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GEOL 6381 Petroleum Geology - Saturday AM 1-29-2022
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00:19 here we go. Okay. This I can see that these two atoms
00:28 about the same size. I put up here because you're gonna say something
00:34 that allows you to I know I'm not sharing the screen time.
00:45 you. See when when you help , I don't do everything. Okay
01:09 is it? Right, okay, you. But that was the size
01:29 the ability. This one is the color, this is the blue is
01:36 the bigger employing hand line and the is the smaller sodium cat. And
01:41 I don't know why they confused me I was really tired last night and
01:46 eyes were I thought I saw a and it wasn't there. Okay,
01:57 now we're gonna talk about resistive the . There's three main types of
02:02 Any logs and I wouldn't be surprised there's even newer ones now but where
02:09 is working on a new way of this, but we have three different
02:15 . The reason it works, it's the fluid to tool. And the
02:20 it normally works is formation water is conductive if you're working in freshwater system
02:29 doesn't work as well, but it works uh because everybody knows you can
02:37 appliance and a tub of fresh water it's still conducts electricity. But the
02:44 water when it's salty is even Yeah. And the room Yes,
02:52 it not? And so when it's you get you get a bigger contrast
02:59 the formations matrix matrix and specifically not just have them on it, metallic
03:08 . And uh and of course, , finding the cat lines.
03:15 something at the molecular level is being by something that's much bigger than the
03:20 level. And yet there is very the so anyway, um and and
03:33 , first when you go into the , that's why you get the the
03:37 flow of the, you know, coming because it doesn't find it.
03:43 uh he is uh resistive. Itty . It is something we use to
03:52 Resistant and conduct if you're basically the of one. And so you're basically
03:58 to figure out what's going on in culture counter. It's a particle
04:03 has an aperture. A particle goes that aperture. It displaces some of
04:08 saline solution in this adventure and it the resistive itty. And of changing
04:16 reasons to in other words, the the particle, the more resistant it
04:19 . Have a really strong current gone there. You put a little particle
04:22 there, even a minute particles gonna the is gonna drop the conductivity increase
04:28 resistance. Just a little bit. bigger particle will do it even
04:33 And uh and that's kind of how works too. We're just measuring uh
04:38 impact. Uh huh. Yes, that. It's more resistant to.
04:48 less resistance and conductivity is just the . Just plain formation water is going
04:57 be highly conductive and oil and gas not. Okay, so the normal
05:07 itty uh measures a current across a . And so, um it's really
05:18 the distance between the tool between the and the receiver for the electrodes,
05:26 . And so you've got to have to make the current work and you
05:31 see a difference in the and that this point between here and here as
05:36 go down the well. And so just basically looking at the flow.
05:44 in a lot of cases, it the mud paint and the formation
05:52 When we uh when we do a log, basically, you set up
06:00 but magnetic fields to force the force into current into the rock. And
06:07 kind of measuring how, how how much current goes into that
06:11 And it's focused so it goes into rock and the farther it goes in
06:15 farther it gets away from a transition or a flush stone or mud
06:20 And so you're getting a getting a almost at the true rock resistive
06:26 And then there's another thing called induction you have a transmitter and a receiver
06:34 you get a magnetic field formed around and they call it a ground
06:39 But it isn't really a ground. any currents in here. I'll show
06:44 a little diagram to kind of explain on it. And again the key
06:50 they're not measuring the fluids, but measuring resistive itty, which indicates that
06:54 fluids and the latter logs of course a fairly good bed resolution because because
07:04 trying to almost put a put a in there and see how fast that
07:09 much electricity is actually going into the . And here's kind of how they
07:17 do it. And uh you can here that that they they've developed a
07:25 here in a field here which kind called forcing fields sometimes and are focused
07:31 and a the fields here kind of this so that it doesn't spread out
07:36 they do, but they they get into the formation. And uh if
07:41 want to go deeper, you just make this a bigger forcing field uh
07:46 comes out. Here's a dual ladder showing multiple fields. one here and
07:52 here try to force the current directly the formation and here's a see if
08:02 can get this out of the Okay, when you're, when you're
08:08 this on zoom, do you see picture in there? Like that?
08:11 it brought the screen. Okay, my face isn't even in there.
08:22 . Okay, Okay, so whenever doing, it's right there, let's
08:27 if I can see I can move . So anyway, the, you
08:33 , this is this is, you , considered a ground loop. This
08:39 of forcing you get a Neti in . So they're actually going to be
08:47 measuring what the what the current is that. So it's it's highly focused
08:51 the is the whole point and creates eddy and it's an induced magnetic field
08:56 that's kind of what they're picking up . So you have a very a
09:01 area that it is and of course adjust it so it goes a little
09:05 deeper into the formation, but doesn't that. Thank you. And
09:15 so when we look at resistive Itty is um an example comparing it with
09:21 log. So the sp log is us Sanders shale. So, so
09:26 is this over here? On the log? What do we have here
09:34 sand? And we have sand over . Right, okay, here is
09:38 resistive Itty that's higher. There's that's the same as it was in
09:43 shale. So, oil and gas more resistant. So which one has
09:50 oil and gas? The one that it is, it's over here.
09:54 , so, we know we know , this is going to have fluids
10:00 than formation water in because the formation has been displaced by a flu.
10:05 here, carbonates aren't always like this the sp log, but usually,
10:12 and you see here uh you have tight carbonate over here and you can
10:22 have a tight sandstone and a tight . The sp still might be a
10:28 bit higher, but not not but whether it's a limestone or
10:34 Ah this in other words, you a high resistive Itty spike when
10:39 when there's cement in there instead of and uh, in practice a lot
10:45 places in the gulf of Mexico, go into a formation and it's,
10:51 many of you are familiar with the islands. Okay, so up the
10:57 Delta, there's um, you the Delta builds out like this into
11:05 not really. But you know, don't want to and since, you
11:16 , you have the states that are uh, yeah, continuous uh,
11:27 seen it being deposited how to reduce chances it gets reported. That's a
11:36 . This is 25. Absolutely not us. Yes. Just like
11:48 That's right. I was pessimistic. something is real nice. Hi.
12:09 so to make a long story get something, just terms of
12:17 what's this? This channel Most of . It starts at six of all
12:25 sins spotlight. Sorry informed. You're right. Breakfast. Come on over
12:38 somewhere. The chain of islands member delta. Yeah. Yeah colleges.
12:49 at this one. So now score . Exactly. This is the last
13:00 of 50 hurricanes there. This, disappeared a little bit because we've got
13:09 then after a while that same. so as this evolves. He seems
13:19 eventually get closer and closer places where one over here. Yeah. Things
13:26 the way, I'm not sure like hear serious photo of the Mississippi
13:33 you kind of see the evolution of an active come in here. Here's
13:38 that was actually a long time. was This one is still waiting
13:50 And uh when, when you have situation like that these things end up
13:57 the sheets say these things, I a lot of shells sometimes with all
14:01 shells and there's a shelter, mm , size and bigger. Okay.
14:14 . So when you felt it a of time to Camelot, huh?
14:34 see something like that? That's a right scissors and shells. Mhm.
14:51 really common. Ah when you get the some of the younger deposits,
14:59 worked in South Marsh Island on 28th the you're looking at even places seen
15:05 play a scene stuff that we're producing . And huh. And there's a
15:11 fields like that one and you always to get those little shell hashes at
15:16 top of the sheets. Okay. this is just showing you a continuous
15:24 . Okay, and this is just you things that can happen. And
15:29 a normal sandstone and here's the deep and here's the shallow log and you
15:37 see here in this particular sandstone, resistive Itty is lower in the deep
15:44 and the deepest called R. Or the true rock festivity and or
15:53 they'll just call the formation res sensitivity not that it's actually a formation,
16:01 it's the it's the reason activity in rock itself. And let me see
16:07 I can, I think I need do this before I do this.
16:12 whenever we look at the resistive depending on how far into the formation
16:18 , we can get all the way in any any well that's grilled more
16:24 . It is more likely we're going get a bigger flush. So the
16:29 are going to have this flesh You're going to get fluids from the
16:34 coming into here and that might hopefully will stay back here and eventually
16:39 it off. Then you get a flesh tone and then you have a
16:43 Son has had some invasion and and sort sort of no completely flushed the
16:50 fluids formation fluids are mixed with the knife fluids in here is totally
17:00 bigger. And the distance from the bore, ah each one of these
17:05 on uh, the porosity and permeability the rock come in and how well
17:11 , in my case doesn't work like when you have a low lightweight,
17:19 will travel in part of that. have a higher like and then sometimes
17:24 opposite because the pressure differences, different can happen to come up. So
17:31 we're trying to look for a deep to figure out what this is
17:36 You've got to stay here. And you look at legacy logs and you
17:46 at modern logs, there's there's so combinations of these things. Sometimes it's
17:50 to tell you exactly what you're going see in every instance because and then
17:56 also often have to look at somebody uses fresh water for the
18:01 It's going to be different than if use salt water you're offshore, it's
18:05 going to be salt water. Usually you're on shore, you may end
18:09 having first and of course even worse that because they like to use oil
18:21 . Um But it's now, but when they do that, they
18:32 , so you really want to get nice deep look at it. And
18:38 reason activity could be higher in the the sometimes there is a city in
18:43 mud and you have oil based fire fluids. Mhm. But most of
18:52 time we're looking a lot of, lot of these older logs are gonna
18:57 looking not at something with that with oil in it, but we're going
19:00 be looking at uh saline fluids or mud, especially if you're working
19:08 So this is this is kind of good diagram for a test question by
19:12 way. Uh make sure that everybody what these zones are. So other
19:19 that we're looking at, if you if you see something close to the
19:26 , it's high resistive Itty, it just be because of the mud
19:31 Uh If you, if you see out here, this high resistive
19:38 especially if it's a lot higher reasons be, then, you know,
19:41 actually in the fluid. Uh If it's the other way around and it's
19:48 saline water out here in the formation you have saline water coming in
19:53 you might see in the mud, may not see a great contrast.
