you certainly may to a point where you're gonna have |
|
| 49:19 | add in more nitrogen but um in case. Okay, so let's take |
|
| 49:26 | look at some of these things Okay, so we just talked about |
|
| 49:29 | . So remember, of course right, the form of the |
|
| 49:34 | right, It's gonna be C. or it's gonna be something like this |
|
| 49:39 | that depends on what's the what is metabolic type of cell you're dealing |
|
| 49:44 | Right, that determines that. So the other things, I'm sure you |
|
| 49:49 | this stuff, you know what you not not acids, right? Uh |
|
| 49:58 | is in uh take acid, Um as sulfur is in a couple |
|
| 50:05 | metal acids. So um cat So these potassium magnesium, these are |
|
| 50:11 | parts of of enzymes uh iron is uh important elements. Lots of your |
|
| 50:19 | transfer proteins have iron in them. . Among others. And so certainly |
|
| 50:25 | your own bodies. Right. Iron hemoglobin. Right, so anyway the |
|
| 50:31 | are all considered macronutrients. So macronutrients these And so I should say the |
|
| 50:40 | you definitely or off off the chef you add to make your media these |
|
| 50:49 | here like cobalt, copper, I've even seen where w anybody know |
|
| 50:58 | w is right periodic tried. So aren't even very small amounts. And |
|
| 51:05 | you don't even bother adding them as an off the shelf thing into your |
|
| 51:10 | . You can find them as contaminants the water. Micro contaminants in |
|
| 51:15 | So I've I've never had these things I was doing some kind of |
|
| 51:21 | Study to see what how much copper it need. Right. Uh It's |
|
| 51:25 | how long you have to let the grow before it actually runs out of |
|
| 51:28 | . It's insane. But again, water contains the contains these things and |
|
| 51:35 | amounts which is enough, particularly for of these things. So a lot |
|
| 51:38 | these micronutrients you see are parts of or co factor. All right um |
|
| 51:50 | factors. So growth factors. Um you may find that uh the organism |
|
| 52:01 | deficient in a pathway or something to make something. So maybe you have |
|
| 52:07 | add vitamins to help it. Maybe have to add new acids or certain |
|
| 52:12 | um blood and serum are very common pathogens. Um there are factors and |
|
| 52:20 | lots of stuff in blood. And different types of proteins and things. |
|
| 52:26 | so oftentimes you don't bother figuring out it is actually the blood or steer |
|
| 52:31 | enhancing growth or providing growth. You know it works. And so you |
|
| 52:36 | add the whole thing. Right? so anything that's in that category is |
|
| 52:41 | we call it. Growth factors have supply that for these particular types because |
|
| 52:46 | deficient typically. And so deficient So that speaking of that term |
|
| 52:53 | Okay, so that's um those are any division in some kind of |
|
| 53:00 | Right? Very often it's emilio acid . So allen een but you |
|
| 53:06 | just think of it as you see says blank. Oxy trophy. What |
|
| 53:11 | means is whatever is in that you have to add it, |
|
| 53:18 | You have an add it as part the media as a growth factor. |
|
| 53:25 | So that's an awful business deficient. add for the growth. Okay, |
|
| 53:30 | the prototype Total trophy. Excuse So I'm sure you've probably heard of |
|
| 53:34 | type. Um you've been through genetics and dealt with the fruit flies. |
|
| 53:40 | ? You have wild type flies. , mutant types. And so wild |
|
| 53:45 | is typically the the the one that all the features of that species, |
|
| 53:51 | ? There's a wild type e right? Um and then you can |
|
| 53:56 | have variations of that that may be or have different features. Okay, |
|
| 54:01 | so proto trophy is another term for . More prototype was more microbiology |
|
| 54:08 | Um Okay so let's look at this . Alright. And let me start |
