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00:31 mm hmm Folks Welcome. Um I this is the right down to 3321

00:55 off. Right. So today is bunch of questions dispersed with some

01:04 Um So what else? So we the homework smart work we could

01:13 Um That will cover up through what do today so two days and Thursdays

01:21 beyond the quiz scheduled for example for be I say should because of the

01:29 officially been posted uh course weather but according to schedule that's what it should

01:36 . Uh So it's always two weeks that. Yeah And they and that's

01:44 is two weeks before so so if can laugh for that let's see what

01:50 I think. Um That's all we uh in terms of that stuff.

01:56 I started the email I sent out so do um uh the evaluations.

02:03 sure you're aware that the university will you emails about this stuff. It's

02:07 open actually since uh probably for two now. So um and through May

02:14 for another two weeks. So do evaluations. Part of that is tied

02:19 extra credit so and and you don't not need to email me saying I

02:27 the evaluation because I have access to the information anyway. So you don't

02:33 to do that. I don't know didn't didn't but I'm not gonna know

02:37 kind of personal information. I'm just know here is the personal name.

02:41 was like I. D. And or no on evaluation they continued it

02:46 not. That's that's all I know all that's all the information I guess

02:50 uh But I didn't question anything. so I wanted to start with kind

03:00 just for next week's stuff because we're be doing diseases. And so if

03:05 look at the beginning of those lecture for chapter 26 it has this list

03:13 . So I think the pathogens will at some really. Ah But if

03:22 I'd say I really don't spend that time. I say here's an example

03:26 blah blah blah blah. Okay but do spend some time on some of

03:31 others. So just keep that in when you see the elect of

03:35 Okay. Uh So what what to . Okay so little box of their

03:41 reaction where applicable. You obviously can't a damn thing on the radio

03:46 Okay. Um Disease causing pathogen distinguishing . Uh As we go through you'll

03:53 sometimes it's kind of obvious like for hysteria um We're just hysteria. It

04:01 grow up 4°. That's obviously a future you probably don't know. Right?

04:07 communities there will be obvious things like that can associated with that. Um

04:16 so I would say um in terms organizing this stuff to do something like

04:21 , here's an example you can follow you wish. Okay um And just

04:29 a table you probably add a couple columns that you're well I kinda just

04:33 this together. But uh Catherine. quality diseases following block. Okay so

04:40 that's again a lot of it's gonna heavy memorization just captured 26 stuff so

04:46 also I'm not covering everything that's in either so just people be aware of

04:51 . So so this is an Yeah this isn't the nose as

04:55 So you might you can obviously use as a guide if you wish but

05:00 kind of things we're looking for and um you know again there will be

05:06 unit quiz I guess the next and I think the week after it's like

05:12 it's uh it's a week after Anyway it'll it'll have questions in there

05:17 this. There will be some different so you can get an idea of

05:21 what that's about. Okay. Um so I just want to mention that

05:27 We started in 25. Let's So we're gonna start. Of course

05:32 is how many questions? 4? probably 10 questions as we go through

05:42 um 10. 12. So let's at the start of course with the

05:48 . Okay um so as you're looking this uh so we're gonna answer uh

05:54 one first. What is a box what does that represent? So this

06:00 . So let me do this let make sure you can see that

06:06 Okay And open. Alright so as mulling this over So it is um

06:13 we've been for the last Yeah. lecturers tickets um going through innate and

06:23 immune system. Alright, so physical , telecyl um different sections, different

06:31 types, um processes information, common , etcetera. Um Then adapted

06:41 B cells, T cells. So uh all of that obviously is

06:51 enable youtube effectively. Hopefully uh fight as this. It fits in this

06:59 here. Right? So the health that system of course, and other

07:06 determine whether you'll be able to fight infectious disease. So, um so

07:13 turning basically the the eyeball out to . Okay, what can it

07:19 So obviously patterns, patterns or patterns they're successful at what they do and

07:27 overcome these various things you throw at . Okay. And they have ways

07:32 do that as we will look at . Okay. So it looks like

07:37 answered. Uh So let's go ahead we'll do I'll show the answer to

07:44 , then I'll close the polls open because there's another one on here

07:47 Right, So what is um material 68 good? Changing the change real

07:59 . Okay, so a What's before beer. Okay, so let's go

08:07 the next one. Right. And is B Okay, what is B

08:15 that's open again? Mm hmm. at the end of this section,

08:31 probably see that there's a summary here well of Uh huh. To the

08:37 kingdom of all your risk factors that go through in the section itself.

08:42 probably good checklist as well. Mm . I guess I just inadvertently gave

08:59 hint on that. Okay, so Bam. E. Okay. So

09:13 . So a reservoir B is virulence . So various various virulence factors was

09:22 the bulk of what we're gonna be in on today. Are those things

09:26 things pageants have to enable them to to once they're in the host because

09:32 gonna be different mechanisms of transmission to into you and onto you.

