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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - BIOL2301 lecture11_0222
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00:02 All right, morning y'all. Let's . There we go. Um We're
00:07 start where we left off. Uh slide right here is um just the
00:12 . It's very similar to the hand can see here. Uh Instead of
00:16 metacarpals, we have metatarsals or metacarpals, metatarsals. Um And they're
00:22 numbered one through five. We have the phalanges just like we had in
00:26 hand. Again, you can look your toes, they're a little bit
00:29 to bend, but each of the toe or each of the toes has
00:33 three phalanges. With the exception of big toe. If you look at
00:36 big toe, you'll see, it has a single joint. So there's
00:39 phalanges there. And so while this bear a lot of focus on
00:45 it's, I wanted to just make that we covered it. And then
00:48 last thing I wanted to cover uh Tuesday's class was looking at the arches
00:53 the foot and why they exist. So there are three arches in your
00:57 . We have one that's medially That's the most obvious one. So
01:01 you go and look at a you'll see. Oh, yeah,
01:03 got this kind of this deep thing the ball of my foot and I
01:07 a kind of a deep imprint uh the heel of my foot and then
01:11 just kind of fades away. And would be the example of the medial
01:16 arch. And then on the outside your foot, you have another
01:19 this would be the lateral arch. so what you end up with is
01:23 arch that kind of looks like this an arch that kind of looks like
01:26 . And then if you think about because the medial arch is a little
01:30 more shallow than the deeper or the medial arch is more deeper than
01:35 lateral one. You end up with arch that goes across the front of
01:39 foot. All right. So if are the two longitudinal ones, the
01:43 one is going to be the transverse . Now, big deal, who
01:48 ? Well, it's actually important because that does is it creates a spring
01:53 your foot and all the weight that body bears travels down through your spine
01:59 down into your feet. And what's to happen is that weight is going
02:04 push on that, that those arches it creates a spring that pushes downward
02:10 so, so the force the weight you're bearing is pushed forward through the
02:15 bones and down through your phalanges through toes and then out through the Calcaneus
02:21 from the direction in which the weight goes. And so it actually uh
02:28 the weight away from you. So feels like you're bearing less weight and
02:31 actually is easier to move because of . And each time you take a
02:36 , you create that spring, it down and it helps bring you back
02:41 . So that's why we have the . All right. So anyway,
02:45 wanted to show you this just well, it's kind of important.
02:48 gives you uh a little bit of idea of pa part of the reason
02:51 your bones do the things that they . Um They're not just there
02:56 to create structure, they actually are for different things. And this is
03:02 example of, of propulsion being maintained the physics of the arrangement of these
03:10 . So that's what I wanted to get to at the end of the
03:12 last week. So, what we're do today, I think is a
03:15 bit more fun. I mean, , it's one of these things to
03:19 when you study like, uh the joints, what you're gonna do
03:22 you're probably the best thing to do I actually find a partner or sit
03:26 front of a mirror and do I'm not suggesting doing it right
03:29 I mean, you can, but the idea is, is I need
03:32 understand movement and the best way to that is to move around. So
03:36 what today is, is we're gonna at articulations, which is the fancy
03:40 for saying joint. All right. that's what we're looking at. So
03:44 are different types of joints. A is simply where a bone meets something
03:49 . And typically what we're talking about is a bone cartilage or tooth.
03:53 right. So those are the different that we're gonna be looking at.
03:57 classify them in one of two We can either classify them by their
04:01 . And what we're saying here is is the kind or the amount of
04:04 that's being allowed? And then the is by structure. So you can
04:08 here already, we have both a way to look at a joint and
04:13 have a anatomical way to look at joint. So structural would be how
04:18 what is using the bones to bind things together. Now, before we
04:22 started, what I wanna do is wanna use two vocabulary words that we
04:25 to, to be aware of. let me just ask real quick,
04:27 many are planning physical therapy? Occupational . 12. All right. So
04:31 gonna go back to kindergarten and your tool is gonna be a protractor.
04:35 you remember the protractors that the little piece of plastic your parents bought you
04:40 in first grade and you never used . But we, for some
04:43 we get it. It's basically this and you need a protractor because one
04:47 the things you do with protractors, measure range of motion. Now,
04:51 have an understanding, generally speaking of joint and their range of motion and
04:55 put a range of motion is the extent of mobility in a joint.
05:00 then if someone is struggling with, movement and stuff, what you do
05:04 you measure the degree of movement, range of motion. All right.
05:10 uh this is what when we're talking these, we're typically talking about synovial
05:16 . And I know that term right means nothing. I mean, if
05:18 read, you probably got a sense it's not all the joints, it's
05:22 what we're looking at here is synovial . The second thing is this weird
05:27 called degrees of freedom, freedom. if you've taken the statistics, you
05:31 use that term as well. Uh you haven't taken, don't worry about
05:34 , degrees of freedom, freedom. refer to the number of axes by
05:39 or through which that, that particular moves. All right. Now,
05:44 is a little bit more complicated because entire lives, you've been thinking about
05:50 in mathematics, right? You have X and your Y, if you
05:53 X and Y and then if you're , really cool, then you get
05:56 Z as well. And that's like , I got my three dimensions.
06:00 good. OK. That's not what talking about here. And yes,
06:03 are working in the XY and Z , but what they're talking about is
06:08 the type of movement that you would like if you were in a boat
06:11 if you're in a plane. So talking about pitch and ya and left
06:16 right. Uh mobility and turning and like that. And we'll see a
06:20 of this a little bit later. when you start hearing these, these
06:23 of degrees of freedom, you've got kind of move away from mathematical grids
06:27 you need to start thinking in terms nautical grids, I guess would be
06:31 better way to, to think about . All right. But I'll show
06:34 the picture later. And so it's , OK, I I can connect
06:36 two, all right. But here can see they're just trying to show
06:40 like, for example, on the , the shoulder is an easy one
06:42 it has lots of degrees of But what can I do with my
06:45 ? I can move this direction, ? So it'd be like, oh
06:47 , there's X, you know, I can move in this direction.
06:49 yeah, that's why. But there's real explanation for moving in this direction
06:53 there, right? Because it's still the same plane, but that's the
06:57 and Y type stuff. All So degrees of freedom. We're gonna
07:01 uh dealing with that as well. so when you look at a
07:03 those are the two things you need be looking for is what is its
07:06 of motion? What is the degrees freedom? Now, we're not gonna
07:09 it so much in here. But are two terms that will come up
07:15 when talking about joints. One of things that you're gonna need to
07:18 I would put a big giant star this slide just say this is something
07:21 need to know because I'm gonna ask one question on this and I'm gonna
07:25 , I'm gonna tell you what the is. So no one better miss
07:28 . Guess what? People miss the on the test. All right.
07:32 there is an inverse relationship between stability mobility. What that means is the
07:38 stable a joint is the less It is the more unstable a joint
07:43 the greater the mobility. And I I asked the question already once,
07:47 many of you ever had a dislocated ? Yeah, it's a lot of
07:50 , right? The reason that that particular joint dislocates so easily, you
07:57 , that's why I can ask class and people, I'll get three people
08:00 four people to say yes, The reason it dislocates so easily is
08:05 it has a lack of stability, ? That's part of the reason it's
08:11 as stable as say the joint for skull. But what I can do
08:18 my shoulder is pretty wild. I , I can go in circles.