|
| 54:16 | saying first read start here. Not . Start here and read down. |
|
| 54:27 | . So you're gonna see different right? There's energy source. |
|
| 54:35 | There's carbon source. Right? And some other descriptors. Right? Electronic |
|
| 54:44 | doesn't use water or C. To reduce CO. Two. So |
|
| 54:48 | the point is read from the top . Okay. And so A through |
|
| 54:52 | . Are your choices? So let's at that one. Which box represents |
|
| 54:59 | Auto trophy. Okay top down from top down. Yeah your choice is |
|
| 55:37 | be a B. C. E. F. G. |
|
| 55:42 | Look at the term chemo autotrophs and . Okay. Where might it |
|
| 55:58 | All right let's count down from Alright, I'll remember that. So |
|
| 56:09 | go back. Let's go the next then we'll kind of do it all |
|
| 56:12 | here. Okay. Next one box a plant or algae. Okay. |
|
| 57:00 | 10 seconds. Mhm. Right so consensus here was D. And this |
|
| 57:19 | F. And both of those are . So introduce chemo autotrophs. |
|
| 57:25 | So first cut is chemo trophy. gonna go on this side. |
|
| 57:30 | Autotrophs. Ceo to bang right Okay. Planet allergy. Well you |
|
| 57:37 | it's a foot of water trove. . So we're gonna go this route |
|
| 57:42 | then auto trove. This route. ? And then hopefully remember that |
|
| 57:49 | algae and cyanobacteria use water. And so all right. So um |
|
| 57:57 | this next one is not a clicker . So just somebody throw me an |
|
| 58:01 | on this one. Which box represents aerobic. Hello? Trust you which |
|
| 58:08 | you is you gonna pick this G. In C R. U |
|
| 58:21 | . B. Hey anybody agree with ? I disagree with that. It |
|
| 58:30 | a right You're all A's grenade. . Um So of course we are |
|
| 58:38 | autotrophs. Right? And we do were not autotrophs. We do eat |
|
| 58:43 | complex organic compounds. And we of reduction turn electronics sector. Okay. |
|
| 58:51 | um Oh just if you didn't already . So that was the boxes of |
|
| 58:56 | headed probe. So these are the types, right? So if you |
|
| 59:04 | this then you can kind of go how I have to make my growth |
|
| 59:07 | to satisfy their requirements. Okay. you have to summarize this So you |
|
| 59:14 | you can base this on carbon. ? Which I've tried to hammer in |
|
| 59:19 | heads. Right. So the hetero autotrophs thing defines the carbon source |
|
| 59:23 | 02 autotrophs. Something more complex. carbohydrate and fat behavior. Okay. |
|
| 59:31 | . Right? Relying on light energy chemical energy Or are you strictly you |
|
| 59:37 | use light and you rely on chemical of material. Okay? Um electron |
|
| 59:44 | . Right? Let's go organic. . So um the I didn't I |
|
| 59:52 | my prop I had an apple for first class. All I got, |
|
| 59:55 | I see is somebody left behind these off cock drops. Okay. Um |
|
| 60:04 | was a life. I I would a whole lot of nutrients, |
|
| 60:09 | My throats are pretty good. But that's about it. But |
|
| 60:14 | there's likely sugar in here. For . Okay, but what do I |
|
| 60:19 | can you look at this as and ? And get some atomic on |
|
| 60:38 | Oh, what? You have peace ease and ends? What's the E |
|
| 60:49 | source of electrons? Okay, that's it is, ultimately, um |
|
| 60:56 | you know, it's not sexy. . Alright. Think of uh if |
|
| 61:02 | a if you're a carnivore, if more carnivore than vegan, okay. |
|
| 61:08 | think of a baked potato, steak all? You put a baked |
|
| 61:13 | right, butter and sour cream and and maybe like sauce or something on |
|
| 61:18 | steak, right? Oh my you're already getting hungry, Right? |
|
| 61:24 | says give me my electrons. That's how it looks at. Okay, |
|
| 61:28 | that ultimately is what happens, carbon . Okay, so we are fortunate |
|
| 61:34 | that we can um, get this this and this from one thing, |
|