20:01 , we go back here. What seeing here is that the shallow log
20:11 is, for example, if I to do fresh water or even
20:16 this is a little bit saline, you have the mud in it.
20:20 the mud particles that go into the , plus the the fluid normally are
20:27 to make the resistive Itty go up the invaded zone and in the transition
20:33 . So here we're looking at the zone, we have the high resistive
20:38 , and then we go in the , we're getting saline water and not
20:43 or gas in the formation. So less. So this this looks
20:49 Everybody get that. And then here the shallow log is the other way
20:57 . And this this is kind of you ah no matter what you have
21:08 that thing. This these responses could just the result of the the contrast
21:14 the mud and the formation. But this type of overlap like this often
21:20 be what we would see if we more resistive Itty out in the
21:25 Therefore there may be oil and But again, this effect right here
21:31 occur just because of the contrast between formation and the mud that you're
21:40 Okay. Mhm. So that one Yes, this could be. But
21:50 what they're trying to show you is you can get this kind of a
21:53 just with it's and here it says here. What if these are all
22:01 bearing festival? Mm hmm. And so but it's showing you is that
22:08 can get these responses without anyone. . But normally, but normally we're
22:16 that the receptivity of the mud, going to be higher than the Usa's
22:22 . Some people are Okay. so the responses that you see are
22:30 absolute in terms of what it Until you look at the much normally
22:35 when we look at a formation, in a lot of offshore wells,
22:42 reasons activity is really high. It's the scholars, right? And it's
22:49 it's you're going to see that. if so if both of them say
22:53 example, somebody uses oil based you might see both tools with relatively
22:58 resistive itty, but the formation might be higher. Okay. And um
23:09 so this is kind of giving you normal circumstances where where you're well,
23:18 me let me go back to If you had a situation like this
23:22 the mud in the in the formation are basically the same in the wet
23:32 . 15. But a rock out , we should be throwing against out
23:38 information. What do you think? you would see us fight the people
23:44 definitely go higher. So if you a balanced situation like this, you
23:50 see a little more resistive Itty But you're gonna see a lot more
23:53 when you put the oil is. . So, so whenever you see
24:01 resistive Itty, really high resistive Regardless of the balance of the mud
24:07 the formation, it's probably gonna be soon. And it goes way off
24:13 scale, it's probably going to be gas because the resistive it of natural
24:16 is extremely okay. And this, is just showing you some of those
24:23 to be, here's a poor sandstone it's uh it happens to be wet
24:31 it also happens to be ah like the reason this activity of the
24:43 the shallow is actually higher. But the formation, okay. And then
24:50 in this case, here's a poor and you're going into fresh water.
24:54 it's a little bit reduced. Here's tight sandstone. So you can see
24:58 tightness removes all the fluids and it the resistive. It'll go up.
25:03 here we have oil and gas and you can see that the deep has
25:10 resistive Itty. The shadow has less . Part of the reason this is
25:20 . It's, it's following along with is because it's got gas in it
25:23 oil. But most of the time you see um, mm hmm.
25:29 . Doesn't always, don't fall off charts. But if you see a
25:36 services, thank you. Yeah. . Have a well that's true.
25:47 it out. Mm hmm. yeah, something goes like this
26:13 But this isn't, that's the next track is only this slide. So
26:20 exciting, correct? You have really reasons to me like that. It's
26:27 gonna be there eight o'clock in the . Almost never looks like,
26:40 yeah, I don't, I I know a lot about right.
26:47 hmm. Okay. Well, a of times people don't read the computer
26:56 , but I think it's important for expiration system. Somebody throws up a
27:00 , for example this log right Um, if I was to ask
27:04 which one's got hydrocarbons in it. know, who cares with whether to
27:11 for high. That's probably it. that's, that's what I want to
27:15 able to look at these logs and of now that's where I need to
27:20 . And if you, if you , if you have tight sand
27:23 it gets really hard sometimes because they be similar the formation of, but
27:44 , the guy with a lot of , so I can make testing,
27:47 going to abandon the whole memorial Day bubble toil in the first round of
27:56 this discovery, didn't you? The I think. But and he figured
28:07 there was guests and became a huge and since then, uh The suspect
28:13 the 70s and since then All thousands of a whole bunch of
28:26 So um so that might be the and the oil is gonna be somewhere
28:31 here and the water Yeah here. . It's usually pretty easy to see
28:44 because there's a balance there, you , and everything, one thing you
28:49 is inside departments here, everything If it's a formation shifted, that's
28:57 something that But sometimes the overlap might be little bit opposite of that because
29:04 much of the oil and gas mixed with the mud cake that the resistive
29:08 goes down with that mud cake in invaded central. But if it's really
29:15 , let's see here because of this issue is that fresh water in?
29:23 looks like something's going on and it's here. You've got here, you
29:29 hydrocarbons and regardless of what the overlap , the level of resistance is higher
29:35 you throw oil and gas and in formation. Okay, In other
29:41 if you're if you're adding resistive itty high resistive, it already you're going
29:45 get higher resistance. Okay. And just remember this because one of my
29:52 test questions is to ask people to draw this. It's a really simple
29:57 , you just have to remember these flushed, transition and un invaded.
30:05 , and most of the time if someone were to say something like
30:12 , much, much fluid to transitional mud fluid and real rock, you
30:18 say that too. But if you remember those three terms, it's a
30:21 easier to get that right. And is is just an example. This
30:28 deep resistive itty showing you that it's here. The recent activity kind of
30:34 up even where there's the salt water should be in the formation. You
30:39 see that the salt water in the , there's a lot less than the
30:45 it goes up and we get the in the formation, but in the
30:50 in the mud in the invaded zone maybe part of the transition zone,
30:57 exactly the same because it's it's getting resistance of the mud cake. But
31:02 of the things that you often see is that here you have the hydrocarbons
31:07 the formation, plus you're putting more it on top of it. So
31:13 even the invaded zone might be a bit higher than it is.
31:17 This is sort of a perfect example what you want to see.
31:23 and that right there is the productive and here's a very poorest mythology with
31:32 invasion. So you're actually getting um of the shallow stuff crossing over.
31:40 this is really a a very oil thing and you can see here the
31:45 , it drops way off both shallow deep when you get down into the
31:50 and this is such a big it's pretty significant. Okay, here
32:00 just another example here is the shallow itty ah taken off because it's got
32:13 in this case you're getting the mud in with it. So you're seeing
32:18 exact opposite of what we're hoping to . But because the mud, the
32:22 and the resistive itty of the gas in here, it is this character
32:29 through. So makes it a little to be absolutely certain, but,
32:34 normally when we see resistant infections way here, uh and not, you
32:40 , something like in here, it's be hydrocarbons and it's gonna be everything
32:44 . It's gonna be shallow and That's like if we go back to
32:49 log, yeah, this, this right here. Here, you can
32:56 the shallow hasn't moved at all. in these other logs, you're seeing
33:01 the shallow resistive itty actually goes up when you, when you have that
33:07 combination of resistant fluids, mud fluids the comments, it went along with
33:13 resistive Itty from oil and gas in formation. And this is something that's
33:21 to look at too. Remember I you when you have the analog in
33:26 sp log. Um there's a suppression the sp lock and that's being suppressed
33:39 this is the gas, uh, in there. That's creating um less
33:48 on the, of the, the because there's less water in there.
33:53 that the fact that you have hydrocarbons there is reducing the sp responses and
34:00 infective. If there was water in , this sp log would probably be
34:06 out here and be blocky like but it tends to, it tends
34:11 when it looks like it's finding upwards the sp log when the gamma log
34:16 show that it almost always means there's . Okay. Everybody got the gams
34:26 resistive ideologues. Okay. Because some them, you're gonna have an exercise
34:32 you're going to have, you're gonna some logs that um have some unusual
34:38 going on in this exercise and it tell you what the mud is in
34:48 , but it's, they're, they're fairly simple to understand in terms
34:54 just a, and what I've just you, you know, just From
34:59 ft away from the board, that resistive. It is going to tell
35:02 there's, there's probably gas in It's a little bit less than
35:06 It's, it's, it's going to away. Yeah. All right.
35:11 . And some of the people have some logging courses and they look at
35:14 more closely and they can figure out what's in there? Uh, and
35:19 right answer. One of the I think they asked, are there
35:22 here. And uh and that's really you need to answer. Okay,
35:30 when we we have um not only , but those were trying to help
35:36 discriminate the fluids. In other do I have freshwater saltwater, what's
35:41 on with mud, stakes and And then I have boiling gets and
35:47 , hi, hi, resistive bodies mean hydrocarbons in spite of the balance
35:54 the money mudflats. But now we're to look at mhm. Across the
36:03 ferocity and essentially effective for us And there's 33 different tools that we
36:13 and the first one of course would the sonic log. And of
36:17 the reason the sonic log works, you look at this chart,
36:23 you know, velocities through this is same with, with even seismic
36:31 ah if we're putting seismic energy through , if it's the tighter it
36:37 the faster it's going to be And then of course, you can
36:42 if there's porosity in there and there's in there, it could even dampen
36:45 more. Take this weather's gonna, is going to dampen it. Oil
36:50 gas will maybe dampen it even more of course gas does a lot,
36:55 is why we see uh in seismic , we see these things called bright
37:00 a lot when there's gas and also happens when you're doing seismic because it
37:06 down the velocity quite often. It , makes the formation look like it's
37:13 , lower structurally. It has hydrocarbons it versus the stuff ah below the
37:20 , water contact that does. And see some examples of that to take
37:27 off. Yeah, okay. I've my baffle long enough. Okay.