09:38 following that. It's okay, they stick around alright. Or will

09:42 be take that one way or So, various factors related to

09:47 Things like adherence. Um, overcoming barriers and different types of chemical

09:54 Physical barriers, anything that relates to getting deeper enclosed. Right? There's

10:00 feature of many patterns is um, may be, uh, not just

10:05 , you know, it's like the or something, but they want to

10:08 deeper penetrate deeper into tissues. that requires other factors. And then

10:14 like damaging the host. Right? typically things like toxins, Things of

10:18 nature. Okay, so, so we're gonna see a lot of

10:24 we've mentioned in the context of your system will be mentioned again, of

10:30 . But now, in the context this is how the pathogen gets around

10:34 or overcomes it or what have Okay, so, um, and

10:40 course, primary opportunistic pathogens will And then again, it's all about

10:44 factors, right? And and many these or can be spread through horizontal

10:50 transfer to plasmas. Right. Um many toxins are actually required to trans

10:59 using a stage. Yeah, cholera is acquired that way as are some

11:05 . Okay, so, um let's elaborate again, uh just make sure

11:14 main kind of various factors involved in kinds of functions right here is

11:20 cell invasion. Um Proliferating, Multiplying toxins different types of proteins they

11:29 that can counteract the immune system defenses well. Okay, um and so

11:38 look at this question that relates to versus opportunistic pathogens. Okay, so

11:46 yeah, likely. Probably artistic patterns is what's uh we need more.

11:58 hmm. Maybe I want to say . I'll wait to finish the

12:18 Oops, get out of there. . Yeah. Alright, so this

12:57 true. Yeah, of course it's to be is correct. Um So

13:03 pathogens um are not going to be normal member. You're not remember you

13:09 a primary pathogen. It's there. not there by accident. Okay,

13:13 through some mechanism of transmission. So like Ebola and anthrax aren't optimistic because

13:21 don't go in literally body. um the uh artistic types of

13:29 Okay, so is going to be pathogens. Um certainly a staph infection

13:35 can be a member of your microbiology that can typically happen if you get

13:42 kind of a scratch or other puncture enough staff that's under skin or mucous

13:47 gets into your tissues and some of can cause issues. Okay. Um

13:55 any questions about it. Okay, let's look at this question about virulence

14:02 . So not everything necessarily. Although can't speak for this list but not

14:09 can certainly be. Everything in catholic every trait that possesses is not going

14:15 invest. It will be all for disease. Right. Remember compared Um

14:25 Coli 01572. The benign lab strain E. Coli in the context of

14:34 of jeans they share don't share. , so uh there's gonna be something

14:39 certainly, but some of that will definitely to being a pathogen. So

14:46 flip the list here 88. Say with not being through the grounds

14:55 Oh sorry, that might explain Okay. Alright, here we

15:02 Sorry about that pulled open. Yes, mm hmm. Okay let's

15:47 . Alright, that's a little more it. Um So um Which one

15:58 not the will take seat anybody can why would she be a virulence

16:12 Huh? So remembering now adam emery be negative. Might be a toxin

16:20 just but the cytoplasm membrane be a . A. B. A.

16:25 . A. Pathogen goodness. Um You yourselves have psychopathic membranes.

16:33 cells do are all cells pathogens. , viruses are nuts. Right?

16:38 then you're yourselves all have cytoplasmic Pretty much they're not pathogenic. So

16:44 point is, the cytoplasmic membrane is something that inherently makes a pathogen pathogen

16:49 to contribute to its ability to be passenger ability to be a cell.

16:54 . But not a pathogen. Same thing like uh on a climb

16:59 . Um A rebel zone. These things are not fearless factors.

17:05 right. We're not going to enable chronic disease all cells happening.

17:10 But it's gonna be the specific characteristics possessed that that came with the end

17:15 itself enables it to cause disease and some form or fashion in some form

17:21 the infection cycle. It gives it ability to grow around the defenses.

17:28 . So um so C. Is balance factor as is as mentioned like

17:35 D. N. A. Having know components like columns that doesn't mean

17:40 acting right? So more specific. . Um Now here's an example and

17:49 memorize this. Just need just an to illustrate the number of grounds factors

17:55 types. Uh This is streptococcus high a journey to the bottom that's that's

18:02 of the captains will look at it . It causes a strep throat,

18:06 causes uh necrotizing fasciitis or the uh eating disease. It can cause other

18:16 of skin infections. Um a uh that because of all the various

18:24 It can do a lot of But but also this is basically listening

18:30 the various factors that can be found members of this species. But one

18:38 doesn't necessarily have all of these. . But they will have certainly uh

18:44 staff at the top. So you see a combination of Berlin's factors in

18:50 categories. Right? So you have . These these unable to stick to

18:55 . They have different types of right? This enables it to penetrate

19:01 in the tissues Lucas items or toxins coagulates that there was a to clot

19:08 . Right? There was instances where that's an advantage. Staff of

19:12 And they include to break apart a . So it has both both of

19:17 um And those are very common in texas of patterns that that's going to

19:24 me call them skin or tissue skin of pathogens. And that's what both

19:29 these can be that. Um And uh a protein a we'll talk about

19:36 but it's also a defense against So um let's start the caucus again

19:42 . Uh they break apart blood clots breaks apart the connections pull themselves together

19:49 your tissues um and excess toxins. this m protein specifically we'll talk about

19:57 . So again the point is uh of religious factors and you could um

20:04 know vera let's virulent something is is that's how dangerous it may be.

20:11 second relates to the types and numbers religious factors it has. Okay,

20:17 so once again, just this dirty . Right? So we're looking at

20:23 going to focus first on transmission. gonna look at how we get from

20:29 to here and different mechanisms that how happens. Okay then uh focus on

20:36 virulence factors involved in these processes. , basically kind of going in that

20:42 that order. Okay, so uh look at this question here and this

20:47 . I'll open the pole. and take a look at this.