08:22 I've got a lot of mobility up . And so what we're seeing here
08:26 looking at the shoulder is something with great deal of mobility, but a
08:31 little stability. But if you go your skull, nothing's gonna move around
08:36 I got a lot of stability and got zero mobility. All right.
08:41 , these types of joints are doing different things. I need my shoulder
08:45 be mobile because I do things like up stuff and throw things and,
08:50 drive and do all sorts of So I need mobility in the shoulder
08:54 . Whereas my skull, the sole of those bones is to protect.
08:58 I don't need them to be In fact, it's better that they're
09:01 mobile. All right. So when look at a joint, there are
09:05 factors we need to consider that give to stability. All right. And
09:10 thing that we would say is all . Well, let's look at the
09:13 between the two bones. All The that should be pretty important,
09:18 ? So if I have like the which interlock, that should be
09:23 you know, an example of oh yeah, look, I can
09:26 you stability, right? But there some other types of joints, for
09:31 , that provide mobility but it's, , it's not that relationship of just
09:37 they interlock or don't interlock. That most important. This is one of
09:41 factors, but it is not the important factor. And I'm just gonna
09:44 you an example here. Sorry. I'm gonna try to draw, I'm
09:47 to try to draw uh I want , I want my pin and I
09:56 go here for a second screen to screen. All right, since I
10:00 go up there, I'll just do . So this is an example of
10:02 your shoulder is so mobile, If you've ever seen, let's do
10:07 . Come on, pen is not to behave. So I think I'm
10:14 have to use my fingers. All , if you've ever seen a golf
10:20 relative to a golf ball. All , the reason that you can put
10:25 golf ball on the golf team and holds still is because it has that
10:28 tiny surface, right? It's kind rounded. But the reason that golf
10:32 can go flying is because the ball so much bigger and it doesn't,
10:38 not protected, it's just sitting on slight divot, right? That would
10:43 an example of my shoulder. My cavity is very, very shallow and
10:47 not very protective. It allows for of movement. I also have a
10:51 of movement in my uh hip, . But I do, I have
10:55 same amount of movement in my hip I have in my shoulder.
10:58 Right. Because that joint is a bit different. Let me erase all
11:02 stuff. I erase all ink erase alt. Come on,
11:10 I guess I'm just going to do this way. I like the
11:19 I don't know why it's not playing with me today. There we
11:27 And then again, if you look the, uh, the hip,
11:32 you'd see is you'd have something like . OK. Right. But now
11:40 have a socket that's a little bit . And so I still have a
11:46 of movement, but I don't have same kinds of degrees of freedom,
11:50 same kind of movement or mobility that would have. So again, I'm
11:55 go up here and make a fool myself. So this is how well
11:58 can lift my hip, right? I can do this all the way
12:02 . I can't do that with my . I mean, this is the
12:04 I can do, right? Some you maybe a little bit more mobile
12:07 an old man like me. But , you can't windmill your lego.
12:14 ? Because you got a socket that's little bit bigger. So the articulation
12:19 , but it's not the most See the thing that strengthens joints will
12:25 things like ligaments. Uh I like screen. So how many ligaments you
12:32 the position of the ligaments you have going to provide strength to that
12:36 All right. So we got ligaments here that strengthen. If I didn't
12:40 those ligaments, my arm would literally out of the socket. So the
12:44 there are there to reinforce and provide to that. And in doing
12:50 what does it do to the mobility I strengthen the, if I strengthen
12:55 the interaction, what do I do the mobility? Yeah. Shaking the
12:58 is good. It means it's gonna it weaker or or not weaker,
13:01 it's gonna make it less mobile. right. So the more ligaments I
13:06 , the less mobile, the joint gonna be still not the most important
13:10 . So articular surfaces matter, not most important thing, ligaments important but
13:14 the most important thing. The third are your muscles, muscles are the
13:19 important thing. All right, the muscles you have around a joint,
13:24 more strength it gives see muscles are tissues that on the ends have ligaments
13:31 sorry, not ligaments, tendons and tendons basically are the attachments to the
13:36 . And so the stronger your muscles , the more they pull on those
13:39 and the more they hold and support the structure of that joint. So
13:46 example, our knees have lots of and they have lots of muscles that
13:52 over via either the muscle themselves or tendon, your shoulder, same
13:57 So while these are very, very joints in the sense that if you
14:02 have them, they fall apart, don't have really, really,
14:05 deep articular surfaces. It's all these things across them that give them their
14:11 and you can imagine how important the across your knees and your ligaments across
14:15 knees are. Right. I it bears all your weight. Have
14:20 ever, ever had to run after ice cream truck? I mean,
14:25 talking about important things, right? mean, ice cream trucks are
14:28 right? Gotta catch that thing. the reason you're able to move is
14:31 just because the muscles, but because joint is strengthened. All right.
14:36 the question you might get on the hint, hint is which of these
14:40 the most important in terms of stabilizing joint, right? The most
14:45 which one's the most important muscles are most important? All right.
14:53 having said that let's take a look structure and the uh movement in terms
14:57 classification. So you can see here I'm an anatomist, one of the
15:01 I'm gonna do is I'm gonna look a joint, I'm gonna ask a
15:02 . All right. Structurally, how this joint made? And there are
15:06 different ways that we can do We can look at a fibrous
15:08 we can look at a cartilaginous joint we can look at a synovial fibrous
15:13 . That should be pretty easy they fibrous tissue, cartilaginous joints. That's
15:17 of easy. They have cartilage. says in the name, the third
15:20 is the one where it's like a that doesn't look or make sense to
15:23 . Synovial joints are joints that have them. A space between the two
15:28 and that space is filled with All right, when we think about
15:33 , typically, what we think about synovial joints. We don't think about
15:37 other two. In fact, we much ignore the other two just as
15:42 people. Now, the other type way that we can look at it
15:45 we can look at it physiologically. kind of movement does this particular joint
15:50 if it's a sarathy. So Sarnath plural, this is a joint that
15:56 move. All right. If I'm , I'm kind of in between
16:02 Amy means two states. So, is responsible for slightly movable joints.
16:09 then finally, the types of joints typically think about because we think about
16:13 . When we think about joints, think about diarthrosis. And so these
16:17 freely movable joints. So our brains move towards those two last definitions.
16:24 right, we think about diarthrosis as . We think about synovial joints,
16:29 joints. But there are other Now, the types of movements that
16:33 allowed fall into four different categories. got gliding or translational, we have
16:38 and we have rotational movement. These the typical types of movements. And
16:42 there are some other special movements that going to categorize here in a
16:44 And what I want to do is just using this as an introduction
16:47 And what I want to do is want to walk through these with
16:50 All right. So again, the way to do this is to kind
16:54 do them yourselves. So a gliding is the most simple type of movement
16:59 a joint can do. And it's two opposing surfaces slide against each
17:03 So make pretend my fists are two and these two bones are coming together
17:08 this is the type of movement. right. Now, where do we
17:12 this in the body? Do you a good old queen Elizabeth? You
17:16 , she died last year. Remember ancient, how old did she
17:20 She did, did she hit 100 is she just shy of 100
17:26 It's 90 something. All right. she had a special wave. Do
17:28 remember the queen's wave? All That little movement in the wrist that's
17:35 sliding back and forth against each Like so, all right. That
17:39 be an example of a gliding All right. So where do we
17:44 these, these are going to be plane joints which we're going to talk
17:46 in mo in a moment and it's to be the easy ones to
17:49 About it in the carpals and the bones. All right. So that's
17:53 I'm using my fist because these bones basically uh uh cuboidal in shape and
17:59 don't have a lot of movement, just kind of glide against each
18:02 Like so, all right. So the easiest or the most simple type
18:07 movement. But what we tend to is we tend to focus on these
18:10 of movements here, the angular And so when you think angular
18:14 we're going to be doing our little thing, we're asking the question,
18:18 we increasing or are we decreasing the ? That's all we're doing here.