| 61:46 | of the stuff we can get all of those, right? Eat a |
|
| 61:50 | potato, you're gonna get carbon energy . All right, but not the |
|
| 61:58 | . Right? Autotrophs has to have separate, Right? Because it relies |
|
| 62:04 | c. 0. 2. Can't see. Oh too as a Well |
|
| 62:09 | a carbon source. We can't use as a as an energy source or |
|
| 62:13 | source of electrons. Okay. Um there's something can and let's not worry |
|
| 62:19 | those yet. But the point is auto trope has to have a |
|
| 62:23 | And energy and using energy at So that's quite separated. Okay. |
|
| 62:28 | hetero tropes like us we can get lot of Bang for our buck. |
|
| 62:33 | so the terms here, right? terms are also interchangeable. Right? |
|
| 62:37 | autotrophs. Chemo autotrophs synonymous. Chemo a trove. Chemo autotrophs. Same |
|
| 62:44 | . I can I can call you organic trove. There's nothing wrong with |
|
| 62:48 | . That's correct. Alright, I call you ahead of obviously. Right |
|
| 62:52 | in these terms there's a lot of between these terms. These are are |
|
| 62:57 | . Okay. Photo photo photo auto . And the question here about can |
|
| 63:06 | Got it and a foot ahead of feel too. He says no. |
|
| 63:19 | come on you. c. 2. What's the operative term that |
|
| 63:30 | anything can I cannot use. Okay why it's a better trophy. |
|
| 63:38 | If it could what would you call ? So and we'll look at next |
|
| 63:47 | but it can it can use light light to produce energy but it doesn't |
|
| 63:53 | the energy to fix CO two because can't it uses complex organic materials. |
|
| 63:58 | . Okay so um Alright so now got a medium but we know the |
|
| 64:05 | . Let's put together a medium. then when we do that depending on |
|
| 64:10 | we have it we can call it things. Okay so here we've got |
|
| 64:16 | choices defined. Complex selective differential. own. Alright let's see. We |
|
| 65:25 | okay so who answered B. White . We had what What? Yeah |
|
| 65:42 | this is a complex meeting because of appearance of of Pepitone and beef |
|
| 65:51 | Okay. If we were only to and the constituents above here and nothing |
|
| 66:00 | that would be defined Okay because we take a calculator a periodic chart we |
|
| 66:08 | know all the amounts of each element here. Okay that's the essence of |
|
| 66:18 | defined medium. You know every single that's in there, every atom that's |
|
| 66:22 | there. And how much? Right when you by adding something like these |
|
| 66:29 | nutrients we call it, okay these we know that they have this. |
|
| 66:40 | I was thinking of the which is come from cows. It's me what's |
|
| 66:48 | me, carbohydrates, fats, lipids etcetera. Right so it's gonna |
|
| 66:54 | that stuff. Okay but we just know the exact quantities of everything. |
|
| 66:59 | . Hence complex medium. Okay so so here's an example of some more |
|
| 67:09 | . Okay um and so just to these terms. So you know we're |
|
| 67:16 | together the things we talked about H. O. M. |
|
| 67:19 | S. Right macronutrients. Micronutrients make medium. Okay it can be solid |
|
| 67:23 | can be liquid and even semi Generally solid liquid or choice is usually |
|
| 67:32 | complex or rich media. Right? rich is another term we use for |
|
| 67:37 | . Um So these things like beef casing is milk protein. Right? |
|
| 67:44 | can have sort so it can be soy protein. Um We've got things |
|
| 67:48 | East extract if you want to give a boost of B vitamins and B |
|
| 67:53 | used in like clauses and restoration um factors of course. And so these |
|
| 68:01 | providing preform. Alright so if you're beef extract you're basically providing amino acids |
|
| 68:11 | many kind of preformed nutrients. Okay nutrients if you're a lab. Right |
|
| 68:17 | use this all the time. That's a complex medium. Right? |