20:51 acquisition of a G. I. pathogens. Okay, gastrointestinal tract

20:57 Okay. Would most likely occur? just think about it logically, what

21:04 be you're asking? Mhm, mm . Okay, let's see,

21:54 Okay, so to the above, are the two? See, you

22:03 is correct, foodborne and eat food water congest stuff you ingest and swallow

22:12 . How would you attract Patrick? both of those routes uh it's food

22:19 , uh contaminated water source, these of things. Typically pathogens.

22:26 so um transmission. Okay, um the reservoir, Right. That's gonna

22:35 that source where that resides. And um just when you take a

22:41 just think of, okay, I'm study this pathogen. Where would I

22:44 to find it and it doesn't have be a disease outbreak occurring. You

22:48 want to study it. Right. you would go towards naturally found in

22:54 or remember, the reservoir for many and actually other humans. Okay,

23:00 it just depends on many different sources the for the pathogen. So,

23:07 just mentioned, so of course the carriers, right? I mentioned before

23:13 organism is carried by more than half population and they don't share when he

23:18 the symptoms of disease. Okay. the measles mumps, meningitis uh for

23:26 category being reservoirs, they're humans and you find them. Okay, um

23:33 , okay uh liners he found in and trying to play the course uh

23:40 carried on rats and uh by the gets transmitted to you through the blood

23:48 carry it that way rabies of course types of animals, rabies HIV West

23:53 virus through mosquito mosquito is very common mechanism to transmit disease. Um Non

24:04 or environmental reservoirs of soil and um waters of a common source

24:12 So things like tetanus is that organisms in soil. You always hear the

24:19 step on a rusty nail, gotta a tetanus shot right because the nails

24:24 we found the dirt and can be with sports. So um many types

24:30 water born pathogens, cholera uh It's not uncommon that when there's some

24:37 of natural disaster and um what gets are like water treatment systems and those

24:45 of things and so you know, could be a flood or an earthquake

24:48 causes natural that is that's a natural . But then various student afterwards,

24:53 things like cholera and other diseases pop because the water treatment system fails or

24:57 destroyed. And now you have clean water and that can lead to all

25:01 of issues. So typically these kinds disasters lead to these kind of health

25:07 for that reason. Okay. and there's some examples there. The

25:14 , um, fungal infections. fungus. They live they live in

25:18 . So there that's terrorism. War cycle. Okay. So now we're

25:24 from how we're in reservoir to Okay? So we can look at

25:29 in terms of contact transmission. There three types of those rights. Physical

25:36 . So, um what do you your partner? Uh handshake, um

25:44 contact. All direct in direct contact mike's Okay? So simply uh,

25:56 inanimate object, a bench, top knob, door handle, um somebody

26:03 contaminated touches it. Then you touch and transmit it yourself. So,

26:07 indirect or soul might be all that would call the right Neil what family

26:15 you? Um, clinics. That's you think you touch it. All

26:20 . And then you said it So, um many of the but

26:25 all kind of inanimate objects, dropping. So that's um so there

26:31 a distinction between droplet and aerosol. . It has to do with

26:37 So they can face and you Droplet information. Um I'm standing here

26:45 you're over there and I have been All right, you over there in

26:51 kitchen, so that distance good to dead zone right there. Um So

27:02 know, you get more technical about , they say they one year.

27:08 um now vehicle transmission, okay, your vehicles can be and it goes

27:17 um waterborne airborne foodborne blood-borne is another . Um But these are the three

27:25 ones. So waterborne contaminated water systems you unknowingly you typically drink or otherwise

27:37 . Um These offices are gonna be contaminated water sources typically um airborne uh

27:45 microbes could travel through the air on particles, head standard that's floating around

27:53 the food born contaminated food so that will be a number of categories,

27:59 not just continuing through itself, but handling and storage of food performing the

28:06 temperature or room temp, It's um uh unsanitary handling of food,

28:15 cooking, if you Probably all these can lead to foodborne illness,

28:20 Um And so you know, you of um the number of, I

28:29 seen anything lately, but it seemed last year uh last there was a

28:34 of Chipotle seemed to be in the a few times with the contaminated produce

28:40 was on there in their food. You have to think about,

28:46 the person that the farm that grew lead us, right? So from

28:50 point to where it gets actually gets your mouth, it's going through a

28:54 of hands. Okay. Um and any step along the way, it

28:59 be one where you know things aren't right and it can end up making

29:02 sick. Okay, we'll talk more that when we get to diseases.

29:07 um oh well I guess that means wash fruits and vegetables in the grocery

29:14 . Um Actually health transmission so that so think of a a life

29:23 So many infectious diseases can be in in an insect or even a protozoa

29:33 . Um and then that that protozoan insect or other has a complicated life

29:41 . Okay and you somehow interrupt interrupt cycle, right? Lyme disease is

29:49 best example I can think of. Lyme disease originates back in Connecticut um

29:57 in an area where development is going , right? So it was in

30:00 forest forest, right? There was cycle between a I think um I

30:06 the insight. Um I'm disease it was a like a rodent involved

30:12 a deer involved and uh I forget insect but anyway it was the second

30:17 lot of different animals and over the and so on and so forth.

30:21 that's how it kind of the pattern itself, which is fine,

30:27 in that forested isolated environment, that's not affecting humans at all.

30:32 . But when you know, just humans developed and they build a mall

30:36 whatever it is they're doing right They that's when we get potential interaction

30:41 these animals. Okay. And then bit or whatever and you get and

30:46 the disease occurs in humans. So what we call an accident accidentally

30:50 Right? So that's what we call transmission. Typically when humans put themselves

30:56 like one of these lifecycle situations occurring different different animals and then it gets

31:02 bitten and now it's transmitted to Okay. That's that's accidental transmission.