37:39 obviously in a tight sandstone, it's to be really fast because you're gonna
37:46 basically, particularly if it's a mature and it's mostly courts and it's got
37:53 cider or silicon cement, you're going have a significant increase in the
38:00 So sometimes, uh, these sonic spikes can help you see
38:12 that it might be tight, you , if you're looking at the log
38:15 you're trying to decide whether it's gas not. You see a tight spike
38:19 the sonic, That's a, that's good sign because it's fluid in
38:22 It's going to slow it down. just adding that one tool,
38:29 it's designed to come up with a for basically the density slash ferocity of
38:36 rock. So everybody gets this, sort of a relationship, the more
38:41 Iraq is the less dense it's As you imagine if you take the
38:45 out when you have water in their one, it's gonna be less dense
38:49 the rock. Okay, so I'm say this because students make this mistake
38:58 and I probably guess I probably did too. Hello? Low porosity,
39:05 high dancing. Right, okay, if I have high porosity it's
39:15 So if I have I have a like this, I have scales from
39:29 . This is um so densely What would this be in terms of
39:40 process? So the low process. is my process. Okay. But
39:49 scales reversed. Some students make this that the scales scales are not.
40:00 I think the same identity smile for discover is going summer is going
40:11 Yeah. Still it's still the same still. Mhm. Higher and higher
40:22 still indicating where a therapist I Mhm. You call one a density
40:33 . Sure. Right. Originally million well does it work? No,
40:52 doesn't that well if you have denser but not by much. Yes,
41:01 ferocity really has the biggest and uh oil is less than water And the
41:12 still one. So um where there's big changes when you replace it with
41:19 and gas does all sorts of strange to these tools and uh which which
41:25 um some other tool is very Uh The other thing I didn't put
41:32 here Transit Friends of time. I the center first Transit time road,
41:44 she works. I reviewed transit time of this way. Sure. And
41:54 thing about transit time is that's something little number of spaces. It's terrible
41:59 you're driving required. Yes 100 Transit times a whole lot less than
42:10 this would be hired. And then see if I flip this over
42:16 that's the, see the diagram here the arrow at the top at this
42:27 . This is really uh, this high velocity and the transit time is
42:35 . See it's transit time is less 40 million seconds. That means it's
42:40 and fast. Okay. And um, and here you can see
42:49 happens with tight sands versus ones that not so tight and trying to see
42:54 there's anyone. Most of these are sands. These are porous sands.
42:59 you see the, the transit time up. So the velocity goes
43:08 Okay. And then the density log is really based on electron density in
43:19 . And, and and he used to calculate the actual density of the
43:23 , but it's not when you put in there, it changes the whole
43:28 . And uh and things are a bit different. But here you have
43:31 and gas and uh oil and gas this this lower density in the sand
43:40 . Then you're up here In a or a wet one. So you
43:45 see it's a little, it's a lower with that. Here's the water
43:50 here and then the density goes like . But gas, the gas effect
43:55 often in this gas has a big . It's sort of an error
44:01 on with the density because the natural of methane and some of the other
44:10 that might be in there have an on the response of this tool.
44:16 I think the best way to think a new density log and a neutron
44:21 is to put them together. I'm going to read all of this,
44:24 it's really important to understand this overlap . Ah here we've got here,
44:32 have an overestimate processing on the neutron over here and in the shales.
44:40 again, that has to do with water. And the neutron ferocity comes
44:46 here and it gets it gets way low over here. Okay, so
44:57 , here we have high porosity in direction and the density log, the
45:05 goes way up. And so what seeing is the air, the overlap
45:12 the air density log overreacts to the displacing stuff in there and the neutron
45:25 grossly under reacts. In other you can hear it, ferocity of
45:30 neutron process is less than zero on response. And again, the scale
45:36 the same exact opposite that I grew there. High Prosise over here and
45:45 process is over there, identities over . Excuse me. High densities over
45:51 , low densities over there. in this direction density goes up in
46:02 direction density goes, process goes That's why I put these arrows
46:08 So frosty goes down in this direction goes up in the store. It's
46:14 a reverse in the scale. It's same kind of measuring the same
46:19 Uh but but one gets bigger because opposite. They're sort of like the
46:24 things in the air and the neutron ah the the natural gas causes the
46:35 on it to make it think it's of rocks. And on the other
46:40 , it's just the opposite. Uh makes you think there's nothing there at
46:46 . And so that's why it looks and that right, there is probably
46:51 of the best indicators of gas. . And this is a prostitute permeability
46:57 , but it's actually, what what is it telling me? Right
47:01 , by looking at this log, can see there's um oil in or
47:07 here, but there's definitely gas Okay, Now, if I was
47:14 look at the resistive Itty along with , I would I would probably see
47:18 there's significant resistive itty over here, very significant receptivity. So, this
47:28 that's the crossover. Okay. And not because the scales are different.
47:33 because that's because one yeah. Higher porosity is this way on
47:42 No reciprocity is this man who's And I drive through those zeroes in this
47:54 , this direction density is going up the density goes up possible. So
47:58 this direction process. Good to see think we haven't reversed the scales.
48:07 is low density hi brasi. And we come here, changing this,
48:19 tighter. Another way of putting it we're getting tighter and tighter based on
48:25 scale, but in reality, this an airborne, it makes makes,
48:30 is what and uh and those, are, you know what I really
48:42 about this? And this kind of to the whole thing about tools,
48:46 not actually measuring what you're looking But here we have two tools that
48:50 working right, they're both not working in the opposite direction and you get
48:56 over okay. And then this is showing you um this, this may
49:04 always happen, but a lot of you'll see a little bit of an
49:08 like this uh with the oil a of times it could be just like
49:14 diagram or oil in the water the . But this doesn't always happen,
49:20 it does happen a lot where you do see a bit of an overlap
49:25 on the fact that there's, there's there. And when you get to
49:31 gas, it's real life, just Reza's Tiffany, you may see a
49:34 of an inflection for the oil that see a tremendous inflection for the
49:39 And here, you see a reversal it, because the bound water and
49:43 ah messes things up. So this log is probably okay, but
49:50 , for the neutron log the bound again, based on what it's actually
49:57 measuring, uh you get a little of an error inbound work and these
50:05 just more examples of it and you can actually see um a little
50:13 of a reverse here and that's here tight. So it shows you all
50:17 different examples of the different types of . So we looked at the three
50:24 types of wire line logs and now do measure by drilling for the same
50:30 , but one of them, one of them, the gamma and Sp
50:34 focused on identifying the mythology. But I showed you the difference between
50:43 gamma and the and the sp can indicate the possibility of hydrocarbons. Are
50:49 fluids. Okay. So all of logs can be used together or separately
50:55 do more than that. But they originally designed the gamma log and the
50:59 the the sp log were originally designed discriminate sand and shale sequences, but
51:06 can use them in carbonates. But have, we have all these exceptions
51:10 programs. Okay. And then, although looking at thousands of system published
51:26 here, you get into the truck this. Just this is what was
51:41 mhm six china's excitement cycles. We a lot. It's almost nothing
52:00 black skinned. I probably shouldn't say it's actually responding to something, but
52:06 it's it's not, it's not usually up real cycles. And when there's
52:12 nonconformity in the middle of it. don't even see it on its
52:17 But anyway, so we have these different things. We've looked at uh
52:22 at things that are uh they're looking the whole rock properties. One is
52:26 to tell you in the sand shell it's used for other things as
52:31 The next one are the reason activity which here we're calling fluid tools.
52:39 so we have rock tools, ornithology , fluid tools and prosecute. So
52:48 the mythology tools of the gamma The resistive. Any tools or the
52:53 types of resistive, any tools that have are the fluid tools. And
52:58 the process quality tools primarily are the neutron log and the density log.
53:04 also some. Okay. And there a lot of things that you can
53:09 with cross body. And one of things when we get high resistive ITty
53:16 normally means higher organics. Right? imagine if you have a rich source
53:22 , remember I showed you a picture a rich source rock? Uh maybe
53:27 see if I can flip back real . Okay, Here's the source.
53:42 ? And um there you can see haven't shown it here. But the
53:51 reasons to here this is just a log. But the the resistive Itty
53:55 also go up on this. Uh guess I should have had one of
54:01 reasons too. But a lot of when you have a source rock like
54:07 . The resistive. It will go a little bit too. Okay.
54:10 so there is and we're going to about this later when we talk about
54:14 , but there is, there is cross plotting of resistive. Itty vs
54:19 of these porosity permeability tools, which really trying to look at density.
54:23 if you and sorry, normally it buzzing when I walk over here and
54:36 know to turn it off. Ah , an unconventional, there is a
54:48 plot and it was different forms of . One of the yes, well
55:01 like this from their shells and sometimes you get to a have some.
55:14 , so actually it's slightly higher. , and the we're talking about look
55:26 one of these density porosity levels and positive have or density. Oh,
55:41 that helped cheap get across the Thank you. It's actually used to
55:46 the S. two in terms of much oil and gas you might
55:53 One of them is called the passing , but the passing method uses ah
55:58 combination of those tools and other people you don't always have that combination.
56:03 you have to use it somewhere. there's other algorithm. Okay,
56:09 so, uh, so what other do we, we use these
56:14 these logs that are a continuous record the rock properties of some sort the
56:21 . And again, looking at whole properties. Once trying to look at
56:24 the mythology, one's primary looking at fluids and one's primary different atrocity
56:32 What else can we do with those a lot? And I didn't give
56:39 the next slide action, which has answer. I don't think I
56:47 Okay, okay. So there's, , we haven't gotten all the
56:54 but I'm just talking about this suite logs that geologists usually look at.
56:59 , and of course we do look caliper logs, but I haven't gotten
57:02 the caliper logs, but you there's a normal sweet logs we look
57:12 , which are gonna be, you , gama Sp, some resisted the
57:16 and probably the density and ferocity logs the velocity logs, which are,
57:27 also related to density and porosity. what else do we use them
57:31 Besides looking at rock properties. No . Okay. We look at
57:52 Uh, for one of the things I want you to know as,
57:56 geologists, we look at them for out the structure because we are in
58:02 of them and I probably should have correlation first. But we used correlation
58:08 try to figure out what's going on Will's right. We tied the properties
58:12 one well to the properties and the well and assume there's some relationship in
58:16 that wealth. In other words, don't have, we don't have seismic
58:20 there. What did we do? we didn't have seismic data or where
58:23 can't get seismic data. We do by correlation and try to figure out
58:27 in between it by correlation and that's kind of as much as science.
58:33 mean as much an art as it a science to but also when we're
58:38 these, you see a sand in shell, you pick a formation,
58:43 ? And so you pick a sand a lot of times we picked sand
58:46 which could also pick shale formations. uh in when you're doing that,
58:53 picked these tops but the tops change one place to another in elevation relative
59:01 sea level. We have structure, ? So we can actually figure out
59:05 from the tops. It's a really use of of these logs. And
59:12 you do your mapping exercise, you're going to make a structure map based
59:16 on on where those Pixar in particular . Okay. You can correlate also
59:23 you look at the logs ah I'll show you some of this as
59:28 go down. But you can also systems tracks a thing called Systems tracks
59:33 you're looking at finding upward sequences, upward sequences, those sometimes relate to
59:39 . So you can get into faces . And uh and then um there
59:46 a lot of production and well board logs and there's also tools that are
59:52 for helping us gsD but right now going to look at faces interpretation and
60:02 here's something can see here. We something. This is a alluvial dominated
60:10 and uh, this is kind of you what you normally would get is
60:16 , the channel fill itself and of this is, this is non
60:21 but the, the course is part it would be the channel Phil and
60:26 you start to get point bars and sort of thing developed and you get
60:34 like levy deposits near the top and you end up with a plug and
60:39 isn't always that way because this is of like a model. Thanks and
60:46 at some point, depending on where are in a system, this could
60:52 be a little bit more. We're , we're inside the channel when
60:57 when we get the floor, we're to see almost all of this and
61:04 , which almost always see something, quite like a finding out where
61:13 here's the, I think this is log in. So it's standing there
61:18 uh, and you have and seeing the lower gamma response here and it's
61:26 more and more shale into as we from here. And one thing when
61:30 trying to pay you, you need notice is see how this is from
61:37 down here is the sandstone. thanks. But is it all for
61:45 sand all the way up here? not. So the top of the
61:51 would probably be perfect right about right . So we have this transgressive and
62:01 , there we go down back in as you're going back in time.
62:09 here that you have sand calculator, and in here we have more of
62:15 channel. This is more of other . And then the clay plug at
62:21 top. Yes, isn't really there it's been transgressed and re transgression,
62:30 a lot of times you'll see a for, Okay. And, and
62:36 here is, it's just, this a channel that's cut into over bank
62:42 or equipment. And in this case , it's Marie and the reason this
62:50 is because it's a real dominated this . So it's part of sort of
62:58 a typical, totally non marine, channel fill itself is non marine,
63:05 it's actually transitional. So I don't the way they have interpreted this,
63:10 it's kind of a transitional film because you have out the mixture investors wonders
63:17 it. But, but in this the distribute channel is like this.
63:23 what happens often? Yeah. See , guys just have you guys have
63:32 this place, we were just talking the legal system. What happens a
63:37 of times description churches afraid? Good . And when you get here,
63:45 going of a density. Okay, you things straightened out. That's
64:01 Yes. one of the tricky things this particular chart is, so it's
64:07 nice mythology thing and everything. A of times they distribute terry channels are
64:13 sandstone because it kind of shoots out that, it's cut off. So
64:19 see the marine stuff that it's cut and then you'll have marine stuff sitting
64:24 top of. Okay, And even this is the same color as
64:30 this is supposed to be at the of that, distributed its tributary
64:37 Yes, so yeah, this tributary quite often, it's gonna draw
64:44 they have to quite often, the channel is not gonna have this part
64:49 the secrets up here. It's just be a right again, it depends
64:54 where you right in the middle of channel is going to be blocked
64:58 get off the edge over bank deposits . Make a long story short
65:09 we call these these kind of patterns the gamma log um motif.
65:16 it's just sort of a design of these different faces. And here's,
65:22 something, here's a motif that shows title channel which is finding upwards the
65:29 tight fill, which finds up where and a flu viel del Tech channel
65:38 does the same thing too. And we have a regressive barrier that means
65:42 the barrier is getting coarser grain and grange through time. It's, it's
65:47 in ah in other words, the is pro grading and we see coursing
65:54 over here. And so that's called regressive barrier bar and then if we
66:01 a delta, you can see this mouth bar is going to be coursing
66:06 . So a lot of very different environments will have that same motif.
66:11 . And and these are these are of what we typically see. Here's
66:16 title, sand uh type bar. don't know what it calls it.
66:24 well, a wave, Here's a terry channel Phil. Remember I told
66:30 a lot of times the distributor rechannel , it looks more like this instead
66:34 like that. Which see this It looks more like a regular flu
66:41 river and it says it's a flu dominated dis tributary. But if the
66:46 of Mexico Mississippi distributor channels quite often be, will be blocky like
66:54 And when the river gets cut it's just cut off and then it
66:58 and gets covered by the marine So even though these motifs can help
67:03 , they're not always definitive. And for example, here this is uh
67:13 they show you a submarine channel could like either one of these and a
67:17 of these bills are sub Aquarius and sub aerial. So, so that
67:26 of applies to everything. But here says turbo night filth and this is
67:32 , so turbo, right Phil sequence upward, right? But it but
67:38 actually doesn't. Each pulse of the site finds upwards, you have a
67:44 tight and you have all these channels everything and that sedimentary pulse comes
67:49 it's gonna find upwards. But most fans worth turbinate systems in the in
67:58 records most urbanites systems course in numbers their appropriation because through time as they
68:07 in um, they're actually doing this so the overall set sequence Carson's
68:20 but each one of those individual pulses a turbulent flow is going to find
68:27 . And, and so whenever you're this, you have to be really
68:31 and I don't know if I still it in here, but I think
68:33 do, but sometimes, uh it's to come up in another part of
68:41 one of these lectures. But what often happens is you'll see a
68:53 of these things like here, you'll All three of these motives almost representing
69:02 taxi. But it's because of the of that cases. In other
69:07 of if I'm in the middle of channel, mhm distributor channels don't look
69:12 this, but if I'm a little upstream. Yeah, I'm right out
69:20 the bars, but when I started to the distributor, it still looks
69:27 it's forcing So, okay, another of putting it is when you start
69:44 faces, you know, you have vertical section of what's happening as it's
69:49 deposited, the processes, it's delivering sand is changing how much sand there
69:55 going to be ah so laterally, know, you're seeing the vertical
70:01 But what you have to do is out, Do you suspect that it's
70:05 certain deposition system, what would it ? The latter? And then you
70:09 to find what fits that model and you figure out what model fits
70:14 then you can start to figure out you are in that. I had
70:19 well down de positional dip of this and this one is down deposition
70:30 It's helping to see dominate this tributary . Going from uh a an early
70:39 terry channel to farther down down dip the reel, thicker, deeper part
70:46 the distributor and uh you know, little bit farther into basic and then
70:52 would be the distributor. So it's matter of the vertical sequence but also
71:02 relationship two things lateral. Okay, now we're gonna go to the logging
71:18 . I don't know have I posted yet? Okay, so you have
71:24 to do on uh was it sunday ? Mhm sunday night. Okay.
71:39 um probably tomorrow I'll let you know this is going to be do but
71:46 you just have two logs. Where's color go? Does that look blue
71:53 you? Wait, it's just too . Still doesn't. Oh well it's
72:13 now. You can read it. , okay. Do you guys have
72:17 pencils now. Okay. How many are you going to use power point
72:29 this? Yeah, you can use point. Yeah, if you can
72:34 well enough and power point, that's fine. And if you, if
72:39 can infill with power point, let know how you do it.
72:43 And so sand will be yellow brown. And just just do you
72:52 to completely color things and just color in a little bit And, and
72:57 going to be looking at sp and log for the most part. And
73:03 there's a thing called alpha uh when do the sp log, which is
73:10 to the shale. So we're kind kind of just kind of call it
73:14 same thing. And and this is a review of the responses that we
73:22 on the on the sp log. just remember there's things that suppress the
73:30 log and also the S. Log tool doesn't respond as quickly.
73:36 actually you're gonna have the expiration, maybe one is, there's 2,
73:45 wells correlation exercise. Thank you. the, you can see that.
73:56 not like it's highly defined gamma logs show a lot of the inoculations that
74:03 the little breaks in between uh that normally get instead of instead of seeing
74:09 you get some fresh, in other . Um Here we see some
74:15 is it? That sucks. And this is also 28 clean sandstone,
74:35 you're getting some shell breaks in So that's showing you some suppression.
74:40 uh here is this disgusting shell. . Freedom. I think it's a
74:50 break and I guess that's what I say and uh, this is from
75:00 . And so it's, it's not as obvious as it would be in
75:06 jam along. This is really a trying to. So here is an
75:11 log, uh, this diagram and can see, oh, I see
75:22 wrong. I'm not doing this okay . You can see that right about
75:35 . This sort of, it's, always tough to pick uh, the
75:42 between the shale and the sands. people will pick away up here somewhat
75:48 , you know, farther down But a lot of times if you
75:51 at the inflection, there's an inflection on here. So somewhere about
75:56 there's a good place to pick the and that's, if you have a
76:00 sharp inflection, If it's, if a broader inflection like this,
76:06 you know, you don't want to halfway up that just kind of right
76:08 where there's a big kick. If was what you happened to see something
76:13 was, was a smoother curve this is kind of a sharp
76:17 So it's not really doesn't matter one or the other. But if,
76:21 you have an inflection like this to to get it somewhere about halfway in
76:25 inflection and that would be the top it and this would be here.
76:33 picked the base of it because It's a point where they kind of think
76:37 is 100%,, we've got the you have a kind of a thing
76:46 this, we call it a shale , You draw a shale line like
76:50 . And so this is going to shale all the way down here.
76:53 maybe about here, we're getting into real, real nice sand and This
77:00 the way out here would be 100% in other words, right? This
77:12 the static, we would call a on the log and find work the
77:19 . Well it is and um, can see the static sp, this
77:25 completely filled here. You can see it's not built because it's a matter
77:29 fact here, it's not filled because interpolations of shale and she'll baseline company
77:36 uh, and also, you you see a lot of shields coming
77:39 here. So it's even suppression And uh, so here's the shale
77:45 here is the daddy and you have this particular log in your example,
77:54 only have one. Okay? You only have your, the,
78:03 well that you're going to look There isn't a lot of sp log
78:06 look at and just see if I the actual log, you're going to
78:12 one stand here. So you don't any other stands to look for that
78:15 against people. Okay? But there a bed effect. So when you
78:21 at it, you're gonna pick the here in the base of the sand
78:26 here and you're gonna based on what have. You you think this might
78:32 the static sp but there's a bed uh algorithm And for this one it's
78:40 to be 1.3. So for the of this particular bed And I
78:47 or I figured out what the thickness the bed was, looked it up
78:49 the chart and the factors 1.3. uh mhm. And you will,
78:58 know, picture, see this is of a long slow, you don't
79:02 wouldn't necessarily go here, but let's there's like a little pinks in
79:05 So somewhere near here, that would the beginning of that inflection, you
79:10 tie it across your and and figure where the top of the stand is
79:17 and look at this kind of you know, where is the base
79:21 that? It's gonna be all let's see, there's some share lines
79:27 here, but there's some tool issues here to make it a little bit
79:30 , but um some people like to the sand out, but it doesn't
79:35 go all the way down to the of that, you kind of see
79:40 and the sensitivity coming across right Okay, So when you're when you're
79:47 to uh sort it out, you , I want you to just look
79:51 this log and try to figure out it is. I'm going to give
79:54 the best effect so that you can calculate calculate what the static sp should
80:00 been if the bed was thicker. , If you had a log,
80:09 I'm gonna keep going. If you a log like this, you can
80:17 of figure it out where the static is from all the same. But
80:22 you just have a part of a , it's difficult to do it.
80:26 if you understand what the bed effect , for example, here's it.
80:30 you're gonna have something that looks like , you're gonna make your picks and
80:34 off of this. But but I'm to ask you to calculate what the
80:38 sp would be by multiplying uh uh number that you get here by that
80:52 . Okay. And here is showing again the resisted the responses. And
81:00 is an important to look at because we have this one showing oil water
81:09 and a nice clean sand from the . P. And here you're getting
81:13 actually has a transition zone for And then you get all oil
81:21 Normally you don't see transition zones that that long, but it happens and
81:26 has to do with uh inconsistent. . You know, the four threats
81:32 like capillaries and so they get more more operation with the water depending on
81:41 how consistent if you have for throats are about the same size. you
81:46 don't see nice, nice forest with for throats you don't see that kind
81:50 a transition zone is usually sharper. but here you can see again,
81:58 got some hydrocarbon up in here. of the things that I want you
82:01 notice is that usually at the top the sand when there's, when there's
82:06 in it, that happens to be , you're going to see a spike
82:10 some kind as and of course it has to remember. You have to
82:18 with this kind of thing when you're at the resistive itty, which is
82:23 to come into the, into the log. So, um so this
82:29 , you're gonna have these two This is one of them here,
82:32 have the sand and the resistive And here's the conductivity over here,
82:37 is sort of reverse the scale is reversed on this so that it looks
82:42 same as this. You can see that the scales higher. So this
82:48 down here is the same thing as . Right in here. And as
82:54 fact in a matter of fact, is a signal that sort of magnified
82:57 help you figure out kind of what's as well. Okay. And you
83:01 see, you can see the the and the deep on this, we've
83:11 the induction in the normal and uh the remember the reversal on this could
83:19 the overlap could be a little bit . But look at whichever one it
83:23 . See if the resistive is going in the deep one or not.
83:28 , and I think it gives you log will give you some information down
83:33 about the muds when you zoom in it. I can read it on
83:38 , but I think you can read it in the same thing. Mhm
83:47 . Um in this case the normal going to be the deeper.
84:00 that's wrong. The normal is going be shallower than people, I'm
84:06 And so this log is a little tricky, but it's still based on
84:12 of the things that I've said in , I hope it's a little bit
84:16 to you what's going on. So , look at the Now the induction
84:27 usually doesn't go that far in, it'll go, it'll go more than
84:40 . And these will be the questions you get on log # one.
84:45 then this is log # two, has a gamma over here. And
84:53 here you can see some things that real obvious here, but here the
84:58 resistive Itty is solid and the and deep is dashed and and it's the
85:08 here two. And then these will questions on log # two. And
85:23 we're all here together. Um what this look like to you over
85:31 This resistive Itty over here. a lot of students will say,
85:54 . My students would say that this hard and you don't have to read
85:58 . You don't have to get a of what's happening here. Is that
86:08 , and I know Angela, that's going, but what's happening here?
86:13 that makes it look like it's almost even see it, it's it's stretched
86:21 so far that has turned it into dash line and actually, you
86:25 you get to the end of the and it has to recycle that.
86:30 it's just like slightly this, this to be right here is actually the
86:34 out here. Yes. This fight here. I would actually go way
86:41 there, get on the scale. it's, it's really highly and see
86:50 we got the festivity here, here have resisted it here and there is
86:55 little recycle their, maybe a tight in there and then this just goes
87:01 off the scale. So when you're about what it might be in terms
87:06 a fluid, just, it's about high as the resistance you can ever
87:15 in Iraq and especially in a marine and uh this will also help you
87:25 a little bit, but this is , this, I'm going to go
87:30 um Okay, this questions are based sand with the top at 78,
87:37 gonna try to um avoid any issues students Misreading something, but where would
87:44 pick the top of the 78/50. me. Yeah. Um Mhm.
88:00 freaks, I get it. You , it's like sometimes when someone says
88:07 70 815, you know, structures and you get some different stretches so
88:12 that formation deeper, some sort of , So 78 50 is close to
88:18 the top of the So Where would pick the top of the sanity,
88:23 it right at 78 50. Or you pick it on this important collection
88:31 ? And you can see right here an inflection here, it actually bends
88:36 so that inflection halfway in it is , You see that I'm just trying
88:45 help you out. It's the same with the other log, but this
88:47 a little bit details. What else you notice about this? This vlog
88:54 . That can help you pick the . The sensitivity has a big spike
89:01 here too. Same place. So can use the resistive itty to help
89:07 figure out where that top of that , stands. And remember I told
89:15 sometimes you stand at the top of sand could be tight, but you
89:22 that when you get down into this of the sand, it's also I'm
89:25 high persistent and so it's probably not type rock boom. And so where
89:42 you pick the base of this sand . Where would you pick the base
89:52 the sand? Would it be How would you pick it up
90:03 Yes or no. Okay, because I personally might pick it a little
90:08 a little bit different spot, but much. Mhm. But you can
90:14 something going on in here. This is very different from that and
90:21 kind of looks like sort of the thing you can see there's some kind
90:25 an overlap, right? So there's in the rocks right in here.
90:34 probably related to this. So I pick this slope as as the lower
90:42 of the sand and not not down here. I'd probably cut it off
90:47 around. Mhm And there's there's numbers I'm gonna want from you over on
90:54 side, but hopefully you'll be able figure those out. Okay,
91:06 this is I have this plotted out this. So yeah, you can
91:12 this stuff down there. Um I I don't have the header for
91:19 but you don't need the header for one except remember to refer back to
91:26 . Which ones shallow and which ones freezes to the Yeah, do it
91:36 the these are like clean logs and print those out and work on that
91:41 if you're going to do it on users. Okay here. So I
91:54 taking on to something Yeah. Two , sure ginger like these sandstorms
92:12 Yeah, there is. There are stringers here. Okay enough. You're
92:18 seeing, you're not seeing the resistance . Did you get up here?
92:24 type some states, something very different going on right there from that.
92:38 a little and you never know for if there's a little bit of gas
92:48 not in there or something like That's probably the right thing because it's
92:52 stranger all by itself in this But the virus, virus picking since
93:05 , This would definitely be sand unit in this area. Thanks. And
93:11 got some significant shale in here. would be this would be a different
93:15 and you know, you might want thank all of these screeners. One
93:20 that's characterized by and it looks like pretty tight. You can see there
93:28 some spikes in the sand parts. . There is a lot of gas
93:35 this area, so um um you , I don't by and large.
93:45 if you look at the receptivity over , this is actually something else is
93:48 on over here. But you can the resistive itty over here and you
93:52 tell this is, if anything is here, it's wet. Ah This
93:56 up here, there may be this is either tight or may have a
94:01 bit of gas in it, but probably tight and that's what I'm trying
94:09 get. You, you know, look at the log right here.
94:13 , as an exploration geologist right you'll be focusing, I wouldn't worry
94:19 this and then I would be worried that first. This is this is
94:25 thicker sand than the other ones. that's another thing, you know.
94:29 you sit down and make a bunch maps on the sand that's three ft
94:35 , you know, your boss isn't to be first. That's a pretty
94:39 job, but Okay, well just at you. Okay, so let's
94:48 a break. Okay, have you started the recorder? Okay. I'm
96:11 muted, Am I? Okay. , so as you must suspect by
96:23 we're just going through a big survey a lot of the tools that geologists
96:28 in in evaluating the value chain. so this are just some of the
96:36 tools uh in this, in this section we will talk about the value
96:42 some of the other logging tools and few other types of tools. And
96:49 then we'll hit on a few things seismic. I'm not trying to teach
96:55 or anything, but just show examples how it works and helps. And
97:01 you've read the book or looked at book, forgot the book. Chapter
97:05 is about tools. And Chapter two really long. and Chapter two also
97:11 some things later. But because everything you use an exploration and production through
97:19 whole value chain end up using it most of it. So there's really
97:23 point in waiting to the total end give you give you all this tool
97:30 . So we looked at the rock tools, process permeability and fluid identification
97:36 . Now we're going to look at couple of examples of pressure tools and
97:40 loans, case holds and um one the things when we run pressure
97:50 we can develop pressure profile and of there's also something that's fairly easy,
98:00 makes, you know, a couple things, you know, the
98:04 What a great yes. And so can see that in this particular from
98:18 , here's the mother gravy, well . Get him Okay. Okay.