|
| 68:23 | it will supply the needs of you many it's what they call a general |
|
| 68:29 | profile media support the growth of every of bacteria. Okay. Nothing. |
|
| 68:35 | one medium supplies the needs of ending every of every bacteria. Okay For |
|
| 68:42 | . But this will supply the needs many head across like us. |
|
| 68:46 | Nonetheless the defined medium or synthetic or medium used interchangeably. Okay again you |
|
| 68:55 | everything that's in there. Okay. it um it requires the bacteria growing |
|
| 69:03 | it to synthesize their own materials. so here's an example of a defined |
|
| 69:10 | . Okay and you can see all of course glucose is C. Six |
|
| 69:14 | . 12 06. And so you see all the constituents in here. |
|
| 69:19 | the atoms of everything and the amount you can see that if you're gonna |
|
| 69:24 | an amino acid you're gonna have to that yourself using these building blocks. |
|
| 69:30 | if you have something on a rich you don't have many of those amino |
|
| 69:34 | supplied to. You need to do . So if you had to guess |
|
| 69:38 | the bacteria to grow faster on a medium or a defined complex and you |
|
| 69:45 | a lot of stuff made for you have to make it yourself. Remember |
|
| 69:48 | you make stuff, takes energy, time, right? It's just being |
|
| 69:53 | to you on a silver platter. gobble it up and go right, |
|
| 69:57 | rich medium will always be one that faster growth. Okay and in all |
|
| 70:04 | I mean something like this where you a couple of complex nutrients. Yes |
|
| 70:09 | can supply generally. It's not something will allow you to get the highest |
|
| 70:15 | . Okay, you get faster growth maybe not necessarily the super high numbers |
|
| 70:19 | . So that's why when you make complex medium you don't just you don't |
|
| 70:24 | rely on these alone. Excuse me these alone. You have something like |
|
| 70:30 | this back here like this where you you have kind of a lot of |
|
| 70:36 | ingredients um and then add a couple different um complex nutrients, right? |
|
| 70:43 | what you can do is you can using that, right? You can |
|
| 70:50 | the amount of glucose you at and will keep yourselves going and going and |
|
| 70:54 | right, you add a little bit this to supply them some preformed nutrients |
|
| 71:00 | help boost them but the combination of two together really can increase your |
|
| 71:07 | Okay so um uh fastidious. I mentioned that real quick. So fastidious |
|
| 71:16 | um is okay just in general if if somebody you know is fastidious um |
|
| 71:27 | the person you got a restaurant with they said they were salad chicken salad |
|
| 71:33 | say is your salad iceberg or Is your chicken is farm raised or |
|
| 71:41 | is it have you have read Do you have in other words are |
|
| 71:45 | annoying. We have lots of requirements what they keep them happy. |
|
| 71:51 | You probably know people like this. you're one of those people. |
|
| 71:55 | I am sometimes. So that's that's fastidious. Okay. Very exact, |
|
| 72:02 | demanding. Okay and that's what they . Okay. And you can tell |
|
| 72:08 | away if you're dealing with a fastidious jump ahead because they have a medium |
|
| 72:18 | this laundry list of ingredients. All , you have to make that media |
|
| 72:29 | for this. It's about all day . Okay so that's something very |
|
| 72:35 | It's a lot of requirements for lots growth factors etcetera. Okay, very |
|
| 72:40 | . Okay. That's where fastidious bacteria compared to something that can grow on |
|
| 72:49 | . Right. That's not that's that's effort at all. Right. Easy |
|
| 72:53 | do that. If you have to 50,000 different ingredients that's not fun. |
|
| 72:59 | your fastidious one requires that. Okay any questions? Let's go and we're |
|
| 73:08 | . We'll see you next |
|