18:22 right. So think of the two are the bones getting closer together or
18:25 they getting further apart? And so have things like flexion and extension,
18:31 is going to be movement in the and posterior plane. All right.
18:34 think about anterior, which direction is forward, which way is posterior,
18:42 . All right. So flexion would this. All right. It's not
18:47 , although I am flexing because I'm that movement and moving it to the
18:52 . So you can see it But flexion is anterior and posterior
18:57 So extension would be the opposite. I'm just gonna go this direction.
19:02 you can see my beautiful, beautiful . Thank you. All right.
19:06 here's flexion and then that would be . All right. You don't want
19:12 do the arms, you want to the legs. All right. So
19:15 , some of you when you do this collection and then afterwards you
19:23 . Have you ever seen that? right. When I was a young
19:30 , I was chasing a person on field and the field had a divot
19:37 that divot I didn't see and I into it and I did something to
19:41 knee. It was fun. That a hyperextension, hyper extension. If
19:48 is going out as far as you , usually about 100 and 80
19:51 hyperextension would be going beyond the 180 . All right, when I
19:56 my knee had anyone else ever hyperextended knee. It's like the most common
20:00 of leg injury that we have. ? It's where you step and your
20:06 goes that way and I didn't want go that way. Yeah. So
20:11 , you're going beyond the normal extension . So beyond 100 and 80
20:16 some of you are double jointed. of my closest friends growing up
20:20 Um And one of the reasons he so successful as a swimmer was he
20:25 double jointed and he hyperextended at the and at the knees. I
20:29 it was not like, oh, kind of hard. No, I
20:31 , it was like freaky scary, , like that one of the fastest
20:36 swimmers in the country has two world . Um Anyway, so that's
20:43 There's also a hyper flexion. I'm gonna mention it. So hyper flexion
20:47 trying to flex beyond the normal I did this. This is,
20:51 is where you could hear all one my fun stories, horror stories.
20:54 was dating my wife at the We were out in the hill country
20:57 her family lived, we were uh uh uh uh tubing. I was
21:02 say rafting. It's not rafting. . Anyone ever gone tubing on
21:05 on a river. It's awesome. you haven't gone tubing, do it
21:07 spring break if you can. It's . Just make sure you take
21:11 Basically, you get a tube, sit in a river, you drink
21:13 till you fall asleep and you just of cruise down a river every now
21:17 then you get rapids in Texas is rapids look like. So it's kind
21:22 like uh being a rock to Yeah. In this particular case
21:25 we were on a river and one the parts of the rapids was a
21:29 like a 2 ft or 3 ft . Not a big deal, but
21:33 went over it, my foot got underneath the tube and it pulled me
21:38 I actually heard the, you my foot was basically pushed up into
21:42 butt and tried to go around my or through my butt. But it
21:46 not fun. I got out and like, yeah, I'm good because
21:49 have to look cool in front of girlfriend and the parents and all that
21:52 . It was, I was not . I was like pretending it was
21:56 . All right. So that would hyper flexion. It, it,
21:59 can happen. We also have lateral . If you've ever had to do
22:05 , look which plane I'm moving Right. So this is my spine
22:10 the flexion and then returning back would the extension, right? So lateral
22:16 is to the lateral plane. When aliens come to get you, what
22:25 we call that abduction? All So when the aliens come, they
22:29 and take you away when your arms up from the sides and up and
22:34 , that is abduction. When the return you, we should call that
22:39 . But we don't, we just they bring you back and this would
22:43 abduction. OK? So, abduction and then what we have is
22:48 could put our arms out. That be abduction and then I can circle
22:53 and create a cone with the right and do this. That would
22:56 circumduction. All right. If you done the hokey Pokey, you did
23:01 do the hokey pokey. How does hokey pokey work? Put your left
23:05 in, put your left foot put your left foot in and then
23:10 do you do? You shake it about? That's a circumduction. If
23:14 don't know the hokey poke, you get out more. All right.
23:18 that's circumduction. So it's basically creating cone in space and it's a combination
23:23 abduction, abduction, flexion and So it's just easier to call it
23:27 word. All right. When you someone a question and they say
23:36 no, no. That is All right. Can you rotate another
23:43 ? Yes, I can actually, can't rotate those. Sorry, never
23:47 . That's actually circumduction. See I circumduct. All right. So rotation
23:52 simply a pivoting motion. It's a uh uh both laterally and immediately.
23:57 you can see here with your you can do it with your foot
23:59 , you can do it with the pokey. If you're really, really
24:02 , put your left foot in, your left foot out, put your
24:05 foot in, shake it all about you're too cool for school,
24:09 So that would be rotation. The one though is just your head,
24:14 ? Lateral rotation, medial rotation, rotation, medial rotation. All
24:20 Then we get the weird ones. . Remember what's the, what's the
24:24 position of the arm? What do call the anatomical position? Which way
24:27 it? Is it like this? like this palms out. All
24:32 Now, when palms are out, do I have is I have?
24:36 radius is straight. My ulna is . All right. So when I'm
24:40 this state, what I'm in is in the Suppon state. All
24:44 So when I move my hands to feels normal. All right. That
24:49 called pronation. All right, when move back to this position, that
24:54 Suppon nation, so pronation, Now, how do I remember which
24:58 ? Which? And when I'm the two bones are parallel. But
25:03 I pron the bones cross each other create an X. All right.
25:08 , remember your humerus is here, have your own uh articulating on the
25:13 side, you have the radius, on the lateral side. But notice
25:18 I turn my arm, do you that those bones stay in the exact
25:21 place up on the head right up , right? But what's happening if
25:27 look here on those epicondyle or just the epicondyles, you're, you're
25:36 right? So they're flipping over. the bones are going like this and
25:40 crossing like that. So you come and they cross and one of them
25:44 twisting in the process. All So Suppan Nation is the natural
25:50 Pronation is when I'm flipping over and looking at the back of my hand
25:54 the two bones are crossing. some of you are runners. Do
26:05 have any runners? No? So do you know if you sulfonate
26:10 pro Nate when it comes to running feet? Ok. That's true.
26:18 so if you go to a running and say hey, look at the
26:22 of my shoes. What they're gonna is they're gonna say, oh,
26:23 can tell that you are a suppon a pronator. They use those terms
26:30 for some reason, the running industry up that term and really what they're
26:34 is they're using a wrong term for right movement. But in the
26:40 what we refer to them as is version and inversion. So when I
26:44 my foot outward, right? So sitting on the lateral edge. What
26:49 talking about here is I am doing inversion. I'm pointing the sole of
26:55 foot foot immediately. That would be . All right. I can't remember
27:01 in running if it's pro nation or . I I'm, I'm horrible in
27:05 of them. If you look at bottom of my feet, it's obvious
27:07 I'm, I think I'm a pro . So it would be inversion.
27:12 right. E version on the other is when I'm walking on the inside
27:15 my foot. So again, just demonstrate this, this would be
27:21 right? And then this, this not easy to do. You'll argue
27:25 harder. That's E version. All , pointing outward. All right.
27:30 again, you can look at the , uh N would be inward,
27:34 is outward. Yeah. Oh sorry. I can't tell how high
27:38 am. All right, God, just torturing me here. So this
27:40 be inversion come on the lateral edge my foot and then pointing outward.
27:47 e version here, I'll go over so you can see. All
27:50 So e version inversion that, that's as good as it's gonna get my
27:56 to start hurting. Yeah. Uh I wouldn't worry about the arms,
28:04 of it more as how my foot , is stepping. So when I
28:08 down, right? So if I'm down like this, when I
28:12 that would be inversion. If, I step down, I'm stepping on
28:16 inside of my foot. That would e version. Now, I'm exaggerating
28:20 so that you can see it. people don't do that. Usually if
28:23 think about it, if you go , if you look at the bottom
28:25 your shoe, you know, it's hard to do while you're wearing
28:28 you have to actually turn your shoe , right. You'll see where it's
28:32 and if it's worn on the then you're an inverter. And if
28:35 worn on the outside, you're an , right? So everyone's gonna start
28:40 at their shoes now. And if , if you start doing a deep
28:45 , you'll start discovering that shoes are specifically for different types of steps.
28:50 sometimes refer to it as an end . Are you pronator or suppon?
28:54 a terrible way to look at but it's, that's the correct
28:58 All right. Again, also, have other terms when I point my
29:02 downward, I'm pointing towards the bottom my foot. That's what you're trying
29:06 say is I'm pointing towards the bottom my foot. So that would be
29:09 flexion. And then if I'm pointing towards my butt, you're like,
29:13 a second, that's not my Yeah, you're pointing this direction that
29:17 be towards the dorsal side of your . So that's dorsi flexion. I
29:22 it's terrible nomenclature, but it also to do with how animals are positioned
29:27 stuff like that, other organisms are . So that terminology is carried throughout
29:32 the organisms. So Dorsey flexion point , plantar flexion downward. Yeah.
29:42 , no, you can actually walk between two. If you, if
29:45 have a perfect step, you, not an invert or an inverter.
29:51 it's actually uh muscles and ligaments and how you started walking and you just
29:58 that, you know. So, , and like, like me,
30:03 my dad, I have very I have very flat feet.
30:06 it's, it's funny when my son born, you know, what they
30:09 is they, they do the, footprint right to sh you know,
30:14 an identifier. And I looked at foot, I'm like, yeah,
30:16 my child because it was like there no arch, I have almost no
30:21 , my father, no arch. there is a genetic component in
30:24 But as a result of that, what I tend to do is I
30:27 to try to compensate for that lack arch by doing my outs step.
30:31 , do I consciously do that? , I've always done that. It
30:35 is. Yeah, you can, can be tr uh I'm not gonna
30:40 you can train yourself to do I'm sure you could, but that's
30:43 the different shoes are made the way are, is to try to balance
30:47 the, the imbalance in your step that you become a more efficient walker
30:52 runner slash whatever. So, all , last couple terminologies, these are
31:01 special movements they fall away from. again, the other ones are special
31:05 as well, but they fall away the flexion extension, so on and
31:08 forth. So the first one we here is protraction. All right.
31:12 protracting is to take away from or to, to not to take
31:16 from, to move toward. So would be protraction here. I'll do
31:20 this way. So you can see . All right. What would be
31:27 ? Does that make sense? All . So you can start doing the
31:32 walk. That's an easy one. right. Next one is depression and
31:38 . Elevations when I lift something depressions when I put something down.
31:42 right. So when I'm confused, elevate when I get depressed, arms
31:48 down. So that's an easy Depression and elevation there. The one
31:52 showing you here is with the So when my jaw drops open,
31:54 I'm shocked that would be depression when close my mouth. That's elevation.
32:01 right. And the last one here what makes hominids unique from all other
32:07 . All right. It's this little right here. What do we call
32:12 ? A thumb? But what kind thumb? Opposable thumb? And the
32:17 it's opposable thumb is because we can our pinkies with our opposable thumb.
32:25 . They have a false thumb. . It's actually, it's called the
32:29 thumb is actually this bone that has lifted up and raised up in a
32:35 position so that it can act like , like a true thumb. But
32:39 not, they, they are, are a critter that has five straight
32:45 phalanges. Yeah. But that it's myth of the opposable thumb.
32:50 All right. So this is opposition when I untouched them reposition opposition.
32:58 . So, yes, ma'am. . Well, so the idea
33:07 is like when I stick my tongue , out at you, what am
33:10 doing? I'm protracting, right. do I do when I pull my
33:14 back in, I'm retracting. So , that's the way you can think
33:18 is extending outward and moving back Yeah. All right. So those
33:29 the movements I encourage you to sit front of a mirror or find a
33:33 and do the movements together. It's the easiest way. Here's the
33:40 news. That is your cheat sheet the exam. You are your own
33:43 sheet, right? You could be in the chair and you could see
33:46 of the following movements is when you your jaw forward, you can,
33:51 can do that. No one's gonna you in the exam for you to
33:54 . I mean, obviously please don't up because they get really upset when
33:57 do that, but you can move feet around, right? You're
34:00 OK, what's this? OK. the, you know, that's
34:04 So just remember the movements and you'll fine. OK. So what I
34:11 to do now is I want to at the different types of joints and
34:13 we're going to do at the very , we're going to look at some
34:16 specific joints, some of the biggest in the body that you should just
34:19 . All right, and we're just look through them. So the first
34:22 we said, I said, remember don't think about fibers, joints or
34:25 joints all that much because they're not joints. And so they're not all
34:28 interesting to us. We think about synovial joints because that's mostly the
34:32 but we're going to start in the joints. And what we're gonna do
34:35 we're going to do not only but we're going to describe them functionally
34:39 well. All right. So the type the most basic type of joint
34:43 your body is called a Ghos. are all going to be the fibrous
34:46 . Ays a singular gasses are These are your teeth sitting in your
34:51 and the teeth are held in a by a series of ligaments. All
34:56 . So you can see down here a periodontal ligament that you're seeing in
35:00 little picture. There's your tooth, ligaments are holding in place, there's
35:04 bone. So that is, are teeth movable? Please say no,
35:08 ? If they're movable, go to dentist because that's bad. All
35:11 That's periodontal disease. All right. didn't grab too. Uh uh
35:18 Yeah. Uh braces. What are doing? You're pulling on them and
35:23 causing stress on them to move, ? But they don't move on their
35:28 , right? You're literally yanking How long do you have to keep
35:31 braces on? How much you Four years? Four years. This
35:36 who I heard? Two years? . Yeah. See, some of
35:40 are just unfortunate. Some of us didn't have to get them.
35:45 but you can see, I can , see, I got that weird
35:48 . Yeah, but the purpose of brace is that the basically the dentist
35:52 the periodontist or, or you is basically saying no, no,
35:55 teeth aren't properly positioned. And so we're gonna do is we're going to
36:00 them by putting stressors on them and they'll do is they will slowly shift
36:05 a long period of time, but are not mobile in, in,
36:10 the strictest sense. Mhm. Do you, do you remember
36:21 how it just kind of dangles there though, that, that first tooth
36:23 you could sit there in class like, push on it with your
36:26 and it'd be like, the only it's sticking in your mouth is because
36:29 still being held on by that All right. And what did
36:33 do you remember this one? Do remember the tooth where you grab and
36:35 twist it? Yeah. Come We all did it. I mean
36:39 was gross but we did it. played it, you know, please
36:42 out today. Oh no, it kinda hurts. That's the ligament.
36:46 right. We classified as and all . So, so here is gonna
36:52 the cinemas and I'll show you All right. All right. So
36:55 get to that one third. I to go to the next, more
36:58 or the next, the next All right. So we've already talked
37:02 the suture. The suture is what see between the uh the bones of
37:06 skull. Again, this is a tissue that sits in there. They
37:10 move right when you see someone do . Hey, look, my skull's
37:14 . No, that's not their That's the skin sitting on their
37:18 right? Me doing this. that's the skin. All right,
37:23 bones themselves are not moving. The type of fibrous joint is a
37:30 All right. Now, ays is a uh a type of ligament to
37:36 two bones together. And so the that we're gonna use are gonna be
37:40 two places the and the radius uh between the tibia and the fibula.
37:45 , since you asked the question, get to be the example of
37:48 All right, watch this. Do see the movement there? Now,
37:54 is that? A lot of No, it's a little bit of
37:57 , right? And so what you here is you have two bones that
38:00 being held very close together, but just enough given them to be able
38:05 do something. All right. So an example. And the reason it's
38:09 specific type of joint, fibrous joint because it's using a ligament instead of
38:14 materials. All right. So this the synesis. So specifically located at
38:19 ulna and the radius, specifically located the tibia and the fibula. All
38:24 . And you can do th do same thing in the tibia and the
38:26 . It's just a lot harder. right. So the next type more
38:34 . So we had fibrous tissue. we're gonna move into cartilaginous tissue.
38:38 right, the cartilaginous tissue falls into different categories. We have the synchondrosis
38:44 then we're gonna have the synthesis. right. The synchondrosis is what we
38:50 when we looked at the epithelial All right. So remember we have
38:55 , we have bone and in between , we have cartilage growing. And
38:59 over time about the age of 20 that cartilage is replaced by bone.
39:04 when it's cartilage, this right here a synchondrosis. So it's staying cartilage
39:11 . That's what that word means. right. So this is not
39:15 If I, if you're a little and I go up to you and
39:18 trying to manipulate the epiphysis away from diaphysis, it's not gonna happen.
39:23 right. So it's an immobile So it's a synarthrosis. All
39:29 The costal cartilage is the same All right. Now, I have
39:34 little bit of give when I press a rib cage, I have
39:37 but that's not a function of the . That's a function of the shape
39:40 the rib. Remember the rib is G A shape and so if I
39:43 on it, what I'm doing is making it go up and down like
39:48 right, it's not the cartilage that's . So, synarthrosis, the other
39:55 is the synthesis. All right. , the synthesis is an amp
40:01 All right. Yes, ma'am. I need to go back one?
40:13 OK. OK. So in this case, what you're doing?
40:21 remember the purpose of the joint here , it's, it's basically an interaction
40:25 two bones. All right. So definition, any joint that you look
40:29 is the interaction between two bones. what's causing the interaction in this particular
40:34 , it's, it's being held in , the two bones are being held
40:37 place by the presence of something. in the case of the uh the
40:42 the cartilaginous joints, I'm just trying make sure I didn't screw something up
40:46 in case of the cartilaginous joints, going to be the cartilage that sits
40:49 between, right? That's the best to think about it. It's like
40:55 like glue. All right. And it's glue in this particular case,
40:59 again, we're, we're using strange . In this case, the glue
41:05 allow any sort of movement. All . But in the next one,
41:08 synth uh the synthesis. All It is a type of cartilaginous
41:13 It allows movement. All right. the example of these types of,
41:18 syntheses would be the intervertebral disc. already looked at them. All
41:22 So that's fibrocartilage. And can I my vertebrae around? Can I move
41:28 vertebrae? Yeah. So I have movement but I don't have a lot
41:32 movement. I don't have a lot degrees of freedom. And the one
41:35 we see up in this particular picture they're showing here, I was just
41:39 to see if this works. It doesn't, is this right here is
41:42 pubic synthesis it holds the two pubis together, the left and right pubis
41:46 together. And so this is what basically holds you as a,
41:50 an organism, the left and right down on the hip. But during
41:55 at, at uh when it's time give birth, that synthesis breaks down
41:59 it has a little bit of give it so that you can stretch the
42:02 canal just a little bit more. right. And that's uh true in
42:07 . All right. And so you actually go up to somebody, you
42:11 , um if, especially if you're be a physical therapist, one of
42:13 things you'll look at and you can grab them by the hips and you
42:16 actually kind of do a little a little bit of manipulation in the
42:20 region. Uh It, it's not movable. All right. So it's
42:30 movable in females and particularly after So like right now, if I
42:34 up to you and start manipulating all hips, you wouldn't see a lot
42:37 movement. It'd be like this, ? But after, after giving
42:41 you know, and shortly after giving , not like 20 years after
42:45 you'd see like this kind of So notice it's a little bit of
42:50 , not a lot. So there's a lot of freedom there. So
42:54 we talk about movement and freedom, talking specifically about one type of
42:59 All right. And this is that class I say when we think about
43:03 , we think about the synovial All right. And so the synovial
43:08 has a couple of features. So can see here there's bone and
43:10 you, you see the two bones pretty easy, right? You can
43:15 surrounding this structure on either side there there we have wrapped around the
43:22 we have a capsule. So this a fibrous capsule that holds everything in
43:27 and inside that fibrous capsule. So of this stuff is is fiber like
43:32 . And then on the inside of fiber, we have this little
43:36 I'm gonna try to erase all the on the slide. There we
43:38 we have this little chamber. And that chamber we have a structure that
43:45 a membranous tissue that produces fluid and fluid that it produces is synovial
43:51 Now, synovial fluid is just kind a slippery uh type of fluid.
43:55 water plus some stuff in it. makes it kind of slippery. And
43:58 what you have now is you have way to reduce friction in that space
44:04 to also provide some degree of resistance water is not compressible. All
44:10 it's or it's very, it, poorly compressible, as I should
44:14 All right. Now, the other that you can see in here is
44:19 the ends of each of the bones you see that you have cartilage and
44:25 is the articular cartilage. So you see in the name it says cartilage
44:29 found in the joint. All And so this is what protects the
44:32 of the bones and it's slippery. smooth. Think about when you get
44:36 chicken, that fried chicken, you that end. You know, if
44:39 eat the chicken leg and you can where the joint was. It's wider
44:43 smooth, right? It has cartilage the end. So that when the
44:48 comes up against the other cartilage, kind of roll against each other.
44:52 two smooth surfaces moving against one So between the two smooth surfaces and
44:57 slippery fluid in between those two bones actually move fairly well against one
45:03 they don't grind against each other. about all the weight you carry above
45:07 knee, right. So no matter you weigh, that's probably 75% of
45:12 weight. All right, I'm just the knee as an example. So
45:17 on your tibia, having that articular and the articular surface of the
45:23 on the femur doesn't grind the two together. Instead they slide over each
45:29 and glide over each other and you're it all within that capsule. So
45:34 fluid doesn't go flying every place and basically holds and maintains it. It's
45:38 of like having, you know, shock or a strut uh in
45:44 Now, on top of all right? You'll have reinforcing ligaments and
45:51 just going to draw them here. , so that would be like a
45:54 ligament like this, you'd see them the outside, on this side and
45:57 on and so forth. Depending on type of joint you're looking at,
46:00 gonna see different types of ligaments. these reinforcing ligaments, strengthen that
46:06 If they're found on the outside, refer to them as being extrinsic uh
46:12 . If they're found within the capsule , we refer to them as being
46:17 . Yeah. Now, all of synovial joints are going to be
46:24 All right, they allow free Now, also what you're gonna see
46:32 with synovial joints, not everyone has , but they are usually associated
46:36 with them are things called bursa and sheath. Now, what these are
46:41 basically these fluid filled sacks and either tendon will run through it. All
46:47 . So if you can think of like a donut and it runs right
46:49 that sack, that would be a sheath or what you'll have is you'll
46:53 one of these sacks and you'll have tendon roll across the top of
46:58 All right. And so they kind act like ball bearings. They are
47:03 that allow for the smooth movement around angle for a tendon. All
47:11 Now, if you overwork them, know, they'll start swelling and they'll
47:18 and then they'll if they're a tendon , what they'll do is whatever is
47:21 through them, they'll tighten up around and then they will prevent movement.
47:24 becomes painful. And if you're going the edge, you know, rolling
47:29 the top, that's going to cause as well because inflammation, just generally
47:33 , is painful. So this is bursitis is. This is what,
47:39 , when you're dealing with tendonitis, , that's kind of it. Have
47:41 ever heard of carpal tunnel? Carpal would be this right here, swelling
47:47 look at those tendons running through 1234. And so if that tendon
47:53 swells, then it's hard to move tendons through it. And that's what
47:58 carpal tunnel, see the tunnel goes it. All right. So they're
48:05 part of the joint, but they're associated allowing the tenants to allow for
48:09 movement. So here's that picture I referring to. So you can kind
48:16 think in those dimensions. I'm not ask you what pitch and ya and
48:20 are, but I wanted you to able to see what this looks
48:23 So think about a boat or a that's rolling, right pitching would be
48:27 direction, so on and so All right. Um So when we're
48:35 about degrees of freedom, this is kind of movement. And what we
48:38 is we look at a joint, ask the question, what type of
48:41 does this joint allow, does it movement along a single axis? Does
48:46 allow it along two axes? Does allow it on multiple axes? And
48:49 where their little names come from? it a uni axial joint? Is
48:52 a b axial joint? Is it ? So it's basically 12 or more
48:56 two? So that kind of makes easy. All right. Sometimes you'll
49:00 books refer to it being tr but it's just Multiaxial. All
49:04 So what we're gonna do is we're to go back and we're going to
49:06 and see all the different types of in the body. When we look
49:08 a joint, we ask the what kind of joint is this?
49:11 so this is more of a functional . So we have the non axial
49:15 , the the best non axial joint the plane joint. The plane joints
49:20 sliding or gliding movement, not gliding movement, right? So this
49:25 what we were talking about when we doing the queen's wave, right?
49:29 small gliding movement is using plane All right, short gliding movements,
49:35 mobile, flat articular surfaces. The that you probably think about are hinge
49:42 . So when we think about the and the humerus, the joint between
49:47 is a hinge and what it does for flexion and extension, because what
49:53 have is we have a bone with , with a hollow in it a
49:58 and then we have another bone sitting that and it's a round bone
50:02 or the round in. And so we do is we move much like
50:06 hinge does on a door. So that would be an example of
50:11 uni axial because it allows for flexion extension only. It's one angle.
50:20 right, one axis, the pivot is also uni axial. All
50:25 The example that they're using here would the axis and the Atlas, all
50:30 . C one and C two. right. Atlas sits on top of
50:34 axis has a projection C two that up into this little tiny hole in
50:40 Atlas. And this is what allows to pivot your head left and right
50:44 do the no movement, all the rotation. But we said there's
50:49 other types of rotations as well. example of this, it's a little
50:54 to see. Um Well, I have a picture of it up
50:57 Um But it would be here in ulna and the radius. All
51:01 So remember I did suppon nation and , right. The ability for me
51:05 rotate in that direction is because I a ligament that wraps around the head
51:12 the radius goes from one side of ulna to the other side of the
51:16 . And so basically, I have socket and the radius sits in
51:19 And so when I turn, what doing is I'm just rotating the radius
51:24 that little tiny socket. It's all tissue. Yes, ma'am. Which
51:31 are you moving? You're only moving 11 axis, even though you're just
51:36 , right? You're not moving along axis and another one. So that
51:42 movement is uniaxial, right? So is why I said thinking about Xy
51:47 Z is hard because it screws everything . That's why we have to think
51:51 that. I'm gonna go back to slides here thinking about this,
51:55 So each of those represents an right? So the orange is an
52:00 , the red is an axis. what we're doing is we are rotating
52:05 like for example, purple and yellow red. Those are the axis that
52:11 normally familiar with. But when we about pitch ya and roll, we're
52:16 around that axis. All right. I can move up and down,
52:21 ? That would be one direction. I can also go like that.
52:25 would be another direction and then I rotate around it. That would be
52:28 third axis. That's the idea. , it's, I'm telling you if
52:33 , if you get stuck on the three dimensions, you get stuck there
52:37 it's just, it's hard. All . So hinge and pivot those are
52:46 um uh the uh plane joint that's uniaxial. And now we get into
52:51 that are a little bit weirder. right. These are going to be
52:55 axial joints, but you have to of envision the shape here. So
52:59 first is the condyloid joint. All . So the condyle is an oval
53:06 . All right. So I'm just to show you there's an oval,
53:08 ? But it's also rounded. So can think of it like if you
53:12 an egg and cut it in right? You think, can you
53:15 the ovoid shape of an egg and just taking that one half that you're
53:19 at and having it come out so if I take that egg and
53:23 sit it in a socket, it fit for a socket. That's of
53:27 same shape. So what will I ? I can rock along the
53:33 right? So I can rock This is gonna be hard because my
53:38 but you know, man, I'm this way and I can rock that
53:41 , right? You see that I rock this way and I can rock
53:46 way. So how many, how different movements is that so far?
53:50 , right? I can rock forward backwards. I can rock left and
53:54 . But can I turn in an thing? No, what would happen
54:00 if I did that, I'd pop of the socket and that wouldn't be
54:03 good. All right. So it's axial because it allows movement into
54:09 Condyloid joints are what you see in fingers. All right, between the
54:13 and the metacarpals. See, I wag my finger this way, I
54:19 wag my finger that way. But I rotate my finger? No,
54:24 doesn't want to come out of that and it's actually supported by a bunch
54:26 ligaments as well. All right. fact, when I do this,
54:32 I'm not co I'm not twisting, just rolling within that joint.
54:38 so that's kind of what my finger doing. All right. So that
54:42 be a condyloid joint and the other is a saddle joint and the saddle
54:47 is similar, but it's not exactly same. So the example here is
54:52 of two Pringles. All right. you picture your Pringles? All
54:57 So you got that saddle shape and you take the two Pringles that would
55:00 sit on each other, you take and you turn it over. So
55:03 shaped this way and then the other shaped that way. And what can
55:07 do is I can rock this right? Or I can rock this
55:14 , right? But I can't rock direction. I can't twist it,
55:17 I, because then they pop up from each other. And so what
55:21 have here are two saddles that allow those two movements that the condyloid joint
55:28 , it just does so differently. this type of joint we see in
55:31 thumb, all right, we have degrees of or more movement, more
55:38 in our thumbs which allows that opposable . See, I can't really do
55:42 here. Right. I can move thumb a lot easier because I have
55:46 saddle joint there. All right. kinds of movements. B axial,
55:53 , uh, more range of motion I do in a condyloid joint so
56:00 . Yeah. As far as I , yes. Now someone can probably
56:07 up to me and say no, not true. But as far as
56:09 know the saddle joint is the thumb the only saddle joint. All
56:14 All right. Getting down to the little bit here, we have the
56:21 or tr axial joints, two of or actually one of them, the
56:25 that we're using here is the But you can also this is true
56:30 the hip as well. So here the ball and socket. All
56:34 So ball is a sphere that means uniform in shape all the way around
56:40 it's going to sit in a socket is also uniform in shape,
56:45 So if I put a sphere inside , a cup or a bowl,
56:50 is of the same shape, I move forward and backwards, I can
56:53 in any sort of direction I can , you know, in circles as
57:00 , right. So this is what can do with my shoulder, I
57:04 move this direction, right. So rotation, right? I can move
57:09 and down. So that would be direction I can move this direction as
57:13 and I can do all the things between. Right. The only thing
57:16 have in terms of limitation is how I can rotate. And the reason
57:21 in case is because of the ligaments hold everything in place. All
57:25 Think about an office chair, An office chair is a ball and
57:29 socket and you can turn that thing down and spin in every direction because
57:33 held in place by the socket All right. So these are the
57:39 that have the greatest degrees of right? They allow all types of
57:44 . And the limitation on that movement based on the socket size as well
57:50 the ligaments as well as the muscles surround it. So most mobile,
57:57 you guys think you can identify the types of joints, I mean by
58:01 name and, and kind of So conde is oval, ball and
58:05 is spherical. That's the big right? Saddle is saddle on
58:12 All right. Now, if I fast, well, not really
58:16 but if I go fast enough, be out of here early to make
58:19 see, I just saw eyes pop in smiles. I thought you were
58:24 for fun. No. All So what we're gonna do is we're
58:27 look at a couple of joints here again, these are not the best
58:30 . I would encourage you to go just Google some of these so that
58:33 can see their movements in case you see them. You know, if
58:37 there's tons of pictures out there, think even your book even will allow
58:40 to focus in on them. And the first one is the temporal mandibular
58:44 . Now, the first thing I'd you is when you look at these
58:47 don't panic on the names because they you exactly which bones are involved.
58:52 see temporal mandibular, it's the temporal and the mandible. It's so what
58:58 doing is most of these are just and we're gonna mash words together.
59:02 right. So we're dealing with two structures here. So we have the
59:06 , the portion of the mandible that up is the condyle and then we
59:11 an indentation, we have a So this is the mandibular fossa on
59:16 temporal bone. It's telling you what interaction is here. So looking
59:21 that structure is the mandibular fossa. structure here is the mandibular condyle.
59:29 you see I have a depression and have a a bone sticking in that
59:35 . And so what this does typically that it allows for simple depression and
59:43 . All right. But the way joint is designed is it's designed for
59:48 to be able to clamp down on . And so you can see
59:52 let me erase again that this portion the bone is fairly thin and thin
60:01 break easily. So imagine a You guys like jawbreakers. No,
60:07 here like jawbreakers when you're a maybe. No, I mean,
60:13 on, it's just sugar at the of the sun. You put it
60:15 your mouth, you try to bite on it. It, it's gonna
60:19 your jaw. And the reason it's break your jaw is because of
60:23 And so what happens is is that you put food in your mouth,
60:27 jaw doesn't stay in the faucet, actually falls forward. And what it's
60:32 to do is to go to this right here. So what I'm doing
60:36 I'm falling forward just a little bit that articular tubercle. Now, it
60:42 in the name articular, it's the and tubercles is something that sticks
60:47 So now I've got that condyle sitting top of that tubercle that's a lot
60:53 . So when I bite down, pressure is going to push up against
60:57 tubercle and it's going to cause my to slip. Now, where does
61:01 jaw slip? It slips off to slock side and then as it's slipping
61:05 to the side, it falls back the fossa. Now you can witness
61:11 by watching someone chew gum and this where I look around the room and
61:14 , is anyone chewing gum? Think someone chewing gum. Chewing gum.
61:19 , it's always fun. Yeah. chewing gum. If they're so used
61:21 high school where they'll have that little lady that spit it out, spit
61:25 the gum. Did you have Yeah, you have one of
61:28 I had one of those. They're spit out the gum. You
61:36 when someone chews gum, what do look like? A che, a
61:40 chewing curd? Right. That's, the thing. Now watch their
61:44 It rotates, slides off to the . And what's happening is you're
61:49 you're using that, that articular tubercle a structure to press up against so
61:56 you can now create some force, force. And then as you create
62:01 bite force, it's going to slip cause the jaw to slide to the
62:04 so that you can grind down the in your mouth and then it's going
62:07 fall back into that fossa so that sits back in shape and your jaw
62:11 back into place and it just repeats process over and over again. And
62:17 how your chewing occurs. So you to that as lateral excursion. All
62:24 . So here's your easy joint allows depression, right? And for um
62:33 allows you to chew your food. questions about that one? Jim Pro
62:38 ? Ok. All right. again, I'm focusing on some very
62:42 things in these joints. Your book has tons more than I'm than I'm
62:46 out. All right. So I'm trying to get you to focus
62:49 Again, these pictures are not always best pictures here. So the next
62:53 is the glenohumeral joint. That's your joint. So, glenoid cavity
62:58 those are the two bones, So it's referring to where it's actually
63:03 . So this is a ball and joint very, very shallow. If
63:06 look at this, this is the of the joint itself. All
63:15 that's the articulation. And you can , look how easy it would be
63:18 just slip out of that. Pretty . So, what we've done here
63:22 we're going to add a couple of to support it. So we have
63:25 little bit of, of, of fibrous tissue that sits on the
63:30 So basically creates a little bit of lip so that can help hold everything
63:33 place. This would be the All right. So labrum,
63:38 right, your lips. So that's the lip holding everything in place.
63:42 then what we're gonna do is we're to wrap a whole bunch of,
63:46 ligaments across it. I want to out three of them. And the
63:50 I'm pointing these out is so that can start learning some terminology and seeing
63:54 things are named. So you can if you look at the name.
63:56 very, very scary names, Chico, Chromia, coral, glenohumeral
64:01 . Oh my goodness. Big long words. Now, they tell you
64:04 where the ligament begins and where the ends. All right. So remember
64:08 we talked about the, um, scapula, we, I pointed out
64:12 structures to you, I pointed out coracoid process and I pointed out the
64:16 chromium. All right. So what you think the Chico acromial ligament
64:23 it goes from the Koi process across to the acromion? Oh, that's
64:32 , isn't it? All right. then the next one, coral
64:35 So it connects the Koi process goes and connects to the humerus. And
64:42 what about the last one? The ligament patches at the glenoid cavity and
64:47 crosses over and goes to the humerus these three ligaments prevent my arm from
64:56 . All it does allows this about movement. That's why they're there.
65:01 ? And then there's muscles and then muscles that uh cross over are going
65:05 be the primary stabilizers. So, stronger your muscles are in your
65:09 the more stable your shoulder becomes. there's a bunch of uh bursa in
65:13 as well. All right. So of degrees of freedom in the shoulder
65:24 to the elbow, elbow. We three bones, we have the,
65:29 that bone humerus? What's this What's up? Man, I can
65:35 him. The rest of you So humerus radius ulna. So all
65:40 bones are in that elbow. All . And so that means there's three
65:45 there, there's a joint between the and the ulna. There's a,
65:48 joint between the ulna and the There's a joint between the radius and
65:51 humor. All right. So each those collectively are forming the elbow
65:56 All right. Now, the humeral joint is the primary joint. All
66:01 . It's the hinge. It's what me to do this. And so
66:04 we talked about the trachea of the and the trochlear notch of the
66:08 that is your hinge. All But we also had the humor radial
66:14 that is going to be the capitulum the humerus and the head of the
66:18 . Now, it's not doing much anything in terms of creating that
66:22 And it's that, that action that predominantly being done at the humerus in
66:26 ulna. But there is a slight there. And then the other one
66:33 that pivot joint that I was referring . So when I sin and I
66:37 , I say that there. And , this is picture doesn't show the
66:42 the cartilage or the fiber, but have fiber that's attached to the
66:47 it wraps around the radius and attaches on the backside of the ulna.
66:52 what I have here is I have , a neck um that sits inside
66:58 strap like that. So when I and I pron my radius is I'll
67:04 it this way. So you can my radius is twisting around inside that
67:10 connective tissue. All right. this is really hard to demonstrate on
67:20 because when I turn, you when I do this, it's
67:23 oh, ok. So what you to do is you have to kind
67:25 hold an arm close, you and try to prevent it from,
67:29 moving. And that's not easy to on yourself. But look at
67:33 this is the degree of movement that have down below. And if you
67:38 , if you watch up here, mostly my shoulder doing the movement
67:41 right? So trying to hold my stiff is really hard to do.
67:45 have to kind of hold somebody else's say you should try to and you
67:47 , you'll see that the movement is like this. OK? And the
67:51 that you don't have a lot of that direction is because you have these
67:54 col uh lateral l or collateral So you have one that's on the
67:59 side, one that's on the medial . Sometimes you'll see the ulnar collateral
68:03 . Sometimes you'll see radial collateral ligament is laterally located, uh is medial
68:09 . So the names are interchangeable. right, that ligament that wraps around
68:14 holds the Ulma uh or holds radius place for this pivot. That's the
68:19 ligament. All right, hip joint a lot like the shoulder joint,
68:29 it? Yes, no kind yeah, difference is it's a deeper
68:37 . All right. So the socket's lot deeper. We do have a
68:40 on the end. So it basically everything in place. We're going to
68:46 a bunch of, of uh this uh interaction between the acetabulum and the
68:52 femur. So that's what that interaction . And then we're gonna take a
68:55 bunch of, of ligaments, we're to crisscross and what they're doing is
68:59 just reinforcing. And so you can here, these are the three that
69:03 wanted you to know. Is there difficult about that, about these three
69:07 anything that pop out to you? these three? Look at the names
69:15 ischial and pub, right? Or , right? So basically, it's
69:20 attached to three bones that make up side of the hip. So we
69:24 one that's attached to the ilium, that's attached to the pubis, one
69:27 attached to the ischem. So, we're doing is we're taking ligaments and
69:30 going three down on all sides of to strengthen that joint. All
69:40 So it, it just tells you , the two bones that are
69:43 ileo femoral ischial, femoral pub, or puba Feer. All right.
69:50 it's just strengthening. The last one a knee joint because knee joints
69:56 All right. This is one where the injuries happen, primarily a hinge
70:01 . It's a weird hinge joint. right. So, when we think
70:04 a hinge, we think about a , we think about a socket and
70:06 move like this. All right. we looked at the femur, we
70:10 at the condyles. We said it a bike condo by is two.
70:17 two condyles. So it looks like . Not like this, not one
70:21 , two Condy and what it it sits on the tibia. All
70:25 . And inside that tibia, it's a flat surface. But if I
70:30 a condyle, condyle is oval And what I'm doing here is I
70:35 to create a rocking motion. So I'm going to use, I'm gonna
70:38 some fibro cartilage. We call these meniscus, right? It's kind of
70:43 shaped structure like this. So I one on the inside. I have
70:46 on the outside and they're like, and so my condyles now sit in
70:49 oval like depression and so it prevents of movement. It allows movement for
70:56 and extension, right? I can like so not a problem here,
71:01 can do it like this to show as well, right? But what
71:05 can't do is I can't twist my , reason I can't twist my knee
71:09 two fold, one, a condyle pop out of its socket. But
71:12 got two condyles that are side by . Imagine rocking this way, your
71:18 would literally separate itself. So it allow that to happen. All
71:24 So the bicondylar shape only allows for , inflection and rotation. All
71:31 Now, is that 100% true? , there's a little bit of movement
71:35 this direction. See if I loosen ligaments, look at what I can
71:40 again, a lot of that movements here in the hip, but I
71:43 get a little bit of wiggle in . If I hold my, my
71:45 stiff, I can get a little of movement, but I can't rock
71:50 of that socket. All right. bicondylar shape. All right. Um
71:57 what's going to be interaction between the because remember the tibia and the and
72:01 femur are interacting. No, no here. All right. The other
72:06 that we see there is the femoral joint. All right. And
72:09 remember the patella is your kneecap. so what we're gonna do is we're
72:13 that kneecap to protect the front side the uh knee joint. This is
72:19 incomplete capsule. So the capsule only the lateral and the medial side as
72:25 as the posterior side. The anterior is solely protected by ligaments and other
72:31 . It is not protected by the . So moving in lots of muscle
72:42 are gonna be crisscross, we're gonna strength, there's a whole bunch of
72:45 and these are the ligaments that you to know here. So I guess
72:48 already jumped that one. All So last little slide So we got
72:53 on the outside. These are collateral , one that's associated with the
72:57 one that's associated with the tibia. tibial collateral ligament, fibular, lateral
73:03 , which one is gonna be on lateral side, tibial, right?
73:09 fib fibular is gonna be on the side. And so what they're doing
73:13 they're just going up and down on outside, right, they're strengthening this
73:17 . So, notice what your knee do. Your knee doesn't go this
73:21 all that much, right? That's collateral ligaments. Again, that's mostly
73:25 hip that's doing the movement because you help, right? And then we
73:30 the funds that are on the the funds you here ever torn their
73:35 L? No. Oh, don't that. It's, it's not
73:41 All right, the AC L is anterior cruciate ligament. There's also a
73:45 L, posterior cruciate ligament, cruciate crossing. So if you look up
73:49 our little picture here, you can them. All right, see they're
73:54 the inside. So they are intrinsic . One crosses this way, one
74:03 that way the anterior pre prevents or to prevent under normal circumstances,
74:13 the posterior cruciate limit prevents hyper So when you hear of an athlete
74:20 torn their AC L, what do likely do landed on their leg wrong
74:24 they hyper extended and created such great that they tore that ligament. The
74:30 ligament I wanna point out. So should have shown it this right
74:33 That would be the uh lateral So that would be the fibular and
74:37 over here on the other side, would be the uh tullar or
74:42 Uh and the last one is the ligament. You can see here's your
74:45 and then down on the front not on the back, not on
74:48 top side, on the front That would be the patellar ligament.
74:53 right. And it just allows the to slide and move as you flex
74:58 extend. All right. Those are joints when we come back. What
75:07 going to do is we're shifting gears we're going to start moving back towards
75:11 deeper physiology. I'm not going to it's going to be the easiest stuff
75:16 the world, but it's stuff that need to know to understand everything moving
75:20 . So we're going to deal with activity in cells. Have a great
75:28 , big game on Saturday. Watch on TV. 11
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