98:44 depth, the pressure doesn't change as . Why would that be another way
98:54 asking for me to ask the question maybe get you the right answer.
99:01 Which one of those fluids is denser or the water? Okay. Because
99:08 water's dancer pressure changes more slowly. is less than others. So the
99:20 changes less. Same. So this knick point right here we're going from
99:27 with this dancer to and if we gas, it will go almost straight
99:32 in the air force on the That's on this one. So we're
99:38 at this production log and um this the completion of this particular one.
99:52 don't know, I think two, want to waste a lot of
99:58 but Okay. Yeah, it's not one that I'm worried about the next
100:20 . Okay, um I feel that box to share you with water.
100:25 as we repeat this, the sinking and um this one is depleting even
100:39 . So what does that show the ? In other words, the pressure
100:45 , there's a there's a break and here. We're getting uh getting overpressure
100:50 this standing right here, what's causing what's causing this, this permeability.
100:58 as it's being produced, this is produced faster than them and they're
101:03 the stringers is actually treating him like compartments. Maybe there's more preparations
101:13 then there are down here. So producing a maybe because this is a
101:17 volume. So taking the second share of the production, come on.
101:26 , so the bigger volume getting half , say the production chair And it's
101:33 to be completed, Slow River separate separate compartments. So one of the
101:37 that we could do with pressure there C that we had, that's a
101:41 important. Um But if this is and he drew this, why is
101:50 is this part of the diagram? . In other words, I'm
102:07 conceding. Welcome here. What is that, you know, you can
102:13 the pressure drop, pressure's dropped but there's something on this chart that
102:17 changed struck me right away. So I start removing the oil out of
102:35 sandstone, the oil water contact right , what's going to happen to the
102:46 . So I had to make another . So, um so it would
102:51 more like this and Mhm And this is the chart that he gave
103:00 . What would happen is without this right here, this would happen.
103:08 with that barrier there and this would everything. Okay? But that will
103:14 contact has to come up with a water contact, inspector. There's different
103:18 ratings in that part. Okay, the free water level is maybe with
103:27 that high. Maybe it would be high. I don't know exactly how
103:31 the bottom line is that. And brings up your in other words,
103:39 you replace oil with water, the in that sandstone, that's now part
103:44 the water column is in a different gradient regime. And then as we
103:54 producing it, it might look like . And again, the way I've
104:00 this is uh bso there was no in here. So just to show
104:09 that, you know what our contact going up. If there is this
104:12 bearer and this would probably be all way over here and you might actually
104:17 this part. Before you take that starting to somehow shut off the preparation
104:23 put in a new a new uh production pipe that's not attached to
104:29 Perfect. So you could actually strand behind by over producing the upper layers
104:37 than the lower lip. Unless you mixing water would but it could actually
104:46 blocked out. one of the production is this flow meter and paul's
104:52 There's two of them. And on left we have the flow meter.
105:03 and on the right we have the neutron. I'm just looking for high
105:08 saturation. And when you're using a like this, you know, a
105:14 bit about the formation, it makes easier for you calibrate the thing to
105:17 properly in the formation that you're working aside from any mhm gas or oil
105:24 on, on the responses. But looking at these two different tools,
105:32 supposed to be from the same What is a definite advantage that you
105:38 right away for the pulse neutron log . Okay. Um, at one
105:54 in time the oil water contacts But this is this is the top
106:03 the preparation. Excuse me. This the top of the preparation in the
106:06 of the preparation. The flow meter actually a flow meter. So you
106:09 preparations and it measures what comes out the of the preparation. It has
106:14 way to measure below here. This measures below that. So you may
106:20 have known where that oil water contact , but you knew well was
106:25 you didn't know how far down it based on the preparations or the flow
106:29 , but then you would get a rate of water and oil up
106:33 mm hmm. In other words, have a water cut and then you'd
106:38 an oil cut and this this kind shows you that there was a oil
106:44 contact down here at one time. when we came in here, the
106:49 overhead contact was all the way up . And I'm pretty sure this pulse
106:55 works could be wrong, but I'm sure that it's you can do it
107:00 a case hall. Mhm. And we have and that's why it's Production
107:08 . And here you can see based the response, which they call the
107:14 , you can see that in um , we saw it coming up
107:25 So there was, here's a transition in oil and here's oil up
107:30 And now you can see that it's swept this and now we don't get
107:36 until over here. Okay. And kinds of tests are expensive, but
107:49 they're extremely valuable. And this is again, this this is good to
107:59 because, you know exactly where your water contacts moved. And if you
108:03 different oil water context, in other , oil water contact in a nearby
108:07 is higher or lower. And, know, there's probably a barrier or
108:12 baffle between the two of and you have a compartment that you didn't
108:22 Okay, then there's these structural sediment tools dip meters and image logs and
108:33 dip meters are really good for all these things. It can be indications
108:40 cross bedding and paleo current direction. it's a very different difficult calculation to
108:46 paleo current direction, but but with lot of wells and a lot of
108:55 dip meters, uh you can often a hint at it, but normally
109:00 get a good idea on something the of a of a small bed or
109:04 current direction indicator, you need to something like an image lost. It
109:09 you uh figure out if you've got or salt intrusions in your in your
109:17 . Not if you drill through assault , you may not be right at
109:25 , but it's it's gonna cause a upturn in some of the beds.
109:31 that helps in that sense. But very good for the thing that I
109:36 that is most useful for is regional . And it can it can help
109:43 pick faults, can help you pick , definitely can help you pick if
109:48 have an angular and conformity. It stand out pretty well. and uh
109:54 started out with three pads, went four pads. Now there uh
109:59 I think Many of the DIPm or pads, but they have multiple
110:05 In other words, they can they see resistive itty uh at different heights
110:12 that pad and different uh lateral displacements that pad. And then of
110:16 image logs ah Can have 200 So it's almost like you've got a
110:25 curve all the way around the whole . And when, when you're
110:31 when you're doing auto correlation with something very close by, auto correlation with
110:38 resistive ideologue works really well. If going to try to do auto correlation
110:43 a, well that's two miles that's a completely different endeavor and a
110:49 different thing. And you could be your neck way out to try to
110:52 that. Um But here again is , you can see A.
110:59 C. This is the four, four pad one. And you can
111:03 these are old pictures. And so tools have been around a long time
111:09 they tend to get them oriented and can see that a particular bedding plane
111:17 depending on its attitude. And here can see it's high on C.
111:24 I think that's what it's trying to you, but it's actually kind of
111:28 in between it. But but, know, it's one, it's one
111:35 to to list them like this, then to try to figure out how
111:38 wrap around those and other issues. sees a little bit high so
111:42 so the, so the structure part probably going to be here and it's
111:47 be tilting a little bit towards a this is what a process presentation looks
111:59 . And um this is trying to you a semblance of a regional dip
112:08 and here's a massive sandstone here and shown you a couple of patterns on
112:17 . one is uh the dips increasing depth, which is why you see
112:22 um the the tadpoles that are solid the ones that are more reliable.
112:28 you kind of see dip increasing in direction, then you don't have a
112:35 good data here, it's decreasing and here it's increasing again and here you
112:42 something that looks like really what's up , They call this sort of a
112:47 of nails and there's a reason for and it looks chaotic and that's typically
112:53 you see in a cross bedded The sandstone was laminated, remember I
112:57 that finally laminated iron stain sandstone, like that, you're gonna probably get
113:06 a nice regional dip on it and be a consistent pattern to it.
113:12 if you have cross beds in especially three dimensional cross bedding, you're
113:16 to get a lot of different types chips. So these are the three
113:21 types of actually the four different types patterns that you get. Normally,
113:31 it's regional. In other words, doesn't change. In other words,
113:36 seen a lot of beds go like , you get this uniform green
113:40 public green pattern. This one is because it is increasing in this direction
113:49 this one is called blue because tip increasing down or another way to look
113:55 . I like to look at This is the way they're positive and
113:57 they're playing, this is increasing it's blue and this is decreasing upwards
114:04 is, that's kind of how do write? And then you have this
114:08 pattern down here, they call the a bag of nails and that's the
114:19 path. Okay, and um here's some examples if I have dips like
114:28 , I'm going to have things dipping a given direction and let me go
114:34 to this. Yeah, uh where is is the the degrees that it's
114:42 and then if north is up top little tadpole, the little tail on
114:48 tadpole is pointing in the direction of dip with north up at the
114:55 So which way is this one pointing ? It's about 50° in what direction
115:11 everybody afraid to say? Okay, , okay, north is up.
115:19 this one is east, this one here is southwest, this one's
115:26 southwest east. Okay, and one I've noticed in the book is that
115:39 they dropped a few figures and so figure numbers changed. So I've been
115:45 to keep track of that too. , so here is here's a good
115:50 dip in a in a green pattern . And here we have This one
115:58 a decreasing upward which is you go here. Oops decreasing upwards is a
116:10 pattern, which is why it's red and so have it there. So
116:18 you can see the angles dropping, way is what direction is the difference
116:22 this one? To the east? . And what direction is the dip
116:29 this one? And you can see they put it on here so that
116:34 can actually visualize it. We are northeast and this one's east west is
116:40 you exactly what the looks like and strike. Okay, and what do
116:49 got over here? We have a pattern over here. So what's happening
116:52 here? It's the dip is increasing the well. Right, okay,
117:04 we're getting an increase in dip up will and down here we see breaks
117:12 dip or direction. So here we a break and dip what's happening in
117:18 dip here. What do you think cause that pattern? Excuse me.
