| 00:06 | All right, So, um, about a minute ill class starts. |
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| 00:11 | , Well, it's probably less than since it takes so long. |
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| 00:14 | kind of a bunch of guys were here wondering three people here. There's |
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| 00:18 | people online. That's about 25% of entire class showing up on time. |
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| 00:24 | team. Right now. Yeah, , out of 100 25. So |
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| 00:33 | , it Z, this is very about this time of year. You |
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| 00:37 | , most people think Oh, I could teach myself this stuff if |
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| 00:39 | go listen to the videos at double . You guys are going to get |
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| 00:47 | . Anyway. I wonder how that like Mickey Mouse speeds. Um, |
|
| 00:52 | you're wondering, your scores are for grade, for your papers. They're |
|
| 00:56 | . I went through all the grades Friday. It takes me about 6 |
|
| 00:59 | 8 hours to go through everything, is loads of fun. If everyone |
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| 01:03 | did all their reviews, grades would been up online, probably around |
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| 01:07 | But because not everyone does it I've got to go figure out why |
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| 01:10 | missed the reviews. What's missing from reviews on and so forth. And |
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| 01:14 | have to email students get the grades . So, um, hopefully by |
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| 01:19 | afternoon, when I get back, everyone's done there. The last little |
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| 01:23 | of those reviews that are missing, , they do get a penalty for |
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| 01:26 | , By the way. Um, O So what's that? You wanna |
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| 01:32 | yourself? OK, eso. So those grades will be, |
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| 01:36 | coming in really, really shortly. by this afternoon, if not early |
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| 01:41 | morning or tomorrow morning. So that's that is. And then you can |
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| 01:45 | see the scores up on blackboard. gonna send an email about plagiarism if |
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| 01:50 | scores have greater than one or Uh, when you open it up |
|
| 01:56 | you see, um, that's that's greater than one or 2%. All |
|
| 02:02 | . What you want to be doing you want to get all of your |
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| 02:06 | your values down below 1%. I saw a couple papers that had |
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| 02:12 | similarity scores that were really, really . And so you're gonna need to |
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| 02:17 | those by the second round. you're gonna get dinged heavily for |
|
| 02:22 | All right. In some cases, I go through and find that you |
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| 02:25 | from other people. That's a disciplinary . So just I'm gonna be clear |
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| 02:29 | it right now. So if you really, really high scores, you |
|
| 02:33 | to deal with those. But I'll emailing you guys out. Another thing |
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| 02:37 | need to know is you need to track of your own penalties and getting |
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| 02:40 | email is gonna be coming out. if you turn in your paper |
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| 02:42 | know that you're getting a penalty, just not gonna be reflected in the |
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| 02:46 | score that I'm putting on blackboard. again, I've told you this |
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| 02:49 | Blackboard sucks, right? We all . Blackboard sucks. Okay, |
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| 02:54 | Um, I can't put in every solitary thing in blackboard, so I |
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| 02:59 | put in all right. You were two days. You were late. |
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| 03:03 | days. Alright, you've got points off, so you gotta kinda keep |
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| 03:07 | of that yourself so you'll get your score and then they'll be emails coming |
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| 03:12 | specifically about, um, the plagiarism . With that being said, let's |
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| 03:19 | to the exam material because we have exam on Tuesday next week. |
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| 03:26 | Alright. we are finishing up with vasculature, so there's, like, |
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| 03:31 | slides and we're gonna go into In the rest of the the unit |
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| 03:34 | respiration. And what we're gonna be is retiring these two things together. |
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| 03:38 | the respiration stuff should go by pretty until we start getting into a little |
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| 03:42 | of the death stuff. This would a lot more fun if everybody was |
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| 03:45 | in the classroom. Because I actually a human model, are actually human |
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| 03:50 | , bring people up and actually show how it all works, which is |
|
| 03:53 | lot more fun than me trying to it, because it doesn't make a |
|
| 03:55 | of sense when you say, and this pulls on that, you're |
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| 03:57 | saying they're going. I'm want to to sleep, you know? So |
|
| 04:01 | right, so what I wanna do first talk about thes the vascular |
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| 04:05 | In other words, how do we arterial or resistance? Alright, and |
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| 04:11 | we're talking about, how do we it bigger and smoke? How do |
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| 04:14 | make there being more resistance? In words, more pressure or more |
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| 04:19 | Uh, in response to changes in body, um, bodies activity. |
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| 04:24 | the gist is we have three different here. I'm gonna meet whoever is |
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| 04:29 | all that fun stuff. All Sorry about that. Mhm. Here |
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| 04:35 | go. Thank you. Much easier I can't hear the rustling of little |
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| 04:42 | cats and small mammals. All so first off, we have local |
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| 04:47 | and basically all you're basically saying when hear local control, you should say |
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| 04:51 | cells around the arteries talked to the areas or talk to the artists, |
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| 04:57 | to the the smooth muscle around the and cause them to contract and to |
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| 05:03 | . That's and that since what it . So it's basically in response to |
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| 05:09 | surrounding needs. All right, there's my agenda control. We talked about |
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| 05:12 | briefly, right? That that when when the pressure inside the vessel becomes |
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| 05:16 | great, the smooth muscle detects the and actually response, that would be |
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| 05:21 | agenda. Control sympathetic reflexes. This basically a sympathetic response to ensure |
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| 05:27 | uh, the arterial blood pressure and where blood being distributed, uh, |
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| 05:34 | the body's needs. In other uh, basically ensuring that what the |
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| 05:39 | plan is is actually going forward. right, so this is gonna be |
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| 05:43 | sympathetic responses. And finally, there's , which we're going to dive back |
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| 05:47 | again when we get to the Alright, So there's hormones both through |
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| 05:52 | catacomb means and through a Siris of neural hormones. Um uh, that |
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| 05:58 | responsible for regulating water, salt balance water. Salt balance, which is |
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| 06:04 | through what the kidney is doing, what ultimately influences blood pressure of the |
|
| 06:10 | of you guys. Any of you playing on pharmacy? Two of |
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| 06:14 | All right. What are the Two out of 3. 66% of |
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| 06:18 | people in class today are planning on to pharmacy school. You know what |
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| 06:23 | odds of that are? Very All right. So I've got a |
|
| 06:26 | for the two future pharmacists. What the primary drug that you give to |
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| 06:32 | person who has high blood pressure? , that's one. What does it |
|
| 06:37 | ? Hi. She said hi, . What does HTT do? All |
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| 06:42 | , the water pill. So it's a diuretic. Alright. Diuretics use |
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| 06:47 | support of other drugs. What are other drugs? You guys now |
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| 06:51 | which are engine lockers and beta It good, Alright. You didn't |
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| 07:02 | them. I mean, I know sitting there going. Why is he |
|
| 07:06 | ? Yeah, yeah. No, , no, no, no. |
|
| 07:08 | OK if you didn't know the You're not pharmacists. You don't have |
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| 07:12 | know it. Look at that. , people are actually showing up |
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| 07:15 | You're no longer six of the three just walked into the classroom and you |
|
| 07:19 | were planning on pharmacies. No All right, so we have now |
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| 07:23 | down. Only 33% of the class now planning on pharmacy, at least |
|
| 07:27 | those attending, uh, in person . All right, we're gonna deal |
|
| 07:32 | those two drugs that you describe the receptor blockers, ARBs and the beta |
|
| 07:39 | deal with these questions right here that major regulators of blood pressure. All |
|
| 07:44 | , that last little thing, the . Okay, so you obviously you |
|
| 07:47 | not need to know those for the . I'm not gonna ask. That |
|
| 07:50 | is not a pharmacy class, but will make a lot more sense after |
|
| 07:53 | go through today. And hopefully in kids. All right. So let's |
|
| 08:00 | with the local control. We have . It's called active. High |
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| 08:04 | active. High premium basically says we're increase blood flow in response to metabolic |
|
| 08:09 | . That makes sense when you're What do you do? You |
|