31:08 , vertical transmission. Those are basically diseases passed from mother to child.

31:15 maybe has syphilis and then that may acquired during childbirth. So things of

31:21 nature, that's what we call vertical . Okay, vector very common insect

31:28 is very common for different diseases. Nile play um uh yellow fever,

31:36 malaria. So normal and not uh particular mosquitoes seem to be uh the

31:42 insect involved in a lot of these . But certain ticks, ticks can

31:46 a part of it too. Um anyways, so distinguishing between biological and

31:51 transmission. So mechanical transmission. Thinking a housewife, is it not on

31:58 of garbage? Right. And so flies around and lands on you?

32:03 . So maybe you might catch Okay. Uh maybe you know,

32:11 the point is that the insect is kind of because of where landing and

32:15 lands on you. That's that's that may transmit that way. So that's

32:20 mechanical transmission. Okay. Kind of random thing. But nevertheless, that's

32:26 they call right biological transmission that can the parasite lifestyle. So like malaria

32:34 things in fact, well, that required to buy the mosquito. Mosquito

32:38 carrying a protozoan that had a complex cycle bombing mosquito and you human.

32:45 so that's that's that's certainly biological Okay. Um no mechanical transmission that

32:53 theoretically, I guess a number of can be passed that X. But

32:58 biological transmission it's going to be a type of diseases like malaria for

33:03 Okay. Um uh any questions about transmission? Okay. Yeah, that

33:17 um so you have typically it's when have ah a cycle going on where

33:29 pathogen is part of a lifecycle or a lifecycle that involves many different

33:37 Okay. And it's occurring inherited environmental of course. And there's no humans

33:45 to kind of interject themselves into Okay. And so when that does

33:52 by accident, right? Human trans this area where this could be going

33:59 and they get bit or whatever the is, that's that's involved in a

34:03 bearing the pathogen then that person now can come down with this disease and

34:09 . So it only occurred completely by . It wasn't it's not a regular

34:17 of psychological courage where humans involved this completely by accident was personally convinced the

34:22 . Yes. Really? What that . Okay so um Alright. Another

34:32 . So we'll transition from transmission into uh different types of appearance factors.

34:41 , so here open it all the contribute to the pathogens ability to penetrate

34:49 hide from coast defenses. So we're so you can categorize various factors that

34:55 what's it enabling them to do in case? It's about penetration or hiding

35:01 host defenses. So it's going to brilliance factors specifically for that and others

35:07 really apply to that. Okay. what we're looking for you. So

35:13 president for the exception that wouldn't be in those functions. Mhm mm

36:02 That's right, mm hmm. All right. Uh So of the

36:20 you've given here I would say the would be toxins. Okay. Um

36:27 are meant to really do damage to cell. Um We'll talk about toxins

36:33 . But things get capsule will hide casual cover the set and so in

36:41 so it can hide many of its from the immune system. Okay.

36:49 capsule itself candles immune response which generally not that strong sugars. Carbohydrates don't

36:56 a super strong um and your But also some of these passengers are

37:04 sneaky and they make their capsule out material that's very similar to your molecules

37:10 even further hides them. Okay Regulations. Regulations and highly Iran today's

37:17 . And E. Are both enzymes enabled penetration to break apart connections between

37:24 um and enables it to get deeper the tissue of the body. Uh

37:30 variation. That's the phase variation. talked about chapter 10 of the changing

37:37 antigens to then make itself hidden from immune system. So A.

37:42 C. D. And E. all about hiding typically or penetrating uh

37:47 are more about let's say damage. . Um So here is kind of

37:56 step arised process. Um So importance entry. Right? So pathogens have

38:04 we call a preferred portal of entry relates to kind of the type of

38:08 . They are Okay. Which is I put that question up there.

38:12 I get to that in a So kind of obviously I'm sure it's

38:16 to you. So you go you the host of course and you have

38:18 get through around or through these various physical barriers. Um Then damage damage

38:27 host in the process of doing the of disease. And so and then

38:32 . Okay so portals of entry Could 157 cause a skin disease I

38:43 so maybe a rash. But Um you could only 5 7. So

38:50 government's factories and the way it's built to speak. It's it's meant to

38:56 able to just to survive the It's really gut because that's gonna be

39:01 uh you have to be acid resistant do that. Right Because the acidity

39:05 the stomach. And so that's what built to do. Okay. Um

39:11 and its associated with these factors are to Because G. I. tract

39:15 . Right? So but you can only 5 700 skin. Yeah.

39:21 not gonna do anything. Okay. like I said if it worst case

39:26 is probably gonna cost some kind of , that's it. But it's not

39:28 cause gi tract infection right? Because not gonna penetrate your skin and you

39:34 get into your gut and then no not that's not how it's that's not

39:37 it works. Right? It's transmitted contaminated water or. Okay. Um

39:47 that's its preferred parliamentary. Okay uh through the uh food or water.

39:56 . And so um or more correctly mucous membranes. Right. So part

40:01 the military mucous membranes, respiratory tract tract that same basket. Okay.

40:09 stds right? Especially transmitted diseases in very susceptible to drying out. And

40:18 they require really that moisture of the membranes to really survive. His wives

40:26 that. Okay. Very dry. Skin hair follicles. Sweat glands.

40:39 so um certainly a number of years that penetrated the skin. Staff scrap

40:47 what they do. Okay now of natural openings in the skin. Hair

40:51 , sweat glands contract, tied his . All right. That's the

40:54 So um parental route that of course through puncture wound something like that.

41:01 then um pageants have to have an into the system. Okay so adhesion

41:10 so you can't forget the numbers of microbes is a is a very much

41:15 but he's so many for many to . Here's the thing. Especially to

41:22 memories just report um want to adhere the rest of the contract. So

41:28 began to cause a factory uh gut the has a that enabled to stick

41:37 your contestants. Um So it can a absolutely a big deal for many

41:43 and it can evolve not not just obvious structures like graphic the other specific

41:50 that enable this connection between with with the cells they adhere to. Okay

41:58 um and so um february ivy colliders . So m protein and opiates for

42:06 . Well look at Neisseria, Neisseria, gonorrhea. Uh We'll mention

42:13 a lot because it has a lot virulence factors. Um Opie a protein

42:18 well. M. M. ooph hope adherence but also have some

42:23 features as well. Okay so um , enzymes, february pillai toxins,

42:30 pathogens. So being of course an pattern in itself that can cause damage

42:35 itself. There is a virus that sell or bacterial captain that's inside the

42:40 and and breaks out of it killing so that obviously is direct damage and

42:47 okay so let's look at this process see if you can remember what this

42:52 is uh while you're answering any Yeah. Mm hmm. Okay,

43:58 , I might just realized it probably that hard to figure out considering the

44:01 that the name was in the in slide psychosis. So I just realized

44:10 anyway, it's trans psychosis. so this is the example. That

44:16 nice syria. So these are opium . We'll talk about that and slide

44:22 coming up. So I'll save it that. But process uh, in

44:27 nutshell, here's Transito sis is basically itself. So trans transport through

44:36 Right? So it's basically and then future is able to penetrate through this

44:41 layer, uh, potentially get your in one of these cells and then

44:46 course circulate through your system. What guy does Neisseria meningitis. This of

44:51 , is to get to your brain that they can use to do

44:55 So, let's first look at em streptococcus. Okay, um, almost

45:04 . So these are just uh, these factors factors kind of enable it

45:09 both hide the capsule. Um, capsule can also not just hide its

45:18 but also makes it more slippery in way it's not able to be as

45:23 . Um, was surprised. And so that's of course your are

45:30 your response to that yourself responds to optimization thing. Right? So remember

45:36 required antibiotics. One of the more . So those required being activated or

45:41 . So it can't buy it a bit of time right to begin to

45:46 . Um so so welcome from the protein acts both in adherence but also

45:54 love functions like resistance from being advertised in academics compliment. So we can

46:02 those two uh immune system defenses. these are present on that more than

46:10 species of have have these. Um the. Okay so here's the

46:18 . P. A. Protein and transit toast this process. So uh

46:23 O. P. A. Our knobby things on the surface. Okay

46:30 cereal Andreas and you just saw um back up and say streptococcus pneumonia.

46:38 have this being shaped impairs. it's a caucus uh the the nice

46:47 more bean shaped but they're they're both pairs like this. Okay, so

46:51 see while they're in pairs like that And so you have the short

46:57 P. A smaller Piotrovsky surface and have these pillai extending like this.

47:03 . And so the pill I uh more loose. And here is the

47:13 . P. A. Protein is tight in here. It's okay so

47:16 pill I extend and then we'll memorize what makes him sure.

47:22 And so as it gets shortened, shortens it draws the cell to the

47:27 . Okay. And now you bring the O. P. A.

47:31 during the tight adherence. Okay. that tight inherent actually initiates the Transit

47:38 process which is to engulf the cells then they come out the other

47:44 Okay, so so basically this is net result is this kind of movement

47:50 through this layer of cells. Okay yes it worked. Maybe uh lymph

47:59 tissue of a know rather than the monocytogenes. Get your eyes on the

48:05 site. This may then go with lymphatic food that differentiates into And critics

48:12 or a macrophage um granule site of types of either your future fields and

48:19 . So there was a kitchen rides other cells to get elsewhere. Okay

48:24 so meningitis said we'll talk about This is one that crosses the blood

48:30 barrier to get into your central nervous , senses how it can do

48:34 Right. Um So uh in the are what make up blood vessels.

48:42 whole wall's okay. So getting getting there and that of course leads to

48:47 infection throughout the life. Exactly. Okay let's just push. Okay,

48:57 the following virulence factors, Mom. . 80 is correctly matched. Okay

49:56 hmm mm hmm. Mhm. let's see. Okay, if you

50:29 d you are correct. So invasions we'll see are collection of proteins.

50:43 an intracellular pathogen that's outside outside the will inject into the cell and that

50:51 it to be engulfed and taken Okay, invasions are used by bacterial

50:59 that get inside cells. Okay. it has nothing to do with preventing

51:05 . Endo toxin instagram negatives. So its founding gram negatives the membrane

51:12 opR and protein. Uh those are types of exotic toxins. Their self

51:18 um structures um Call it coagulates is an adhesion. It's a enable us

51:26 sell to form clots. Okay, blood. So and there's a there's

51:33 reason for that. So let's look that's so extra cellular enzymes. Okay

51:40 uh Steph Markakis very common. The type strains to be coagulates positive.

51:48 one of the things you look for in staphylococcus aureus in particular is the

51:55 pathogenic strain in the group. And that are colliding these positive have a

52:00 rate of being the more pathogenic The more virulent type compared to the

52:07 a nice negative. So what does do Well so you have of course

52:11 your blood clotting factors and the fire gin is one of those that's soluble

52:18 your blood and you initiate it to deformed these fiber and um it comes

52:26 like this to form this network of right? That basically begin the healing

52:36 . And conformers gap. Really? but its external on the outside you

52:41 form a scab but internally you can program blood lost by forming a

52:46 Okay in this fashion so kind of a pack patching it so to

52:51 Okay with these network of fibers that together into the fiber in form and

52:57 uh so you have clotting factors and that trigger that process that occur bacteria

53:04 staph have their own coagulates to do . Okay so they can initiate the

53:11 . And what that can do is think of a staph infection where like

53:18 like a boil if you don't know you've had a boil yourself or maybe

53:22 you know somebody it can form a not really. So it's when staff

53:27 get into your skin, there's another of abrasion. Um they then can

53:35 and then they can throw off this and it kind of builds a little

53:40 around them. Okay walling them off the immune system. And so that

53:45 present itself, it's like kind of like a hard knot invisible not under

53:49 skin. And that's from that ability form this uh this this coagulant

53:56 Okay um Now kinda says do the to actually break apart blood clots.

54:03 so uh that can enable the cell penetrate deeper nous into the into the

54:08 . So if you have a blood as a result from some other process

54:13 occurred uh to stop bleeding or whatever body. And then this pathogens in

54:20 has stripped of context, it can apart that clot and then get into

54:25 system. Okay so it can work ways. Um So how do you

54:30 a days and college nace together it's penetration issues. So is a chemical

54:38 kind of makes your cells stick Um The best way is to show

54:44 to show you this real quick. . Uh Yeah. So here

54:57 Okay. So there's a cross section your skin. Okay? And here

55:03 comes. Pathogen and it possesses uh possesses, know how you're on today's

55:13 mates etcetera. And so here it . Exercise their enzymes. I'm trying

55:20 get a close up here. I . There we go. So there

55:26 your epithelial cells. Okay, let blow this up. Yeah. So

55:34 the what was what was missing that's there is this pink material that's the

55:42 you wanna days hyaluronic acid that is the cells together. And here's the

55:48 breaking it apart. Okay? So enabling it to penetrate through this

55:57 And then so your epithelial cells are up to be connected together obviously.

56:02 then there's also a what we call basement membrane that kind of adheres all

56:09 cells to it like a foundation. this is made of collagen fibers.

56:16 so if they have college and this that can of I can tell yeah

56:25 can't able to penetrate through here as about to see there it goes.

56:33 so college break apart the fibers and you can penetrate deeper. Okay so

56:40 this were a staff. Um you , it could end throughout some college

56:45 perhaps and then build a little cocoon . Here is a clock. So

56:52 can break that apart to be stripped Caucus using a kindness to do that

57:01 what and so breaking apart the plot then you can penetrate again into the

57:10 . Yeah so all about you know ways to access into your tissues.

57:18 so these enzymes you'll see in these um skin diseases particularly struck the Caucus

57:25 what it causes. I'll be back of this. Okay so the and

57:35 destructive caucus and it can cause depending species and the variety of enzymes their

57:43 it can cause different layers of skin . Just like um virus syphilis is

57:49 skin disease that kind of does the layers of skin infection. And there's

57:53 it gets bad as a flesh eating which is deep penetration down to the

57:59 even exposing bone in some cases but all has to do with these these

58:03 is thrown off to this pan feng destroyed his tissues. So it can

58:08 go from kind of somewhat mild to bad depending on the species of what

58:15 collection of enzymes and has proteus is course are enzymes that break down proteins

58:25 . And so I G. Protease is one that uh pathogens that

58:32 use your mucous membranes or require adherence your mucus membranes, respiratory pathogens for

58:39 . Um They N. G. . Maybe they're too because remember

58:44 G. A. S. Your secretions Right And so they're there to

58:51 these things from attaching to your newest . And so if they have an

58:55 . G. Eight protests were then destroy the I. G.

58:58 And then to be able to attach those surfaces. Okay Excuse me.

59:08 Any questions. Okay. Yeah this like our own. Yes yes it's

59:20 whole it's a cascade of events I . Uh But yeah we did we

59:27 have we do have that um the blood is also a number of different

59:33 coming together platelets and other things coming to clot blood and equally other components

59:38 together to prevent it as well. um Okay so toxins so um so

59:49 that are produced so extra toxins was by toxins have a target. Okay

59:58 have a specific target and um there a variety of different toxin types that

60:04 different cell types. Okay most of are of this kind of basic structure

60:10 there's an a unit debt is the portion and the B. Unit that

60:16 the binding. So again it's about the target cell has to be there

60:20 it binds to it toxin enters a and that causes damage. Okay and

60:27 as I mentioned before last time uh toxins are generally proteins in nature so

60:36 can elicit the response. So you the tetanus vaccine is basically a toxoid

60:43 contains antitoxin to the tetanus um So um the instant associate the basic

60:53 of how this occurs. So we binding of toxin right? Ah very

60:59 binding and then the toxic errors and the a portion is released and does

61:09 its function is. Okay. And we'll look at some of these toxins

61:14 . You can look at different categories whether they are um disruptive cell membrane

61:22 things like red blood cells that are apart by him mollison's. That's that's

61:27 same memory disrupter. So basically think a pretty strong to cell membrane and

61:32 contents leak out. Right? So mollison's glucose Sidon's are specific for white

61:37 cells for red blood cells. Um types of toxins um protein synthesis

61:48 This is going to be um uh quickly. Census of course is going

61:53 kill the cell certain And so the talks and she talks and you find

61:58 uh number of foodborne pathogens theory of is found in the respiratory pathogens.

62:05 We get that's the DPT vaccine. is subject area. Um So it's

62:12 actually antitoxin uh but it works by inhibiting uh protein synthesis affecting rival zones

62:21 uh is what they do. Um types of toxins are what you find

62:28 uh many times waterborne diseases contaminated water , these other gi track agents they

62:37 manipulate the sol use in those in themselves and disrupt the movement of ions

62:48 that ions begin to move out of south and the water them with

62:54 Alright. That's characteristic of of I. Tract infections and of course

62:59 all wear the symptoms of that, ? But then we've had food poisoning

63:02 drink suspect suspected water that was contaminated diarrhea. Right? So it's all

63:10 the water loss from your system. And uh there are toxins that can

63:17 that as well that they produce. and then uh super antigens. Okay

63:23 are similar in effect to what end toxins toxins gram negative. Next so

63:31 engines have a similar similar effect and the overstimulate the immune system. Right

63:39 um when you do that then you way more significant than you should be

63:45 . And then when you do that activate cells of the immune system and

63:51 can lead to a shock to your and that's generally not a good

63:57 And so there are toxic types that that effect. Okay um we just

64:03 talked about proteus is so these are talking about the proteins. So the

64:08 toxin which is a neurotoxin actually breaks the door transmitter that enables your motor

64:21 to talk to your muscle phone. so the tetanus toxin can break that

64:27 . Okay and then there's the effect that is this kind of spasmodic contractions

64:33 your muscle cells because they're not controlled because the the no trans transmitter's been

64:41 . Okay we'll talk that that's one the reasons we'll talk about next

64:45 Okay. Um so endo toxin. mentioned this before in the context of

64:50 wall the negative and positive. So um so deliberate portion of the

64:59 membrane. Okay um what it can so when it's intact not a

65:06 It's when it slices okay that it cause damage. Okay. And so

65:14 course this relates to um it relates severe ear infection. Has it spread

65:24 the blood? Okay. If that's case and that's really when it's a

65:27 . Okay. So you see also here with macrophage Justin gram negative,

65:34 release of end of toxin as a a as the organism is failure

65:39 Right? That accompanies a set of as well. Okay. Uh somebody's

65:45 induce feelings. Okay, but back the effects here, let's just look

65:50 this next slide here. Okay so is a sepsis sepsis is when it's

65:57 into the blood. Okay. And liberty material from the gram negative is

66:05 circulating in your blood. And so will contact of course as we know

66:12 like a total like receptive right that initiate um production of Okay. And

66:22 so the thing about it is if say response right would be a local

66:29 is confined to a local area. bra. Okay you get over it

66:35 you know within a few days. when that is now body wide.

66:40 can happen into the blood. Okay you're you're protesting. Activity may more

66:47 just themselves rather than just give me a local response. So now nobody

66:52 get involved. Alright that's way too . So the body of him.

66:57 so these cytokines are thrown out that function of I. M.

67:01 Was about fever production. Okay the factor. So again we're not doing

67:08 locally the whole body. So basically can act on temporaries, right?

67:18 so if that's happening you get food . Okay Blood bloody lost man.

67:25 pressure drop. Okay. Um Clotting can be enabled. So capitalism is

67:33 so your major organs were all fed capillaries where the exchange of nutrients occurs

67:41 , et cetera. And now if blocking up those little now nine of

67:48 so they can be able to So the collective response by your body

67:54 and this is all going on is checking out for a while. All

67:58 . And that's what shot basically is and you don't do something very

68:02 Of course then that's going to lead death. Right? So chock occurred

68:07 a result of this this this this stuff happens to your body and mind

68:12 if I'm gonna take a rest for while. Hopefully you can revive

68:16 Oh God. But that's that's uh can happen right appropriately. So but

68:23 just it's because we're greatest response where the songs you need, buying from

68:31 themselves, responding. These things cannot because it's period blood. I want

68:37 keep it up. You know how supposed to work right to local localized

68:43 in that time? But you get whole body potentially involved and that's a

68:47 story. Okay, and that's what is about. Um Any questions.

68:55 , so again the severity of it , how bad this gets this is

69:01 severity of the grand native infection. if it gets to the blood

69:07 Yeah, it can be a trying be problematic to deal with it in

69:11 certain way. It's certainly monitor the closely um interesting patterns. So another

69:19 to get around defenses is to go european, interest themselves and hide out

69:26 use it as a transport to get . Okay, so you have

69:30 editor types that are both um do as a occasional thing, what we

69:36 faculty native but those that are required do. So we're more we're more

69:41 on the faculty creative types here. , those that are and uh bacteria

69:53 watch it very primitive. You might they don't they don't give a lot

69:58 functions which is what they need to inside the cell. Okay. But

70:02 faculty types are those that basically they their life outside the cell. But

70:09 are the pathogens can use this mechanism get inside cells and hide from the

70:14 system. Okay, so we're more on the faculty of types here.

70:18 , so salmonella shigella or listeria? another one all have species that are

70:24 . And so the invasions, that's we're talking about here with that in

70:28 of invasions is it's meant to convey sell. Right, so it's kind

70:32 a collection of 9 10 proteins that that are inserted into the cell.

70:41 , so here you see salmonella um here are those invasions effective proteins that

70:48 bring about this effect. Okay, what they do? One of one

70:53 the things some of these do. , so this is uh ah a

70:59 cells of the intestinal wall, So the proteins can act to manipulate

71:09 active. Remember in a intestinal south microbial, I like the finger like

71:17 . Right? Those are due to has problem arise. And it's kind

71:21 like temples are sticking mm hmm, to member it out to to enable

71:28 absorption of food nutrients. Right, um this is these proteins in the

71:34 are kind of using that to make active models glamorizing that engulf the

71:42 What's gonna happen is this will become within the cell and it does so

71:46 enabling that acting to activate and then its thing. Okay, and so

71:53 this membrane russell. Right, So creating these holes here's shigella,

72:02 That then becomes engulfed and ingested. now it becomes it's in that

72:08 But so important distinction here is the for example, he's not doing this

72:15 be able to use the host of virus is using it as a vehicle

72:21 hi Canadian system and potentially to travel these cells. All right, so

72:29 the so here's an example because is so is hysteria um and when they're

72:40 the cell, we can actually further modules. Okay. And do

72:48 Bye, Attaching them to one pull the south. Okay, so our

72:55 is a molecule that can glamorize Okay, and so this can use

73:02 a form of motility, they call things acting rockets, right? It's

73:07 like the self propelled by the act molecules that are memorizing behind.

73:14 so the fact that it's sitting um this, here's here's okay, I'm

73:21 here's my acting monetary unit comes here I'm gonna put another one right

73:28 And then another one. And so by the action of that cells and

73:32 being propelled, that's kind of what's on here. Okay, So um

73:39 I've seen electron micro graphs of cells actually show the self doing this

73:45 And so in doing so we can't to other cells. And uh

73:52 right? Maybe maybe become a systemic . Okay, So quite kind of

73:57 odd phenomenon. But it basically makes phenomenal to kind of weird. Don't

74:04 anybody doesn't allow it to move. And so when it's being inside of

74:11 cell, Right. What what can do? Right. Well, natural

74:18 . Of course, if it comes like a magical. Yes. Well

74:23 the cell can potentially figures. So we can bind to a license

74:29 and then digested. It doesn't want . Okay. So what does it

74:34 ? There's three scenarios. Okay, can just simply break out of that

74:40 zone. Okay, not be And then maybe do one of these

74:45 motility things. Right. Um Another is here you prevent future. So

74:56 the bicycle. Here's the Liza Alright, So it produces proteins that

75:03 enable it not to fuse together. it never gets digested at all.

75:08 , Because the license um is what do that they're digesting refuses.

75:12 if you don't let that happen, this thing stage intact. Okay.

75:18 salmonella can also do this. This a a variation of the trans psychosis

75:25 we saw, right? Just comes and enters here and then exits

75:31 The damage is done to it because prevented the suggestion by licensing.

75:36 And so then it can And intestines are highly vascular life. Lots of

75:44 because of course it's nutritious things that into the blood from there into your

75:50 . So uh pageants can of this can hit your eye through the lymphatic

75:57 that are nearby or in the blood or what happened or in other

76:02 Right. So this is a vehicle it too. Again, deeper into

76:07 body may be spread. Third scenario , well, if you break out

76:13 the thing is um that's one thing you just avoid avoid confusing with the

76:18 on this. Nothing. But then other startups strategy is, well,

76:21 with it. I'm just sitting here I will take the digestion.

76:26 I'll take the acidity in the digestion they can withstand. That's what they

76:32 withstand the the fusion of watch his and the and the things that come

76:38 that. Right? The acidity and enzymes and all that. It's just

76:43 to it. So it just lives inside there and multiplies. So that's

76:48 the third track. Right? Um would say probably more common is the

76:54 or the but Samuel does. But is one of just, that's what

77:00 does is just sit and sign there and multiply. Okay. Yeah.

77:06 these are all mechanisms of unnecessary packaging of surviving. Um Okay, so

77:17 look at this one real quick. know we're running up against it

77:20 But um answer this in real Give you can mm hmm.

77:39 You know what we've think we're Um Okay, let's go and answer

77:47 will be fine then. We'll go . Any questions. The only thing

77:52 to do is to go through some the virulence factors for those that are

77:59 sailor pathogens, which isn't long. we can, we can do that

78:04 the start of next time. But just give me your best answer

78:13 . Okay. Mhm. Okay. right. Uh, protein a is

78:46 wait till next time. It's actually virulence factor. It's a virulent

78:52 So, uh, so we got one and then there's a summary

79:02 of the various factors. So we'll through those next time folks. So

79:07 a good weekend and see you. hmm. Yeah, sorry to bother

79:41 sir. No problem. So I'm bring provisions and my advisor until I

79:48 to class and get, what do think that I'm going to make it

79:53 the class? And what was the grade? Okay. In exam

80:04 so I'll, I'll make it like c minus. Yeah. Just

80:11 I don't know if you remember, was me that texted you about my

80:15 and stuff. Oh yeah, sure, sure. No problem.

80:21 understand that. You can't open those . The policies and at least thank

80:25 for reading. Oh sure. Okay. How much, how much

80:42 would have to, I have to at the grades in front of

80:45 but you can, that's easy enough do. Just follow the instructions on

80:50 page. Syllabus and just enter in 100 for example, four score that

80:55 give you a per ceiling if you to. You could you could you

81:00 You could calculate scenarios for if it 100 or look at that right then

81:08 easy enough calculation because there's because that's that that has everything so you can

81:13 divide by one or just add the . That's all you just follow what's

81:17 their destructive. Give you an Uh Oh okay. 713733. No

81:28 you so much. Sure. No .

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