117:40 , but what about this? These black patterns they call them in.
118:01 is when there's a change in the across the boundary And it helps to
118:06 more than one. Well, to this of course because it's in
118:10 Well it could be one thing, um multiple wells on the line.
118:13 could be another nonconforming, might be the way across if it happens to
118:18 a a single well another wells don't but it could be a fault that's
118:26 . And and of course if it's fault, you've gone from a section
118:32 another section and ah normally you might something really this a little bit different
118:44 any one of these things for a . But a lot of this would
118:47 in conformity patterns, but here's an of, of a black pattern and
118:53 an un conformity and the dips are gone in different directions. And what
118:58 of un conformity is this? we have a nonconformity somewhere here.
119:08 the well is coming along and it's dipping to the left of the
119:14 and then it's dipping to the right the page. So there's really only
119:18 way to interpret that. Well, me, I think well it could
119:25 an overturned pole, but what is more likely to because it's an abrupt
119:34 , you know, like if you a Mhm. It's somewhere here and
119:54 gonna have comments and no another part the right Step four the system system
120:13 time and it's harder to see that something that this this different. In
120:22 words, it's dipping one completely different than the other. It's usually going
120:26 be an angel. Okay. And that's actually ah of all of these
120:38 things. That's one of the easiest to pick. But again, nothing
120:41 absolute for the different. And here's showing you what can happen with with
120:50 pattern here, you can see you've beds, the regional dip is to
120:55 west looks like the southwest a little steeper here. But all of a
121:01 you have a channel cutting through this and you've got the channel Phil
121:08 is dipping in one direction. But intensity of the dip changes as it
121:13 in. In other words, it's kind of hard to see.
121:16 the angle on these little laminate is than the angle here and the angle
121:22 and getting flatter and flatter until you to come up and get to the
121:26 depth. So there. So in ways there's a, there's an in
121:30 here too. It's an irrational income me. And uh, but,
121:36 you can see that it's, it's , this is a deposition all dip
121:42 the channel Phil that you can see this one. And whether or not
121:47 ever see that is another story because know sometimes right at the scale of
121:56 pipe, you're, you're going to something that's almost flat. But if
122:01 see these dips now, here's the there. You see a pattern like
122:06 , that's red here. You see pattern, it looks almost exactly the
122:09 pattern, but there's a fault there I think what it is, this
122:16 a dip meter helps you kind of out certain situations and uh, if
122:21 suspect a fault and you see something that, then it's probably a
122:26 If you're looking for a channel sand you see something like that, it's
122:30 a channels and there's other reasons why might think it's channel sound like you
122:36 you have a finding upwards Phil on gamble on ah if you hit a
122:44 , what would be different about The well this well logged relative to
122:50 ? Well, log nearby with this . Thank you. Unless it was
123:07 on strike on the fault, there'd a different sector. There's going to
123:11 missing section in here. And unless missing section here, this is a
123:16 fault. By the way, it a reverse fault, you'd see a
123:19 sector. Okay? But lacking missing and a repeat section, what you
123:26 see here is sand disappears, but haven't lost any actual accommodation space,
123:33 the sand disappears in another. but it's in this stands in
123:37 well not the other one next to . Everything else looks the same.
123:41 a facie ship. Okay. If is actually missing, it's probably your
123:50 . Okay? And here's just showing an example of how you can have
123:53 dimensional cross beds. And then you this kind of bag of nails
123:56 you've got all these sandstone and shales have a nice regional dip to them
124:03 and it's pointing in that direction. uh and here you have something that's
124:09 of chaotic and haphazard. So, know, you have a little three
124:13 thing going this way and that way of course it depends on where you
124:15 those, those beds and if we're scouring each other and we have reactivation
124:21 and all sorts of stuff. So looks like a mess. And normally
124:28 is, if you're having trouble with, say a tight sandstone,
124:35 might help you know that there's a there having trouble telling the distraction of
124:41 , then you'd be able to tell it's, it's a, it's a
124:44 and everything but the, but you see betting that shifts like that and
124:51 of the things and I just pour terms of an exploration example of where
124:59 dip meter could come in. Really is some of these, um,
125:07 the list, uh, and this is, uh, Jurassic Cinderella
125:14 of this system close to where the ends are and when, when this
125:20 was moving, there was some slumps fell down. If you go through
125:23 slump slumps gonna jump right out at . Do you have discussed that's all
125:30 up in here. You're gonna have that's thicker than the sandstone, it's
125:33 to happen. So, and so a large regional scale. Ah,
125:44 important to see that. And of , if you're, if you see
125:47 features that look like this and some of them look like they're a
125:52 bit more well bedded, ah, may see more of a regional pattern
125:59 know that they're, they're less distorted accumulation of sand stones that might have
126:06 porosity and permeability. But if you you have one of these when we
126:12 looking at at some point. So you get this this gravity flow as
126:20 get sort of like on the lines things and it just kind of mixes
126:24 all up and it's gonna probably be chaotic. Ah Great. There's a
126:31 of very poor sorting on a grand and you may not have much ferocity
126:38 process. And then another one is image log. And looking at the
126:47 log. See here the pads just a lot more information on them.
126:56 and so it kind of, it of gives you a more continuous look
127:00 it. And of course figuring out how this thing is oriented as it's
127:06 it's being pulled back up is really . So they have tools to help
127:11 figure that out. And um when do the micro mapping of the rock
127:19 , it really helps you see the structures. It helps you see dip
127:23 cross bedding. It helps you see activity. It helps you see faults
127:29 it helps you see fractures. And um I'm not sure, but I
127:39 this wasn't, was this is the it looks in the book. And
127:47 you have to remember the image live resistant. The response Pretty much 360°
127:56 this thing. And it slices like . And uh and again the focus
128:03 where the pad is and you when stretch it out on a piece of
128:13 Like this in two dimensions. It's the inside of the inside of the
128:18 is opened up like this. so maybe I can, maybe I
128:28 do this just to make sure everybody you probably already get it. I'm
128:31 my time but wasting your time. a piece of paper. Mhm.
129:03 . Okay. So I'm kind of what kind of trace this line on
129:06 back. So um yeah. Ah just gonna put three pads on here
129:17 make it easier. So this is it looks like that, right?
129:28 if it's. Oh well really? you can see this works Highlands
129:46 So you've got a good handle on lot of different features, features that
129:53 dipped to them. And uh I'm there's there's there's quite an art to
130:00 this. Ah But I'm not sure the new book has this, but
130:07 the old book, this was all color. I got the slides from
130:11 Lewis and yes, they weren't able publish. It's different fans by looking
130:24 these, there's there's different ways to the red ones from the blue ones
130:30 green ones based on type of You see kristen Bedouins associated with the
130:37 settings that sealed fractures open fracture. it's a really good tool for for
130:47 into. For example, if you you draw your pilot well for an
130:53 wealth, you might want to run of these things to get a good
130:57 on what the fracture patterns are actually of the formation that you're going to
131:02 horizontally drilling into. And you can here they see uh apparently they think
131:10 see ah you know here's the dips example for the red the red
131:19 uh the blue ones and then the ones. So you kind of get
131:22 handle for it. It looks a like um um oscillating sinkers at different
131:32 and that's probably how it works to as well. But again you have
131:37 wrap wrap it around like this to of understand the three, the three
131:41 . Aspect of it. Okay, tool that uses sidewalk cores in pores
131:50 of course when we get course or cores we can do all these things
131:56 it. Um Mhm. For analysis logging, expect supplying it pretty
132:06 So that you can see what's happening . You look at the photography to
132:13 a handle on our composition is affected , right? If sometimes you get
132:20 out of it and you can also origins out of it to analyze for
132:30 aspects of source rock system or what might be the for example, if
132:41 can drill into, I say you a strong start and stuff like
132:47 it's mature down here, but you it up here, get an idea
132:51 what you're going to sit down. also we have sometimes on the sides
132:55 basins, you have assumed blocks for example in parts of the lightning
133:05 , you can see the exact same that were going through for and you
133:12 an idea of the T. C. S. And with the
133:14 Tuesdays and uh and then you can , you know, look at have
133:22 good handle on what class strategy things there without caving. And I got
133:28 good handle on these things. And and also sometimes you can you can
133:33 a little bit of water with It's it's probably going to be contaminated
133:38 little bit, but sometimes you can capture water In a core or Sidewalk
133:44 . But I think another way of at it is you can get fluid
133:47 in the rocks to uh with with of these types of things. And
133:54 standard core analysis, you know, when you do it, they just
133:57 all this stuff to begin with. uh and that's pretty much what you
134:05 in this part. The core analysis logging and uh and here here is
134:12 thing we get have conventional course, this is a sidewalk court tool again
134:22 I'm not sure why I put that this, but but with chorus we
134:27 we can go further and look at ah here it's just and all of
134:33 together. That's why we can get lot of this thing doing that.
134:37 we can also besides the course we go look at cuttings and outcrops and
134:41 see this little thing right here, what you see in the sidewalk court
134:53 or did I show it? This a goofy little tool. Okay,
135:05 , this this is a tool, this way back but these little slots
135:12 be a charge, they shot themselves then there'll be a thing the size
135:18 have you guys ever seen the little cups that we used to put 35
135:23 slides in, You've seen it, you guys probably never saw it.
135:29 true. Have you seen him? , well that's the little cups of
135:33 negatives. The negatives film goes they're about that size and uh and
135:39 shoots it into the rock and if unconsolidated and it's got a cable on
135:43 . So when they pull it you have all these things hanging out
135:46 uh you get a shell, it's there because it sticks, if you
135:50 a sandstone, it may fall Of course, you're always one of
135:55 of the mistakes most geologists make is they like to core the reservoir,
136:00 is sandy and a lot of times will drop if you get the shells
136:05 either side of the, of the in the shells, where you think
136:10 might be a potential source rock very . Uh you can get a lot
136:15 information out of those shells because because recovered And there's there's two, there's
136:21 reasons why you spend money on an well, one is to, is
136:25 get oil and gas production and make . The other one is to get
136:28 because the information will help you find . Okay. And uh when they
136:37 plugs in it, like if you a conventional corn and they're going to
136:40 it and they can do it at orientations and that sort of thing to
136:47 attempt to to figure out what the is and all that kind of
136:51 But you can also get these poor perm plugs where they will try to
136:57 , you know what the anti Satrapi in terms of permeability of do these
137:03 by just doing them in different And um and then this gets back
137:10 uh the log motifs that we were about those cores and sidewall cores,
137:17 I started talking about log motifs and goes into into it again, here's
137:22 turbidity sequence showing you a lot of finding upwards things, but at the
137:28 time, overall they're going to start course and upwards. And here we
137:32 here we can see a point sand and this would be a typical
137:38 viel river sand where you're seeing the part of the channel and the point
137:44 itself coming up and then the clay at the top very similar to that
137:50 dominated, distribute terry channel that I you earlier. Here's this, this
137:56 be no matter what this, this to be transgressive because it's it's uh
138:05 upwards but sometimes you can get transgressive that could course enough words depending on
138:13 the deposition system is and uh a build up for example, sometimes we'll
138:22 to get course even though it's still much fine grained here we have a
138:29 fill sand and this this is looking is that yours? Thank goodness.
138:37 not mine that I was the only in anyway, a channel feel stand
138:44 , you can see ah this would like a distributor channel. I was
138:49 about where it's very blocky and uh again ah I don't know why they're
138:57 this combination but ah but anyway this using the sp log so you can
139:03 a good handle on that. So with an S. P. Log
139:05 can see it, this one looks like a gamma log to me and
139:09 one does in a way too. this definitely looks like an sp but
139:15 the Gamma would be a very similar . And one of the good things
139:19 the gamma log though is that it does pick up on, on the
139:23 . So a lot of times you'll more shale parties on the gamma than
139:27 were on. Yes, people. sp log doesn't respond festival to get
139:31 shells first and here's just another one more detail of what the log motifs
139:40 like. This is a bell shape here's sometimes you can get a smooth
139:47 like this and it tells you what of the different deposition systems are and
139:52 can see that it's all over all the map. But again, if
139:58 take any one of these things and some by Australian record data, give
140:02 an idea is on this list. that kind of thing. And
140:10 and then also as a marine non marina is usually an easy thing to
140:14 out even without fossils. And and uh, and then this is
140:21 showing you, uh some other little perturbations that you can get from these
140:28 . And I've seen 1000 of these and there's nothing is absolutely distinctive.
140:35 so what you really want to do an area. So if you
140:39 if you have a whole lot of like this one a half, I
140:44 to try to get some cores in so that you can actually tie a
140:48 for, to lot of trades. that you get an idea of of
140:55 it really looks like. This looks a clean block of sand. But
140:59 previous in the you can see here out in the middle of the
141:05 it looks exactly like um appear on barrier and this this is um and
141:14 , this will be the primary barrier . This is a secondary here emotional
141:21 . I know that is I think a title in the and the spatial
141:27 of these things have something to do what you're, how you're going to
141:32 the salon of characters depending on whether hit a thick part of the barrier
141:38 or the most windowed part of the rally. Because you know, as
141:41 get to the fact that very often going to happen in the backside they've
141:50 the backside of the not all parents be like this the day of the
142:01 . So if you have a profile sure, it's a sort of it's
142:32 . So, All right. We a first here. It's a great
142:40 response factor title select. Mm So on both sides. Yeah,
142:56 would be back here storms. So that storm, sand goes away.
143:09 sources inside right. What? So as you go from the front
143:20 the bear, expect the front of bear like these are back to the
143:24 to look a little bit mhm Who in their places have with some shells
143:31 March deposits. So it takes it a lot of data and, and
143:37 , if you can, you see log curve dama or sp and you
143:45 a court to go with it. can get an idea of what's creating
143:48 actual response on the sp log in particular mythology with those particular fluids in
143:56 rock. And it gives you a way to tie to the other long
144:01 try to interpret them to sort of a sort of like a calibration for
144:06 court will give you a calibration point what the logs are trying to tell
144:12 . And and of course when, you do a lot of logs
144:17 you can see the course rather here's whole section of course. Have you
144:22 worked on course? Yeah. A of times we don't see course because
144:27 so expensive. So one of well two of the wells that I
144:31 in the Caspian sea, we had , we had a contract in an
144:38 that no one had ever drilled in country of Gabon bye john decided that
144:47 had to drill to the top of called the Pontiac. So there's this
144:53 and uh when the, well before first, well I sat on ah
145:03 thought they drilled through it and they to prove to the azeris they had
145:09 actually current to prove it. They all kinds of problems that cost $3
145:14 dollars to do the core. If went wrong, it cost them eight
145:18 . So they flew me out there my own helicopter so I could go
145:22 there and pick the top of the at the top of the Pontiac and
145:26 to argue a week with the Azeri as to why I was right,
145:31 I got them to stop the well we got there and it didn't cost
145:36 any money. And then so we $8 million. The drilling engineer said
145:41 actually saved him $3 million $8 million fiasco happen again. And uh and
145:48 Okay but I think I saved you and Or maybe even 10.
145:56 whenever you do a course something can wrong and it really causes problems because
146:02 the problem with the core, you get to drill the well and
146:07 You have to core while you're drilling . And so one of one of
146:12 big problems that can happen is you drill a core. So saturday we're
146:17 to work to prove it. Uh two ways to do it. But
146:24 when I had to, what's uh think you're right at the top.
146:32 you. Thanks for writing for talking long. Just yes in this case
146:47 but for sure the answer that's normally way you do it now we had
146:54 guy in the pentagon to build tertiary boundary spot um somewhere 30 to
147:14 and they went into drilling a well to see the prospective. Yeah,
147:31 , we got to business, it's if you have any wells in the
147:36 , even if they're miles away, don't worry about it, the size
147:47 . And so they, so so didn't have to do a side
147:51 they went down to where the size sold, it was supposed to be
147:57 reflector was not what they thought and reflectors don't have labels on, but
148:03 under the, so you've actually got well in there, somebody figured out
148:08 it is, they don't the doors for example the Jurassic quotations, uncomplaining
148:16 actually, it's a gap and in places you're still in the application,
148:22 other places that's different in other places can totally, because that's, there's
148:30 a gap in the rocks for the , it's not always easy. So
148:39 have this one, this one he at the top that was right underneath
148:47 here stopping to rest interesting. So , when you do this and you
149:04 , before that happened before, before drill, so you don't have a
149:09 to fix, you got through So really side, which can cost
149:17 lot of money, they have tool For the cretaceous tertiary boundary one,
149:22 whole well was supposed to cost him $2 million $5 million dollars and we
149:27 even get the cretaceous tertiary boundary. it was really embarrassing. So
149:31 when you do cores, you try line them up and calibrate them to
149:36 . If they're consolidated sediments, it's a matter of recovery, you drill
149:42 certain amount of section and you pull up and sometimes, You know,
149:46 may be, I forget the size their things. I used to work
149:49 something that had five ft increments to and you pull it up and there
149:55 be two ft in there and you to figure out what two ft of
149:57 five ft section did you catch? uh and that's why you put it
150:02 against the log to try to figure exactly how it goes. And once
150:07 have that core you can start characterizing , with Ology, here's here,
150:13 shown you there, looking at the size and sentimentally structures. There's little
150:18 in here that indicate, I don't if these are concretions or fossils.
150:23 little circular things. There's all sorts other things that you can put in
150:28 . This of course, is looks it's a lot of the customer in
150:32 , it could be, it could be ostracized in there if that's the
150:36 , but here you're getting marginal type and this almost looks like something from
150:43 to me. But anyway, um it's not, it's, it's it's
150:49 the the green river stuff. And is, this is below the green
150:55 unit showing you some marine and non sections there when there was more of
151:00 cretaceous seaway uh kind of disappearing ah any rate, you get the
151:07 you can tie it to the log and and then then the motifs make
151:12 sense and uh and they give you lot, if you're considering about the
151:19 infill, it gives you a lot information there too. And it's
151:22 So I'm gonna let you guys it's almost here. Mhm.
151:28 well we'll go until we'll go for two minutes. So um what this
151:35 showing you here's, you can't tell looking at these core boxes on
151:39 It's even harder. Some people can this stuff from a mile away because
151:46 but these are delta front stand students here we come up and all of
151:51 sudden you're getting offshore. It's kind like this thing ah bottom of that
152:01 there she goes, stuff to the is going to stuff just step to
152:07 right. So, so he's on left side, you start high and
152:13 work your way down into the So delicious and that's how it was
152:20 to. But situation like this, get the delta front sands constructive,
152:33 distance for sure. Yes. And made uh those sins might actually be
152:39 in here a little bit or there be some sputters down here with the
152:44 shell coming in at the same And what kind of see this,
152:53 is a core that I worked The clubhouse. Crossroads core hold Number
152:57 The us yesterday. This is and this is in the a legacy section
153:07 you have any idea what kind of , but we did it before.
153:11 me. We didn't think we would different exchanges. But looking at
153:16 you see something kind of betting this to you. Okay. It's a
153:25 of lenticular wave, you know, , here's more lenticular, you
153:32 it didn't work or she'll down here pleasures getting more flavors, more or
153:42 less less standard, more standard So we've gone from, you
153:47 you're you're seeing a combination of what you think the environmental deposition where we
153:57 see changes in energy levels because we sand sometimes. Excuse me? Uh
154:11 , it wouldn't be a funny Normally a funny surfaces is going to
154:14 a sharp break with great um This going to be Mhm. Yes,
154:24 a little bit like here where it's from storm deposits that storm will be
154:36 to make these little sand. Um this has been reworked on the bottom
154:43 create these little beds of sand. so it's probably progress. It's probably
154:56 on, Do you have to Yeah, we'll take our break
155:05 Mhm. Keep it warmer
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