| 08:13 | But what do you have to do order to eat? What do you |
|
| 08:16 | to do? You either need to someone that you're hungry. That green |
|
| 08:22 | . I know you guys don't do anymore. Right? Or what you |
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| 08:26 | is you go to a restaurant and I'm hungry. Give me food. |
|
| 08:29 | that make sense? That's actor In other words, what they are |
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| 08:33 | see signals that the cells are releasing you can see the signals appear to |
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| 08:37 | in oxygen, present an increase in dioxide and increase in protons, increasing |
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| 08:43 | and also increase in general ah similarity the local areas, all those things |
|
| 08:48 | indicators of metabolic activity. If you at that for long enough, you're |
|
| 08:51 | , Oh, yeah, I see when oxygen goes down, carbon dioxide |
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| 08:54 | up. That means the cells are fuel. So maybe they're talk that |
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| 09:01 | . And that's exactly what is basically cells cause the vessels to vezo dilate |
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| 09:05 | bring more blood. With the blood the nutrients that they need in order |
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| 09:10 | survive. That's active. High Alright, reactive high pre mia is |
|
| 09:16 | response again. If I had all you guys here in class, I |
|
| 09:20 | take a little tiny rubber band or and I'd wrap it around my finger |
|
| 09:24 | talk to you guys and you get watch my finger turned dark purple. |
|
| 09:28 | really, really awesome, right? some of you would get really concerned |
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| 09:32 | is his finger gonna fall off And what you're doing is you're including |
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| 09:37 | flow of blood. That's why it purple, right. And all those |
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| 09:39 | on the opposite side of the river at the end of my finger are |
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| 09:43 | getting the fuel they need in order survive. So the finger gets darker |
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| 09:46 | darker and darker and darker, as the blood in that area becomes mawr |
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| 09:54 | deprived. In other words, you taking more and more oxygen out of |
|
| 09:57 | when I take that rubber band Blood flow is now allowed back into |
|
| 10:02 | finger, right? But what's happening behind that rubber band. You |
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| 10:08 | those blood vessels are expanding outward, to dilate in response to the loss |
|
| 10:13 | nutrients. It's the same thing as active high pre Mia. But after |
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| 10:18 | removed over band, you don't return back to normal. Basically, they |
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| 10:23 | in a dilated state to ensure that is, ah free flow of materials |
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| 10:28 | they don't know when inclusion is going occur again. So basically, it's |
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| 10:32 | response to the occlusion, right? would be reactive. And lastly is |
|
| 10:37 | Maya. Jenna got a regulation on agenda. Gotta regulation, as we |
|
| 10:40 | , is basically keep that blood pressure keep that flow more or less |
|
| 10:45 | despite variations in the mean arterial All right. You guys were walking |
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| 10:50 | a little bit ago, right? you came into the classroom, you |
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| 10:53 | down. What happened to your blood ? When you sat down, it |
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| 10:57 | down, didn't it? When you up, what happens? You're already |
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| 11:00 | a low blood pressure. Your body up, it tries, has to |
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| 11:04 | blood pressure, ensure that blood circulates the same rate. And that's in |
|
| 11:08 | . What? What's going on That your blood pressure goes up and |
|
| 11:11 | depending upon whatever your activity is. so what it has to do is |
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| 11:15 | that the blood flow matches what the of the body are, despite the |
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| 11:21 | that there are changes in pressure. it's gonna constrict and dilate in response |
|
| 11:25 | those changes in blood pressure. And happens at the micro level all over |
|
| 11:30 | body. Kind of cool. All . That's all that basically tells you |
|
| 11:35 | basic construction, basil dilation based upon . And so already you should be |
|
| 11:40 | okay, when I'm dealing with local based upon need. All right, |
|
| 11:46 | what we have is we have a of chemicals that play a role in |
|
| 11:49 | . All right, so the easy to look at this is we're just |
|
| 11:52 | kinda name. We got nitric You guys all heard about nitric |
|
| 11:55 | Yeah, it's fun stuff, Basically, it causes vezo dilation. |
|
| 11:59 | right, So the nearby cells released oxide and it causes vaso dilation. |
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| 12:05 | . Another one is indo filling. just does the opposite of this vessel |
|
| 12:09 | . So this is how those nearby are communicating with the vasculature temperature has |
|
| 12:16 | role. Shear stress has a Other factors can play a role in |
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| 12:21 | the vessels whether they constrict or All right, moving on autonomic |
|
| 12:29 | Generally speaking, when you're talking about vessels, you're talking about sympathetic |
|
| 12:34 | All right, there is very, little parasympathetic control, all right. |
|
| 12:40 | generally speaking, what we say is if you have an increase in sympathetic |
|
| 12:45 | , it results in vase a If you have a decrease in sympathetic |
|
| 12:50 | that causes vaso dilation. So The little picture is showing you over |
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| 12:55 | is the general tonic response that you're inside the So are stimulation of the |
|
| 13:02 | vessel. Alright, So it's basically , Look, I'm always sending a |
|
| 13:08 | and so there's a certain degree of response. There's a certain amount of |
|
| 13:12 | that you're seeing that blood vessel. if I increase that response that I |
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| 13:17 | vessel constriction if I decrease the amount stimulation, I get Faizo dilation, |
|
| 13:24 | . And so, generally speaking, how you should think of how your |
|
| 13:28 | works right now. The way that reflects work. It's norepinephrine. It's |
|
| 13:34 | on the smooth muscles. So that's new, all right? And it's |
|
| 13:39 | specifically throughout most of the body on one agin ergic receptors. Alright, |
|
| 13:47 | that's the general rule. So you think of Oh, I wanna get |
|
| 13:51 | from my heart to my tissues. traveling through blood vessels that have these |
|
| 13:55 | one receptors. Alright, The only you don't see these apple one is |
|
| 13:58 | the brain. Um, so you have to worry about, you |
|
| 14:02 | making blood go quickly through the But what's interesting in the tissues where |
|
| 14:06 | blood needs to go? We have receptors. We have beta two |
|
| 14:10 | We're going to see this, I , on the next slide. But |
|
| 14:13 | they respond in the opposite direction. right, so what they do is |
|
| 14:18 | the blood gets into those tissues, tissues have caused Bozzo dilation, |
|
| 14:24 | Why do I want visa dilation in tissues? Well, I want to |
|
| 14:28 | down the flow of blood. I'm other words, I want to quickly |
|
| 14:31 | it there. But once it I wanted to take its time through |
|
| 14:34 | tissues so that could deliver the nutrients the cells need. All right, |
|
| 14:39 | the Alfa ones serve as a way speed up by phase of constricting the |
|
| 14:45 | twos cause dilation so that the blood was arriving quickly slows down. That |
|
| 14:52 | sense. All right, so think running. All right? When you're |
|
| 14:56 | , what tissues need blood muscles? . Your muscles. So you don't |
|
| 15:03 | to quickly move the blood passed the . You want the blood to slow |
|
| 15:07 | in the muscles. All right, would be an example. All |
|
| 15:10 | Now, the truth is, there's control can always override sympathetic control. |
|
| 15:15 | what that really means is if there's greater need than what the sympathetic activity |
|
| 15:20 | providing than you can cause Vezo uh, to cause the blood vessels |
|
| 15:27 | become dilated so that blood slows All right, so yeah, |
|
| 15:34 | here's the slide. That basically says . So there's the Alfa one versus |
|
| 15:38 | Beatitudes. Alright, that's all that right there. All right, The |
|
| 15:42 | two hormones and we kind of alluded them a minute ago. Are these |
|
| 15:48 | are going to play a role in blood pressure? All right. The |
|
| 15:53 | one is called vasopressin, right. suppressant comes from the brain, specifically |
|
| 15:59 | posterior pituitary. Alright. The other for his anti diuretic hormone. |
|
| 16:04 | And its job is basically to cause constriction. I'm increasing blood pressure. |
|
| 16:11 | when a th is in circulation, happens is you get vezo constriction. |
|
| 16:16 | in response to a drop in blood or basically a state of blood pressure |
|
| 16:24 | that your body produces a th that can increase blood pressure. So So |
|
| 16:29 | idea is, uh, excuse me . Basically, you're regulating the amount |
|
| 16:35 | water in the body to ensure that holding on the water so your blood |
|
| 16:39 | rises. So when you start losing , your blood pressure would begin |
|
| 16:43 | Is the idea angiotensin two? Also vase, a constrictor. Alright, |
|
| 16:50 | two is actually what we say. made in the lungs. All |
|
| 16:54 | I'm gonna time out here. It's just made in the lungs. It's |
|
| 16:58 | made in every tissue of your But the primary, uh, organ |
|
| 17:03 | the lungs, and we're gonna talk this more when you get to the |
|
| 17:06 | . It also is a vase a . It plays a role in water |
|
| 17:10 | trying to raise blood pressure. All , so when thes two things were |
|
| 17:13 | , it's because you're it's not in like, Oh, my blood pressure |
|
| 17:17 | dropping for this. 30 minutes, my body is in a state of |
|
| 17:21 | blood pressure. In other words, you're becoming dehydrated, for example |
|
| 17:26 | that would be a long term blood loss because I don't have as much |
|
| 17:30 | in my body. So these two would be present to cause you to |
|
| 17:34 | water so that your blood pressure remains . But it also plays a role |
|
| 17:38 | causing vase of constriction, reducing the of volume in your vasculature, your |
|
| 17:43 | volume. Alright. Space in So that's kind of where we were |
|
| 17:48 | finish up on Thursday. And what this is gonna allow us to |
|
| 17:51 | ? I'm gonna allow you any No questions online. That's good for |
|
| 17:57 | questions. No pharmacists, future That's what future pharmacists. Okay, |
|
| 18:05 | . So what we wanna do is want to jump in the respiration. |
|
| 18:08 | right? So when we deal with respiratory system respiratory system, I think |
|
| 18:13 | fairly simple. All right, which good news, because that means the |
|
| 18:17 | is fairly simple. That's exactly the fact. We should see a tick |
|
| 18:23 | in terms of the scores on this exam. All right, As a |
|
| 18:28 | , don't don't give me the cross like that. You're concerned. It's |
|
| 18:31 | , yes, that that should be , yes, doesn't mean don't |
|
| 18:35 | I mean, doesn't mean party the before. It means wait till after |
|
| 18:39 | take the test. Then you can to that. All right, so |
|
| 18:43 | we're trying to dio is we're trying get oxygen to ourselves. We're trying |
|
| 18:46 | get carbon dioxide out of ourselves and out into the atmosphere. But this |
|
| 18:50 | not simply a bellows moving air in out of our lungs, Alright? |
|
| 18:56 | typically, we kind of think of is that there's actually two processes and |
|
| 19:01 | we're gonna be looking at is this one here is called external respiration. |
|
| 19:05 | , there are four steps here in respiration. Alright. Simply put, |
|
| 19:10 | four steps are getting air from the into the lungs, moving that the |
|
| 19:18 | that we need in that air in lungs across into the capital, Aries |
|
| 19:23 | that oxygen down to the cells and exchanging the oxygen and carbon dioxide at |
|
| 19:29 | level of the cells. Those were four basic steps that we're gonna be |
|
| 19:32 | at over the next two days. right, so I don't listen |
|
| 19:36 | but you can kind of say, , this is where I'm trying to |
|
| 19:40 | . Right? I'm trying to get to this cell. How do I |
|
| 19:42 | there? Alright, so Step one way out here, moving from here |
|
| 19:46 | the lungs. Step two is moving from their Step three is traveling |
|
| 19:51 | So there's your step three. Step is moving across into that cell. |
|
| 19:56 | respiration. You've already learned at least billion times. If your biology major |
|
| 20:01 | , remember by one. Got to about cellular respiration, right? Glucose |
|
| 20:07 | . Go. Take go to What do you do? You learn |
|
| 20:10 | again in more detail. Take another in biology. First thing we teach |
|
| 20:14 | is cellular respiration. You should know respiration. I'm not gonna talk about |
|
| 20:19 | . Okay. Is that cool? right. I like that. |
|
| 20:24 | So we could move on to the important stuff. Like pictures of people |
|
| 20:27 | smoke. You know, it snowed El Paso today. My parents sent |
|
| 20:33 | pictures from El Paso. It's snowed night in El Paso. It's gonna |
|
| 20:38 | to 45 tomorrow. You know, ? Today? Yeah. Yeah. |
|
| 20:50 | it never gets cold, but it's be cold tomorrow, just for a |
|
| 20:54 | bit. All right, Now, , these are the non respiratory processes |
|
| 21:00 | the respiratory respiratory system. So it's the organ. A smell is |
|
| 21:04 | nose helps you to make the unique that you make. That's that's |
|
| 21:09 | The reason you sound unique to each is because of the your nasal |
|
| 21:14 | It's also a way to lose This is why I put him down |
|
| 21:17 | breathing out the the vapor. We breathing in a vapor. We just |
|
| 21:21 | see it condense. Right. that's also how we get rid of |
|
| 21:27 | . We process air when we breathe in. We actually, uh, |
|
| 21:31 | that air. We warm that Eso we're adding stuff to it and |
|
| 21:36 | plays a role in defending against inhaled substances. That's why we're wearing masks |
|
| 21:48 | . Just think about that for a bit. All right? In terms |
|
| 21:51 | circulation, we're gonna play a Remember, we've already learned this helps |
|
| 21:55 | Venus return. It serves as a reservoir for the left ventricle. |
|
| 22:01 | it also because rumor you're moving blood the lungs, right? It helps |
|
| 22:06 | modify, uh uh, materials that actually passing through the pulmonary circulation. |
|
| 22:11 | going to see this again when we to the kidney, and we talk |
|
| 22:13 | how we make angiotensin That's not the thing that's being modified. Their your |
|
| 22:18 | play an important role in modifying a of stuff and also plays a role |
|
| 22:21 | acid base balance, which will, , kind of touch on tomorrow. |
|
| 22:26 | what I want to do is I to run through the anatomy. I |
|
| 22:29 | , literally sprint through the anatomy. , so we have an upper and |
|
| 22:32 | lower division. Think of your Your larynx is your voice box. |
|
| 22:37 | are lowering, stands out. So what we call our Adam's apple. |
|
| 22:41 | ? And that's what allows us. the reason our stands out so big |
|
| 22:44 | it gives us our deep voices. when we had those really high, |
|
| 22:48 | voices like my Children have right right? Well, eventually your Adam's |
|
| 22:53 | , your learnings gets large. So gives us that deep bass and makes |
|
| 22:56 | sound cool and big and tough. , ladies, Let's go. |
|
| 23:01 | yeah. Oh, yeah, That's , I'm not gonna do that. |
|
| 23:06 | . All right. So that is boundary line. And so the larynx |
|
| 23:11 | serves as a way to divide these areas. It serves as kind of |
|
| 23:16 | passage, right? And so when closes off, basically that closes off |
|
| 23:21 | allow food when we're swallowing to go the esophagus instead of going down into |
|
| 23:26 | trachea. All right, now, , the above regions, right. |
|
| 23:32 | upper portion of the respiratory system is nose and your mouth and your |
|
| 23:35 | which is a fancy word for saying throat. All right, up to |
|
| 23:39 | lyrics, all right. And then the larynx. That's where your |
|
| 23:44 | which turned into bronc I split, bronc I. And then there's several |
|
| 23:48 | of bronc I and then they become holes and ultimately get down to the |
|
| 23:53 | of the bronchial tree that play a in, um, respiration. And |
|
| 23:58 | this slide just kind of shows you tree in a nutshell, right? |
|
| 24:02 | got bronc. I bronchi the the bronc, I in their multiple |
|
| 24:07 | . The next slide is really going demonstrate this, but this was trying |
|
| 24:09 | show you, like you can see there's different layers there, and then |
|
| 24:12 | get down to the Broncos and there what are called terminal bronchi ALS, |
|
| 24:17 | terminal broncos. They're part of everything it. From the trachea down. |
|
| 24:21 | is the conducting portion. There is gas exchange taking place. It's kind |
|
| 24:25 | like the arteries and the veins where don't have any material exchange across their |
|
| 24:29 | . The bronc I and the terminal cules are simply there as passageways. |
|
| 24:35 | then you get down to the respiratory , where this is the first segment |
|
| 24:40 | respiratory exchange, gas exchange, and , gas exchange is gonna take place |
|
| 24:45 | the Al Vogler sacks and ultimately in al vo life. And so if |
|
| 24:50 | look in your textbook, you have picture which shows you I love |
|
| 24:54 | It's how maney, How many layers there? You don't need to know |
|
| 24:58 | number. I just think it's It's like, Oh, there are |
|
| 25:02 | layers of this tree so it's like out here is the trunk that would |
|
| 25:07 | the trachea. Here's the Bronco and the bronc. I keep branching, |
|
| 25:10 | , and they become bronchial and you right down here and finally you get |
|
| 25:14 | to the respiratory branches. So this the respiratory branches of that entire |
|
| 25:21 | All right, so when you get there, this is what the respiratory |
|
| 25:24 | looks like again. Cartoon version. never red and blue and perfect. |
|
| 25:29 | always grayish pink, and you can't a lot of things from other |
|
| 25:34 | All right, so respiratory broncos gas allowed to pass through. It's still |
|
| 25:39 | passageway, Alright, but it's not that solely serves as the passageway. |
|
| 25:46 | , you have Albiol or ducks, Alvey roller duck you can see in |
|
| 25:50 | little cartoon down here. This is those are finally branching out and they're |
|
| 25:55 | into the alveoli or sacks. You think of an Al veel or sack |
|
| 25:58 | basically a bunch of al viola that bunched together and connected to one |
|
| 26:02 | They're kind of like grapes like to a bunch of grapes, but the |
|
| 26:06 | are actually connected to each other. have passageways between them, all |
|
| 26:11 | And so, um, let's You can kind of see here the |
|
| 26:15 | circles that I'm showing you those those air showing you the interconnection between |
|
| 26:20 | individual Alvito lie all right. And the Al Viola is is absolute in |
|
| 26:26 | the end of it. This is gas exchange takes place. Alright, |
|
| 26:31 | have very, very small diameters. , the values aren't important. It's |
|
| 26:35 | understanding that they're tiny. There's a of them anywhere between three and four |
|
| 26:40 | per lung. And what they do it's here where gas exchange is taking |
|
| 26:46 | . So they're gonna be wrapped around Capital Aries, where that exchange can |
|
| 26:51 | place. They're very, very thin , and there's also surrounded by elastic |
|
| 26:57 | that allow them to contract. In words, think of it as a |
|
| 27:01 | that has a rubber band around So when the ball expands, the |
|
| 27:05 | helps it returned back to its original . Okay, so if you get |
|
| 27:14 | nice and close. This is what album this looks like. All |
|
| 27:17 | You could see the pores. You see how thin the walls are. |
|
| 27:20 | are actually three types of cells that of importance to us. All |
|
| 27:24 | we have the type one LV All right. This is the most |
|
| 27:28 | there. The flattened cells that make the walls. So if we're looking |
|
| 27:32 | this bottom picture right here, that , this is the Al Viola is |
|
| 27:36 | . That sell that you're looking at a type one cell. It's the |
|
| 27:40 | of the al veel. It's very , very thin. Very, very |
|
| 27:44 | Surfaces are not surfacing, but very thickness. So things can pass back |
|
| 27:49 | forth very quickly across those cells. ? And that right there on the |
|
| 27:54 | side, that would be the capital E wall. Alright. The type |
|
| 27:58 | Alvy solar cell is associated with but not inside of its associated with these |
|
| 28:05 | . So here is a type to . Um, trying to see |
|
| 28:10 | That's a macrophage. Trying to make I'm looking at that. No, |
|
| 28:13 | marking that one type two. So should actually be that should be the |
|
| 28:18 | fades. Macro failures are sitting usually the al villas itself. The type |
|
| 28:24 | cells are responsible for creating surfactant. . Surfactant is a ah molecular, |
|
| 28:32 | , mess of secretion that helps the or the elbows from collapsing in on |
|
| 28:40 | . All right. In other it helps to resist against, |
|
| 28:45 | the force of hydrogen bonding that's found water. All right, Al Viola |
|
| 28:52 | . Well, that's what allows us it serves of the first line of |
|
| 28:55 | . So everything you breathe in, , you know, you breathin |
|
| 28:58 | ah, whole bunch of dust all time, right? I mean, |
|
| 29:03 | think there's the It's not true. say over your lifetime, you'll breathe |
|
| 29:07 | like a bucket of dust. I , how do they know And who |
|
| 29:11 | they? Right, you know. you do. If you if you |
|
| 29:16 | looked at watch light beaming down. mean, when you're driving into |
|
| 29:20 | did you see how nasty the air ? I mean, that stuff's going |
|
| 29:25 | your lungs, right? And that Viola that Excuse me, the alveoli |
|
| 29:30 | faith is there to fight pathogens that ending up in your lungs. That's |
|
| 29:36 | first line of defense. All Now the membrane itself very, very |
|
| 29:41 | . The rest of remembering has two to it. I've already alluded to |
|
| 29:44 | . We have the, uh, one valvular are valvular cell. And |
|
| 29:49 | we have here the Indo thallium. . And so the distance across both |
|
| 29:54 | two cells is roughly about 20.5 so half a millimeter. So what |
|
| 30:00 | means is we have a very, small distance to travel. There is |
|
| 30:05 | small thickness between the blood and the . And so this is why we |
|
| 30:10 | gas Exchange is capable of taking Now, if you think about |
|
| 30:15 | what you've done is you've taken a space that would be your Jurassic age |
|
| 30:20 | you divided into two lungs. And what you've done is you've gone through |
|
| 30:24 | you keep dividing that thing smaller and and smaller. So what you've done |
|
| 30:27 | , in fact, is increase the area for gas exchange. So the |
|
| 30:31 | Viola, because you have so many them and because you've made so |
|
| 30:35 | you know, they're so small it the surface area. Now they say |
|
| 30:40 | the surface area is roughly equal to square meters. All right now, |
|
| 30:45 | don't know how big that is, you know, some textbooks, they're |
|
| 30:48 | , Oh, that's Bigas a tennis . I don't know if that's true |
|
| 30:51 | not, you know, I you could go out and measure 10 |
|
| 30:55 | , uh, 10 m, so would be 30 by 30 ft. |
|
| 30:59 | know, roughly, you know, pretty large, right? So that's |
|
| 31:05 | effective your lung is, in part terms of surface area. And then |
|
| 31:09 | total volume of air that's able to held inside the lungs is roughly about |
|
| 31:14 | leaders. We'll see you this a bit more details. So if you |
|
| 31:18 | about the lungs, alright, the themselves include those airways. So that's |
|
| 31:23 | conducting zone. That's the Bronco and bronchi holes down to the alveoli. |
|
| 31:28 | got pulmonary blood vessels, so that's veins in your arteries that they'd come |
|
| 31:32 | to the level of the capital All right. You got elastic connective |
|
| 31:36 | , which we mentioned. We didn't about smooth muscle, but you can |
|
| 31:39 | of see here in the cartoon. smooth muscle that surrounds the bronchi |
|
| 31:43 | Right. And then there's no skeletal . All right, Um, and |
|
| 31:49 | a serious memory and that surrounds this . So I want you to think |
|
| 31:51 | a moment because I do this in class. Can you control your |
|
| 31:56 | Can everyone hold their breath? Can you breathe faster? Pant like |
|
| 32:00 | dog for me. Can you do ? Yes. I'm the only one |
|
| 32:05 | did it. They're just not in heads like, yes. Can you |
|
| 32:09 | ? If you can do it, don't want to do it. |
|
| 32:16 | You guys were just chickens. Yeah. Well, we have a |
|
| 32:21 | . This is Don't forget to That's that's actually one of my |
|
| 32:24 | All right. All right. So when you can control something, What |
|
| 32:28 | of muscles responsible for doing that But notice There is no skeletal muscle |
|
| 32:34 | the lung. So how do we the lungs work? Say again? |
|
| 32:42 | . Oh, so there's muscle outside the lungs because that's where the diaphragm |
|
| 32:47 | , right? It separates the abdominal from the thoracic cavity. So it's |
|
| 32:52 | outside of the lungs, acting on lungs that caused the expansion and contraction |
|
| 32:58 | cause us to be able to inhale exhale. All right, so that's |
|
| 33:03 | kind of one of the big key here that we're gonna we're gonna take |
|
| 33:07 | . And trust me, I'll say like six times and you'll know you'll |
|
| 33:10 | the the important muscles. All Now what I wanna do is I |
|
| 33:13 | look at the serious meme brain for moment. All right, this is |
|
| 33:16 | is called the pleura, right? pleura is found on the outside of |
|
| 33:20 | lungs and you can see right here just showing you here is the pleura |
|
| 33:24 | the easy way. Every book has same thing. It's like picture two |
|
| 33:27 | . Picture your fist going into a . Something like that. In |
|
| 33:30 | what it is is that the pleura basically is taking this this two layered |
|
| 33:37 | pushing into it so that you end with the two layers very closely opposed |
|
| 33:42 | one another surrounding the lung. So your lung right there is the visceral |
|
| 33:49 | of the pleura, and right that is the parietal side of the |
|
| 33:53 | . And just for your knowledge, not gonna ask you this on the |
|
| 33:56 | , but just for your knowledge. you see visceral and parietal, it |
|
| 34:01 | to the distance from the near So the visceral is always nearest the |
|
| 34:08 | . The parietal is always further away the organ. Okay? And so |
|
| 34:13 | between those two membranes is a It basically fluid. It's a serious |
|
| 34:21 | And it sits right in there, ? And it's a fluid that minimizes |
|
| 34:27 | . Now, this is where we to have some fun. Alright, |
|
| 34:29 | , take your hands. Put them , even the ones at home. |
|
| 34:32 | I want you to this. Rub together. What do you feel? |
|
| 34:39 | . Okay. So when two things a soft is your hands rub against |
|
| 34:44 | other produces heat. All right. every time you breathe in and |
|
| 34:50 | the lung is rubbing up against the occasion. It's also rubbing up against |
|
| 34:54 | heart. What's it doing? Producing . Okay, now this is the |
|
| 35:01 | part. You are made of What happens when you take heat and |
|
| 35:07 | ? You cook things eso when you cooking. Basically, if you're rubbing |
|
| 35:15 | things together, you're basically cooking your . What this serious fluid does is |
|
| 35:21 | the amount of friction so you have heat, less heat, less cooking |
|
| 35:25 | the lungs. That means your lungs expand and contract without actually cooking |
|
| 35:31 | There's a better way to cook your . That's called smoking. All |
|
| 35:36 | you guys been Texas long enough? you know how to do barbecue? |
|
| 35:40 | do you do barbecue. Smoke the ? That's exactly right. What you |
|
| 35:44 | is you use very, very low about 225 degrees over a long period |
|
| 35:48 | time that causes the fibers to cross and ultimately break down the connective |
|
| 35:53 | And then you get that beautiful smoke in there and you cut that meat |
|
| 35:56 | you just eat it up and you're like this is the best thing |
|
| 35:58 | The rest of the country hasn't figured out yet. Texans figured it out |
|
| 36:03 | we had to do really, really meat and figure out how to make |
|
| 36:07 | crappy me really, really good. right, that's what smoking does. |
|
| 36:11 | right? Smoking is low levels of over long periods of time, smoking |
|
| 36:18 | lungs and what do you get? don't get barbecue. You get something |
|
| 36:25 | nastier. All right. But that's happens to the lungs. That's what |
|
| 36:28 | does. Too long. All respiratory muscles. All right. We |
|
| 36:34 | there found external to the lungs. guys figured that out like the |
|
| 36:37 | All right, They're not acting on lungs. They're acting on the thoracic |
|
| 36:42 | . And so what we're really doing we're changing the shape of the thoracic |
|
| 36:46 | . And because of that pleura, pleura is attached to the lung, |
|
| 36:50 | the pleura is attached to the thoracic . When we pull on the |
|
| 36:54 | we're pulling on the lungs. And you're changing the shape of the thoracic |
|
| 36:59 | to change the shape of the All right, Now, the reason |
|
| 37:03 | talk about this in such detail in is because remember the physiology trying to |
|
| 37:08 | out the why how does it And so it was very exciting when |
|
| 37:11 | figured out how it works. All . But in essence, if you're |
|
| 37:15 | you're standing up and I pull on arm and you're holding somebody else, |
|
| 37:19 | not only pulling on you, I'm pulling on me, somebody else, |
|
| 37:22 | I? And that's in essence. going on is a thorough ASIC. |
|
| 37:26 | is pulling on something that's attached to else. When he pulls onto |
|
| 37:30 | that's something else moves along with Does that make sense with six heads |
|
| 37:35 | the room or not? And I the people online are doing the same |
|
| 37:38 | now. The reason this happens is of two things. All right, |
|
| 37:43 | have a trans mural Grady in, means that there is a difference in |
|
| 37:47 | across the pleura. Alright, those , the fancy words. That's what |
|
| 37:51 | physiologist figured out all right. And reason there's this trans mural grading is |
|
| 37:55 | we have something called an intra plural . All right, I'm gonna put |
|
| 38:00 | in real simple terms. All let's say I get one of you |
|
| 38:03 | stand up here. See, this why we wanted 125. I get |
|
| 38:06 | of you to stand up here and get two of you to pull on |
|
| 38:09 | person standing in the middle. They out in a cross, posed one |
|
| 38:12 | , pulls on one arm, left , one pulls on the right arm |
|
| 38:15 | they pull in opposite directions. What's happen to the person in the |
|
| 38:20 | Are they going to stretch? Not that much, but they are going |
|
| 38:24 | stretch out as far as they will able to go right? It's because |
|
| 38:28 | have an intra. Uh, it's really inter plural, cohesive, But |
|
| 38:32 | haven't internal cohesiveness. Your body doesn't to stretch beyond what it already |
|
| 38:37 | Okay, with regard to the you have fluid inside that membrane. |
|
| 38:44 | those two membranes. Alright, that does not want to expand. And |
|
| 38:49 | when you begin pulling on it, trying to expand something that doesn't want |
|
| 38:52 | expand. And it says no, don't want to do so. I |
|
| 38:55 | to stay the same size, so will expand a little bit. But |
|
| 38:58 | expand my little bit, you're not be able to expand meaning further. |
|
| 39:02 | that means if I'm pulling on one , the other side has to go |
|
| 39:06 | it. Does that make sense? online can't see what I'm doing |
|
| 39:10 | right? So it expands a little . So imagine my two hands parallel |
|
| 39:15 | each other when I pull on one , I can't expand. So both |
|
| 39:19 | moving the same direction on that's what to the two, uh, membranes |
|
| 39:25 | . All right, that's the visceral in the parietal memory. Now, |
|
| 39:28 | gonna see this over and over here the next couple slides. But what |
|
| 39:31 | want to do because I want to when we put a pin in that |
|
| 39:35 | never I can't believe I just said . Gonna put a pin in |
|
| 39:38 | We're gonna come back, talk about exchange for a moment, all |
|
| 39:43 | And then, to understand how and we're gonna be doing this gas Can |
|
| 39:48 | need to understand a couple of Now, I'm not gonna ask |
|
| 39:51 | What does this represent is this boils ? Is Henry's law. No, |
|
| 39:54 | , no. I'm not interested in things. I'm just telling you what |
|
| 39:57 | laws are, but you should understand principles. These air, the important |
|
| 40:01 | , right. First off, atmospheric is a mixture of gasses. You |
|
| 40:05 | learning that ninth grade when you took ? Science? Oh, are |
|
| 40:09 | It was seventh grade. On That seventh grade earth science. Seventh |
|
| 40:15 | . It's too long ago. I remember my teachers, every one of |
|
| 40:19 | ones. I hated the ones I . Never. It was very, |
|
| 40:23 | binary world for me. All Sorry, but you've taken. You |
|
| 40:28 | know what's in air, what's what the gas is in there nitrogen and |
|
| 40:33 | what? Oxygen and and hydrogen and and and and and and a whole |
|
| 40:41 | of things. It's something on the of, like 79% nitrogen on the |
|
| 40:46 | of, like, 20% oxygen. takes us up to 99% and then |
|
| 40:51 | dioxide. We knows there because Lord , we we gotta learn about carbon |
|
| 40:56 | and how it's ruining the planet, ? But it's it's a very small |
|
| 41:00 | , and then after that, it's there's a whole bunch of other gasses |
|
| 41:03 | we don't bother mentioning. Okay, it's a mixture. And so if |
|
| 41:08 | know what's the atmospheric pressure, what's know, when you do any sort |
|
| 41:12 | calculation, what do we call the ? Well, it was part of |
|
| 41:17 | constant. What is it? What's value? Second, what's well, |
|
| 41:23 | me put that what is one atmosphere two millimeters of Mercury 7 60 |
|
| 41:27 | Its's here to your brain. It's . You know, if if I |
|
| 41:31 | I put a gun to your head , uh, it would come out |
|
| 41:35 | right. It's kind of like What's ? Number 6.2 times in 2013? |
|
| 41:39 | does that mean? It's avocados It's like it sounds like avocado. |
|
| 41:44 | , that's how you remember it, ? Uh huh. All right, |
|
| 41:50 | we know 760 millimeters of mercury. what What Dalton's law says is |
|
| 41:56 | if you take all of the is that Aaron a mixture of |
|
| 42:00 | They're gonna equal the pressure of the mixture. And so what you could |
|
| 42:05 | is, if you know the percentages each gas right, then you can |
|
| 42:10 | out their pressures as well. All , that's in essence, what dot |
|
| 42:15 | laws? So if I know that 760 millimeters of Mercury for atmospheric |
|
| 42:20 | I know that nitro makes up All I got to do is take |
|
| 42:24 | times 7 60 I can calculate it using Dalton's law, because that's what |
|
| 42:29 | rule says about what the partial pressure nitrogen is in air. No, |
|
| 42:35 | not gonna make you do the all right? That's why we have |
|
| 42:39 | . So if you ever need we can look it up. |
|
| 42:41 | But this is really what it is can see right there. That's in |
|
| 42:45 | , the atmospheric pressure is made up all those gasses, plus a whole |
|
| 42:49 | of others. All right, gas is as a rule will move |
|
| 42:54 | there. Partial pressure, Grady so. Oh, my God. |
|
| 42:57 | You mean that that rule? I about Grady its way back in that |
|
| 43:00 | unit that I was like when he , This is important. I rolled |
|
| 43:03 | eyes. You mean it's coming Yes. Simple things. Move |
|
| 43:07 | Grady INTs Alright. It's a simple . So once you learn it |
|
| 43:10 | you don't ever have to learn it . Partial pressure, chemical, |
|
| 43:14 | Doesn't matter. It's ingredient. You're downhill. All right. You don't |
|
| 43:19 | active transport to do that. these rules apply to gas is dissolved |
|
| 43:24 | liquids. Okay, that's kind of kind of nice. You don't have |
|
| 43:28 | learn something new. When I put gas into a fluid like the |
|
| 43:32 | No same rules apply. So partial of gas is that you have out |
|
| 43:37 | the air. You know, in mixture of gasses is also true in |
|
| 43:41 | in a fluid. Very nice. if I know that there is a |
|
| 43:48 | pressure of a gas in my al and there's a partial pressure of that |
|
| 43:52 | gas in the capital ary all I look and see what the differences and |
|
| 43:57 | could determine the direction which that gas going to travel. That's number one |
|
| 44:04 | two Al. The other area is the same thing as atmospheric air. |
|
| 44:08 | now? You mean I breathe in ? In it changes? Yes, |
|
| 44:12 | reason you changes because you have a of humidity. That's number one, |
|
| 44:17 | . You have more water in your , and it's vapor in the |
|
| 44:21 | And so when you breathe in, gonna mix that vapor with the atmospheric |
|
| 44:26 | . And so what you've done now you've changed. The partial pressure of |
|
| 44:29 | gas is because you've added another gas . The second thing you've done is |
|
| 44:34 | gonna learn here in just a moment when you breathe in your lungs, |
|
| 44:38 | not empty There's actually reserve of air already in your lungs that has is |
|
| 44:44 | undergoing gas exchange. And so when breathe in that air, which has |
|
| 44:48 | 20% oxygen and you mix it with air that's stuck in your lungs, |
|
| 44:52 | has. And I'm making up a now 10% oxygen. The partial pressure |
|
| 44:56 | oxygen is not 20 and it's not someplace in between. All right now |
|
| 45:01 | we do is we basically say there's constant for these things. And so |
|
| 45:05 | partial pressure of auction and carbon dioxide more or less a constant inside the |
|
| 45:10 | Viola as a result of you breathing and out. All right, The |
|
| 45:15 | thing you need to recognize is, though I have air still in my |
|
| 45:19 | , there's always gas exchange taking and this is a key thing. |
|
| 45:23 | a big giant star. It doesn't if I'm breathing in breathing out of |
|
| 45:26 | my breath. Gas exchange is occurring across the capital ary um al viola |
|
| 45:34 | . All right, so if I'm my breath, if I have oxygen |
|
| 45:37 | my lungs that the partial pressure is than the partial pressure in the capital |
|
| 45:42 | , oxygen is moving into the capital . If I have carbon greater carbon |
|
| 45:46 | , partial pressure in the blood and breathing in, then that carbon dioxide |
|
| 45:53 | always gonna be exchanging out towards the Vo live. So this is occurring |
|
| 45:58 | of whether you're breathing in, whether breathing out or whether you're holding your |
|
| 46:01 | Now, obviously, if you hold breath long enough, is the partial |
|
| 46:05 | gonna collaborate? What do you Yes, that's That's a good |
|
| 46:10 | Yes, If you hold your breath enough, eventually you'll get a |
|
| 46:14 | all right. And then you pass and then you start breathing again and |
|
| 46:18 | body will take care of itself. play that game, since now we |
|
| 46:25 | calculate these numbers out. So I'm just give you the average is right |
|
| 46:29 | . Not for the purposes of but for the purposes of easy |
|
| 46:32 | When we have to do easy All right. So you could see |
|
| 46:34 | partial pressure of oxygen is about 100 of mercury inside the viola. The |
|
| 46:40 | pressure of carbon dioxide in the lungs in the viola is roughly 40 millimeters |
|
| 46:45 | mercury. Alright, those numbers are off, but it's better to average |
|
| 46:49 | and down just to make our life . All right. There are other |
|
| 46:54 | that influence gas movement and gas transfer again fall under the rules of diffusion |
|
| 47:02 | any sort of substance. So, example, the surface area, if |
|
| 47:05 | increase the surface area, you're gonna increased. Um uh, diffusion. |
|
| 47:11 | we can do that by opening up capital Aries. We're gonna learn more |
|
| 47:14 | this on Thursday. Um, and can increase the elderly space. So |
|
| 47:19 | you breathe in and you're stretching the of that Al Viola, you're actually |
|
| 47:23 | surface area so that you could get exchange of gasses. All right. |
|
| 47:29 | , thickness. The greater the the less diffusion you have, |
|
| 47:34 | So when you have pneumonia, what one of the characteristics of pneumonia? |
|
| 47:39 | now? Well, you can't but there's a reason why liquid. |
|
| 47:46 | , in essence, what you can is you can think of that 0.5 |
|
| 47:50 | , uh, distance between the Alvey space and the and the inside of |
|
| 47:55 | capital. Right? But if I a film or a layer of fluid |
|
| 48:00 | the inside of the Al Viola, now increased the thickness through which a |
|
| 48:05 | molecule has to travel. So it more difficult to breathe, really to |
|
| 48:10 | . Gas is it's not really to this to exchange gas is right. |
|
| 48:14 | so what happens is is you become deprived. You have to work harder |
|
| 48:18 | get the oxygen in yada yada Alright, so thickness is important. |
|
| 48:24 | why we keep everything. We try keep things nice and thin. |
|
| 48:28 | Third has to do with the diffusion of the gas is you all have |
|
| 48:32 | chemistry lab at some point in your , right? Remember? Remember how |
|
| 48:36 | chemistry lab was? Yeah, you're just smiling. You love it. |
|
| 48:40 | , you're like I should have been chemistry major. Yeah, All |
|
| 48:46 | All right. Do you remember the ? You remember those books? Did |
|
| 48:50 | see him in the labs? CRC basically what they did is very over |
|
| 48:56 | the last couple years. Is they when they do all the sampling of |
|
| 49:01 | chemical. That's been ever made. they asked questions like, What's this |
|
| 49:04 | point? What's it's what it's freezing is you know what is a molecular |
|
| 49:09 | ? You know, what is they you know all these things. And |
|
| 49:12 | the CRC is a book, and usually have been all the labs where |
|
| 49:15 | like, Here's all the information you about this chemical. It could be |
|
| 49:19 | elements. Could be about molecules. molecules. Gotta, gotta, |
|
| 49:23 | One of the things that they do the diffusion coefficient. They basically |
|
| 49:27 | How long does it take this thing the fuse Across the membrane and |
|
| 49:31 | There's a mathematical formula and they contested stuff. It's based a lot on |
|
| 49:35 | works that fix you Thick used to right. But in essence, what |
|
| 49:39 | boils down to is how well does diffuse? And so different gasses have |
|
| 49:43 | diffusion coefficients. For example, carbon diffuses incredibly well across tissues, whereas |
|
| 49:52 | not so well all right, there's a 20 full difference in their diffusion |
|
| 49:57 | . And so what that means is given the same amount of carbon |
|
| 50:01 | oxygen and you put a membrane carbon would get across faster, right? |
|
| 50:06 | you have a lot more oxygen kind stuck on the other side. |
|
| 50:10 | while this is true, if you at those values I gave you the |
|
| 50:14 | millimeters of mercury in terms of the pressure vs 40 millimeters of mercury partial |
|
| 50:21 | . Those values actually balance things And so what we have is more |
|
| 50:27 | less an equal exchange of those two across the membrane in opposite directions because |
|
| 50:33 | those partial pressures. And we're going see that there's a massive partial pressure |
|
| 50:37 | for oxygen and a lot less, , steep partial pressure difference for carbon |
|
| 50:44 | . And so that's a result of diffusion coefficient, so it allows for |
|
| 50:49 | or less the similar gas exchange because that. So it's the difference of |
|
| 50:57 | between two areas. Is a partial the pressure Grady int. That's nothing |
|
| 51:01 | , and basically, we need to in terms of where are we trying |
|
| 51:04 | exchange across? Well, there's lots different Grady. It's that we're gonna |
|
| 51:08 | looking at the first is the external and the alveoli. All right, |
|
| 51:13 | we need to create a pressure. to get air from the atmosphere into |
|
| 51:16 | lungs. There needs to be a pressure grading between the Al Viola and |
|
| 51:20 | blood that's circulating in our lungs. then we need to have a partial |
|
| 51:24 | . Grady int across from the blood the tissues and in the grand scheme |
|
| 51:29 | things, which will be the first in the next lecture is you can |
|
| 51:32 | about. There's a partial pressure graded the external environment and those cells because |
|
| 51:36 | everything is a middleman between those two . All right, gas flows from |
|
| 51:41 | high pressure. Low pressure. That's hard. You guys remember Boyle's |
|
| 51:45 | That's the one that we all right? So P one p one |
|
| 51:51 | one equals P two V tube. basically what it says is look at |
|
| 51:53 | constant temperature. The pressure of gas in the volume of a container |
|
| 51:57 | That's what the little thing is showing over here. A piston. If |
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| 52:00 | have a pressure inside there and I upon the piston, I'm basically we're |
|
| 52:04 | increasing the volume of reduced the And if I press on the |
|
| 52:08 | what I'm doing is I'm decreasing the , so I'm increasing the pressure. |
|
| 52:13 | far, so good. Why do care about Boyle's law? Because we're |
|
| 52:17 | treat our lungs the same way we're increase the volume and thus decrease |
|
| 52:22 | When that happens, what they're gonna , it's gonna go in. And |
|
| 52:26 | I press on the lungs and reduce volume, that's gonna increase the |
|
| 52:30 | which is gonna push the air out my lungs. So that's in |
|
| 52:33 | all we are doing. This is respiration. It's so easy because I |
|
| 52:38 | got to think in those terms. I'm acting on the outside of the |
|
| 52:41 | . I'm not. The lungs themselves not doing the work. So what |
|
| 52:48 | pulmonary ventilation? That is the breathing and out? C. You said |
|
| 52:54 | said, Don't forget to breathe. slide is actually you forgot to |
|
| 52:58 | So 30. Don't forget to Breathing is simply moving air between the |
|
| 53:06 | and the Al Viola. We have terms for what we call inspiration. |
|
| 53:09 | air coming in expiration? Is air out of the lungs? All |
|
| 53:14 | those are the two processes. You see these terms as well, inhalation |
|
| 53:17 | exhalation. Those air. Nice synonyms inspiration and expiration. Now, what |
|
| 53:23 | doing right now is what is called breathing. All right, that's that |
|
| 53:26 | breathing that you're doing while you're at . So what you're doing, I'm |
|
| 53:32 | not going through quiet breathing because I'm a lot of talking. But as |
|
| 53:36 | just sitting there, you're breathing in breathing out, breathing in and breathing |
|
| 53:40 | . Forced breathing is when you vigorously as a result of some sort of |
|
| 53:45 | or hard exertion. Uh huh. they could hear me online. I |
|
| 53:51 | see the microphone going up and All right. What did I |
|
| 53:55 | I forced the Aaron and I forced air out. Okay, That would |
|
| 53:59 | forced breathing. Both quiet breathing and breathing. Use the same physiological |
|
| 54:05 | All right, so when you learn , it's very, very simple. |
|
| 54:08 | right. There are nuclei, their nature. They're found in the brain |
|
| 54:13 | . Their job is to stimulate the . Skeletal muscle to cause inhalation. |
|
| 54:19 | right, that's what's gonna be causing inhalation. When those muscles relax, |
|
| 54:24 | that's gonna be X elation. So is autonomic But we also have control |
|
| 54:29 | that as well. All right, response to that oughta gnomic change, |
|
| 54:36 | , that autonomic control. We're changing volume of the thoracic cage. And |
|
| 54:42 | we change the volume, that results a change in the pressure, and |
|
| 54:47 | we change pressure. That's gonna cause to move in the direction of the |
|
| 54:50 | ingredient down the radiant question from Yes, sir. Johnny, |
|
| 54:58 | yawning is a weird thing, and . I'm gonna itching and scratching. |
|
| 55:05 | was better than me doing this. I'm not supposed to touch my face |
|
| 55:08 | and that the rules don't touch my . Um, I don't know the |
|
| 55:14 | that so yawning is a There's actually had a student one year write a |
|
| 55:21 | on what Aon is, and I think the research even knows what Aon |
|
| 55:27 | . It's kind of a auto. it's not an autonomic response. It's |
|
| 55:33 | I'm not gonna go. I can't remember. So where does John and |
|
| 55:36 | in? I don't know. I go look up the papers, and |
|
| 55:40 | they want to write a report for for no. Great, that's |
|
| 55:44 | I'm not giving extra credit that I actually result in another class where they |
|
| 55:48 | to do something. Um, by the way, yeah, What |
|
| 55:53 | the question about yawning? So someone , is where does yawning fit into |
|
| 55:56 | this? The answer is, I know. I thought it was kind |
|
| 56:00 | like temperature regulation S T O Oh, that's the problem is so |
|
| 56:07 | one really knows. And that was was the gist of the research that |
|
| 56:11 | student did for me. And it like it could be this. It |
|
| 56:14 | be that it could be this. could be this other thing. And |
|
| 56:17 | was like five or six different but none of them had. I |
|
| 56:20 | , all of them sounded legitimate, no one was able to prove prove |
|
| 56:25 | that that's what was. And here's funny thing. Yawns are contagious, |
|
| 56:29 | ? Yeah. So why, you it, Z You know, maybe |
|
| 56:35 | just a need to stretch your jaw . There. I caused one. |
|
| 56:46 | faked a yawn, and I got to do it. Yeah. |
|
| 56:49 | so I don't know what the I don't know the answer. That |
|
| 56:52 | but it's a lot of fun to with people to see if you can |
|
| 56:55 | the I did it over a zoom . What's it was just like? |
|
| 57:00 | then you just start watching people on Zoom College. Just start. It |
|
| 57:03 | just there. There. I don't . All right. Anyway, so |
|
| 57:09 | gonna move on. We're gonna sit and look at the different pressures of |
|
| 57:12 | . And this is where the physiology important. First off, atmospheric |
|
| 57:16 | You guys were very good. You the value 760 millimeters of mercury? |
|
| 57:20 | is the standard pressure, right? this is atmospheric pressure. Is pressure |
|
| 57:25 | by the air in the atmosphere? , so that's that's the easy |
|
| 57:29 | Intra pulmonary pressure. It says Inside lungs, that's what that means, |
|
| 57:33 | ? So that pressure is gonna rise fall. It's gonna go up, |
|
| 57:37 | it's gonna go down. But it's going to collaborate with the atmospheric |
|
| 57:41 | right? So the pressure inside the will aquila break to 7 60. |
|
| 57:46 | it's when you're just measuring it. should be at 7 60. When |
|
| 57:50 | changing the volume of the lungs, changing the pressure, but that's going |
|
| 57:54 | quickly return back to 7. The weird pressure is the intra pleural |
|
| 58:00 | . Now, the intra pleural pressure inside that pleural cavity. All |
|
| 58:04 | The pleural cavity, remember, does play a role in gas exchange. |
|
| 58:08 | right, the pleural cavity is there allow the lungs to expand and contract |
|
| 58:12 | response to what we're going to see in just a moment. All |
|
| 58:16 | So what we have here is the inside there is being stretched out because |
|
| 58:24 | visceral and the parietal layers of the are being pulled apart. And so |
|
| 58:29 | pressure in there is slightly lower than atmospheric pressure. All right, |
|
| 58:34 | the reason for this all right, that you can imagine in your body |
|
| 58:39 | have atmospheric pressure, all right? so I'm going to try to draw |
|
| 58:42 | here. Well, I'm gonna Let's , I'm just gonna do use the |
|
| 58:48 | slide to help me. All so you can see a slightly |
|
| 58:51 | Alright. So when you're born, pleura is grown or developed outside of |
|
| 59:01 | lungs. All right? And so come out of your little itsy bitsy |
|
| 59:04 | tiny thing. You're not even even looking. You look kind of like |
|
| 59:08 | lizard, all right? And so your lung is developing, it's actually |
|
| 59:12 | very, very small structure. And closely associated with the surface of the |
|
| 59:19 | Age, all right? And so happens is, as you grow, |
|
| 59:24 | thoracic cage grows away from the all right? And so what happens |
|
| 59:29 | you're actually this. If this is thoracic cage over here, see those |
|
| 59:32 | ribs All right. It's being pulled and further away from the wall of |
|
| 59:37 | lung. All right, so that's lung. And what's happening is is |
|
| 59:41 | it's first pulling on this, and fluid inside that plural sack, |
|
| 59:47 | We've referred to that as that serious , and it's resisting the stretch, |
|
| 59:53 | you're still going to get some So this is pulling in this |
|
| 59:57 | Your lung, which is elastic, to sit where started. It's basically |
|
| 60:01 | pulled towards the center of your So these two things air pulling in |
|
| 60:05 | directions, and so the fluid in is being stretched to its maximum |
|
| 60:10 | That's why there's a negative pressure just if you were to pull on a |
|
| 60:15 | , all right, there's a person gotta give him feet. There's |
|
| 60:20 | there's ahead. If I'm pulling in direction and I'm pulling that direction, |
|
| 60:24 | going to stretch them a little bit her a little bit. But it's |
|
| 60:28 | . It's all being held together, it opposes the stretch in opposite |
|
| 60:33 | And so while I'm being stretched there might be a stretching which drops |
|
| 60:39 | pressure on the inside of me. basically it doesn't wanna be there wants |
|
| 60:43 | be at atmospheric pressure. So that's of what's going on. Is that |
|
| 60:48 | ? My art is terrible. I . All right, so coming back |
|
| 60:53 | , if I'm being stupid thing, I'm being stretched, so here's my |
|
| 61:01 | pleura. This is being stretched this towards the thoracic cage. This is |
|
| 61:06 | stretched in that direction towards the So this is causing a negative pressure |
|
| 61:13 | here about negative four millimeters of and what this is trying to do |
|
| 61:16 | it's trying to return back to its shape. All right, so this |
|
| 61:23 | what's going on is that you already something that's already stretched. And so |
|
| 61:28 | happens is is if I pull even in this direction because this can't be |
|
| 61:34 | any further, it's gonna pull this that direction as well. Well, |
|
| 61:39 | this is my lung right, that I'm gonna make the lung larger. |
|
| 61:45 | that's in essence, what inspiration does I contract the muscles in the thoracic |
|
| 61:52 | and in the diaphragm? What it's do is it's gonna pull on the |
|
| 61:57 | layer of the pleura, and it's pull it away from the lungs because |
|
| 62:03 | can't achieve anymore stretch because of that pressure, right? It doesn't want |
|
| 62:08 | stretch any further. It's going to on the visceral layer of the |
|
| 62:14 | Or, I should say, of pleura, which is attached to the |
|
| 62:17 | , which means it's gonna pull him , and that's going to increase the |
|
| 62:22 | that's going to cause a lungs to . All right, so what? |
|
| 62:26 | is trying to show you down here the bottom and saying, Look, |
|
| 62:29 | wants to be over there. The wall wants to be over there. |
|
| 62:33 | not being allowed because the fluid inside pleura can't be stretched any further. |
|
| 62:37 | that means any movement in this direction any movement in that direction causes the |
|
| 62:41 | of the wall of both walls. , with regard to inspiration, what |
|
| 62:48 | I doing? The diaphragm is a that sits underneath the lungs, is |
|
| 62:55 | divides the thoracic cage or the thoracic from the abdominal cavity. When I |
|
| 63:00 | the diaphragm that causes the diaphragm to downward, which drops the floor out |
|
| 63:07 | the thoracic cage, my thoracic cage larger as a result, right? |
|
| 63:13 | my if my thoracic diaphragm sits here I contracted, it goes down |
|
| 63:18 | the space above it gets bigger. you agree with that? Okay. |
|
| 63:22 | the thoracic cage, I've got All right. When I contract those |
|
| 63:27 | , it causes the thoracic cage toe upward and outward. So when that |
|
| 63:33 | , I've increased the volume of the cage. So when the volume of |
|
| 63:39 | Age increases that pulling on the pleura causes the lungs to move, which |
|
| 63:44 | the volume inside the lungs to increase the volume of the lungs increase what |
|
| 63:49 | to the pressure inside the lungs, drops. And because I want to |
|
| 63:54 | a break with the atmosphere. Air drawn from the atmosphere into my |
|
| 63:59 | That's inspiration, All right. As all that, all those were the |
|
| 64:04 | say now the muscles that do this right, Quiet breathing. I have |
|
| 64:10 | one already. There's a diaphragm. other one is called the external intercostal |
|
| 64:16 | . External means outside. Right? means in between the ribs. All |
|
| 64:22 | , your homework tonight. Go get ribs. Starting to sound good |
|
| 64:27 | , right? Because I want you look at a rib. We'll answer |
|
| 64:31 | question. Your second want you to a rib. Correct? I don't |
|
| 64:34 | if it's a cow rib or a rib. Whatever your favorite rib |
|
| 64:38 | you can't have a tow for If you're vegetarian, there's no such |
|
| 64:42 | . Okay, But you want to a big rib, and I want |
|
| 64:46 | what you do. You can't get mcrib either. Make ribs. |
|
| 64:49 | I don't think they're on sale right . It's not that time of |
|
| 64:52 | right? But it's pressed pork And so no, it doesn't |
|
| 64:56 | But if you get a rib and cut through it from the side you're |
|
| 64:59 | see. There's muscle going one way one side and muscle going the other |
|
| 65:04 | on the other side. Basically, fibers fit like so right there in |
|
| 65:07 | opposite direction, the one on the the both sides. That's the external |
|
| 65:14 | . The one on the inside on inside of the bow is the internal |
|
| 65:19 | . They have different roles, all , so the external intercostal muscle causes |
|
| 65:24 | lungs to expand outward right and The diaphragm drops the floor. It's |
|
| 65:30 | muscle between the stomach or through the the abdomen and thoracic environments or |
|
| 65:37 | Yeah, which the Which layer of ? So the question is, which |
|
| 65:44 | of the pleura do we pull The thoracic cage is, uh, |
|
| 65:49 | layer of the player that's associated with parasitic cages, the parietal, all |
|
| 65:54 | , and then the visceral is associated the viscera. Viscera is anything that's |
|
| 65:59 | your guts, and your lungs are of your guts. All right, |
|
| 66:03 | the visceral layer would always will always against the organs. So that's the |
|
| 66:08 | . So you pull the thoracic cage on the parietal pleura, and then |
|
| 66:14 | causes the movement of the visceral pleura causes the movement of the lungs. |
|
| 66:19 | all of them are moving together as result of the activity of the muscles |
|
| 66:24 | the thoracic cage. Tramp. this is the muscles of quiet |
|
| 66:32 | So obviously that's inhalation. Exhalation is the opposite. All right, |
|
| 66:39 | what you're gonna do is you're gonna those muscles that's going to cause the |
|
| 66:45 | layer, you know, to base basically no longer pulling on the |
|
| 66:49 | So the visceral is wanting to go to its original position. So it |
|
| 66:53 | and brings the parietal back and along it, the thoracic cage, which |
|
| 66:58 | the volume inside the lungs to drop diaphragm when it relaxes. Instead of |
|
| 67:03 | closer to the abdomen, it moves upwards towards the thoracic cavity, which |
|
| 67:08 | the volume inside the thoracic cage. what have you done? Reduced |
|
| 67:15 | increased pressure? What does air It moves out of the lungs and |
|
| 67:19 | Thea atmosphere. Okay, so remember lung wants to be in a comfortable |
|
| 67:26 | . A parasitic cage wants to be a comfortable place. Neither of them |
|
| 67:29 | happy because they're both being pulled in direction they don't want to go. |
|
| 67:33 | so what they're doing is when you muscle contract muscle, they move to |
|
| 67:39 | one or the other. So in X elation, all right, because |
|
| 67:45 | relax the external intercostal because you relax diaphragm, everything returns back to their |
|
| 67:52 | shape. Full, nearest original Alright, So breathing in quiet breathing |
|
| 67:58 | and out requires just those two muscle's of them is breathing in Relax. |
|
| 68:04 | is relaxing those muscles. All That's what this slide is showing is |
|
| 68:14 | the volume changes just so that you have a better vision of that. |
|
| 68:20 | , Force breathing is the same steps we just saw, except that it's |
|
| 68:25 | active. All right, we're going reinforce those same muscles. All |
|
| 68:29 | so we're gonna use some other these air, what we refer to |
|
| 68:33 | the accessory breathing muscles. So it's to cause a greater change. Air |
|
| 68:37 | still gonna move in and out, we're gonna be doing a little bit |
|
| 68:40 | work. All right, so one's terms of forced inspiration. We use |
|
| 68:44 | sternal Clyde, um, asteroids and scale leans We're gonna use muscles in |
|
| 68:48 | backs as well. Um, and in our chest think about when you |
|
| 68:52 | in. All right, everyone breathing hard. What do you do? |
|
| 68:56 | , I'm holding the position. What ? My shoulders went up, didn't |
|
| 69:01 | ? Right. So what did? did it. I pulled on my |
|
| 69:03 | thoracic cage, pulled upward. And that's part of what I'm doing is |
|
| 69:07 | I'm reinforcing what normally takes place, I'm actually accelerating the expansion of the |
|
| 69:12 | cage. All right, so those what those muscles are doing, the |
|
| 69:18 | the two s ones are the most . The stern. A cloud of |
|
| 69:21 | the scale ings. Alright, let's at expiration. All right again, |
|
| 69:29 | yourself. Look yourself in the mirror do this right when I forcibly |
|
| 69:32 | What do I do? Right? you see that? I hunch. |
|
| 69:37 | ? But what's happening here in the ? Does your stomach tighten? You |
|
| 69:42 | out right? What you're doing is tighten your abdominal muscles, which pushes |
|
| 69:47 | the diaphragm to force it in Right? And you're also pulling those |
|
| 69:52 | inward and you're using the internal intercostal to pull on the thoracic cage |
|
| 69:59 | All right, so you're pulling it rather than allowing it toe. Just |
|
| 70:03 | back into place. So the inter the internal intercostal muscles, the abdominal |
|
| 70:08 | become more important. There's other ones there at the bottom of the first |
|
| 70:11 | are the important ones for you All right, so, you |
|
| 70:16 | forced breathing brings in mawr skeletal muscles of the of the of the |
|
| 70:23 | of the chest of the back, in the neck and shoulders as |
|
| 70:30 | Coming around the bend, we're almost now. Your lungs have a volume |
|
| 70:38 | could be measured if you take the lab next semester, which is now |
|
| 70:43 | two credit hours, and it counts graduation. The biology major, You |
|
| 70:47 | have to take one of those other now. Yeah. Can you believe |
|
| 70:52 | ? We passed that this year. like got another new lap I can |
|
| 70:57 | to graduate right. You are required take which left biology majors what you're |
|
| 71:04 | to take. You're required genetics, then you have a choice of one |
|
| 71:09 | three laps being a lab about Kim and now the physiology laugh. Well |
|
| 71:18 | two hours to credit hours down. right. What's that? I don't |
|
| 71:23 | why I suspect everything. I don't . We're actually still in discussion. |
|
| 71:26 | this spring is gonna look like does has no idea what spring is gonna |
|
| 71:29 | like at this point. Which is frustrating, man. Uh, I |
|
| 71:37 | think so. Well, my personal e think that the university will vote |
|
| 71:43 | more again to have the interim grading up. Do I? If I'm |
|
| 71:48 | be one of the fact, remember votes for it now. I think |
|
| 71:51 | wrecking. Uh, many, many . Chance of graduation. Cover that |
|
| 72:00 | boy up. All right. I think Probably just fine, you |
|
| 72:03 | All right, all right. But , so this is a speranza, |
|
| 72:07 | what you do is you breathe into . You know, they have you |
|
| 72:09 | in and out, and you can find the different types of volumes and |
|
| 72:13 | that tells you how well your lungs functioning relative to what it should be |
|
| 72:17 | . So, you know, they've multiple test to figure out what it |
|
| 72:20 | be doing across the mean of regular , and then they can compare you |
|
| 72:26 | that. All right, So if ever if you suffer from asthma, |
|
| 72:29 | probably have to breathe in one of things before they figure this stuff |
|
| 72:32 | All right? So the lung during respirations first off is never full |
|
| 72:38 | Nor is it emptied completely. So other words, we have these reserve |
|
| 72:42 | in there. And so the maximum in a adult male is around six |
|
| 72:47 | and adult females around four leaders, right, And, of course, |
|
| 72:52 | between there, right, you're basically in a normal adult between 272,200. |
|
| 72:59 | matter if you're male or female. basically is telling you your lungs are |
|
| 73:03 | between being full at 2200 miles to miles, so that basically quiet breathing |
|
| 73:08 | about 500 mils per breath, So that's that's normal. All |
|
| 73:13 | now, if you want to, can expand or far forced expiration, |
|
| 73:18 | ? You can push air. that's you could do that down to |
|
| 73:24 | 1200 miles, so you still have miles stuck in. And the reason |
|
| 73:28 | still stuck in your lungs Because those bronchial which aren't cartilaginous they're basically kind |
|
| 73:34 | soft. You remember? You need look at those slides about the structure |
|
| 73:38 | little bit. So the broncos have , and so they don't collapse. |
|
| 73:42 | the Brock Hills don't have quite so cartilage, so they're capable of |
|
| 73:45 | And when they collapsed, the heiress behind them. And this is good |
|
| 73:49 | for you because that means you have that's there for exchange. Right? |
|
| 73:54 | while I'm basically I've had all the knocked out of my body because someone |
|
| 73:58 | punched me right? You've ever had happen. That sucks, doesn't |
|
| 74:02 | Your right, You're still alive and through gas exchange because there is still |
|
| 74:09 | in your lungs because of that. right. It ensures that steady rate |
|
| 74:14 | gas exchange. Remember what I I said, star this your breathing |
|
| 74:17 | you're breathing in breathing out, holding breath, gas exchanges taking place. |
|
| 74:21 | these are the four respiratory of volumes title volume is what you're breathing in |
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| 74:24 | out normally. So in our little here, what you can see right |
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| 74:29 | there's title volume, all right. this stuff right there. Three amount |
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| 74:33 | air that you can breathe in above title volume is called the Instant Ori |
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| 74:37 | volume. That amount of air that breathe out, Um, after normal |
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| 74:42 | exhalation is called the Expert Ori Reserve . And then whatever stuck in your |
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| 74:47 | , research referred to as the residual . So that's roughly that 1200 mills |
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| 74:52 | notice. This can't be directly right? We don't know entirely if |
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| 74:57 | 1200 mils, but it's an estimation what it could be. All |
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| 75:01 | and you can take thes, and you can start doing some actual |
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| 75:05 | So what is the normal inspect Ori that's basically equal to the title |
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| 75:12 | Plus what you can do bring in inspire Torrey Reserve volume. What is |
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| 75:16 | functional residual capacity? Well, that be what's left in the lungs after |
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| 75:22 | breathing. All right, so that's excretory reserve volume, plus the residual |
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| 75:28 | . What's the vital capacity? it's everything that I could breathe in |
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| 75:31 | out during hard breathing, right? it's the one thing you're basically excluding |
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| 75:38 | the residual volume, and then what the total lung capacity. Well, |
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| 75:41 | everything. All right, So that's estimated six leaders versus roughly four leaders |
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| 75:50 | what we can do. What what do and what people pulmonologist do is |
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| 75:54 | use these values to determine functionality. so that's kind of what this is |
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| 76:01 | here refers to this functionality, So there are things like the forced |
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| 76:05 | Ori volume, which is, you , um, how what's your What's |
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| 76:10 | vital capacity? That you can expel a za percentage in one second so |
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| 76:16 | breathe in the you breathe, inasmuch you can breathe out as fast you |
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| 76:20 | . It's whatever you can do in second, all right. Typically, |
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| 76:23 | about 75 to 85% of the vital Max story. Voluntary ventilation is basically |
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| 76:30 | the amount of air that could be and exhaled in one minute. You |
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| 76:36 | you guys seen the movie the right ? Of course. Not your way |
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| 76:38 | young. It's awesome. Movie. Academy Awards talked about the space program |
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| 76:43 | shows John Glenn and the First and they're all breathing into a spare |
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| 76:48 | ER, and they're basically doing this voluntary. Actually, they're trying to |
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| 76:52 | vital capacity. So they're breathing and to hold this ball in the air |
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| 76:57 | a long as they can. And , like in, like, the |
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| 76:59 | to minute range and every Yeah, else's, like, done in, |
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| 77:03 | , 30 seconds. You know, have seen that. Yeah. It's |
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| 77:08 | good movie just for that one All right, These are all |
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| 77:12 | Just different types of tests. And aren't the only test exists. There's |
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| 77:15 | of different ones. All right, , I think we got I'm We're |
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| 77:20 | with surface tension. This is the little bit that I want to go |
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| 77:23 | with. So I know you guys desperate to get out of here, |
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| 77:27 | if you if we can get this will be done. All |
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| 77:29 | So we have two terms that we to be familiar with. The last |
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| 77:34 | and compliance. All right. On easy way to think about this. |
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| 77:37 | deals with how much effort is required stretch something. So how easy is |
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| 77:41 | to stretch it? Alaskans? How is it to return back to its |
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| 77:44 | shape after it's been stretched All So those are the two things that |
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| 77:48 | have to overcome. A normal lung simple compliance and simple elastics. It's |
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| 77:55 | to do both of these things. right, But if you end up |
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| 77:58 | low compliance, right? How much ? Basically, you have to work |
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| 78:03 | to get the lung to expand. , so a lung that someone has |
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| 78:07 | smoking and smoking and smoking. It very low compliance. And so it |
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| 78:12 | more effort to get the lung to outward. And then once it's stretched |
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| 78:16 | in a place, it now takes work to push the lung back into |
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| 78:20 | original shape. So that's why you we have this heavy breathing s because |
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| 78:29 | working so hard to get with lung do what it needs to do, |
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| 78:32 | is to stretch and return. All , so you have to work hard |
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| 78:36 | push the air out is for the . All right, so one of |
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| 78:41 | things that I want to focus here is on surface tension. We're not |
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| 78:45 | worry about the amount of last, that should be easy to understand. |
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| 78:48 | has to do with surface tension. surface tension is simply, um basically |
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| 78:54 | layer of water that's found inside the . Water is naturally attracted other water |
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| 79:00 | hydrogen bonding. We all learn Remember, back when? Right. |
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| 79:04 | so, um, have you have had to clean plates in the |
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| 79:09 | Right. So if you get two together and they actually when you're cleaning |
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| 79:13 | you actually sticking together, it takes lot of effort to separate them, |
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| 79:17 | it? All right, for the never worked in a lab, you |
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| 79:19 | know what I'm talking about. But , if you could take water serves |
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| 79:23 | a molecular glue because of hydrogen all right? And so when when |
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| 79:29 | collapses, All right, here's these want to do. Have you ever |
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| 79:31 | up a balloon and actually let all air out right? You blow in |
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| 79:35 | all the air comes out. Did take more work to blow it up |
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| 79:37 | second time? The answer is, , because there's so much spit inside |
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| 79:42 | balloon that the inside the balloon walls stuck together and it takes a lot |
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| 79:47 | work. All right, that's surface . That's that's there as a result |
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| 79:52 | that. You don't believe me? try it. I mean, go |
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| 79:54 | some balloons tonight. So when you get your ribs, go get some |
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| 79:57 | balloons and try this out. All . Now, when this happens with |
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| 80:02 | to the viola, it's the same . The alveoli are gonna collapse and |
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| 80:06 | gonna take more work for you Actually the alveoli to expand outward. So |
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| 80:11 | surfactant. Its job is to prevent from happening. All right, And |
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| 80:16 | a pulmonary surfactant is a bunch of and proteins. Alright, there's our |
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| 80:20 | slide. There's two pictures, so can use whatever picture you want, |
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| 80:24 | ? But basically it's a bunch of and proteins, and what it does |
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| 80:27 | it gets in between that water and the hydrogen bonding from taking place. |
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| 80:33 | right, so you don't have to as much work. The other thing |
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| 80:37 | we have to overcome, it's something called pass ALS law. No, |
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| 80:42 | , they are not passable. It's , la Vlakplaas. Alright. And |
|
| 80:48 | , what it says is look uh, two different al viola of |
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| 80:53 | size or two different spheres of different . Theme inward pressure is gonna be |
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| 80:58 | in the smaller, uh, the structure than in the larger structure. |
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| 81:03 | , So using this one right this is bigger than that one. |
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| 81:08 | the inward pressure in the small one greater than the inward pressure there. |
|
| 81:14 | , if I have aired going here air going there, if the pressure |
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| 81:18 | greater here, what's gonna happen to air in that smaller one? It's |
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| 81:23 | to go out, and it's gonna to the area of lower pressure. |
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| 81:26 | so it's going to cause that Al to shrink and so basically what this |
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| 81:32 | it it reduces the amount of inward . So what this does ultimately increases |
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| 81:37 | surface area for your lungs? Because if you're smaller, alveoli are always |
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| 81:46 | air into the larger Alva life, losing much more surface area there than |
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| 81:52 | gaining here. And so this ensures , uh, that the pressure between |
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| 81:59 | Albiol are different sizes are equal liberated that you increase ultimately increase your surface |
|
| 82:04 | . All right, so two things increases pulmonary compliance by breaking up that |
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| 82:11 | hydrogen bonds and also decreases the surface as a result of the law of |
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| 82:17 | . Basically, that inward pressure makes easier to breathe and a causal under |
|
| 82:23 | contract. All right, so surfactant you breathe. That's what I got |
|
| 82:31 | you today. Wow. I finished , like, two minutes. You |
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| 82:35 | be impressed. You should pat No, not gonna happen. All |
|
| 82:41 | . Any questions before you guys get of here? No, You just |
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| 82:46 | just readyto leave. You want you're for the test. I mean, |
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| 82:50 | like, ready, Ready? Like wanna take the test today. |
|
| 82:52 | I mean, this stuff isn't like you panic, is it, |
|
| 83:02 | You don't know that one either? . You do know Ferris Bueller. |
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| 83:05 | . Make sure if you haven't seen Bueller's Day off. That's put it |
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| 83:09 | the list. Important. All right that? Yes. Go ahead. |
|
| 83:16 | , yes, yes. This doesn't to the lecture from today, but |
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| 83:19 | does pertain to, like, the , like writing assignment. And I |
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| 83:24 | wondering, I was kind of worried I was checking on some of the |
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| 83:28 | from the Turn it on. Turn in from the access e yellow exclamation |
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| 83:35 | . I don't know that. those usually mean those are things that |
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| 83:38 | graded. And so if they are part of your great officially I'm |
|
| 83:43 | I don't check those. Is that makes sense, In other words. |
|
| 83:47 | , for example, if you turned five reviews on time completed reviews on |
|
| 83:53 | , Um I saw, for that you did that, but I'm |
|
| 83:56 | recording it in the great book because inconsequential, directly inconsequential to your |
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| 84:01 | So you might be seeing that. if you didn't do it, I |
|
| 84:06 | you today and said, What the you owe me of review? You're |
|
| 84:11 | 20 points or 20% taken off your , which basically woke some people up |
|
| 84:16 | , Yeah, yes, absolutely. like so at the beginning of |
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| 84:24 | Why did said, I'll just reiterate here. I'm going to go |
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| 84:28 | and I'm gonna put my feet up have a peanut Kalata. No, |
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| 84:31 | not doing that at all. It be more like a Scotch if it |
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| 84:34 | anything but What I'm gonna do is gonna I'm gonna make sure that all |
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| 84:39 | reviews that were missing we're done and gonna submit the I'm gonna submit your |
|
| 84:44 | paper scores back to you hopefully Alright, Because I like to say |
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| 84:49 | were some missing and I didn't want report a grade that was inaccurate. |
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| 84:52 | I held back. Everybody's great to this year, so that will. |
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| 84:56 | should be online here in about I know, I'm just gonna say by |
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| 85:00 | o'clock, but if it's not, be mad at me. It's because |
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| 85:05 | I might have not have all my in. All right. So |
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| 85:10 | Eso and I also I think I my plagiarism was a little high and |
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| 85:15 | was my mhm. Yeah, so right. So e I mean, |
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| 85:22 | early on, when I did this , I would I would ding people |
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| 85:25 | plagiarism issues on the first draft. then I decided that's just e wanna |
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| 85:30 | you guys not to plagiarize. What want you guys to do is learn |
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| 85:34 | to do that. So rather I in your email and say you've been |
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| 85:37 | very naughty boy or girl. