| 02:10 | Hello, Maria. Hello, No, I'm here. Good to |
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| 02:25 | . Good. Thank you. We three people central, two people, |
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| 02:42 | yeah, 4 to 1. Former . It sounds like a leaf blower |
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| 03:11 | the background. You guys see you me? Yes. Has gone Joe |
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| 03:20 | great. Just tryingto trying to move house, Got everything. E signed |
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| 03:26 | sign that offer letter. And it like, OK, when can you |
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| 03:28 | ? And so now we're moving. they were, like, moving, |
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| 03:32 | . I got boxes everywhere and crap . So we'll see. That's a |
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| 03:44 | ripples in the picture behind you. know. That's why I took that |
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| 03:47 | I was in. Uh, that's Arcadia Lake, up in Oklahoma. |
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| 03:53 | , uh, it was really because you can kind of see almost |
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| 03:56 | like some of them are, like star dunes. Like all the |
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| 04:00 | Ripper. The ripples are all kind like coming to get, like, |
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| 04:03 | . And it's right next to the right there. On this point, |
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| 04:07 | looked metrical, too. It was cool. I went there this |
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| 04:13 | We went there, we went down Lake Texoma, and then we went |
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| 04:15 | the witch stalls. And then I to this other crossbar parks. I've |
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| 04:19 | I've been getting out a lot checking . I mean, that's what you |
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| 04:23 | when you're unemployed, right? Check out. Try to see Oh, |
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| 04:31 | a girl at her. She went you, but she's doing a new |
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| 04:34 | creating a new field. Of course , uh, the, uh Excuse |
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| 04:39 | . The Arbuckle area s So she looking for outcrops. And the city |
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| 04:43 | Davis owns this big property that it's for, like, off road a |
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| 04:48 | , writers and stuff. And I there last week, and there's a |
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| 04:51 | of great outcrop there, so I her some google pins, Hopefully for |
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| 04:55 | to use. Sounds good, Go ahead. Thing this. |
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| 05:06 | I was just going to ask You the class last week that you were |
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| 05:10 | to send a email for the Capstone ? Yes, and I didn't get |
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| 05:18 | during this week. Yeah, I send it. I'm sorry. |
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| 05:22 | That's okay. I did have a discussion with with Daniel about his specific |
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| 05:28 | e. I still need to get a list of the deadlines sounds |
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| 05:35 | And I'll do that early next I'll make a quick note to make |
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| 05:38 | I don't forget it. Too many to keep track of. Yeah, |
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| 05:46 | , but do you know from the of your mind when, um, |
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| 05:50 | gonna wins the deadline? It's gonna , um, uh, Everything needs |
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| 06:01 | be kind of done by about the of December. Plus or minus a |
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| 06:06 | of days. Sounds good. Thank you. But I'll send |
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| 06:11 | You know, it's important to try give the the your final draft of |
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| 06:17 | right up to your advisor, about a week before everything is |
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| 06:24 | and then actually, two weeks and and then present it two weeks. |
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| 06:30 | them a week to look at it you give your talk. And then |
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| 06:34 | it's nice to have a week after talk for any revisions to be |
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| 06:39 | But sometimes we compress that because we to. Okay. I'll send you |
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| 06:45 | official deadlines. Perfect. Thank Yeah, I was busy doing a |
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| 06:53 | of stuff with scheduling next semester, , So I got kinda sidetracked on |
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| 06:58 | of those other issues. Okay, one minute late. Where is |
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| 07:14 | Got 10 people. That means to are missing. It's Daniel is not |
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| 07:35 | yet. So everybody but Daniel. , Well, um, I'm gonna |
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| 08:10 | making things happen. Hopefully, he'll up soon, Okay? I don't |
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| 09:11 | the recording controls. Do you have control of it, Maria? |
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| 09:17 | I don't have a pretty please make co host. And when I can't |
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| 09:29 | it, it shows recording. That's I thought I could see until I |
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| 09:46 | sharing. It doesn't matter money. reporting now. Okay, I guess |
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| 10:04 | I stopped sharing, I'll see the again. Press okay? We'll go |
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| 10:10 | and get started. Eyes Daniel here ? Oh, yeah. Okay, |
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| 10:16 | got everybody. So we are good get. Okay, so today we're |
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| 10:24 | to go through a little bit of geology, and and the main reason |
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| 10:28 | just thio, uh, you look at in a broad sense. |
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| 10:34 | gut feeling is that you all just Stephen Rx class, and you should |
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| 10:38 | most of this, but I'm going try to put it in the context |
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| 10:42 | how we're gonna be using it when get into frontier expiration and the other |
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| 10:47 | of the value chain and kind of guess, from a very broad |
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| 10:56 | the most significant thing about structural geology Theobald iti to look at, |
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| 11:05 | various basins around here that have sedimentary in them and how structure actually impacts |
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| 11:12 | deposits to help the development of a and actually at the same time |
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| 11:19 | I mean petroleum systems within the And that's kind of where we're going |
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| 11:25 | kind of go with that in this . We're not trying to teach productive |
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| 11:30 | geology, but we're trying to put geology in the context of finding reservoirs |
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| 11:38 | seeing how we can find them in different phases of the value chain. |
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| 11:44 | that's really what this is all And, of course, uh, |
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| 11:52 | cartoons are always a good starter. , this is just showing some types |
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| 11:58 | structural traps as these cartoons seem awfully . But in reality, the configurations |
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| 12:10 | combinations of these types of traps can make it awfully complicated. When we're |
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| 12:15 | Thio figure out what's going on in subsurface because any time you have a |
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| 12:21 | , you can get spots where you to drill right there you would miss |
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| 12:26 | to excellent potentially excellent, uh, and permeable sand stones. Although if |
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| 12:38 | looking for then conventional, you'd be right through the shale and you'd be |
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| 12:42 | the stuff you don't want to get . So it all becomes interesting, |
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| 12:47 | it's also in complicated. But it also be, uh, very dependent |
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| 12:52 | what your target is actually is in particular area at that particular time. |
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| 12:58 | a zai mentioned before when we're exploring exploiting, uh, conventional traps, |
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| 13:06 | overlooking the unconventional reservoir trapped combination that shale bodies tend to create. |
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| 13:17 | so this is another one of these of a rift system that doesn't look |
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| 13:26 | unlike the North Sea, which was failed rift. But on the broader |
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| 13:33 | , you can see that is very to be able to recognize Ah, |
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| 13:40 | major bounding, uh, false of blocks. But in addition to |
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| 13:47 | because of the stresses involved, you're have minor faults being created all in |
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| 13:54 | . And, uh, this sort scale of faulting big bounding block faults |
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| 14:01 | usually easy to recognize in seismic and often, we may have a surface |
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| 14:07 | of some of these false, but course, we were working offshore. |
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| 14:11 | way. I don't really see any expressions of things, but but it |
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| 14:18 | more complicated when we start looking at finer grain faults. That may |
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| 14:23 | uh, building reservoir or compartmentalized reservoir type features. And this, of |
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| 14:31 | , is just a model. And model is showing kind of how you |
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| 14:36 | something that looks like this. But model also has the kind of resolution |
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| 14:41 | allows them to see that other faulting fracturing patterns could take place. And |
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| 14:48 | is from the Brent group. of course, the Brent the name |
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| 14:52 | came from the broom. Moronic. tied the nests and the Tarbert |
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| 14:59 | and you can see that right You just take the first letter |
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| 15:07 | and it ends up being the the group. Okay, then, |
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| 15:15 | looking at you lay down Is that that Brent Group? Is that the |
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| 15:20 | that that the Brent that they use the standard for like on the |
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| 15:26 | You know, it's like wtf, then there's like brain. Is that |
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| 15:28 | they're talking about? Yeah, that be what it iss uh, It's |
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| 15:34 | coming from there. Okay? And why they call it Brent. And |
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| 15:40 | , the of course, it's the Texas stuff comes from ah, lot |
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| 15:45 | the different fields in West Texas. Paleozoic units were We're light oil. |
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| 15:51 | , relatively light oil. There's sort intermediate Craig. Okay, um, |
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| 15:58 | light. But they call them in heavy lights, so they call them |
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| 16:02 | . So here is, uh, same thing in map view. This |
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| 16:08 | this would be the Brent here's and, uh and then in the |
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| 16:14 | map view, of course, even though they didn't show it in |
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| 16:18 | section, they're showing that there's a of other false associated with the with |
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| 16:23 | stresses that air created when big fault moved and and other things happen and |
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| 16:29 | into place so you can see that rather complicated, and this is kind |
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| 16:35 | showing two things. We may have fairways along inside of these big |
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| 16:42 | but then inside of them in detail of those fairways that air certain arrangements |
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| 16:49 | formations and in charging source rocks with in those formations, The the various |
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| 17:00 | inside of here can be broken up compartmentalized and make particular reservoir more complicated |
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| 17:07 | we want it to be. We a big trap over in here where |
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| 17:13 | a limited number of of lower scaled finer scaled false Ah, oftentimes you |
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| 17:22 | a better sweep or you're able to the formation a lot better. When |
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| 17:26 | get into an area like this, becomes a lot more complicated, and |
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| 17:31 | the number of straws that you might to poke into it make it on |
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| 17:36 | . Having said that in the North , a lot of the frontier expiration |
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| 17:42 | out looking at this sort of and they were finding, uh, |
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| 17:48 | and gas reservoirs in here and where found the big open areas or the |
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| 17:54 | blocks that were productive at the low of oil back when they found |
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| 18:00 | Uh, they were doing great. then, as the price of oil |
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| 18:03 | up and more of the big fields already been discovered, people have come |
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| 18:09 | in from the UK and Norway, even the US, too look at |
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| 18:16 | blocks smaller team production units on looked all this fine detail and have managed |
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| 18:26 | higher rates to make make a good of money when the when the price |
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| 18:31 | oil is on the up side rather the downside. And so when you |
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| 18:36 | at a map of the UK one thing that's real obvious is they |
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| 18:42 | small, small blocks that the government out at a time. They've got |
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| 18:46 | wells poking into those smaller leases, they've pretty much been forced to find |
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| 18:51 | lot of these smaller traps and make economic one way or another by good |
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| 18:56 | practices and good, well, If you think any, uh, |
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| 19:06 | particular strategy on a wellbore works you'd be wrong and people wouldn't be |
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| 19:12 | making some money out of the North . Okay, just, ah, |
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| 19:19 | sure everybody is familiar with a lot these symbols. It bothers me that |
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| 19:26 | all these years, we still don't to have any conventions. Often. |
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| 19:30 | , when we have the the sharp bolts here like this, we know |
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| 19:36 | a thrust fault, and, and of course, it's pointed in |
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| 19:44 | dip of default And of course, would be the up thrown side over |
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| 19:48 | and hanging wall. This would be football on the down, the down |
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| 19:53 | side. And the block over here actually moving over top of the down |
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| 19:57 | block like that. Uh, on maps, I see you see an |
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| 20:02 | that just because you're allowed to put symbol you want on almost anything, |
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| 20:09 | , so, like, out of , somebody might use this for a |
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| 20:12 | a normal fault. The pattern that saw a lot uh huh, would |
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| 20:19 | like something like this, or even like that with this filled in on |
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| 20:24 | corner and that filled in. And course, the side that these blocks |
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| 20:30 | on is also pointing down dip on fault. But as a normal |
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| 20:35 | uh, this would be, a typical of normal fault with this |
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| 20:46 | the down the down thrown, hanging in the up thrown football. |
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| 20:54 | you know, this isn't this um I think this is in our |
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| 21:00 | . This is either in our textbook the shepherd book. I think it's |
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| 21:03 | our textbook, but this is also way they they dio a normal |
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| 21:10 | And I've I've actually never seen very maps that looked like that at |
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| 21:14 | And here's here's another one same kind thing. But I put these up |
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| 21:21 | just to warn you that whenever you're in an area, uh, it |
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| 21:27 | be, um, completely impossible right to recognize what kind of fault it |
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| 21:33 | from the pattern on here. Because , uh, you know, like |
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| 21:39 | make things special for themselves, and often times makes it hard to communicate |
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| 21:46 | . Something like this is what I see and use for Ah, a |
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| 21:50 | fault and patterns like anything with a point on it to me is a |
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| 21:55 | fault. When I first looked until I make sure I know which |
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| 21:59 | the false really going up or down hanging wall, are they or the |
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| 22:07 | ? Okay, on here is, , sort of Ah, a nice |
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| 22:15 | in a bread and you can see there's kind of a major bounding fault |
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| 22:18 | here. But then there's these other that, um, are sharing ought |
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| 22:24 | of it. And, uh and instead of having this one full reservoir |
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| 22:30 | . You can see that compartmentalization can . You can see here. It's |
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| 22:36 | to drain at least, uh, through. Well, what our contact |
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| 22:40 | to here? Oh, that fault . Then over here you might be |
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| 22:44 | to drain over here. There's an water contact up to here, and |
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| 22:49 | one's on its own by that point . But the point is, is |
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| 22:53 | if you don't have these kinds of , it's possible to put a few |
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| 22:58 | in the right place with the right distance to be able to drain this |
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| 23:03 | thing. When you put these little faults in here, then it becomes |
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| 23:07 | complicated and you have to start to with the value of this resource is |
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| 23:13 | the value of that resource. Having that, a lot of people have |
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| 23:18 | really clever, especially, um, that worked with smaller oil companies and |
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| 23:23 | not looking for multi billion barrel They're looking to make money and |
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| 23:30 | uh, just imagine if, let's ignore this fall down here. |
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| 23:41 | we ignore this fall down here and ignore this fault in this fault, |
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| 23:49 | would have a fairly large reservoir that be appealing. Thio larger oil company |
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| 23:57 | a larger overhead to cover for every it takes. We have smaller companies |
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| 24:03 | don't have that very high overhead. seems to be hard to manage |
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| 24:09 | Um, the, uh and say leave these faults in, but |
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| 24:16 | still ignore this one. We could this thing pretty much with with a |
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| 24:22 | board here in a well board up to this point. And then |
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| 24:26 | could drain this one up to that with the well bore over there. |
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| 24:31 | to get back in here, we to have one well up into here |
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| 24:35 | this is. But even if we this all the way up to here |
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| 24:42 | this, in other words, the water contact came up to this. |
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| 24:46 | , anyway, water contact came up that Will, we would have |
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| 24:51 | uh, knicks of oil left Up above that well, and this |
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| 24:58 | what we call attic oil. And times when we have fields, there's |
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| 25:04 | than one productive layer. And the , of course, goes is in |
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| 25:10 | dimensions. It doesn't just view and view. It also goes down. |
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| 25:15 | , um, these block this block be shifting a little bit to the |
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| 25:19 | on this side. And if you a well here, you might be |
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| 25:25 | to penetrate several of them. And , of course, there are places |
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| 25:31 | we might have five or six reservoir in that pain, and someone can |
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| 25:37 | in with a straight hole and and through the attic oil, maybe with |
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| 25:45 | little bit of a deviation. Maybe this one here, the next one |
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| 25:50 | here, the next one down. may be here as this does. |
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| 25:54 | migrates in this direction, and this to fill out in that direction is |
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| 25:59 | coming. Well, it would kind it would pinch out too, would |
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| 26:03 | on this direction, and it would in on this direction. So we |
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| 26:06 | of have to move in this Uh, if we deviate are well |
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| 26:10 | kind of puncture, the attic will in that attic will the layer below |
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| 26:15 | would shift in this direction and then next one in that direction. So |
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| 26:19 | little bit of a deviation in that can pick it up in Hill Corp |
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| 26:23 | an awful lot of this, where go into Oldfields with lots of at |
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| 26:27 | coil stacked attic oil and so And I'll talk about this morning. |
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| 26:33 | get into production. But there's also way with lateral wells. Thio get |
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| 26:41 | a coil that, rather than being associate, it might be horizontal. |
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| 26:46 | other words, there might be. might want to try to hit this |
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| 26:49 | oil, for example, with a with a horizontal well that comes in |
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| 26:54 | and comes in there. And maybe more somewhere else from another structure that |
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| 26:59 | can hit five or six of them one time. So people are actually |
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| 27:03 | that game Now that we have much control over turning our well, bores |
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| 27:11 | to be a very tricky complicated, , was a simple thing, but |
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| 27:15 | would. You could either get it or get it way wrong. Now |
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| 27:19 | we can steer the the drilling assembly little bit better than a lot better |
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| 27:24 | we used to be able to, , there's ah lot of these sort |
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| 27:29 | remedial things that can come come back . But this is what we would |
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| 27:33 | looking at at the frontier exploration We might not know these faults Air |
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| 27:38 | and again, Um, a good well in here would be, |
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| 27:44 | anywhere they put these. If you know about these two faults early on |
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| 27:49 | your in your evaluation of the Now, if you decided to come |
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| 27:54 | here and do a bull's eye like suggested, it would probably be that |
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| 27:57 | right there. And and, of , for those who were trying to |
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| 28:03 | the whole world at one time, you might want to put something in |
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| 28:07 | , and you might actually find this and find that particular sand fault it |
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| 28:11 | . So locating your well has a to do with how much you know |
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| 28:15 | the faulting patterns at that time. then, of course, not in |
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| 28:18 | map, but over printed on you can have faces changes. If |
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| 28:22 | is a highly productive sand, you have a faces change in here. |
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| 28:27 | , if it was a, say a source rock, he's always |
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| 28:35 | the possibility you can have sand stones in and mess things up to |
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| 28:39 | They may have been drained previously when production was going on. Okay, |
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| 28:47 | something, uh, that I got Shoot, and he made a big |
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| 28:51 | out of it, and I would that no one in this group would |
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| 28:55 | draw a map like this. But people are looking at structures and they |
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| 29:01 | especially if you have two d, might have Ah, not sure if |
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| 29:05 | is a least like this. This a leased line, and he has |
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| 29:08 | producing field over here, or it be a seismic line. But when |
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| 29:12 | have two D seismic lines and sometimes you're picking points in different places, |
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| 29:18 | with three D, um, you may, uh you may end |
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| 29:25 | drawing a map incorrectly on either side the fault, and and this is |
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| 29:31 | of what this diagram shows, and got a normal fault that, based |
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| 29:37 | the structure map, got reversed because wasn't paying attention to the fact that |
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| 29:43 | across this side of the fault has go up. Doesn't matter whether you |
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| 29:47 | a data point over here or it has to go up. And |
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| 29:51 | you come across this side of the , it's a normal fault dipping the |
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| 29:55 | it is, it has to go . The structure has to go down |
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| 29:58 | here relative to that side. And of things that computer maps don't always |
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| 30:04 | is is take that into consideration lots times that most of time they |
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| 30:08 | But sometimes they can overlook that because trying to contour this block and they're |
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| 30:14 | to contour that block, and you not have that many points for it |
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| 30:18 | contour with, and it might create kind of crazy thing like this. |
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| 30:22 | if if, if you can figure , and quite often you can do |
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| 30:26 | fall plane map, which is gonna in one of your exercises if you |
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| 30:29 | a fault plane map, you'll know if this contour is correct. Based |
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| 30:34 | all this data over here, when go across that map, I will |
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| 30:38 | how maney feet it has to climb get to that side of that same |
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| 30:43 | of rock across the fault. In words, if the throw is 400 |
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| 30:50 | , then the contour on the other of this has to go up 400 |
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| 30:54 | , period. Um, it's not matter of conjecture. It's It's gotta |
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| 30:59 | if you have a good handle on fall plane map, and you know |
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| 31:02 | that throw is. And the structure over here in the data over here |
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| 31:07 | rely on, but the structure over you do not rely on, but |
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| 31:10 | trying to come up with a Uh, because all your wells air |
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| 31:14 | here, make darn sure that you into account. Uh, this is |
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| 31:18 | really good data point. For this is minus 5800. And if |
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| 31:25 | knew that fault had a throw um, 400 ft and actually it |
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| 31:33 | like it's less than 200 ft, just assume it was 400 ft. |
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| 31:37 | means this point here has got to 400 ft lower than the point on |
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| 31:42 | other side of that fault. uh, and that's one of the |
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| 31:46 | that you can you can count And when you're making a map, |
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| 31:50 | you lack data points, you can data points. If you have a |
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| 31:53 | map on this side well controlled with , you can put points on this |
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| 31:58 | of the map until the computer to sure that they honor that. Because |
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| 32:04 | is a really consideration that you need take. Okay, so a lot |
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| 32:12 | times you're gonna everybody's had structural geology Steve. You're all in this |
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| 32:22 | so everybody just got that class. , how much did he talk about |
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| 32:27 | basins at the frontier scale? Anybody an idea he talked about? He |
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| 32:37 | about frontier. Um, but I he was talking about them. Just |
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| 32:42 | when he talked about riff structures or features. I don't think I don't |
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| 32:46 | don't think we talked about any, , full thrust belts or any frontier |
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| 32:51 | he didn't. I don't think he any specific explanations on, like, |
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| 32:54 | place for that style. E think did mention it relative two river |
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| 32:59 | Okay, I know he has a on pressure and fracturing seals, |
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| 33:07 | uh and I don't know if he's he happen to tell you, |
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| 33:14 | about the different types of seals He the term membrane seal? No, |
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| 33:25 | mainly mainly when we talked about We did shell girl ratio clay smear |
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| 33:29 | . And then, uh, gave some case studies, but I |
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| 33:33 | I don't think he may. I think you mentioned, uh, membrane |
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| 33:36 | . Okay, that's really important. worked for Shell. I know Everybody |
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| 33:40 | Exxon knows what a member Exxon Mobil what a membrane seal is. I'm |
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| 33:45 | sure pretty sure of folks from BP because they merged with Amoco and they |
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| 33:50 | some pretty sharp structural geologist from So I'm pretty sure they also know |
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| 33:56 | a membrane seal is. It's a important concept, and so So when |
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| 34:00 | get to that, I don't have worry about it being a repeat. |
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| 34:04 | may challenge some of what what Steve to you, but it's it's actually |
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| 34:10 | challenging. It's just adding more Um, so he probably talked a |
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| 34:17 | bit about this right? Fractured reservoir . He talked. Obviously, |
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| 34:27 | Unfortunately, most of my examples they're be from, uh, intentional or |
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| 34:35 | alot of basins. I'll mention the type, and I'll mention some of |
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| 34:42 | significant things about the styles. I'm mention that now, but then I'll |
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| 34:45 | into this in more detail when we get get past some of the tools |
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| 34:51 | get into actually get into frontier Then it comes back into play when |
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| 34:57 | get down into development and production. because structural geology is really important |
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| 35:03 | And it's really important up here, , about it. But and how |
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| 35:10 | did he use? Uh, he happen to use the book by Alan |
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| 35:13 | Alan, Did he? It's Some of you have had Yolanda Van |
|
| 35:24 | class, right? Yeah, a of so you you will different aspects |
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| 35:32 | what I'm going to say. You've picked up some of them from Jolanta |
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| 35:36 | she understands tying basins and structural styles Petroleum Systems. And that's kind of |
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| 35:43 | I'm getting into and here, So But I'm going to briefly go through |
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| 35:52 | of Why petroleum? Excuse me? ? Structural geology is important in petroleum |
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| 35:58 | , but just to make sure everybody's the same page and we're thinking the |
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| 36:02 | things for examples. E never know what fault pattern people use, which |
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| 36:08 | why I brought that up. Just sure, you know, like if |
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| 36:13 | showing a slide and you're confused. block is is, uh, the |
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| 36:19 | wall and what the relationship is between hanging wall on the football in terms |
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| 36:24 | vertical motion. Just just holler when lecturing so we can get it straightened |
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| 36:29 | because it's awful to listen to an when you think it's a thrust fault |
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| 36:34 | I'm actually talking about a normal Kind of might throw your brain |
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| 36:39 | Okay, so the main basin types divergent settings, convergence settings and transform |
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| 36:47 | . And I'm assuming that everybody here had some form of plate tectonics. |
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| 36:54 | if if not anything specific, you least had a freshman geology course that |
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| 37:01 | over the basics of what these different are. So I don't have to |
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| 37:06 | into great detail when I teach this engineers. I have to explain to |
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| 37:10 | what plate tectonics is, and sometimes amazed, and almost everybody is amazed |
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| 37:17 | paleo magnetic bands coming away from a ridge. But we won't have to |
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| 37:24 | that in this class. I don't , and so s so what I'm |
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| 37:29 | do with these three things is this of give you an idea of |
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| 37:35 | You should already know what they kind look like. Uh, in cross |
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| 37:39 | . What they kind of look look from the surface and what it means |
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| 37:43 | terms of potential de positional systems or basin in film, How it kind |
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| 37:50 | controls just some of some of When we get to frontier expiration will |
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| 37:56 | at a little bit closer frontier exploration exploration. We start looking closer and |
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| 38:01 | , these details. But for this , we're just gonna have a broad |
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| 38:07 | at kind of what it means from big picture. Okay, so we |
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| 38:16 | these things called divergence settings. And these can someone tell me what most |
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| 38:24 | the major faults we're going to be a divergence setting? Pharma faults. |
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| 38:32 | . How does everybody else feel about ? Yeah, I agree. I |
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| 38:39 | I wish the whole class was in of me, so I could, |
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| 38:43 | , kind of get annoyed. Idea ? What's going on in your |
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| 38:46 | But anyway, of course, the ones quite often or rift basins, |
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| 38:54 | , inter catatonic sags. And then things we call passive margins and, |
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| 39:00 | course, a passive margin eyes gonna remnants of this base and with sediment |
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| 39:07 | coming on top of. And of , the Gulf of Mexico is like |
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| 39:11 | . Except the Gulf of Mexico has incredible amount of thermal subsidence going on |
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| 39:19 | deposition I'll load subsidence going on, makes it Ah, a depot center |
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| 39:27 | more than 50,000 ft of sedimentary which is pretty spectacular. And here |
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| 39:37 | sort of the beginning of a Rift with grabbing in the middle. And |
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| 39:42 | course, um, it doesn't seem much, but it dawned on me |
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| 39:48 | one point in my life. You look at a block diagram. How |
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| 39:52 | a block diagram be telling you Well, if if you look at |
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| 39:58 | block here, then you look at block here. This block is getting |
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| 40:05 | at the top, and this block wider at the bottom. And so |
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| 40:11 | I push this down or push these on either side up, I'm putting |
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| 40:17 | area that's longer closer to sub surface , which is longer So it has |
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| 40:25 | stretch. There's no way around. has to stretch the length of the |
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| 40:30 | , and that's what these areas, , air showing. And, of |
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| 40:34 | , when it does something like this is really nice and friendly in |
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| 40:39 | with, you know, this flat up here on a flat plane up |
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| 40:44 | . But what is this kind of you over here? Slim? It's |
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| 40:51 | like a pancake over here. Sitting off to the side of the River |
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| 40:58 | looks like a big terrorist or but it's It's almost like a nup |
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| 41:02 | . Uh, I'm not up for , but it's sitting higher than everything |
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| 41:06 | . Yeah, it's sitting on top this. So it is a |
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| 41:09 | right? So what? It's not you, but what it actually implies |
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| 41:13 | that sediments up here, this is is another one of those tough geological |
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| 41:19 | . It's hard to understand, but rocks pop up, they erode. |
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| 41:25 | when they fall down, they fill and eso When this pops up in |
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| 41:30 | pops up that goes down, there's be erosion, and the great world |
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| 41:36 | wonderful world of surface on this planet it's always trying to do something we |
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| 41:42 | peanut play nation. It's always going try to level things out with erosion |
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| 41:46 | in deposition down there. And so time goes on and layers fill in |
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| 41:52 | top of this, that's what you're to see. You're going toe, |
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| 41:55 | going to go from the structure. that stops moving, you're going to |
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| 41:58 | it basically filling and level out. but the key is is that it's |
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| 42:05 | , uh, potential. This erosion gonna create potential reservoir rocks, an |
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| 42:10 | material that's going to fill into the that might actually and invoke and promote |
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| 42:18 | productivity as this fills in with So it's pretty important to hear this |
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| 42:26 | like somewhere in the the Southwest where you have this thes horse and |
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| 42:35 | and all of this is above sea right now. So you have the |
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| 42:39 | ranges from the worst and the robins the middle, and and I'm pretty |
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| 42:46 | maybe maybe it doesn't strike you this . But if you look at a |
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| 42:51 | like this and you see these kinds fault blocks can see this the ledge |
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| 42:58 | here, where have my pointer? the high point on a block, |
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| 43:04 | this is a block sliding down so going to be dumping off of here |
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| 43:08 | this diagram. It's like, what's he talking about now? This |
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| 43:13 | which is just a little clay model shows you some incredible relief there. |
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| 43:18 | fact, what's in the subsurface is can see that some this block actually |
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| 43:24 | like if you had the the amount section and the the Talbert Ness Tarbert |
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| 43:31 | Rather, this block would have been like this, so it would have |
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| 43:34 | a higher peak at the time of blocks. Motion like this would have |
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| 43:39 | just like that. Well, those tiny edges on a cartoon don't seem |
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| 43:45 | much. But if you look at here, those little tiny edges on |
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| 43:51 | side or mountain ranges you know, other words, thousands of feet of |
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| 43:56 | over here to dump sediment into So when the North Sea was forming |
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| 44:01 | this? Yeah, on those those of the blocks where I showed |
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| 44:08 | the Tarbert in the nest popping They're not little nicks. Their mountain |
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| 44:12 | on either side of of the blocks in. So what that structure is |
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| 44:19 | is creating a nen credible source of because it's going up and it's going |
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| 44:25 | be eroded and an incredible amount of space down here that could get filled |
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| 44:31 | with sediments. And when that we get these nice de positional |
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| 44:37 | If we do happen to have this on, uh, in an area |
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| 44:42 | a Rift Valley that becomes inundated with and gets, ah, source rock |
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| 44:47 | there, you're gonna have a lot different configurations of reservoir and source rock |
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| 44:54 | . And, of course, everywhere source rock potential. There's there's unconventional |
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| 44:59 | potential as well as conventional from this . Okay, so the North Sea |
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| 45:07 | is sometimes called the failed rift. it's called Unlock a gin. |
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| 45:12 | I never got so picky about my tectonics terms that I really as |
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| 45:18 | why one was better or the I know people get upset when the |
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| 45:23 | term is used, but by and , the North Sea was a failed |
|
| 45:28 | . If you take West Africa and Brazil, uh, you have on |
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| 45:35 | side of that you have passive which included the kinds of rift ing |
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| 45:42 | you saw here. But it's spread , and the pre rift and rift |
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| 45:50 | here are not going to be connected the pre rift in sin rift sediments |
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| 45:57 | . But when they were being they were connected by a much smaller |
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| 46:01 | and then ocean. Like the East Rift Lakes are exactly like the beginning |
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| 46:07 | the opening up of the South And then there's these other basins that |
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| 46:12 | sometimes called sag basins. Uh, think at the end of the |
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| 46:17 | the more we learn about it's gonna more related to drifting than anything |
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| 46:21 | But the basin's basically have some kind thermal uplift, which caused them to |
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| 46:28 | in the middle and and then the then that thermal uplifted fractures. It |
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| 46:37 | to settle back down, just like North Sea does after riffing. And |
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| 46:43 | end up with, uh, a of accommodation for post rift sediments to |
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| 46:49 | into. And here is just showing some yes, rift basins. Active |
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| 46:58 | in going on the Red Sea is big one. You have a triple |
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| 47:01 | down here with the spreading ridge here a spreading ridge here, A to |
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| 47:06 | point times it looks like these are be, uh, more or less |
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| 47:12 | riffs. But the big one down that's forming the Red Sea still a |
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| 47:17 | riff feature. And if you go the south of here, you'll you'll |
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| 47:22 | into one. Your Ethiopia. There's triple junction there that runs into East |
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| 47:27 | , and you have riffs there trying form in the East African Rift |
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| 47:32 | A present day and whether or not ever get anywhere, we won't be |
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| 47:36 | to be around to find out. , uh, the thermal sources and |
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| 47:40 | magma sources concious ift. And like in the North Sea, you |
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| 47:46 | up with something that doesn't move very . The North Sea might be a |
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| 47:50 | bit more like the Red Sea and fact that it opened up to create |
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| 47:54 | North Sea. But then it stopped . Dot is there Is there |
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| 48:01 | um, in the Red Sea or Gulf or any of those areas? |
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| 48:04 | know what I mean? Yeah, the Gulf of Suez, there |
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| 48:06 | and I'm gonna show you some Well, I'll show you. I |
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| 48:10 | show you an example from the Gulf Suez And because, uh, I |
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| 48:19 | I didn't work. Um, sometimes had to work in Africa because in |
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| 48:25 | Middle East, because because of some the specialties I had, nobody else |
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| 48:28 | do it. But But Amoco um, outside of outside of |
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| 48:38 | which was the U. S. basically Canada in Alaska. Outside of |
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| 48:44 | , we had Europe, Latin America Far East. And I hi managed |
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| 48:49 | big expiration group for that. But now and then, I had help |
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| 48:53 | people in Africa and the Middle and Amoco did have sort of And |
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| 48:59 | think the company is still there now they emerged. But it was called |
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| 49:02 | Coz called the Gulf in Gulf Oil Petroleum Company. And, uh and |
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| 49:09 | was sort of a mirror of Egypt and basically for everybody. We |
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| 49:16 | an office from the U. Cup Co had a person in the |
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| 49:19 | from Egypt, and, uh, it turns out, they work really |
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| 49:24 | together, and they were able to a lot of things. Ah, |
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| 49:27 | of it got drilled after after BP with America, but a lot of |
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| 49:33 | was going on prior to that as . So yes, there is something |
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| 49:37 | . But consequently, I pulled some in here from the literature just because |
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| 49:42 | I knew this was, ah, productive area. I'm not aware. |
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| 49:47 | not saying there isn't anything here, I'm not aware of much going on |
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| 49:50 | the Gulf of Aqaba. There's Okay. And this is where I |
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| 49:57 | showing you the horse and Robbins in US And this is, um, |
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| 50:03 | long, this huge extension all But if something like this wherever too |
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| 50:10 | sag enough and the ocean came you'd have all sorts of source rock |
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| 50:14 | sitting on top of all these, , more or less buried mountains. |
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| 50:21 | , you know, you see riff . You'd see all sorts of alluvial |
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| 50:27 | coming in and deltas and rivers. you wouldn't see is something, |
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| 50:32 | kind of highly are closely associated with Marines setting that had good marine source |
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| 50:36 | . But you might have some non source rocks like it turns out in |
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| 50:40 | extension all basins in China and sometimes reservoir rocks, for example, in |
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| 50:48 | Bohai base. And they have these buried hills instead of the types of |
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| 50:54 | ranges we have here. They had of carbonates sit uplifted and eroded and |
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| 51:02 | up being very buggy. Uh, that were buried by E. S |
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| 51:08 | their paleozoic or actually, Pennsylvanian and . I believed. And they were |
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| 51:14 | by Eocene Lake sediments. And there's in lake sediments charged the Paleozoic, |
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| 51:23 | , reservoirs that air sitting on either of it. So again, what |
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| 51:27 | trying to get at is this kind thing Creating an ocean has a whole |
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| 51:34 | sort of source rock potentials, like the North Sea. Uh, they |
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| 51:41 | have preserved a really good luck custom in the If this was East Africa |
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| 51:50 | excuse me, West Africa and eastern on either side of this, a |
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| 51:56 | ing area, um, in the Atlantic when when those two contents were |
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| 52:05 | . And I hope you don't mind using North America for for a North |
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| 52:09 | in a in a South Atlantic But if this was the South Atlantic |
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| 52:15 | , we had Africa over here in over here. Well, I guess |
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| 52:21 | should say South America, uh, these two places were close together. |
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| 52:27 | down here. They had these non lakes that filled in with tremendous non |
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| 52:33 | , uh, source rocks. If go into North Sea when all this |
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| 52:37 | going on, uh, some sagging going on in the middle and the |
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| 52:41 | came in and you got the development a lot of source rocks that were |
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| 52:46 | of many contemporaneous with the features that forming in the structure and the sediment |
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| 52:53 | was coming off. So yet sediment into a Marine basin that had Marine |
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| 52:59 | being developed so slightly different timing, the same the same types of features |
|
| 53:06 | you might see. And in the of the of the two contents of |
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| 53:12 | and South America, you have these non marine source rocks feeding all of |
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| 53:18 | things on top of it, in in the North Sea, |
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| 53:23 | you have sinned de positional, source rocks forming. So the timing |
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| 53:30 | the source rock versus the the the rocks is a little bit different. |
|
| 53:38 | then, of course, there are phases of source rock development in the |
|
| 53:42 | Sea because there was some developed before ing even began. So But at |
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| 53:48 | same time, these these extension all like this one, like the North |
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| 53:53 | . And like the South Atlantic, tectonics and the structure themselves are actually |
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| 54:01 | certain types of configurations of sediment. Oil source. Mm hmm. Sediment |
|
| 54:10 | and therefore, reservoir development patterns are kind of controlled in a lot of |
|
| 54:15 | same ways simply because of the fact it's the same major type of basil |
|
| 54:23 | . Okay, here is a more a close up with the basin and |
|
| 54:28 | . And you can see, again these air mountains, these air |
|
| 54:34 | , these air mountains and in cross , these little ticks on the |
|
| 54:38 | Uh, in that model, they have this erosion because the model was |
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| 54:44 | when I showed you the rift. the the Tarbert and Ness unit that |
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| 54:49 | up here had the same kind of on top. So you've got this |
|
| 54:54 | mountain range. It's eroding and filling the basin down below. So the |
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| 54:59 | structural configuration on the large scale is the formation of reservoir rocks all through |
|
| 55:07 | on a smaller scale. Now again This is the basin and range, |
|
| 55:12 | we don't have significant source rocks under . Uh, presently, we're not |
|
| 55:18 | sin de positional source with the sentiments are forming in here. If there's |
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| 55:25 | area where there was pre rift oil and you take it another 30 million |
|
| 55:32 | , you might be able to see migration coming up into sediments there. |
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| 55:36 | also these sentiments here of their buried enough to contain the pressures of the |
|
| 55:42 | carb. Okay. And again, another one showing you Ah, and |
|
| 55:51 | going a little bit more in detail with these rotated fall blocks because it's |
|
| 55:56 | that I see because I work. seen a lot of because I work |
|
| 55:59 | a lot of normal faulting regimes. here you can see you have things |
|
| 56:09 | like this and in other places. huh. You get the oil |
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| 56:15 | But in other places, sometimes these out and you actually have sort of |
|
| 56:22 | up of sediment on this side. fills in on this side because the |
|
| 56:27 | of sediment infill in the timing, example, uh, this this unit |
|
| 56:33 | was formed pre faulting this unit was pre faulting. So this unit became |
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| 56:40 | sandstone. And when it faulted, became a trap. And so timing |
|
| 56:45 | a lot to do with this Whereas if I had a different situation |
|
| 56:51 | while the faulting is going on, deposition is happening, In other |
|
| 56:56 | is this is sort of like something's in up here, but the reservoirs |
|
| 57:02 | here in this picture, and so kind of have this rotated fault Blockchain |
|
| 57:09 | along here and we can see um, a lot of the oil |
|
| 57:17 | trapped. In which block? Where we say the seal for that trap |
|
| 57:26 | primarily on all three of those Which block would it be in? |
|
| 57:44 | , the update block would be ceiling the down the block. |
|
| 57:53 | I think I think you understand. me try to make it a little |
|
| 57:55 | . Say, we get rid of , these three right here, and |
|
| 57:59 | look at the configuration. This is football block, and the football block |
|
| 58:05 | the trap. Get rid of this and just let this formation go |
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| 58:10 | And I get rid of that one . It's the foot wall. That's |
|
| 58:15 | . That has the trap in The trap is the seal. And |
|
| 58:18 | fall plane. Right. So here have a seal a shale seal in |
|
| 58:26 | fall place shale seal in a fall . But if But in this |
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| 58:33 | if I'm trying A if if I'm it the way they like to do |
|
| 58:38 | wells, uh, you might drill out here and miss the darn |
|
| 58:43 | Mhm. But if you knew this going on Ah, And again, |
|
| 58:48 | is why you use geology and structural to figure out where you gonna put |
|
| 58:52 | Well, um, if you have kind of configuration and you can see |
|
| 58:56 | the structural geology this is the way should be, then the thickest oil |
|
| 59:01 | is going to be right here, you need to come in behind the |
|
| 59:06 | in the thickest part of it. find that resource, that would be |
|
| 59:10 | expiration. Well, they're not If I drilled over here and this |
|
| 59:15 | is a lot like the the North thing that I Sure you last time |
|
| 59:20 | drilled, they actually drilled here through section and missed missed the things. |
|
| 59:28 | they got They got the sand across least line and they missed the sand |
|
| 59:33 | the oil on the Amica leased line they drill right here. Then they |
|
| 59:37 | back and tried to find the oil contact. And they drilled down here |
|
| 59:41 | maybe caught another fault. In some , they never found the mother |
|
| 59:46 | Uh, when you look at something this and you know this is your |
|
| 59:50 | configuration and how your base in this In other words, thes sand stones |
|
| 59:55 | pre faulting not not sin faulting or faulting their pre faulting. If their |
|
| 60:01 | faulting it would fill in like this the thickest part would be over |
|
| 60:05 | it would be on the opposite But here here, this trap is |
|
| 60:11 | the football. This trap is in football. This trap is in the |
|
| 60:15 | because this is filled in there is trapping. Or actually, there could |
|
| 60:20 | draining from here into their to fill it the end of the day. |
|
| 60:25 | trap is in the football block. , But if you Conversely, though |
|
| 60:32 | think if you if you get something here where you can get these ramping |
|
| 60:38 | where you have basins filling in, deposition, we over here and one |
|
| 60:44 | here, so they're kind of offset each other. But then we go |
|
| 60:48 | another thing, which, which is can't explain the value of a growth |
|
| 60:56 | to petroleum exploration in the entire value . Then you really aren't paying attention |
|
| 61:04 | any of the fundamentals of petroleum And, um, this word Listrik |
|
| 61:10 | spoon shaped. And here you can something that kind of has a spoon |
|
| 61:13 | to it. Okay, and you , some say, Well, that's |
|
| 61:19 | spoon, or this is the or even that's the spoon. But |
|
| 61:23 | But what's happening here that's different from , thickening on the hanging wall relative |
|
| 61:36 | the layer thickness on the football? . And and so this creates a |
|
| 61:45 | of things. Um, sometimes it's over here, so this is the |
|
| 61:53 | reservoir. But the trap maybe over with one of these anesthetic faults. |
|
| 61:58 | often times we get some kind of , a rollover. Actually, you |
|
| 62:04 | a drag like feature, and so have a high here in the thickest |
|
| 62:07 | of it. And so it ends trapping up on this side instead of |
|
| 62:12 | over on that side. You also get complex roll over. That creates |
|
| 62:18 | lot of other things. But what have going on here, what we |
|
| 62:23 | have here was we didn't have sin into something that could be creating a |
|
| 62:32 | . Rock. Okay, because there is. It's already been done. |
|
| 62:37 | faulted, and it's created a and it has to be charged |
|
| 62:42 | And this possibly was charged by This possibly was charged before it rotated |
|
| 62:47 | little bit more here, and so didn't get completely filled. In other |
|
| 62:51 | , this could have been secondary migration through here. Okay, but in |
|
| 62:58 | system, it's completely different. as deposition is occurring as this is |
|
| 63:09 | and eroded, it's pouring into the space down here as this slips and |
|
| 63:15 | along the glide playing down here. is probably salt down here, and |
|
| 63:22 | happens sometimes, but it doesn't always to happen. You don't always have |
|
| 63:25 | have assault plain, but you do Cem glide down here. So this |
|
| 63:31 | is filling in well, this fault trying to trap it, and source |
|
| 63:37 | is being deposited in with the reservoir . So you basically have all the |
|
| 63:43 | of a petroleum system every time you a growth fault of any significant |
|
| 63:52 | Here's another thing out of Shepherd and cartoons sometimes or more to the point |
|
| 64:00 | can see here. He's got this fault sliding like this, and because |
|
| 64:06 | sliding, it's depositing while it's It's thicker on this end because this |
|
| 64:12 | is rotating and this becomes thinner. this this kind of fans out because |
|
| 64:18 | pouring in here, well, that's out here. You can see it's |
|
| 64:22 | with Maybe during a period of high , it filled in with a source |
|
| 64:28 | , and then, with a low , it filled in, uh, |
|
| 64:33 | the little bit of a low standard in with this, which is almost |
|
| 64:38 | , the same size. It's like much has gone on here. But |
|
| 64:42 | this displacement occurred, Ah, while displacement was occurring, this was away |
|
| 64:49 | the source of sediment. This was on top of the source of |
|
| 64:53 | and this rotation that goes like this creating more and more accommodation space Thio |
|
| 64:59 | more and more reservoir rocks to capture coming out of of these. So |
|
| 65:05 | don't see a real growth period I don't see much of a growth |
|
| 65:08 | here, but I see a definite period in this in this layer. |
|
| 65:12 | the likelihood of having traps over here extremely hot. Okay, so everybody |
|
| 65:19 | those points. The the main thing a growth fault Has sin deposition? |
|
| 65:32 | , At the same time, we're accommodation space. So it's not just |
|
| 65:37 | filling in of accommodation space. It's filling in of accommodation space, while |
|
| 65:43 | actually growing from the movement on that . And of course, sometimes it's |
|
| 65:50 | the sediment load may have something to with now later on, when we |
|
| 65:55 | at some of these in more detail I still don't know for sure of |
|
| 66:00 | actually gets into it. But when have a growth fault, all sorts |
|
| 66:04 | stuff can go on over here with faults and whether you have a drag |
|
| 66:11 | would look like, like take this you had dragged going on, you |
|
| 66:15 | have the structure coming up like So you would have an uplifted things |
|
| 66:18 | that. It could happen with the unit to that happens sometimes, |
|
| 66:24 | you get a thing called Rollover where slides down a little bit faster, |
|
| 66:28 | is quite frequently happens, and you a a a rollover. Anne Klein |
|
| 66:34 | here where this unit would sort of up like that and then come back |
|
| 66:40 | like this. And so you get a little bit off the fault, |
|
| 66:44 | lots of things can happen. But , this is how, um, |
|
| 66:51 | profound. A growth fault is in of development of petroleum systems. You're |
|
| 66:58 | in an area with growth faults or . You always have a good opportunity |
|
| 67:03 | something like this toe happen or something that toe happen where you have an |
|
| 67:11 | thing. Ah, you can see isn't really what we would call the |
|
| 67:17 | fall, but it's creating an asymmetric of accommodation space in this wedge |
|
| 67:23 | As this thing rotates, it's not unnecessarily of the same thing is a |
|
| 67:30 | fault. But at the same time is, it's creating new accommodation space |
|
| 67:34 | here And in fact, um, this particular diagram, these were probably |
|
| 67:43 | that came like this, and they down into the valleys. And so |
|
| 67:50 | this sandstone is likely, uh, rift to instead of sin, riff |
|
| 67:57 | sin de positional. But again, on the timing, you can get |
|
| 68:03 | space being created Sin deposition Lee in rift system or it could be sin |
|
| 68:09 | from. And here, no rift is going on, but we're having |
|
| 68:18 | ah, of this unit down like and kind of pushing up over |
|
| 68:24 | And you have sentiments filling into increasingly significant accommodation space. Okay, so |
|
| 68:36 | actually hear it, iss, um thought this was in Ah, lecture |
|
| 68:43 | , but I guess I have it . This is just showing how the |
|
| 68:48 | you could get dragged going down this or roll over because it's falling down |
|
| 68:53 | . Here's a big dump, completely , but here you might be |
|
| 68:58 | uh, trapping structures up here in one. You're gonna have a trapping |
|
| 69:03 | off here up against the fault that up like that because you can see |
|
| 69:08 | slowed down and it's getting a different of rotation on the on the surface |
|
| 69:15 | along. The fault is it's dragging here. And then, probably at |
|
| 69:18 | point, there's no further emotion in fault. So you can see an |
|
| 69:22 | of stuff that's slowed way down. , had had more opportunity to roll |
|
| 69:28 | . And here's something where you're just theater combination filled in like you would |
|
| 69:36 | this was post rotation and filling it that way. So pretty much the |
|
| 69:48 | type of overall basin formation. One fault. Through the evolution of that |
|
| 69:54 | , the location of the traps can , change and and in total, |
|
| 70:01 | , you have sentiments pouring in at stand and you have a source Rock |
|
| 70:07 | fooling it in during high stand. so you're putting source and reservoir right |
|
| 70:13 | to each other. It's almost a is getting oil out of, ah |
|
| 70:16 | rock. In fact, the drainage much better. Here's just another |
|
| 70:25 | um, showing how it could be little bit different here is that con |
|
| 70:30 | roll over where you you create the up here, and, uh and |
|
| 70:36 | that's a little bit different. This the convex roll over here where you're |
|
| 70:40 | the traps in the rollover. Anne . That's off the fault. Most |
|
| 70:46 | the fields I've worked on have been type of structure right here. And |
|
| 70:57 | is just showing you how it can through time from from one setting to |
|
| 71:03 | . Here, here, you can we're going to be leaving traps up |
|
| 71:07 | . But as you get to this , there's gonna be traps up here |
|
| 71:10 | this end of definitely right in Definitely Right there. Down here. |
|
| 71:18 | probably migrated up there. Okay? there's something closer to home. |
|
| 71:28 | um, something that I find really is, um, in the Gulf |
|
| 71:35 | . A plan. You have a of these, um, what they |
|
| 71:39 | a major boundary faults and sometimes certain . Ah, these air different targets |
|
| 71:47 | , different types of Here's the expanded zone. Expanded fault zone. Here's |
|
| 71:52 | expanded fault zone. But as thes air rotating and time's progressing. In |
|
| 72:00 | words, here's the timeline here. another timeline. You see, there's |
|
| 72:05 | rotation here. You're getting much more there, and here is kind of |
|
| 72:11 | because this this is stopped rotating. was rotating at one point in |
|
| 72:15 | It has become a stable part of shelf here. We're still seeing rotation |
|
| 72:21 | into the Vicksburg and lots of rotation the Vicksburg here. So you're really |
|
| 72:27 | , um, in this attentional setting 40 to 50 miles. You're seeing |
|
| 72:35 | development of these growth fault systems. giving us targets down here. Targets |
|
| 72:44 | , targets here targets there and targets here. For the most part, |
|
| 72:48 | much is going to be happening up once it's that's kind of settle like |
|
| 72:52 | . Except, you know, you're have a good layer cake system up |
|
| 72:56 | and, uh and, uh, frequent, uh, erosion surfaces and |
|
| 73:05 | edel's intervals as you go in this , where here, you're going to |
|
| 73:09 | or continuous deposition three times, at through the Vicksburg Group. And it's |
|
| 73:15 | to be expanded in here. So , um ah, we're getting, |
|
| 73:24 | , during the instill. We're getting lot of expansion of reservoir rocks during |
|
| 73:30 | where you're not getting that roll over low stand, you're going to be |
|
| 73:35 | deeper water source rocks being deposited in and again this these air normal growth |
|
| 73:46 | and another expression. An example of growth faults create so many, |
|
| 73:56 | types of what we call plays and different intervals in time over the course |
|
| 74:04 | the development of the space. And it's also creating a same time |
|
| 74:11 | source, rock and traps. And they're all close together, migration, |
|
| 74:16 | pathways become a little less confusing. , so the next thing that we |
|
| 74:26 | at is gonna be, um, settings. And consequently, I think |
|
| 74:34 | I can do this you guys were quiet. You could all be, |
|
| 74:46 | , out sunbathing in the backyard right for all I know. Let's |
|
| 74:52 | It could be watching in some Yeah. There you go. I |
|
| 74:57 | know why, but every, every device I have if you go |
|
| 75:01 | , there's there's a tremendous amount of from just wind blowing and I can |
|
| 75:07 | hear anything when I'm outside. Somewhere I need to say Stop |
|
| 75:27 | Okay. And now I can see . Yeah. Okay. I can't |
|
| 76:29 | tell if everybody's back or not. met. I'm back. Some of |
|
| 76:42 | are. I'm awful here. um don't forget the time online |
|
| 76:53 | It's kind of our Yeah, I dark. Sun's going down. I |
|
| 77:03 | know if that's any better or And yes. Okay. Anyway, |
|
| 77:13 | , now we're looking at now we're to do a quick look at convergence |
|
| 77:16 | . Of course, I set up , just like Steve. I've spent |
|
| 77:20 | of my time and intentional systems, in convergence settings Ah, it's |
|
| 77:35 | it's a whole lot more complicated. lots of weight, lots of |
|
| 77:41 | Thio, uh, make smaller types reservoirs and resource is But there's also |
|
| 77:51 | lot of unique ways to make Very resource Is the proper setting for large |
|
| 77:59 | systems to develop? Yeah, On , of course, is an ARC |
|
| 78:09 | . We've got convergence. And of it has unassociated intentional back, our |
|
| 78:19 | rift ing complex that might develop and can see the rotated fault blocks from |
|
| 78:25 | rift ing Azan example. But when think of these were thinking of the |
|
| 78:30 | going on in the secretion Eri credit here just more or less land in |
|
| 78:39 | landward direction away from the actual trench forming where the crust here is going |
|
| 78:48 | this plate is moving across and we're thrust faulting create a Christian Eri wedge |
|
| 78:56 | in here so that you can uh, lots of sediments and source |
|
| 79:01 | sort of in place together over here this area. And you also |
|
| 79:07 | uh huh, a basin right behind that can develop some. Resource |
|
| 79:13 | and sometimes you might get large carbonate ups back in here too, which |
|
| 79:19 | be a very useful now, Ugo places like Indonesia. I I did |
|
| 79:28 | of handle Europe, Latin America and East, and the far is |
|
| 79:35 | uh, a little bit to the . You run into a lot of |
|
| 79:39 | types of situations and these were in quite often that were almost is politically |
|
| 79:49 | . Let me see if I could a little bit more light on my |
|
| 79:51 | . Here, here we go, as politically difficult to deal with as |
|
| 80:00 | were geologically difficult, But a lot research went in here. A lot |
|
| 80:04 | technology went into these types of and sometimes they were rewarded with massive |
|
| 80:10 | and gas fields. And, you , working when I worked at Mobile |
|
| 80:17 | had some big gas fields associated with types of settings. But, uh |
|
| 80:25 | that Zafar, as I really got looking closely at these things now in |
|
| 80:31 | , you have some things that start look a little bit like compression uls |
|
| 80:36 | . And they are compression all and I'll show you some examples of |
|
| 80:41 | later on in eastern part of But I'm not gonna rattle on for |
|
| 80:49 | on this particular type of setting. I will say if we go back |
|
| 80:57 | this one, you know, as move to the right of this page |
|
| 81:01 | head down dip in offshore, the same kind of thing is still |
|
| 81:06 | on with younger units things that are than Vicksburg for reservoir rocks. And |
|
| 81:14 | kind of migrating out over top um, post salt, um, |
|
| 81:24 | of source rocks and also lot of growth faults later than that. And |
|
| 81:31 | course, you have a lot of related thio salt tectonics, which |
|
| 81:38 | um uh, salt escaped created You have salt that gets in placed |
|
| 81:48 | detached in places. And of course have divers that create all sorts of |
|
| 81:54 | structures as well. So you have of an overlying imprint of this attentional |
|
| 81:59 | with salt tectonics had it on top it. Which makes one of the |
|
| 82:03 | why the Gulf of Mexico is definitely super basin. If we have to |
|
| 82:08 | it is fine, But, you , I think everyone knows. |
|
| 82:15 | And here, of course, we compression of stress in my very simplistic |
|
| 82:22 | again of this, Just like what did with the heart, the the |
|
| 82:27 | fault or intentional mhm stress blocks you see here. The hanging while now |
|
| 82:34 | over top of the foot wall instead falling down in front of it. |
|
| 82:40 | as you look at this block, can see I have this much distance |
|
| 82:47 | here and I'm moving this shorter distance against yet another shorter distance. And |
|
| 82:56 | you pick a fixed point, pick fixed point anywhere not just where the |
|
| 83:00 | ends. Uh, what you're really eyes. You're putting the short stick |
|
| 83:07 | this block against a short stick of block and your shrinking the crust, |
|
| 83:12 | that's why it's compression. And here's kind of a close up. It's |
|
| 83:21 | interesting things showing you Ah, lot different types of deformation. So I |
|
| 83:29 | kind of put it in here. this is is a reverse fault, |
|
| 83:36 | you can see different things happen underneath relative to the the burial, depth |
|
| 83:42 | temperature of where it happens. And we have ductile deformation underneath it. |
|
| 83:47 | here we have brittle deformation above it this terminus here. If it |
|
| 83:54 | and here we can see the fault up here with additional brittle things. |
|
| 84:00 | here's here's some things we're not getting much ductile deformation like this, these |
|
| 84:05 | ductile to appear. So you're getting of a fold over here is as |
|
| 84:11 | kind of pushes up in this direction you get a rollover based on the |
|
| 84:16 | on this side of the block. that's the kind of thing that |
|
| 84:21 | And here you can see that same here with with the Thrust Fault. |
|
| 84:26 | of course, thrust fault is just low angle reverse throught fault. And |
|
| 84:32 | you don't pay attention, you might all reverse faults, thrust faults. |
|
| 84:36 | the ones that the ones that are this are, um, again putting |
|
| 84:44 | short end of the block here closer closer to the short end of the |
|
| 84:48 | here to a massive extent where these were kilometers long and, uh, |
|
| 84:57 | you can end up putting Ah, young rocks on top of excuse |
|
| 85:03 | much older rocks on top. Keep saying it wrong. You're gonna |
|
| 85:09 | putting younger rocks on top of these rocks down here. The colors don't |
|
| 85:15 | , but this would have been way here, and this would have been |
|
| 85:19 | higher blue than that blue. And here here is, uh, |
|
| 85:27 | you one of the great ways to basins and a compression. All thing |
|
| 85:32 | things called foreland basins. And, course, Amoco's Denver unit and most |
|
| 85:41 | companies. I don't know how it's today, since things were very tough |
|
| 85:47 | now, they should be improving pretty and even even in the the long |
|
| 85:56 | distant future at the short near distant . But you know, like a |
|
| 86:02 | or two out, the industry could changing law. But but in the |
|
| 86:09 | , which had ups and downs, , the Denver offices of all the |
|
| 86:15 | companies often became the place of people , uh, had four point does |
|
| 86:24 | grad school. And they had, and they went to Ivy League schools |
|
| 86:32 | because oftentimes they were given their choice where they wanted to go. If |
|
| 86:36 | company had a Denver office, they use to go to Denver office |
|
| 86:40 | If you work with Chevron, they've most of their California offices, But |
|
| 86:46 | would want to go live in So all these really nice places to |
|
| 86:53 | attracted a lot of high caliper, , geoscientists. That kind of focus |
|
| 87:01 | on these more specific and more complicated . And all the while, those |
|
| 87:07 | us working in the Gulf Coast in North Sea and places like that in |
|
| 87:12 | areas, we did, um, a good job of paying the |
|
| 87:18 | And most of the Denver offices, would imagine have been closed by |
|
| 87:24 | And a lot of the California offices been closed because the bread and butter |
|
| 87:28 | still in these big super basins. I'm not saying there aren't any compression |
|
| 87:34 | super basins, But some of the super basins are in fact in, |
|
| 87:42 | of places that are divergent rather than . Okay, on here is kind |
|
| 87:51 | how some of them conform. What is you get these thrust sheets like |
|
| 87:56 | loading up on the sediment is it up on the sediment. It, |
|
| 88:01 | the weight and these things air, thick and there, you know, |
|
| 88:08 | couple of kilometers thick and maybe tens kilometers long. And they put a |
|
| 88:12 | amount of mass on the edge. there's a down working in the structure |
|
| 88:17 | causes basins often like this and eso again. You're creating these mountain ranges |
|
| 88:24 | here that they're feeding in here. getting runoff in this direction. |
|
| 88:28 | uh, when you have ocean development in some of these Foreland basins, |
|
| 88:36 | could get well developed marine source which has happened a lot Course during |
|
| 88:42 | Cretaceous. There was a lot of was an oceanic seaway through here, |
|
| 88:48 | before then, much of the area was in the Paleozoic. We had |
|
| 88:53 | lot off submarine deposits being laid down this area, too. And then |
|
| 88:59 | things started to they formed sort of pre thrust. And then and then |
|
| 89:04 | thrusting occurred we got the inland sea and you get a lot of |
|
| 89:09 | And in the United States, but Foreland basins all over the world. |
|
| 89:15 | of the unique features about them is and you see where the thrusting |
|
| 89:23 | You tend Thio, develop thes elongated on you can see three initial Foreland |
|
| 89:33 | out in front and then some of piggyback basins in the back can start |
|
| 89:39 | form. And, for example, showing you this one. And here |
|
| 89:43 | have a section here showing you this and that one, Uh, they |
|
| 89:48 | to be, ah, and somewhat scale in this direction, and they |
|
| 89:54 | to be more elongated in this particular . And so that's kind of what |
|
| 90:01 | see. So there could be really sized basins. They could be |
|
| 90:06 | but they're not like what we see the Gulf Coast, where you have |
|
| 90:11 | basically our king around the coastline of Texas, onshore and offshore, putting |
|
| 90:21 | these growth faults all over the And then as you get little bit |
|
| 90:26 | in the development and younger sediments, get salt tectonics having a major impact |
|
| 90:32 | on what you're going to see. , uh, there's nothing shabby about |
|
| 90:37 | of these when you find a good . But again, the overpowering generation |
|
| 90:42 | you can see from something like the of Mexico. It's kind of hard |
|
| 90:45 | compete against both in Uh huh. rift post rift in, well, |
|
| 90:55 | rift in post drifting going on with the Gulf of Mexico. There's all |
|
| 91:03 | of tectonic still going on with a of subsidence. Here we have sort |
|
| 91:11 | isolated type things set up, and were going to be many kilometers |
|
| 91:17 | so you can have lots of reservoirs here and lots of traps in |
|
| 91:21 | But again, it's nothing like something size of the coastline of Of of |
|
| 91:28 | . And you can. You can in 100 miles in some places to |
|
| 91:33 | north and still be in that and you can drive hundreds of miles |
|
| 91:37 | and still be producing, which would way above the scale of some of |
|
| 91:44 | limited, uh, Foreland Basin and basins that get formed in in Foreland |
|
| 91:51 | and congressional systems. Okay, then one are the transformed settings mhm and |
|
| 92:00 | course, that's when we have parts the crust moving sideways and we get |
|
| 92:08 | things. We called trans intentional transpiration Laure transportation all. And that's what |
|
| 92:16 | of these are here. And it's of showing you in the early stages |
|
| 92:23 | it, have these things forming the of Aqaba and the Dead Sea and |
|
| 92:30 | Sea of Galilee. And, of , this was a drifting arm at |
|
| 92:34 | point in time, and it's starting slip. Aziz Growth, uh, |
|
| 92:42 | here and in a little bit in . But this, Yeah, trans |
|
| 92:52 | or pull apart basins. It happened there's some gliding going in in one |
|
| 92:57 | and gliding, going in another and it kind of pulls a unit |
|
| 93:01 | it and kind of opens up uh, he's gaping holes. |
|
| 93:08 | again, I'm using very simple vernacular , but but these types of basins |
|
| 93:15 | are large holes that appear on the . Earth Christ, And just just |
|
| 93:22 | give you an example, um, a little more complicated than that. |
|
| 93:27 | But here you can see, sort of an aerial map. Where |
|
| 93:33 | we have the San Gabriel fault moving in the San Andreas Fault here. |
|
| 93:39 | you're getting things moving in opposite directions you're opening up pretty much large holes |
|
| 93:45 | the ground. And this thing, see a scale over here. So |
|
| 93:52 | is this is over 9000 m thick sediment and the age of these |
|
| 94:02 | Um, primarily Miocene and younger. let's see, where is it? |
|
| 94:20 | , you don't even really get down Now here's the palace scenes right |
|
| 94:26 | So almost all of this is my scene and younger, this sediment Phil |
|
| 94:34 | I don't know how good the scale , but, uh, in this |
|
| 94:40 | it discusses, I recall it discusses nine kilometers of sediments and this all |
|
| 94:46 | in the Miocene. And so if think the growth fault is something, |
|
| 94:51 | is pretty incredible. But if you everything about that growth faults setting. |
|
| 94:57 | there are a number of different growth settings and configurations that I was |
|
| 95:02 | one where you get something going on marine sediments and when some places in |
|
| 95:09 | rift where you can start out with marine sediments. But based on kind |
|
| 95:17 | what I said about uh, the faults. This looks like it could |
|
| 95:25 | even better. And so some of are. And if you start out |
|
| 95:32 | a setting where it might have been rift basin it first and got some |
|
| 95:36 | marine sediments in their first before you opening up for reservoir development, you |
|
| 95:43 | some source rock in there. It be better taking a look at |
|
| 95:49 | Why do you think the Ridge basin not be very perspective for oil |
|
| 95:58 | No source off. Probably no Rock. But if you got a |
|
| 96:02 | rock, where would it have to from? It would have to come |
|
| 96:05 | this San Francisco formation. Paleo seniors formation down here. But But this |
|
| 96:16 | happened in, Ah, 26 million . So this was this was at |
|
| 96:24 | surface along not too long ago. what do we, um what do |
|
| 96:31 | end up with? Right in here terms of like, for example, |
|
| 96:40 | this was this was gonna be a rock, What would be the largest |
|
| 96:44 | there in terms of developing a source ? Oh, there's It's not mature |
|
| 96:49 | . Probably didn't have enough sediment on of it to be or burial depth |
|
| 96:53 | the mature. Yeah, And if if And you know, having said |
|
| 96:58 | , you know, in the right the right fold in here on the |
|
| 97:02 | crank. It's possible that some part this was buried deep enough to mature |
|
| 97:06 | all of this happened. Because, , we're kind of like sliding some |
|
| 97:13 | this younger stuff away from, younger. But, you know, |
|
| 97:17 | is the rock unit that's right down here When this. And down in |
|
| 97:24 | . When these holes this stuff right here eyes what has to have been |
|
| 97:31 | potential source rock. And it has have gotten mature. Almost. |
|
| 97:37 | you know, I had to be maturity before all this happened in this |
|
| 97:42 | case in this little corner of these . False. And so? So |
|
| 97:50 | one issue. And what do you critical issue might be for the, |
|
| 97:54 | know, these Air Shales thes air Shales. Um, what do you |
|
| 98:00 | ? Uh, the problem might be for these in terms of developing |
|
| 98:09 | The custom source rocks thermal maturity. , thermal maturity would also be another |
|
| 98:23 | right. But what else could Could they be highly fractured? |
|
| 98:35 | well, that could happen, but no, but something that you can't |
|
| 98:40 | wouldn't probably guess that this as Bigas are you know, that's nine |
|
| 98:48 | But, you know, it's only know what, Maybe 10 kilometers |
|
| 98:55 | I mean, it's big, but it's not like the shelf of the |
|
| 98:58 | of Mexico. And if you, and it turns out I had to |
|
| 99:05 | other research on this, but we that this was a marine like hydro |
|
| 99:13 | in these lakes systems when they were . And if they didn't get evaporated |
|
| 99:19 | to become saline, they probably wouldn't developed an oxy. But if they |
|
| 99:24 | saline and they developed anoxia, it be, um, the Marine, |
|
| 99:30 | , chemical pathway, which will give T O. C s, |
|
| 99:34 | no more than eight at the But usually somewhere around 2, 2.5 |
|
| 99:39 | four. And these, of they're all young. So that's a |
|
| 99:45 | giveaway. I'm glad that you was you, Joseph, to pointed that |
|
| 99:50 | as J. D. J. made some points as well. I |
|
| 99:52 | that might have been JD. Well, JD thanks. Because that |
|
| 99:57 | an important issue. And this is that lot of exploration geologists were overlooking |
|
| 100:03 | , uh, they thought because this a large deposit, Pretty large |
|
| 100:07 | very thick. Ah, lots of burial. You know, lots of |
|
| 100:13 | reasons for source rock to develop. still was only Miocene in age. |
|
| 100:20 | so the development of source rock from and even from this pale Eocene, |
|
| 100:26 | probably was not buried that deeply, the the Paley has seen down here |
|
| 100:37 | isn't. Well, it isn't mature is, it turns out, but |
|
| 100:40 | would have been mature enough, but lot of exploration. It's overlooked the |
|
| 100:44 | that this was just too young to anything. But there was another reason |
|
| 100:48 | , uh, it it couldn't uh if you take maturity away and |
|
| 100:54 | put all these other elements in this could be something like the Green |
|
| 100:58 | formation where it hasn't matured. But could have oil shale, not shale |
|
| 101:04 | , but oil shale. And it . And the reason it didn't is |
|
| 101:08 | the chemical pathway of the waters in , because of the type of runoff |
|
| 101:13 | this space and reflected sodium chloride dominated calcium dominated um setting, which would |
|
| 101:23 | appetite. And it would pull phosphorous of the system and sink it and |
|
| 101:30 | it out of the water column. , to a certain level, it |
|
| 101:34 | reduce it in the water column and the chances. Or the propensity for |
|
| 101:39 | algal blooms to be massive all the through time and also end up with |
|
| 101:45 | T. O. C. S a saline sailing and setting where you |
|
| 101:50 | you would have Mira mixes or that's non overturn of the waters and get |
|
| 101:57 | didn't get a lot of organic They got preserved. So there's a |
|
| 102:02 | lot of things. Let's say this be a good basin and very |
|
| 102:07 | And then there's maturity and then actual rock actually forming in the first |
|
| 102:14 | Eyes inhibited here is well, And then we have other things |
|
| 102:23 | that we might see. Not sure this is in compression. All but |
|
| 102:28 | , in compression. All we could lots of fractures when things get offset |
|
| 102:33 | you don't have displacement. But you in Phyllis Sediment. And if it |
|
| 102:37 | to be organic rich and it's not , you can also create fractures. |
|
| 102:42 | might be full of hydrocarbons. And I know why we're here. |
|
| 102:48 | we did. We did, go back to the beginning slide. |
|
| 102:54 | did, um, are passive. are active margin. And now we're |
|
| 103:01 | the the strike slip margins on. we're going to go. What was |
|
| 103:06 | that was taking a look at faults fractures. So here we are. |
|
| 103:12 | of course, uh, have you an issue of, um, |
|
| 103:18 | some shale smear here, some shale here. And what does this call |
|
| 103:29 | ? What do you think's gon in in the catalyst IC part that the |
|
| 103:34 | of kind of like a rouble In other words, you're getting You're |
|
| 103:39 | , um, rock fracturing going on a large scale. You're getting stuff |
|
| 103:47 | up here. The shale is this in this case, the sandstone would |
|
| 103:52 | to be brittle. Um, if was, you know, cross |
|
| 103:58 | we don't always have this. We're always that deep. And we don't |
|
| 104:01 | have that in the Gulf of Mexico instance, if you're looking at a |
|
| 104:05 | seen reservoir, you're not gonna have sand stones, so that wouldn't |
|
| 104:09 | But if you have some older, buried sediments, you're going to get |
|
| 104:14 | catalysts is going on here. Can um, some stuff like that's going |
|
| 104:20 | inside the shale smear because it's it's here or maybe somehow got brittle. |
|
| 104:24 | you have some brittle fracturing and you some ductal motion of the shells. |
|
| 104:33 | you see a lot of this going taught with fractures and these fractures. |
|
| 104:39 | then in this case, it's kind a fault zone with fractures going on |
|
| 104:42 | the fault zone. And I think important. Remember that faults often are |
|
| 104:49 | , and not always just one but to make it simple for our |
|
| 104:53 | , we we often map a single features or linear features, and they |
|
| 105:01 | , to a certain extent, linear and here you can see another |
|
| 105:08 | Uh, there's gonna be places where can see some gouge forming here in |
|
| 105:14 | where it's not formed. He's a bit in here a little bit in |
|
| 105:18 | . See here it's just lining this thing here that's a close in the |
|
| 105:24 | business where, you know, this probably no more than 10 centimeters |
|
| 105:30 | If that and we're looking for things are a lot bigger than then something |
|
| 105:36 | that's less than a meter. Okay, so not going to go |
|
| 105:49 | a great amount of detail. Or you did in Steve's class. But |
|
| 105:57 | fracture orientation is something that oftentimes people about in unconventional. But what I |
|
| 106:08 | and what a lot of my students found, So quite often the layout |
|
| 106:14 | your acreage sometimes dictates which way you're to drill on. So in |
|
| 106:22 | sometimes orientate ing you're wellbore orthogonal e the fractures is, uh, sort |
|
| 106:32 | the smartest thing to do. But you don't have a chance to do |
|
| 106:35 | . And, uh, I know documented instances where you don't want to |
|
| 106:41 | it or thought. Italy, you to do it parallel. And, |
|
| 106:46 | , from what I've heard and seen read that seems to be less less |
|
| 106:51 | than than having something that's at right to your wellbore because it kind of |
|
| 107:00 | general enhances whatever fracturing you do because kind of in line with the stress |
|
| 107:06 | that formed those fractures. But the then in other cases, it seems |
|
| 107:14 | not make a lot of difference. ah, start out with something sort |
|
| 107:21 | a 45 degree angle of the primary plane or the fractures. And then |
|
| 107:27 | and then they find out, lo behold, um, when they can |
|
| 107:34 | to a part of acreage where they're open up and drill it more |
|
| 107:39 | uh, a right angle, they out, it makes no difference. |
|
| 107:44 | there's there's something to be said for . And there's something to be wondered |
|
| 107:50 | this in terms of the settings in you're working in. And and a |
|
| 107:55 | of it has to do, of , with, uh, the orientation |
|
| 107:59 | past stress fields and current stress And I think also so the brittle |
|
| 108:06 | plastic nature of the rocks you're working and the layering of brittle versus |
|
| 108:12 | uh, nature of the rocks relative , uh you know what you're actually |
|
| 108:19 | to produce out of? So, , it can be a complicated |
|
| 108:24 | but I know in, uh, all of this began and like, |
|
| 108:28 | , 20 2008 to 2012, lot people were trying to drill. |
|
| 108:38 | they're laterals have right angles, to the natural fracture orientation. And |
|
| 108:44 | it's only after doing that for a and being forced to not be able |
|
| 108:48 | do it in areas where, where acreage wasn't in line with something, |
|
| 108:55 | , five miles long in that You know, you have a skinny |
|
| 108:59 | and 10 miles long in one direction two miles across in another, you |
|
| 109:05 | of have to line up your wells the five mile long access of your |
|
| 109:11 | . And after doing a lot of , a lot of people have come |
|
| 109:15 | the conclusion that sometimes it's important, sometimes it's not on. Sometimes it |
|
| 109:20 | be counterproductive if you go the wrong , whether it's is a setting where |
|
| 109:27 | up with the fractures is useful or it's not. But having said |
|
| 109:36 | I have three diagrams, and any I have three of anything, I |
|
| 109:44 | Thio make test questions out of them , yeah, so here is kind |
|
| 109:55 | what happens. So where is the stress field here. Ah, in |
|
| 110:05 | normal faulting regime, it's vertical. vertical. So this is what's that |
|
| 110:16 | letter right there. Signal one. you go. Anyway, Um, |
|
| 110:24 | you're Sigma One is, uh, of parallel, but this is a |
|
| 110:31 | bit of bleak to be in but the motion, for the most |
|
| 110:36 | , is vertical. In other something has to move up, and |
|
| 110:41 | has to move down. If you a fault, they don't show the |
|
| 110:46 | over here. But that's that's going be what happens here. What about |
|
| 110:50 | joints? What's the vertical? there. Vertical. And they're also |
|
| 111:01 | also, um Well, here's another that also Tonto, Right? But |
|
| 111:10 | , um, they extend like this , but they're also orthogonal to the |
|
| 111:19 | stress field. Right? And they're same thing. True with this vertical |
|
| 111:28 | be, you know, think about . Almost everything has to be, |
|
| 111:33 | ah, primarily, you know, don't you don't see anything forming in |
|
| 111:42 | sigma to which you see, something parallel to sigma. One perpendicular |
|
| 111:49 | sigma tive. Okay, this one parallel two sigma one perpendicular two Sigma |
|
| 112:01 | . Well, excuse me Sigma I'm sorry, reading my number's |
|
| 112:09 | Okay, so it z the primary the weaker stress direction. Okay, |
|
| 112:15 | happens here? It was a Now Sigma one is like for his |
|
| 112:30 | . So what we have here going is, um it's pretty much the |
|
| 112:36 | thing except turned on its side. , uh so, uh, you |
|
| 112:45 | see here that the false themselves are laterally because you can see my |
|
| 112:52 | You're pushing something over top of So instead of this way, it's |
|
| 112:59 | way. And so that's why it's in that direction, but still |
|
| 113:09 | uh, if you were to take block and flip it up in that |
|
| 113:14 | and down in this direction In other , push that up that down it |
|
| 113:17 | look the same as the diagram we for the other fault situation. And |
|
| 113:24 | , um and then what's happening This is our wrench faulting or our |
|
| 113:37 | stress regimes are trans, intentional, trans intentional trans compression. Here. |
|
| 113:56 | like if you took this diagram and this end up and flipped it over |
|
| 114:04 | that on the bottom. So it's it Z, it's just basically |
|
| 114:11 | you where the where the stress fields . And in the orientation of the |
|
| 114:17 | itself, one is vertical. One lateral, um, in one direction |
|
| 114:24 | one is lateral in another direction. you can see here. Ah, |
|
| 114:33 | is switched, if you look at . In other words, this is |
|
| 114:41 | is the week stress field in this . It happens to be orthogonal to |
|
| 114:48 | stronger stress church. And, of , if you put that all |
|
| 114:55 | the stress fields can help you figure which way you would want to |
|
| 115:00 | But on a test question, I ask. I might show you these |
|
| 115:03 | and ask you to figure out what the primary stress field would be in |
|
| 115:08 | one. What direction? So if look at these for about five |
|
| 115:14 | you should be able to get at one question right on the next |
|
| 115:21 | Okay, so we're gonna go to next lecture. Mhm. Not another |
|
| 115:58 | slideshow. Okay. Okay. So we're going to start looking at basic |
|
| 116:12 | tools. So, how many of have had Mike Myers class so |
|
| 116:25 | Something like half of you right? only job. Okay, so So |
|
| 116:43 | think Colin, I would have had too. But this is probably a |
|
| 116:48 | for you. Or maybe even even . Uh, a lot of times |
|
| 116:52 | we start out in the beginning, course kind of goes through a lot |
|
| 116:56 | basic things to kind of help you the other courses. And and |
|
| 117:01 | in this semester, this course would proceed, uh, structural geology and |
|
| 117:10 | photography. But it didn't this time of other course, because of schedule |
|
| 117:16 | . And I I normally teach uh, there's an opening S |
|
| 117:23 | I usually move the schedules around to everybody else. And then I fall |
|
| 117:26 | where that happens, and that's what this semester. But nevertheless, we're |
|
| 117:31 | take a look at this. especially for those that haven't had, |
|
| 117:38 | , Mike's class. Yeah. And , um, nowadays we have, |
|
| 117:48 | , a lot of things were MWD I think if you're drilling a |
|
| 117:52 | well on, it's cheaper to do line. You probably still do wire |
|
| 117:59 | . But in a lot of particularly when there's high stakes offshore and |
|
| 118:03 | like that, people want to do to make sure they get something out |
|
| 118:07 | the ground in case of problem pops . And, uh, the drill |
|
| 118:13 | now. Ah, they have a of directional control on these things. |
|
| 118:19 | don't need a whip stock to get to turn. And once you turn |
|
| 118:23 | , they don't just stay in one . You can. They can, |
|
| 118:26 | you can move them around, like putting differential force on the the |
|
| 118:34 | . And and so the good thing these things is that you're doing it |
|
| 118:42 | you're drilling. Especially like if you're laterals, um can kind of keep |
|
| 118:47 | in in the bench or the sweet that you're trying to drill rather than |
|
| 118:52 | wobbling north of it in south of into, ah, non perspective |
|
| 119:00 | Nevertheless, most of our tools because the way they're made, you |
|
| 119:09 | we have something that's like this. guess I'll show you another direction. |
|
| 119:14 | most of time we're looking laterally out whatever this line is. It's very |
|
| 119:21 | for us to look forward and in of the drill bit, but we're |
|
| 119:25 | better at it, and we're finding that since we can turn these things |
|
| 119:32 | we could go farther out laterally, kind of gives us a heads up |
|
| 119:37 | to what's going to come horizontally. , because we can turn fast enough |
|
| 119:43 | get to it. And I'll show some more diagrams on that just to |
|
| 119:49 | it easier. Okay, um and , ah, one problem with MWD |
|
| 119:58 | still is that I'm not sure if gotten better at, um, the |
|
| 120:05 | of getting information back. But in beginning of MWD was they're very creative |
|
| 120:13 | with mud pulsing to send a signal the signal back Thio the receiver. |
|
| 120:22 | and this changes all the time. I don't know if if there running |
|
| 120:30 | data through the pipe now or or sort of, um, well, |
|
| 120:37 | assembly or wire, But I And when I first started doing |
|
| 120:42 | they weren't doing it. So in beginning Ah, a lot of |
|
| 120:49 | uh a lot of the tools that use we couldn't use on MWD. |
|
| 120:53 | now the bandwidth has gotten such that can You can start doing a little |
|
| 120:58 | more telemetry than they could in the . And so it's It's getting to |
|
| 121:03 | the thing, the thing that we all the time. But it is |
|
| 121:06 | expensive, okay? And I don't if any of you have been involved |
|
| 121:11 | logging runs and logging things I used have toe sit Wells is a young |
|
| 121:17 | , which was always a lot of . And, uh, my job |
|
| 121:22 | was to piss off the company man the tool pusher so we could get |
|
| 121:27 | out of the ground. And I you to know I did a good |
|
| 121:30 | of that. And if they yelled me loud enough, I would call |
|
| 121:38 | management, which was always easy to and let them talk Thio, my |
|
| 121:45 | and my boss's boss until they were in doing what we wanted him to |
|
| 121:50 | . But so I didn't always leave on friendly terms. And I remember |
|
| 121:58 | of my first trips, um, back on it, I probably should |
|
| 122:02 | sued the son of a guns, they put us in a crew basket |
|
| 122:07 | drop us on a on a supply that was going to take us back |
|
| 122:13 | shore and, uh, what we know was, uh, they like |
|
| 122:19 | play games. They used to like play dangerous games out there, but |
|
| 122:23 | think most of that's been stopped One of the favorite things for crane |
|
| 122:29 | was to get out and move the when the helicopter was trying to |
|
| 122:34 | And, uh, I think more a few words were exchanged with a |
|
| 122:41 | of the helicopter pilots. Uh, of make that. And I think |
|
| 122:46 | of the I think you know, hate to say this, but they |
|
| 122:50 | had to create regulations to get people behave. And, uh and I |
|
| 122:55 | one time when I was landing on rig, the helicopter pilot radio, |
|
| 123:01 | the company man and he said, maney, uh, crane operators do |
|
| 123:07 | have on on that rig? And guy told him, You know, |
|
| 123:12 | or four and he says, can you tell me what they're wearing |
|
| 123:15 | now? And he said, yeah, I can tell you and |
|
| 123:18 | told him, he says, I want to see all four of |
|
| 123:21 | standing on the edge of the flight before I land, and we circled |
|
| 123:27 | about 30 minutes until they all got there. And who knows if they |
|
| 123:30 | switch with somebody, but he decided he'd been too close to a crane |
|
| 123:36 | few times it should have happened. so so that was his way of |
|
| 123:40 | with it. Um, and then in the other situation was talking about |
|
| 123:46 | going to get in this crew basket you throw your suitcases inside because of |
|
| 123:53 | kind of have a crash with the a way of pulling up on the |
|
| 123:58 | . The crane operator drops you fast the boats coming up on a rise |
|
| 124:03 | a swell. You're going to slam hard. Presumably it won't hurt your |
|
| 124:08 | or your bag or whatever it is have. But when that happens, |
|
| 124:14 | definitely want to fall and roll ah, if you have time, |
|
| 124:19 | in the water. And, uh what they decided to do, which |
|
| 124:23 | be a lot of fun, was twisted the cable. I don't know |
|
| 124:29 | many rotations, at least 50 I guess. And they twisted the cable |
|
| 124:35 | had it sitting on the deck. put our stuff in there, and |
|
| 124:39 | picked us up in a soon as picked us up. We started spinning |
|
| 124:42 | fast and it darn near through all of us off and And of |
|
| 124:51 | there's nothing you can do when these of things happen. But that's kind |
|
| 124:55 | some of things that can happen when do a logging run. And the |
|
| 125:00 | times I've gone offshore, I was like royalty, and the the crane |
|
| 125:07 | were definitely not moving anything at And, uh, and of |
|
| 125:11 | they were helicopter rides, so I have to get lowered into a boat |
|
| 125:17 | , enough of that. But the that we dio these logging tools basically |
|
| 125:25 | they figured out a long time ago is really expensive. So if you |
|
| 125:30 | to see the rock, you have core it in the mining industry. |
|
| 125:34 | they usually don't go so deep. all their stuff is done with |
|
| 125:39 | They don't even mess with wire line a lot, and they have |
|
| 125:44 | slim pipe drill systems that can continuously and go down several 1000 ft |
|
| 125:55 | uh, pretty much get to see rock. Whatever it is until they |
|
| 126:00 | the the sweet spot they're looking for whatever particular mineral it is. And |
|
| 126:05 | don't have to worry about doing wire type stuff. But in the oil |
|
| 126:09 | , we drill lots of wells. have to go through sedimentary rocks that |
|
| 126:13 | be brittle, or they could be . And it's not easy to get |
|
| 126:18 | and a lot of these different And so two things they do is |
|
| 126:24 | drop wire line tools down, and also we'll do sidewalk course, which |
|
| 126:29 | can put down in a wire line . And in the main think for |
|
| 126:35 | is prostate permeability, fluids and rock density and velocity. And that |
|
| 126:41 | him figure out a lot about the structure of not only a formation but |
|
| 126:46 | entire basin that you're drilling into. I don't know it would be the |
|
| 126:53 | basin, but you'd be able to the entire section. So it be |
|
| 126:57 | gross structure of a lot of particularly when you compare one well to |
|
| 127:03 | next Well, and that's Ah, thing that you do with wire line |
|
| 127:09 | is comparing contrast or correlate one log another. So this is sort of |
|
| 127:17 | time honored and long time, important aspect of the data that we |
|
| 127:29 | in, uh, for evaluating reservoirs any end of the spectrum of the |
|
| 127:39 | chain. Okay, so I like go along with the, uh, |
|
| 127:51 | classification. It's used in the Lewis swore brought book. And they divide |
|
| 128:02 | basic logging tools into rock mythology, , ferocity and permeability tools and fluid |
|
| 128:10 | tools. And this is mainly because going to be what they primarily used |
|
| 128:18 | for, Especially when, in basic when they didn't have a lot of |
|
| 128:25 | tools on, they had lots of and manuals and stuff that we could |
|
| 128:29 | up. And when I did petro , Uh, well, before any |
|
| 128:34 | you were born, I had a i Texas Instruments 59 calculator and I |
|
| 128:42 | programs on a little strip of magnetic , and I could evaluate things and |
|
| 128:48 | plot things and do all sorts of . Um, but Thio what I'm |
|
| 128:54 | to get at is that although the thing that these tools might look at |
|
| 129:00 | rock and mythology or porosity and permeability fluid identification in combination. They also |
|
| 129:07 | each other out. And then, course, we have different tools. |
|
| 129:13 | , that I won't mention right here this first lecture. It won't really |
|
| 129:18 | to, but there's a lot of tools and cross plotting tools and a |
|
| 129:23 | of actual computer interpretation of what it means. That gets plotted out in |
|
| 129:30 | tools now. And they could do when I was doing all this. |
|
| 129:37 | that back then, when we were involved in focusing on these specific purposes |
|
| 129:44 | the tools, we also understood Why, when you combine them, |
|
| 129:50 | , in certain situations they work really . In other situations they worked |
|
| 129:56 | but in almost all situations, they're entirely accurate. And, uh, |
|
| 130:03 | makes it not really important, whether precise or not. Okay, |
|
| 130:08 | having said that, then we're also to look at some things about pressure |
|
| 130:12 | . Kind of talk about why they're and sidewall sidewalk course. Uh, |
|
| 130:18 | can be sent down on wire too. And one of the rock |
|
| 130:27 | . You can do other stuff with locks besides this. But one of |
|
| 130:29 | rock tools in a gamma log is ability thio to distinguish between mud versus |
|
| 130:39 | ? Uh, and it also relates permeability. But the obviously because mud |
|
| 130:48 | very fine grained and Sanders coarser Why do we use term mud? |
|
| 131:02 | one of those simple terms that I people don't always agree on or get |
|
| 131:09 | . But there really is one underlying from a geologist. As to |
|
| 131:15 | What mud is the grain service. a grain size thing, But what |
|
| 131:21 | size is it? First shells. you say shell? Mhm. |
|
| 131:27 | well, as geologists, we know clay and there's silt, right? |
|
| 131:38 | in this case, we're not really clay from silk, where mud is |
|
| 131:43 | combination of those grain sizes. of course, one of the reasons |
|
| 131:48 | you kind of have to do If you're a geologist and you've worked |
|
| 131:51 | grain size analysis and stuff, as , I happen to have been, |
|
| 131:57 | , lucky enough Thio are unlucky enough have done. But I think I |
|
| 132:02 | last week that very rarely in a environment where you find clay particles that |
|
| 132:08 | clay sized on this because they don't don't hang around by themselves. They're |
|
| 132:17 | loners. They flock you late together other clay particles. And, |
|
| 132:25 | after looking at lots of marine samples a natural state of the saltwater they |
|
| 132:29 | out of, there's almost no five particles that you confined floating around in |
|
| 132:38 | water unless you happen to catch a nano fossil. And oftentimes their plates |
|
| 132:45 | a little bit bigger than five But but so mostly what we're looking |
|
| 132:53 | when we're looking at the fine grain in a formation way can simply call |
|
| 132:58 | mug makes it easier for the engineers remember it. But as geologist and |
|
| 133:03 | , we know that it's it's a of clay and insult, but it's |
|
| 133:09 | clay sized particles. They kind of to suck stuff out of the water |
|
| 133:17 | and as their flock relating ah, other clay particles, they also pick |
|
| 133:24 | precipitated things that might contain uranium, or thorium, and the spectral gamma |
|
| 133:32 | , I think to a certain is still, uh, confusing to |
|
| 133:39 | . It was toe what you could with it, but these air the |
|
| 133:43 | sources when we look at a gamma . We're looking at the total signal |
|
| 133:49 | this, and we're drilling well in Gulf of Mexico. Which one of |
|
| 133:55 | seems to be the most predominant element we're gonna find and the most |
|
| 134:06 | Is it uranium? It's gonna be uranium one. And it has a |
|
| 134:11 | to do with the development of hot , Um, and source rocks. |
|
| 134:15 | we see that. And of um, when you get out in |
|
| 134:20 | ocean, you can't have You can't working in places where you have this |
|
| 134:24 | issue again with felt spars. And is which will input a lot of |
|
| 134:31 | . On the other hand, you can get places where the |
|
| 134:38 | um, has a lot of thorium it because you've got a lot of |
|
| 134:42 | weathered products and you end up with Kayla night inbox side. There's places |
|
| 134:46 | South Carolina where these things form, Kayla night and in other parts of |
|
| 134:52 | East Coast, the United States. so in those places immediately offshore, |
|
| 134:58 | you have run off, you could something like this. So if we |
|
| 135:01 | start drilling off the east coast of United States. We might find a |
|
| 135:11 | percentage of this coming in, and way they measure these different things is |
|
| 135:16 | different. So you end up with of different numbers. Eso If you |
|
| 135:21 | to use the absolute numbers, it's hard to figure out what's going |
|
| 135:25 | But to get around that, you ratios of each of these numbers against |
|
| 135:30 | other, and you can come up some pretty good ideas of things. |
|
| 135:35 | do you remember when, um in last week I showed you the |
|
| 135:40 | Sea and I showed you all these and sediment sources coming in to the |
|
| 135:46 | part of the Caspian Sea, where app Ceron Ridge was and the big |
|
| 135:49 | fields where, uh, one of ways that we were able to distinguish |
|
| 135:54 | river systems sediments were coming from was the ratios of these different three elements |
|
| 136:00 | radioactive elements. And, uh, you use absolute numbers, there's a |
|
| 136:06 | of things that in other words, can have a lot of all of |
|
| 136:10 | . Ah, and then in Well, you have a few of |
|
| 136:14 | of these, but when you look the ratios from one to the |
|
| 136:17 | It gives you a good idea of the actual source Waas. So that's |
|
| 136:22 | of how that log is used. had a question about, um Arcos |
|
| 136:29 | Yes, I've never seen one that a log like I just an example |
|
| 136:35 | what our coast looks like on a ray log. But but is it |
|
| 136:39 | , Thio Fake out Aziz reading Hot or the Arcos is really not read |
|
| 136:46 | hot that you might mistake it. , yeah, we're not actually |
|
| 136:51 | We're not actually looking for in Uh, if if you have felt |
|
| 136:58 | grains, uh, that could create that's more our Kosik rather than court |
|
| 137:08 | , you're gonna have a higher signal this. It's not gonna be You're |
|
| 137:11 | going to see a rock layer. it's not going to say, |
|
| 137:15 | for the most part, it's not to say this is an our coast |
|
| 137:18 | this is not a narcos. It's to tell you that we're getting a |
|
| 137:23 | percentage relative to these other ones. other words, uh, some of |
|
| 137:28 | signal is being replaced by that signal is being replaced by this signal, |
|
| 137:33 | that's why the ratios work. In words, what's the relative abundance of |
|
| 137:36 | things I'm getting, Ah, high response or a low gamma response? |
|
| 137:40 | what's the ratio between between these? I'm getting lower high and that tells |
|
| 137:45 | whether it's mawr are Cacic or less coast. Okay, so well, |
|
| 137:51 | we'll have a really suppressed signal and we'll know. It's pretty clear |
|
| 137:57 | it's, ah, straightforward solicit plastic of clay minerals. But again, |
|
| 138:04 | we have something where there's breakdown, like a the source, water comes |
|
| 138:13 | , say, the desert to the of um, east of the Caspian |
|
| 138:19 | . You're going to see more of coming in if you see sediments coming |
|
| 138:25 | from the Volga. That sometimes was the route of the ocean when sea |
|
| 138:30 | is how you're going to see more . So it's a matter of kind |
|
| 138:33 | sorting this out. And if something coming from the mountains in the |
|
| 138:37 | you're going to see a pickup, , in the narcosis. So it |
|
| 138:44 | , it's not an absolute thing. we're not actually identifying, uh, |
|
| 138:50 | court sand or are Kostic sand or that's got a lot of products that |
|
| 138:55 | been highly weather to where you've got insoluble minerals that end up getting |
|
| 139:04 | But this would be the most the next most weather, and this |
|
| 139:08 | the least weather of the sediments coming your source. So it's It's one |
|
| 139:13 | to define your sources of sediment uh, but having said all of |
|
| 139:19 | when it's hot, it's usually because this. And that's usually hot because |
|
| 139:27 | . And that's for the total not the spectral gamma log. You |
|
| 139:31 | see a hot spike when we have organic shales and they're hot because the |
|
| 139:38 | organic particles in the shale are going be absorbing the uranium minerals. |
|
| 139:45 | does that make sense to you? that's that's what That's what we're looking |
|
| 139:50 | , most of them looking for But if we're trying to figure out |
|
| 139:54 | source of the sands, we do spectral gamma log, which which separates |
|
| 140:01 | three records. Normally, we see gamma log, which is the |
|
| 140:05 | and it includes all three. And , if you were sorry, sorry |
|
| 140:11 | interrupt. If you were logging. you were logging through a series of |
|
| 140:18 | or mud stones in the new log . Ah, bed. That's highly |
|
| 140:23 | Cacic. Is it possible that it read high enough on a P I |
|
| 140:27 | it to look very similar? Thio mud players. That's what I was |
|
| 140:33 | to say is if you log it will. The FBI counts behind |
|
| 140:38 | to where it looks like a I've never look, look, look |
|
| 140:42 | it for that purpose. But I tell you something that does happen. |
|
| 140:49 | , now, one of the things wanna let me let me flip over |
|
| 140:53 | to a gamma log. Typical gamma . So what we're normally looking at |
|
| 140:58 | the total gamma. And so a of times we think of high is |
|
| 141:07 | in this direction, but it's low this direction is high in that |
|
| 141:11 | So the high, uh, radioactive . Total gamma response. Natural radiation |
|
| 141:19 | is over here. So this is , Hi. Spike here. This |
|
| 141:23 | a high spike here, okay? so you can see here that there's |
|
| 141:30 | , ah, more marine shale in in a more marine shale there. |
|
| 141:35 | , uh, and then you get in here. You can't Really. |
|
| 141:40 | lethality here is kind of confusing, when you get up here, you |
|
| 141:43 | definite sand stones, and you have shales. But here you have a |
|
| 141:49 | of looks like a lot of shale most of its slow. But then |
|
| 141:53 | high. So these air probably rich marine shells right here, that |
|
| 141:58 | of thing. And, uh, most of time, though, what |
|
| 142:03 | we use in that gamma log What is the predominant reason we do |
|
| 142:07 | gamble and it goes back to Yeah, it goes back to this |
|
| 142:17 | . Well, I thought I had . No, it goes back to |
|
| 142:26 | and mythology and the main purpose of . Oh, here it is. |
|
| 142:34 | huh. I knew it was somewhere versus sand. That's what we're usually |
|
| 142:39 | . You know, just a plain log is mud versus scene. Spectral |
|
| 142:44 | log. Uh, looks at the spectrum of the three primary elements that |
|
| 142:51 | gonna look at that produced that gamma . And when you work with |
|
| 142:58 | sometimes you can figure out the but you really have to be careful |
|
| 143:01 | know what you're doing. Okay? my my little page shifter on my |
|
| 143:14 | works, and sometimes it doesn't. , so let me let me give |
|
| 143:21 | an example of kind of what you're about, but it's different than what |
|
| 143:24 | talking about. For example, here have. We have Sands, |
|
| 143:30 | These air low gamma. And then have these shales over here, and |
|
| 143:34 | can really see him. And the sharp spikes. Here's one over |
|
| 143:40 | The Nance information. You see, a shale. So this is a |
|
| 143:44 | shale. We got a spike You can go along and you can |
|
| 143:48 | that the whole curves come down in for the shale. It goes up |
|
| 143:52 | the sandstone comes down for the the , and there it goes up for |
|
| 143:56 | sand stones. Here's a shale, it's over here. Okay, So |
|
| 144:02 | would happen? Uh, something I told you about the East Coast is |
|
| 144:09 | , um the bath A list There a significant amount of uranium in |
|
| 144:15 | and they're actually considered when you look the sap. Prolific deposits from the |
|
| 144:21 | lists. Uh, When the price uranium is high, they become |
|
| 144:27 | But that's really not as important as is that there's a lot of source |
|
| 144:34 | , uh, radioactive sand size particles in to the Atlantic Ocean down the |
|
| 144:42 | that drain the Appalachians and all the down to Georgia and probably some some |
|
| 144:50 | south and Alabama. And so when go through a relatively uranium rich |
|
| 145:00 | you're gonna you're gonna get a reversal this spike. In other words, |
|
| 145:03 | sand is gonna be higher than the , probably because it has a lot |
|
| 145:08 | actual uranium and other radioactive minerals in as sand size particles. And we |
|
| 145:15 | those hot sands and hot sands. , if they're hot enough often can |
|
| 145:21 | low grade sources of uranium. something that they did during World War |
|
| 145:27 | was mind a lot of that stuff they were trying to get uranium from |
|
| 145:31 | they could at the time. I don't think anybody is mining that |
|
| 145:36 | now, but one of the environmental about that is that it does mean |
|
| 145:43 | lot of the sediments that roll down the Appalachian Mountains are also carrying with |
|
| 145:49 | a lot of naturally radioactive minerals. so you have to worry about, |
|
| 145:56 | , you know, having, radioactive vapors in your crawlspace or you're |
|
| 146:01 | it or not your attic. But across space or a basement. You |
|
| 146:05 | to watch out for that kind of . But normally a basement, it's |
|
| 146:08 | have thick enough concrete or something that don't have to worry about it. |
|
| 146:12 | there are places where basement is partly rock, and it's not covered in |
|
| 146:18 | . So, yes, you can if these things reverse for some |
|
| 146:26 | You know, normally, when we a lot of uranium, it's this |
|
| 146:28 | thing. It's gonna be fine. and the sands. They're gonna be |
|
| 146:33 | as a whistle in the Gulf of . You know, they're gonna be |
|
| 146:38 | Ah ah, Court Citic. They're have very little of any of this |
|
| 146:43 | little of any of that. And gonna have this in South Carolina. |
|
| 146:46 | office for South Carolina, Virginia, , parts of Georgia. You're going |
|
| 146:52 | see maybe a higher level of this you normally would see in the Gulf |
|
| 146:58 | Mexico and and they do have places there's Kayla night deposits, so you |
|
| 147:03 | see some of this in in too, at a higher level. |
|
| 147:07 | having said that again, you still be able to distinguish by ratios what's |
|
| 147:13 | going on from from, say, river versus another river if you have |
|
| 147:21 | distribution systems providing the source of the . So Don Don, would you |
|
| 147:27 | that? Would you say that the of Mexico is is an easy |
|
| 147:34 | Uh, yeah, the Gulf of in terms. But you see, |
|
| 147:38 | that's why all of what I'm gonna showing you in most of this lecture |
|
| 147:45 | nothing other than where most of the is coming from and what it |
|
| 147:51 | But there's exceptions to everything in a tool because, uh, you |
|
| 147:57 | we're talking about certain minerals, and of them don't even exist in some |
|
| 148:02 | . And there's also, uh, we start start talking about the SP |
|
| 148:10 | , there's, um there's also funny that happened with SP logs, depending |
|
| 148:14 | where you're drilling. But in the of Mexico, it's a simpler system |
|
| 148:19 | you have a lot of pure courts a lot of your clays or organic |
|
| 148:24 | and and also helps with with seismic a lot of seismic was developed with |
|
| 148:31 | to the types of responses we would in the Gulf of Mexico. And |
|
| 148:34 | it gets applied somewhere else. But you guys know where the the A |
|
| 148:41 | I gamma log calibration site is for whole world also. No, |
|
| 148:49 | uh, the original one is on campus of the University of Houston. |
|
| 148:55 | course, now we're smart enough thio calibrate things by making pseudo calibrate |
|
| 149:02 | But there was a section of rock the art annex that's over there off |
|
| 149:08 | Calhoun Road. I think they moved roads around over there, so I |
|
| 149:12 | know exactly. But it's close. , uh, close to the Greek |
|
| 149:17 | over there, too, if they're standing. And, uh, pretty |
|
| 149:23 | over there on the and the And, uh, how do they |
|
| 149:29 | the guys things? Yeah. Excuse . Fraternity. Yes, Fraternities. |
|
| 149:37 | don't seem so fraternal to me Have a hard time remembering that |
|
| 149:42 | but any anyway, um uh, there, there's, like, some |
|
| 149:47 | concrete. There's some holes in the , and people used to stick their |
|
| 149:51 | down there. And Schlumberger's A over in the research center also built some |
|
| 149:56 | to kind of mimic it. But think back when I was actually doing |
|
| 150:02 | Gulf of Mexico, everybody would drive trucks to the University of Houston, |
|
| 150:06 | their tools down in there and calibrated might bring, like, 40 40 |
|
| 150:10 | at a time and calibrate a whole of them at once and drive back |
|
| 150:14 | slumbers a down on I 45 and maybe one of the back roads. |
|
| 150:20 | and that might be another reason why was there. There was some land |
|
| 150:23 | and maybe slumbers a drill. The initially, I don't know the whole |
|
| 150:29 | of it, But those air still campus and there may There may be |
|
| 150:34 | , little plaque or sign there uh, but if you're on |
|
| 150:39 | I could walk you over there at . So anyway, um, here |
|
| 150:45 | just the regular spectral gamma log, here's the suite of other minerals. |
|
| 150:50 | of course, these two are parts million, and this is, |
|
| 150:54 | potassium is a percentage of another And so you have to do ratios |
|
| 151:00 | , actually get a handle on And, of course, the range |
|
| 151:04 | some of these things is important, . And here you can see the |
|
| 151:08 | Marine shale. We've got a nice spike. Yeah, that's that's the |
|
| 151:12 | spike that you're seeing. Not that aren't having something in the shale, |
|
| 151:16 | these aren't having anything in the The big contributor there is that uranium |
|
| 151:21 | of for that big marine Spike. you can see here when you get |
|
| 151:25 | Sands and they're not hot sands, cools down. Ah, but one |
|
| 151:30 | the keys. One of a key to remember and I don't know of |
|
| 151:35 | tools. Do it or not, don't think they do, because students |
|
| 151:38 | seem Thio understand this. But when get an inflection like this in the |
|
| 151:43 | , that means you've got some shale in here and you have shale stringers |
|
| 151:49 | your sandstone. It's going to be porosity effective ferocity, that is, |
|
| 151:56 | know, the shells might be high . The probability is really love. |
|
| 152:00 | so when you do a quick and logging now analysis you might want to |
|
| 152:05 | out a foot. Okay, This in meters, so you might want |
|
| 152:08 | pull out a couple of centimeters or centimeters. Um or what would it |
|
| 152:14 | ? Maybe about 36 centimeters. somewhere between 20 24 36 centimeters. |
|
| 152:23 | , every time you CNN inflection like . So this was, I don't |
|
| 152:29 | , maybe 15 ft thick. This thing right here, you might want |
|
| 152:33 | remove 2 ft because of those And if this wasn't here, you |
|
| 152:38 | see another stringer in there that's a bit bigger. And it goes to |
|
| 152:42 | little bit of a spike in the there. So something funky happened to |
|
| 152:45 | sand in there. But it's too this is covering it up. Let |
|
| 152:50 | see in a move it just to sure I'm not lying to Yes, |
|
| 153:01 | going on there. And it's a . That's ah, compositional change in |
|
| 153:06 | sandstone, but not here. You're seeing this thorium thing. Thorium popped |
|
| 153:18 | . Um, that's a compositional change the sandstone. And here is, |
|
| 153:24 | this right here is, uh, gonna be like, little shale |
|
| 153:27 | Organic rich sandstone. Excuse me. , Little tiny stringers mixed in |
|
| 153:35 | So you want to try to take ? We'll go back to here, |
|
| 153:41 | it's been a little bit over. been about an hour and almost 20 |
|
| 153:52 | . So I'm gonna take a break everybody, cause I'm getting tired and |
|
| 153:57 | come back and look at this. mawr, I really appreciate people are |
|
| 154:02 | questions, by the way, but , take a break and let's do |
|
| 154:09 | it. How about a 12 minute ? Come back around five till something |
|
| 154:15 | that? Good. And then then won't have to take another break until |
|
| 154:20 | end. Yeah. Okay. Can hear me? Yep. Yep. |
|
| 155:30 | . Okay. So we were We there. Okay. Um so just |
|
| 155:37 | summarize, we had a lot of , but wait. Done. You |
|
| 155:41 | present. Okay. Okay. I . But I guess it went |
|
| 155:48 | Let me see. Or maybe I can't take you guys it. |
|
| 155:54 | don't you? It's okay. I you. Stuff happens with these |
|
| 156:02 | E told Dr Basada when we were his class that he needed to get |
|
| 156:07 | recliner to teach class and and just the zoom camera set ups where he |
|
| 156:11 | just sit in the recliner and give lecture. So it's He's more comfortable |
|
| 156:14 | he was like, He's always saying his back was hurting. Sitting in |
|
| 156:17 | chair all day long. His Yeah, his knees. That's what |
|
| 156:22 | was. Yeah, well, my used to bother me, but not |
|
| 156:26 | sitting. But since Kobe 19, almost written 2000 miles on my |
|
| 156:34 | and it's built up my muscles. so my knees don't bother me at |
|
| 156:38 | anymore, So I've been lucky. . I want to go to |
|
| 156:47 | You can see me and everything right? Yes. Look good. |
|
| 156:51 | , sir. Okay, so? the main thing, uh, for |
|
| 156:59 | , Audrey is a little bit older I am. It's a It's pretty |
|
| 157:04 | what kind of shape? He's in considering. And I've been lucky to |
|
| 157:09 | , I think. But anyway, , that the main issue for the |
|
| 157:16 | log, of course it za roc . And it Zeman Ainley used for |
|
| 157:22 | discriminating between Sands and Shales. uh, of course, the Gulf |
|
| 157:28 | Mexico works great because we have lots sand and shale intervals. You guys |
|
| 157:34 | else where there's lots of carbonates, still works, but but the story |
|
| 157:39 | a little different, and you have use additional tools. Decide what? |
|
| 157:43 | it all means. Like the resistive , which is a fluid tool. |
|
| 157:51 | , eso rock tools continued spontaneous potential also a sand shale discrimination. |
|
| 158:00 | one of one of the fellas a years ago that taught our petro physics |
|
| 158:06 | . Ah, wanted to know why explain anything about SP logs. And |
|
| 158:12 | those of you that are working or have recently been working, did you |
|
| 158:17 | come across an SP log in your set? Many. And one of |
|
| 158:23 | reasons for that is is that, you take a place, uh, |
|
| 158:31 | the Permian Basin. And you've drilled these conventional wells in the past, |
|
| 158:36 | they all have SP logs and you to figure out what's going on |
|
| 158:40 | And this this This happens all over state of Texas. Oklahoma. You |
|
| 158:44 | it. Um uh, if you're use legacy data, you need to |
|
| 158:51 | what S P log is. And also have to understand that it's It's |
|
| 158:55 | to what a gamma log tool tells , but it's not identical. And |
|
| 158:59 | are things that tells you that a log doesn't tell you. But by |
|
| 159:04 | large they're pretty close in their They're very similar, but under different |
|
| 159:13 | . For example, oil has an on SP, and solemnity has a |
|
| 159:19 | not only solidity but well, salami a big impact on SP. Wouldn't |
|
| 159:25 | a gamma log at all on the water, but also the composition of |
|
| 159:30 | formation. Water could be hypercritical whenever We're looking at S P log in |
|
| 159:39 | like Argentina San Harney Basin. It's alkaline enriched basin one of these basins |
|
| 159:46 | had high algal productivity and produces a of oil and gas because it was |
|
| 159:53 | enriched. Um, I was working that base and to figure out why |
|
| 159:58 | was so much oil there. And course I kind of knew ahead of |
|
| 160:01 | because it was outlet enriched. And of the logging guys there says, |
|
| 160:06 | comes we get all these messed up on our logs here, and I |
|
| 160:09 | , because the alkalinity Israel, high your water and It's just like you're |
|
| 160:12 | to fresh water. But you didn't it. And, uh, and |
|
| 160:16 | not fresh water because it's sailing, it za different composition of saline |
|
| 160:22 | and, uh and so you get different response for that too. |
|
| 160:27 | so anyway, it za good sand discriminator to and again, it was |
|
| 160:32 | developed in the Gulf of Mexico for use. Yeah, and here we |
|
| 160:38 | , uh ah, log that looks some of the logs you're gonna have |
|
| 160:42 | correlate and notice how subtle some of could be. You know, it |
|
| 160:50 | look like like this where you have sand popping way out here and a |
|
| 160:56 | going way back there. Uh, subtle response. And it's also the |
|
| 161:05 | rate is slower, so it has thin bed effect. Thinner beds could |
|
| 161:11 | impacted. And course it's good. can impact it. And so you |
|
| 161:22 | see that's depressed. Uh, here's sandstone that's a thin bed because the |
|
| 161:29 | doesn't respond as quickly. Um, get a a suppressed spike going in |
|
| 161:39 | negative direction. And but, you , and then you look at the |
|
| 161:45 | log and you try to figure out the highest peaks are and that we've |
|
| 161:49 | are static. ESPN, of you're picking it off your cleanest sand |
|
| 161:55 | , Not not your smaller bedded Here's a clean sandstone, but it's |
|
| 161:59 | bigger bed. It gets smaller and at that. It's suppressed this one |
|
| 162:03 | than that one, too, so a little suppressed. So we developed |
|
| 162:08 | way of scaling this between this static and what we call the shale |
|
| 162:15 | which is where it just bases So when it gets down here, |
|
| 162:17 | know it's shale, and we don't these amazing spikes that you see in |
|
| 162:24 | gamma log for a good marine, rich show. And that's kind of |
|
| 162:31 | that tool works. And again uh, you're trying to pick up |
|
| 162:40 | with the currents flowing between the shells the sands. It's zits more complicated |
|
| 162:47 | this. In reality, even even model of Ah Adam is but but |
|
| 162:54 | basic principle is is that you have acting as a membrane and, |
|
| 163:01 | the sodium cat Heinz or smaller in chlorine an ions. So there's a |
|
| 163:07 | propensity for the sodium to come It's not that the chlorine doesn't get |
|
| 163:12 | there, but it's more cat ions an ions. And here it's on |
|
| 163:17 | abundance Savannah ins, or they flatten out. And so you can |
|
| 163:25 | uh, just in terms of the size. E don't know where I |
|
| 163:30 | this from, but it always bothered that sodium was smaller than chlorine, |
|
| 163:38 | I know as a full molecule I a fuel. A few full Adam |
|
| 163:52 | chlorine could just because the atomic weight likely be a little bit smaller. |
|
| 163:57 | it isn't because of the the But the, uh you have here |
|
| 164:04 | sodium cat ion is this and the an iron is this, and this |
|
| 164:13 | much bigger in terms of space than is. And so that's why apparently |
|
| 164:23 | It's not like a sieve that works , but it just creates ah propensity |
|
| 164:29 | , um, the smaller cat ions get through here and the larger an |
|
| 164:34 | to get through down here. of course, we're working in a |
|
| 164:39 | , chlorine dominated system. If you it to something that sodium bicarbonate id |
|
| 164:45 | bicarbonate dominated, it's gonna be different , and I'm not going to go |
|
| 164:51 | details of that because that's really specialized that pop up in only certain |
|
| 164:58 | Okay, so and here I just out Alkalinity has a similar effect, |
|
| 165:04 | here is here is the slinging. mud is much greater in the solemnity |
|
| 165:10 | formation where Fresh and I have been a class where somebody's gone. How |
|
| 165:17 | it be fresh? The water is salty in the subsurface, and everybody |
|
| 165:24 | here knows that's not true, No responses. Yeah, No, |
|
| 165:35 | why we That's why we have And we can get water out of |
|
| 165:39 | system that's low salinity and fresh. , a lot of times it's like |
|
| 165:47 | diagrams that process he disappears with It does, but it doesn't always |
|
| 165:52 | . It the same rate, like diagrams show us. And there are |
|
| 165:56 | that can, uh, enhanced ferocity have nothing to do with depth of |
|
| 166:02 | . But, ah, it's the thing here, uh, in |
|
| 166:08 | and it is absolutely correct. In , as we go deeper in the |
|
| 166:13 | , in the in the subsurface, going to get more and more saline |
|
| 166:18 | . If you happen to pass by wing close by, you're gonna have |
|
| 166:24 | spike in solidity. And then when get past, it may drop back |
|
| 166:27 | again. Likewise, if you have , big title bore, uh, |
|
| 166:35 | your coastline. Uh, the weight all that water is going to push |
|
| 166:41 | inland and deeper into the rock All right, Certainly not much greater |
|
| 166:48 | a few 1000 ft. But you're have mawr freshwater, uh, getting |
|
| 166:53 | into the upper ends of, stream that's held back by tied, |
|
| 166:58 | , fresh water is going to be down. There will be an interface |
|
| 167:01 | it's all sailing, but at the time, there's places up to it |
|
| 167:05 | air getting a higher rate of of of fresh water. Ah, at |
|
| 167:13 | , um, locations. And of , if you go up dip, |
|
| 167:17 | may see that pushing the water fresh into the formation deeper in the section |
|
| 167:22 | you go up dip on a coastal . So that happens a lot you |
|
| 167:26 | have in South Carolina. They didn't any oil wells. So when I |
|
| 167:31 | , subsurface work in South Carolina had work with, um, with fresh |
|
| 167:36 | . Well, basically water wells. there was no, There's no oil |
|
| 167:42 | . She couldn't get any data on . So I did a lot of |
|
| 167:44 | with water wells in water wells, , are going after fresh water and |
|
| 167:51 | your gamma log could be completely reversed the entire section. It wasn't always |
|
| 167:57 | that's what was the clicker to And as you got closer, you |
|
| 168:03 | , um, impact of saline water in from tides coming up and down |
|
| 168:09 | little bit past that there was a of the fresh water that was trying |
|
| 168:13 | move down dip. And you would a little bit more freshwater in those |
|
| 168:17 | because actual title cycles, uh, the shoreline would, uh, maybe |
|
| 168:24 | be in the wedge of salt coming through the subsurface. But it would |
|
| 168:29 | backed up for a while so it fluctuate weather level in the in the |
|
| 168:33 | particular wells, even if it was fresh, could fluctuate from from the |
|
| 168:38 | of tide that were farther down It wasn't quite Selena. Okay, |
|
| 168:44 | a little bit off target, but we dio here's normal SP responses that |
|
| 168:49 | see And here we got the sandstone shell. This is not indicating anything |
|
| 168:56 | bed effect. This is just sort generalizing what you're supposed to see. |
|
| 169:02 | . It goes down because, it moves in this positive direction. |
|
| 169:10 | , and because you have a heavy on the Annan's and here you have |
|
| 169:13 | cat on so it goes negative. so that's the way it looks |
|
| 169:20 | And here's, ah, intermediate And this, quite frankly, could |
|
| 169:29 | , um something about 5000 ft that a lot of freshwater and saltwater mixed |
|
| 169:37 | . And so you get kind of , who knows what it iss if |
|
| 169:41 | have. If you have hydrocarbons in pore fluid, it would suppress the |
|
| 169:46 | , right? Yes, it If you have a normal SP |
|
| 169:49 | Yeah, it wouldn't it wouldn't impact gamma log, but it would impact |
|
| 169:53 | . So So one of the neat about having a running a gamma e |
|
| 169:59 | know why slumbers they didn't like us run them together. I don't know |
|
| 170:02 | it was about. The tools that one another. Maybe maybe they didn't |
|
| 170:07 | it being a longer string of but we always mobile would run both |
|
| 170:14 | them because, you know, the log was great for doing the sand |
|
| 170:18 | thing. But, boy, if s p got suppressed, you |
|
| 170:22 | without even looking at the reasons you had an idea of where the |
|
| 170:25 | the hydrocarbons might have been. of course, it's primarily an oil |
|
| 170:32 | . Okay, And you're going to that in the exercise that you do |
|
| 170:37 | this class, there's gonna be some due to oil. Okay? And |
|
| 170:43 | is just two logs together comparing gamut Here's the GAM and here's the |
|
| 170:48 | What's most notable? What's not. actually relates to the question the statement |
|
| 170:56 | just made. It looks like it's on there. Yeah, automatically. |
|
| 171:02 | those that don't know, Um, a perf interval and there's a perf |
|
| 171:09 | . Normally, they perf things when when there's oil and gas in |
|
| 171:13 | and in this case it's probably And if you come over here, |
|
| 171:22 | can see you know you've gone to shell or the string that's kind of |
|
| 171:26 | the oils included. The SP doesn't is fast But you can see there's |
|
| 171:30 | suppression. Ah, there to the . But here you're in good, |
|
| 171:37 | sand and look what happens. Took a long time for it to get |
|
| 171:42 | up to what would be static Okay. And you know, there's |
|
| 171:53 | even reaches static SP in this It would be right here, but |
|
| 171:56 | probably static SP is probably higher than because you've got oil in this whole |
|
| 172:01 | here we have. You know, cleanest sand is up here. Look |
|
| 172:03 | that. Here's oil suppression. Maybe little bit of shale suppression right |
|
| 172:10 | You know, there's little inflections on gamma tell you something. And when |
|
| 172:16 | I worked at a mobile, early on in my career. |
|
| 172:22 | um, one thing I'm good at , uh, I hate rules, |
|
| 172:27 | I follow them. And sometimes people hate rules follow them closer than people |
|
| 172:34 | live by rules. But, I had some big pay sands that |
|
| 172:40 | like this. And when the expiration had the field, they made a |
|
| 172:47 | bunch of maps that people kept copying they called the pace section this whole |
|
| 172:53 | , this whole thing they were calling ferocity. And of course, I |
|
| 172:59 | attention in my my 3.5 logging And I think in my early |
|
| 173:07 | one of the smartest things I ever was I asked questions every every chance |
|
| 173:10 | got. And I was never afraid ask a question. And and so |
|
| 173:17 | got a lot of information on this what you do, all these inflections |
|
| 173:22 | gonna pull out a little bit of for that This one a lot mawr |
|
| 173:26 | this one A lot more. But know, you're gonna have some. |
|
| 173:29 | gonna have some effective process in But you've got all this little wiggly |
|
| 173:33 | to make a long story short. went through South Marsh Island 1 28 |
|
| 173:37 | 60 wells, and they might have , 0, 300. There were |
|
| 173:44 | sands. They might have had 3 400 ft of pay section in each |
|
| 173:49 | , and on average, I knocked down two from 400 to 300 from |
|
| 173:55 | 3. 50 2 to 75 to . So I knocked it down on |
|
| 174:01 | , 50 ft of pay. And the reserves in the field. This |
|
| 174:07 | the biggest producing, single producing, square mile block in the Gulf of |
|
| 174:13 | . And I reduced the pay in , uh, by a good 2025% |
|
| 174:22 | it got reported. Uh, and know you guys probably know this happens |
|
| 174:27 | a minute you do something is a to kind of hits the bottom |
|
| 174:30 | but make a long story another long short, I reduced the reserves of |
|
| 174:35 | field by a significant amount from about million barrels Thio 75 million barrels in |
|
| 174:45 | A couple of things happened. the vice president of expiration expiration when |
|
| 174:49 | didn't have a lot of executive vice , By the way, he was |
|
| 174:52 | number two guy. He flew down New York Thio to Houston, asked |
|
| 174:59 | what I did wrong, and I that was the only thing that was |
|
| 175:01 | happen. And of course, as a new geologist, I went |
|
| 175:07 | got the our lead. Petro physically in and told the guy I did |
|
| 175:10 | exactly right. And that's exactly what facts are. And so I |
|
| 175:15 | Well, God, this is but okay. But then the federal |
|
| 175:19 | realized we changed our reserves. We our reserves and the first thing they |
|
| 175:25 | . You know how conspiracy theories work both sides. First thing they decided |
|
| 175:30 | since we reduced the amount of reserves had in this field prior to a |
|
| 175:35 | point because if you found new you could get a better price for |
|
| 175:40 | . So if you get rid of of your reserves and then you bring |
|
| 175:42 | back, you could get a higher on the oil. So somebody automatically |
|
| 175:48 | that Mobile was intentionally trying to hide so that they could call them new |
|
| 175:54 | . So we got audited, and still hadn't lost my job yet. |
|
| 176:00 | , uh so, uh, they DeGolyer and MacNaughton to come in |
|
| 176:05 | audit my reserves. And when they done, they took off mawr reserves |
|
| 176:14 | back then and only in rare cases a vice president, talked to a |
|
| 176:19 | geologist, and they didn't in this . But they called up my boss's |
|
| 176:25 | boss and he related to his his and then that guy, eventually it |
|
| 176:32 | to my boss he came in and vice president pointed out, Thank goodness |
|
| 176:37 | guys air not conservative, but you're . So, uh, I dodged |
|
| 176:43 | ball, that bullet. So as turns out, when I went in |
|
| 176:48 | was carefully picking the effective porosity, was being less conservative than the auditors |
|
| 176:55 | were paid by bankers. Thio be conservative on what the pay is, |
|
| 177:01 | I don't know. Some companies probably protocols now where they only go |
|
| 177:07 | uh, computer generated, effective But I know that computer generated effective |
|
| 177:15 | that compares a lot of different logs figure out what that effective process. |
|
| 177:19 | often off quite a bit. not not because the tools don't |
|
| 177:24 | but because tools don't always know what the variables are in a given. |
|
| 177:30 | and oftentimes, the underlying assumption is exactly what we're drilling in the Gulf |
|
| 177:35 | Mexico. If you go outside of Gulf of Mexico, you get a |
|
| 177:39 | different type of variables that air in literally hundreds of variables that can affect |
|
| 177:44 | responses, and you're focusing on the ones that affect your response. And |
|
| 177:51 | artificial intelligence or automatic log analysis based a global database is going to be |
|
| 177:59 | at an average response. It's expected a certain set of conditions, and |
|
| 178:04 | conditions might not totally exist in the that you drill. So you have |
|
| 178:07 | be. It's often good to be to look at a log and try |
|
| 178:11 | get in idea of the computer print , which is 90% of the time |
|
| 178:16 | to be right. But sometimes it's . The job in Mobile Bay, |
|
| 178:20 | first guest to stuff discovery thereby by was actually done by that an older |
|
| 178:28 | . I could see that one of tools was being affected by just |
|
| 178:35 | tight sands. And it wasn't a of gas. And he, |
|
| 178:41 | he put his career on the line Tim to run a test. |
|
| 178:45 | uh, Mobile Bay. That whole turned out to be a huge gas |
|
| 178:49 | all over the place that just opened wider. Okay, so next thing |
|
| 178:57 | we look at his resistive ity logs the basic data, uh, suite |
|
| 179:01 | logs again, we're not gonna look everything. We don't have time for |
|
| 179:04 | class, but I kind of have go through this because I'm gonna ask |
|
| 179:07 | to to be able to look at log and figure out what the pay |
|
| 179:11 | in it. And I used to that with with our correlation exercise, |
|
| 179:16 | it became too long, so that happen. But whether I haven't exercised |
|
| 179:22 | not, I think it's really important geologists to be able to look at |
|
| 179:26 | log and automatically think, you if there's something wrong with this |
|
| 179:31 | what could it be? And a of times we have, we end |
|
| 179:36 | with more more production than we think have reserves for or less production than |
|
| 179:40 | think we have reserves for Sometimes it's simple to go back and look at |
|
| 179:45 | logs and see, Is there something could possibly be throwing this off? |
|
| 179:50 | the more you know about how to at, uh, basic log sweets |
|
| 179:55 | figure out what they really mean, in the area that you're in, |
|
| 180:00 | area is gonna have little different If I'm working in and, uh |
|
| 180:07 | , say the Denver area, I have Thio consider they're looking at a |
|
| 180:12 | different kinds of rocks and I'm looking in the Gulf of Mexico and the |
|
| 180:15 | in the North Sea. Uh, you've looked at all three of |
|
| 180:19 | then you know there's lots of quirky , so you might go into an |
|
| 180:23 | with a quirky problem that they haven't figured out yet because they never saw |
|
| 180:27 | anywhere else. Everything looks quirky like . So they just think it's |
|
| 180:32 | And so, again, being able look at the rial data is really |
|
| 180:37 | sometimes and not just taking an interpretation generated by, you know, really |
|
| 180:42 | developed algorithms. But they don't always at all the the variables that are |
|
| 180:49 | and not intentionally it just it happens . Okay, so we're gonna look |
|
| 180:55 | the logs. And, uh, they're really fluid tools because they're based |
|
| 181:05 | , uh, conductivity or these resistive based on what with the, you |
|
| 181:12 | , all rocks have water in especially I shouldn't say all rocks, |
|
| 181:18 | we'll all rocks do have some water very little for igneous and metamorphic. |
|
| 181:23 | for sentimentally rocks, they usually have a bit of water, whether it's |
|
| 181:27 | or shit and in formation. Water conducted. And so the less, |
|
| 181:36 | , what do you have in The less salt water you have in |
|
| 181:40 | , the less conductive it's going to . And consequently, um, and |
|
| 181:46 | turns out it's important that it's that is related to, um, effective |
|
| 181:56 | to because for the current to it's got, it's got to get |
|
| 181:59 | all these things. And so even Shales might be porous and have a |
|
| 182:08 | amount of water, the the absolute in that is going to be much |
|
| 182:15 | . And so the conductivity of the the of that rock as a total |
|
| 182:20 | going to be lower and the resistive is going to be higher. |
|
| 182:27 | And of course, oil and gas not conducive either. So that's |
|
| 182:31 | that's a really telling thing. And is this important? Well, because |
|
| 182:38 | we look, when we're doing conventional we're looking at predominantly sand reservoirs, |
|
| 182:48 | if we just have an aquifer, gonna be in other words, it's |
|
| 182:52 | be a water sand, a wet . We, uh, we would |
|
| 182:57 | a lot of salt water in that . It's effective porosity we're gonna have |
|
| 183:01 | lot of conductivity If you put oil gas in there that includes the water |
|
| 183:06 | , you're going to reduce the conductivity the overall rock. And you're going |
|
| 183:12 | see a drop in the, connectivity and an increase in the resistance |
|
| 183:18 | you put oil and gas in So it's a really good thing, |
|
| 183:21 | gas is a super notch up on ity. Gas includes Ah, a |
|
| 183:27 | of a lot of other liquids, oil and and and more of the |
|
| 183:33 | and therefore, the reasons TV is to be dramatically higher. It |
|
| 183:43 | and also formation matrix is not So if we we run it, |
|
| 183:47 | we have a tool that probes into rock, all these things, we're |
|
| 183:52 | have an impact on it. And something just says Clay Bynes Cat |
|
| 183:59 | even though there may be lots of and conducive fluid. And but but |
|
| 184:05 | Ah, it's, uh, it's of the whole thing, even though |
|
| 184:10 | looking at the whole rock because the is reduced by it. That's one |
|
| 184:15 | the main reasons why, uh, is gonna look like low conductivity. |
|
| 184:22 | reasons to the even, though, a lot of bound work. |
|
| 184:28 | here is just looking at the three types. The normal lateral log, |
|
| 184:35 | , in dual lateral logs. And shown you an induction log. |
|
| 184:40 | and going from this, the spacing the how deep it would penetrate. |
|
| 184:54 | we have electrodes, that air kind focusing, Ah, the current into |
|
| 185:01 | lateral system. And of course, more current that goes into it, |
|
| 185:07 | more conductive it is. The less that goes into it, the more |
|
| 185:11 | it is. So the more you focus into this this thing and get |
|
| 185:16 | farther out. Um, you this would help with bed resolution a |
|
| 185:20 | . And you could also ago a bit deeper. This, of |
|
| 185:25 | the more you stretch this out, know, the loop has to go |
|
| 185:29 | out, but then it gets a bit cranky because you're going through too |
|
| 185:33 | rock. And then, um, you have something that, uh, |
|
| 185:41 | of creates a ground loop in the magnetic field, which forces the |
|
| 185:51 | uh, electric rays to go out and that so we could get deeper |
|
| 185:55 | with this type of configuration. uh, so this has focusing fields |
|
| 186:04 | the current heads out that way. here is kind of what's going on |
|
| 186:11 | the you look here, a the field. Here's the latter log where |
|
| 186:19 | trying to focus it to go out a certain thing like this, |
|
| 186:26 | so you can get it to go out in the spacing. You can |
|
| 186:30 | the spacing and farther out you the more the spacing is on |
|
| 186:35 | And here you have one where you induced current and it just sends a |
|
| 186:42 | farther out and comes back in. that's how they work. And I |
|
| 186:47 | that's a riel cartoonish explanation, but the way they developed these tools. |
|
| 186:53 | , of course, the latter which can be pushed a little bit |
|
| 186:57 | out in the induction logs, are some of the tools that have been |
|
| 187:02 | Thio to reach out farther into the so that we can we can actually |
|
| 187:10 | a little bit ahead of the drill . Um, see if I could |
|
| 187:16 | draw a picture for you here on side. That's my color. So |
|
| 187:30 | have, um, gonna make this change my color Do this first. |
|
| 188:17 | So I have Ah, see if could draw this. Well, I |
|
| 188:28 | a well coming along like this if the distance of my spread is limited |
|
| 188:47 | weak when I'm when I'm at this , have to get this close to |
|
| 189:00 | bed to see it. But if spread on my tool is like this |
|
| 189:13 | about that. I'm have to race one note to Don. Don't draw |
|
| 189:30 | again. So I had a spread my lateral longer induction log that was |
|
| 189:39 | out. Um, when my drill about right here, I've already seen |
|
| 189:45 | formation way, way, way back . Does everybody see that point? |
|
| 189:59 | . So, you know, if had a formation that's like this, |
|
| 190:04 | would already have a good idea what's on with a dip of it. |
|
| 190:08 | . When I'm way back here, the in the drill assemblies here and |
|
| 190:14 | tool behind its here, I'd be to see this formation and probably the |
|
| 190:17 | on that formation and definitely the dip this formation so I wouldn't have to |
|
| 190:21 | for it to get there. So dip with any kind of dip, |
|
| 190:25 | have exaggerated this to make it easy understand. But even with a slight |
|
| 190:29 | , uh, the farther out you reach, the easier it is to |
|
| 190:34 | something through a formation using geo So that's why that's important. |
|
| 190:43 | so here's just some stuff on the ity and SP logs together. |
|
| 190:51 | here's something is permissible. Hi. ity full of oil, gas or |
|
| 190:59 | water. Okay, so if you to hit Anak refer, it might |
|
| 191:06 | be gassed, but it's probably going be under 5000 ft and rule of |
|
| 191:11 | . Don't ever try to produce anything than 5000 ft deep because it can |
|
| 191:17 | other problems you don't want. And is, uh, the carbonate tight |
|
| 191:24 | sandstone. So it's showing a lot reasons Tiv ity and in fact, |
|
| 191:34 | carbonate or tight sandstone. Mm. usually, um, usually peak really |
|
| 191:46 | . In other words, for resistive , the highest peaks you'll see going |
|
| 191:50 | be gas in tight, tight zone carbonates in it. And in the |
|
| 191:56 | of Mexico, you think of the islands you've ever seen one before. |
|
| 192:02 | on one like I have. They these huge shell hash beds and a |
|
| 192:06 | of the sand stones. Uh, air barrier bars and offshore bars and |
|
| 192:13 | shallow water will have a shell hash the very top. And quite often |
|
| 192:17 | looks like a really tight sand. then the spike goes way over here |
|
| 192:22 | this. Even if you have oil there, uh, the oil is |
|
| 192:25 | be like this, and then the sand is going to be like |
|
| 192:30 | And if and when you see that know, it's a shell stringer that's |
|
| 192:34 | on top of it like the Chandeleur . But if you don't know |
|
| 192:39 | you might think it's a gas a little tiny gas cap. |
|
| 192:43 | if you're gonna have a gas unless you're doing another one of these |
|
| 192:48 | wells, your guests oil contact, know it's gonna be somewhere down |
|
| 192:53 | You're going to see a big spike , and then this is gonna be |
|
| 192:57 | oil over here and then, you come back into shale, |
|
| 193:02 | uh and so that's I'm going to you this again, and I don't |
|
| 193:08 | why I explain this 40 times, then I give people a gas, |
|
| 193:12 | log with gas in it, and can't even recognize that there's gas in |
|
| 193:17 | . Which is embarrassing for me that don't catch this point. But but |
|
| 193:23 | the highest resisted. The spikes you're going to see are gonna be gas |
|
| 193:27 | the sand or a tight carbonate lag on top of a sand. Or |
|
| 193:35 | you're in a limestone, you could a lot of it. Different |
|
| 193:39 | You're growing some ancient reefs and You'll see a lot of things that |
|
| 193:42 | be more confusing and harder to And here, here's a formation. |
|
| 193:51 | , uh, this is saturated with . So the reason activity is very |
|
| 193:59 | salt water. So the reason activity very low. So this is a |
|
| 194:04 | , uh, salt water aquifer. . And this is continuous show. |
|
| 194:10 | always nice to know what continuous shell like. Someone asked you to do |
|
| 194:14 | with the shale section. Remember how identify continuous shale. Okay. |
|
| 194:20 | And here, um, this is that can happen this different if you |
|
| 194:30 | you have fresh mud. Uh, your mud is greater resistive ity than |
|
| 194:37 | the other in the formation for the itself. In other words, it's |
|
| 194:44 | is fresh and that's salty. um, you're going to see this |
|
| 194:51 | on where your deep flog is gonna a lower resistive ity in here and |
|
| 195:03 | Shelagh log is gonna have ah higher to be here. And that's because |
|
| 195:11 | the mud filled trait is going to is going to get a lot of |
|
| 195:15 | shallow log, the mud filled trade gonna be higher resistive ity, |
|
| 195:23 | than the formation. Okay, if have equal thing, come along |
|
| 195:33 | You're going to see something that looks that. In other words, you |
|
| 195:37 | feel trading What are the same? look like that. If the resistive |
|
| 195:42 | of the formation water is greater in , then you're going to see the |
|
| 195:50 | log. And this could this formation it could be like this because |
|
| 195:56 | uh, you know may not be . It could be It could be |
|
| 195:59 | in oil. So if the deep is more resistive ity than the shallow |
|
| 196:05 | brought in this case, it's gonna like that even if it's water. |
|
| 196:10 | this oil and gas in there, going to be more exaggerated. And |
|
| 196:18 | showing mud penetration with shallow into the . Um, and so you're getting |
|
| 196:30 | in the shallow log. It's really . And so it's like that first |
|
| 196:35 | . But here we have gas, , sandstone. Here's marine waters displaced |
|
| 196:41 | hydrocarbons. And here you see the the mud filled trait is gonna be |
|
| 196:50 | to actually, here it is, here. Mud filled trade is going |
|
| 196:56 | be higher here, uh, than because there's gonna be saltwater down |
|
| 197:01 | And then that overlap occurs. And got this cap in here was basically |
|
| 197:06 | you that there's hydrocarbons in this section this will also impact, uh, |
|
| 197:15 | shallow because you've got that gas pushing it because everybody see that so one |
|
| 197:21 | things sometimes we can see between deep shallow is whether we have a wet |
|
| 197:29 | or hydrocarbon rich sand crossover point right tells us there's hydrocarbon in which, |
|
| 197:36 | the oil is gonna be less of . Excuse me than the gas would |
|
| 197:42 | . And that's why the spike goes here. Okay. This is, |
|
| 197:48 | , another log. Another diagram. can make a good test question. |
|
| 197:55 | spelled T e s T test Okay, um, this is why |
|
| 198:03 | and everything is important. You you have this mud filled borehole, |
|
| 198:08 | this is the formation here. This a cross section. This is the |
|
| 198:13 | . And we got this cross section through the hole. So that's why |
|
| 198:16 | curves back in there, because that's other side of the hole. But |
|
| 198:20 | gonna have mud cake all around okay? And depending on how far |
|
| 198:30 | mud invades into here, it's going . If it's fresh, water is |
|
| 198:37 | to dramatically reduce your permeability. that's it's not. It's, |
|
| 198:44 | neutral. The difference between the Sliney difference. It's not going to reduce |
|
| 198:49 | because of the salt difference. But will reduce because the mud cake is |
|
| 198:53 | in here because it's being the the natural Marine waters are being displaced Fine |
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| 199:02 | particles from this. So you get flushing coming through here. The cake |
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| 199:06 | up here and it stops going in somewhere. And here you have |
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| 199:10 | jagged line of of mud filled trying get through here. And there's a |
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| 199:18 | zone where you may have a little of mud filled trait in here. |
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| 199:24 | is where there's a lot of mud trait. A little bit of mud |
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| 199:27 | traders transition. And here's true rock out here. So if I have |
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| 199:34 | standard uh huh, log and induction and I don't get out here, |
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| 199:40 | may never see that response. uh, if I have a ladder |
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| 199:51 | right or back here Thean deduction Here's what Here's what I meant to |
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| 199:59 | . It's I knew I was saying wrong. Okay, so we have |
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| 200:02 | resistive ity. We have the lateral the induction. If if I want |
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| 200:13 | get out here in the formation, gonna have to have a ladder log |
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| 200:17 | induction tool. Amusing normal resistive I may not be able to get |
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| 200:22 | this transition zone or even even the tone, and this is called flush |
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| 200:28 | this is gonna be from flush with lot of of the mud. So |
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| 200:36 | is gonna be the four space is to be filled with mud resisted ity |
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| 200:40 | , you're gonna have some mud and rock reasons to be to rock reasons |
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| 200:45 | and out here, you're gonna have invaded. True rock resisted it. |
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| 200:50 | what you see here relates to what's the mud. And what you see |
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| 200:55 | here is related to what is the rock? So what? We're trying |
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| 201:00 | find his high resistive ity out which tells us that we have hydrocarbons |
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| 201:07 | we're going to get some resistive iti go up in this mud flushes in |
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| 201:12 | , so this ultimately should be But you can imagine if you're flooding |
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| 201:18 | , it can cause problems. so here's, uh, something where |
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| 201:25 | haven't had too much invasion. And looking at a shallow resistive ity and |
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| 201:33 | deep resistive ity. And this curve a little bit better a little bit |
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| 201:38 | illustrative of what this log is trying show you here with this overlap. |
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| 201:46 | if if we have, um, ity here, it's greater than the |
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| 201:58 | because you got the mud in We're going to see shallow out |
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| 202:08 | But the true where the water is you've got more conductivity is over |
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| 202:13 | So this means there's saline and conducted . And when you cross this |
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| 202:19 | it means, you know, the of the mud cake hasn't changed it |
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| 202:26 | . But the resistive ity of the and oil is a lot more. |
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| 202:33 | , uh, Then what you see here where it was with and then |
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| 202:40 | reason activity went up because of the filter. So here you see that |
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| 202:45 | . We're going from letter zone to center, and here's a tight sandstone |
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| 202:52 | limestone. But again, it could a sandstone with shells in it, |
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| 202:57 | and I don't know why, but had so many so many logs in |
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| 203:02 | the Gulf of Mexico in some of Miocene sections and in Playa seen sections |
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| 203:11 | this would be sitting right on top here. And this this would spike |
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| 203:15 | out to here with shell hash, , cementing up the sandstone at the |
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| 203:22 | of it. And then, then if you had gas to gas |
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| 203:26 | be out there. But the gas cycle. The gas spike would be |
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| 203:30 | great, it would cycle. But this is greater than than oil by |
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| 203:36 | . And if you have gas, , this is this would be way |
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| 203:40 | the scale and would have to cycle on the scale. Okay, so |
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| 203:46 | kind of tells you where the hydrocarbons . Okay, um, this again |
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| 203:54 | you kind of the same thing, it's kind of hard to see, |
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| 203:57 | I'm not gonna waste a whole lot time on it. But if you |
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| 204:02 | in the UN invaded zone Ah, is also called back here the un |
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| 204:09 | zone To try to remember these terms transition and un invaded. Um, |
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| 204:18 | people say all mud, no some mud, no mud, But |
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| 204:24 | it's not too complicated to say on transition influence. So when I ask |
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| 204:28 | that test question, make sure you get to that. And, |
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| 204:34 | question s so the are the deep the lateral ones waken do we can |
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| 204:46 | now weaken dio waken do deep reasons ity with the other tools but that |
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| 204:52 | deepest resistive it is there gonna be latter logs or the or the induction |
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| 204:58 | the normal the normal doesn't always go far off course when you're dealing with |
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| 205:02 | and shale and you have nice saline waters. It's real simple. And |
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| 205:07 | works really well, even with even , uh, normal resistive ity. |
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| 205:13 | when you start getting the problems, good to have a good lateral |
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| 205:16 | They could go out a little Now, if you're going through a |
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| 205:20 | , um, trying to look for , it's a whole different ballgame. |
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| 205:24 | , uh, for unconventional is this this wouldn't be really the way to |
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| 205:28 | . But there, uh, there's other tools that you would have to |
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| 205:33 | toe pick up on, uh, of or actually, the gamma |
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| 205:38 | in some cases is more useful. , so here is just a |
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| 205:46 | Did I answer your question well Yes. Thank you very much. |
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| 205:50 | . Um here is just showing you example of here. Here we |
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| 206:00 | Back here. You see, this a deep resistive ity that goes out |
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| 206:04 | there. Um, it's something that see. Here's the deep resistive |
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| 206:10 | Ian here. And, uh, . We've got the shallow resistive ity |
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| 206:16 | out there. So you you've had combination of terms mixing really heavy in |
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| 206:25 | in the shallow and so And you've hydrocarbons there too. So it's the |
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| 206:30 | the shallow depth in the hydrocarbon. your separation here is a little bit |
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| 206:35 | . Then you see in this Okay, uh, because this kind |
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| 206:43 | we're looking at the shallow, it's nice and neat. But here we've |
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| 206:50 | lot of hydrocarbons, and it's flying of flying off the handle. And |
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| 206:55 | also have an SP log here that's you there's oil in there. And |
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| 207:00 | , uh, even with the it's using fresh mud. So that's |
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| 207:08 | a reason why this one's a little different than the other one. So |
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| 207:10 | getting slightly different overlap, but you see, um, you can see |
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| 207:16 | difference. Uh, basically, here's Here's probably where it might be |
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| 207:24 | , because here's, uh, you , you've got this thing, so |
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| 207:27 | might be went all the way to , and then you get this separation |
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| 207:30 | here, even though it seems reverse . Whenever you get these really high |
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| 207:35 | on resistive ity, it's usually a good indicator that you're getting hydrocarbons, |
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| 207:41 | it's something to do with the mud how deep the mud cake is and |
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| 207:45 | deep deep your tools are here. uh, That have something to do |
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| 207:52 | what the actual overlap looks like. general rule of thumb, uh, |
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| 208:00 | goes back to, I guess, be Which one was it was one |
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| 208:14 | . I guess it's this one good of thumb is when things start flying |
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| 208:18 | the page and resistive ity, there's going to be hydrocarbons. And it |
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| 208:22 | take you a while to figure uh, with the you know, |
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| 208:27 | need to look and see what you're . ITI is on the in the |
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| 208:32 | and you need thio get an idea how deep this son might be going |
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| 208:38 | to your tool penetration. Whether it's deport, shelling have a quick |
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| 208:46 | Sure. So on that on that that we're looking at right there, |
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| 208:52 | that you didn't have the gamma You were just looking at the Espy |
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| 208:55 | the resistive ity. How would you could you say with some certainty that |
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| 209:01 | the top of that bed is not finding upwards and that that redistribute responses |
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| 209:09 | at the top? Uh, one really easy way. Is there |
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| 209:13 | here and separation? Any direction tells there's ferocity. Okay, because there's |
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| 209:22 | , because there's a conflict between the and the shallow that tells you there's |
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| 209:27 | an invasion problem, uh, into mud where there's invasion of hydrocarbon the |
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| 209:34 | way around. And, uh, some of these formations air pressure, |
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| 209:40 | know it's over pressured or slightly and you might get some on. |
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| 209:46 | I'm trying to say is you may hydrocarbons going this way, Okay? |
|
| 209:55 | then, um but just looking at , this looks like a good |
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| 210:00 | And we have this. And over is good shale. And over here |
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| 210:06 | good shale. Then when I come here, the resistive, it doesn't |
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| 210:10 | like good shale. Doesn't this resistive over here does not look like that |
|
| 210:16 | ? It doesn't look like that shale there. It doesn't look like the |
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| 210:21 | down here at all. A lot strange stuff is going on. This |
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| 210:28 | the trouble with textbooks. You always the strangest logs. And but |
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| 210:32 | this is, uh I think you , if you drew your baseline, |
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| 210:38 | probably figure out that, um, know, your baseline would probably somewhere |
|
| 210:43 | here these air really silty sands. then all of a sudden, I've |
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| 210:47 | this big sand here, but this ity inflection point is telling me there's |
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| 210:51 | formation boundary there with different fluids in than up here. So I have |
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| 210:58 | formation boundary here, and I have formation boundary here based on fluids and |
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| 211:03 | there. And so I would know away that this is probably all sand |
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| 211:08 | this fluid, fluid and rock resistive contrast to this section in this section |
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| 211:16 | it strongly suggests that this is a forced san and, of course, |
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| 211:21 | separation. I was telling us there's . Enough ferocity, make fluids going |
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| 211:26 | directions and invasion might be deeper than would expect, which would have an |
|
| 211:36 | . Okay, so we're getting near end. So we're getting to the |
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| 211:39 | and the density logs and these air logs to and of course, |
|
| 211:46 | do a lot of cross plotting with to do things. And, |
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| 211:52 | a really good, uh, indicator natural gas, of course, is |
|
| 211:59 | crossover in these two tools and What I find really interesting is this |
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| 212:08 | of underscores what I talk about in of the fact that under certain |
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| 212:15 | these things work this way. He the conditions. And, you |
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| 212:20 | most of time when we look at , they all look the same |
|
| 212:22 | and we're working in the field all all the wells in in a field |
|
| 212:27 | work in the same way. But can get this density neutron log, |
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| 212:33 | , overlap. That really signifies natural . Ah, with a big |
|
| 212:43 | And it's because with natural gas in formation, it creates an error in |
|
| 212:49 | density log, and it creates a era in the neutron log and the |
|
| 212:55 | they're recorded, they actually overlap. basically, with what you might want |
|
| 213:03 | call to errors to opposing errors, new neutron and density log overlap tells |
|
| 213:09 | you have natural gas. And it's , pretty straightforward thing that you can |
|
| 213:15 | when you have these logs in the and you have natural gas pretty |
|
| 213:23 | And, uh, the error bar well, the hydrocarbon int oil is |
|
| 213:30 | little bit different. It's not as . So you can oftentimes distinguish if |
|
| 213:35 | have Ah, yes, yes. contact. You can often distinguish the |
|
| 213:41 | oil boundaries on. Then you can see the water oil boundary below that |
|
| 213:49 | these two tools. But we'll talk that in detail tomorrow morning. And |
|
| 213:55 | you guys mind starting at 8. ? It was kind of nice. |
|
| 214:00 | huh. Well, we'll do that , and we'll see how far we |
|
| 214:08 | . How's that thing? Okay. here's another thing that's gonna happen tonight |
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| 214:15 | you guys go relaxing, I will to put together this, uh, |
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| 214:22 | for the capstone projects for those that it right now, because I meant |
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| 214:26 | do it last week. And uh, I'm also gonna be putting |
|
| 214:29 | your correlation exercise and kind of made a little bit easier this time for |
|
| 214:37 | to correlate. Um, have decided many people have been frustrated trying to |
|
| 214:43 | the rules to come up with significant , but, uh, it's not |
|
| 214:48 | be easy, but it will be than the way it's been before, |
|
| 214:53 | we may or may not get to by the end of tomorrow, but |
|
| 214:58 | definitely get through the logs will get the Uh huh. The process of |
|
| 215:07 | and things like that and some of other tools will get through those pretty |
|
| 215:09 | . But there's also a small exercise already been posted on how toe to |
|
| 215:16 | . Uh, two very simple Uh, try to figure out where |
|
| 215:20 | hydrocarbons are under some specific questions for , too. So I will, |
|
| 215:26 | , try to get the correlation Uh, digitized tonight. I had |
|
| 215:38 | . My scanner stopped working at and but I got it fixed. |
|
| 215:43 | so I'll get that will be that be posted online too. So |
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| 215:47 | I'll see you tomorrow at 8. . Good. Thank you. |
|
| 215:54 | Goodnight. Mhm. And I'm gonna the |
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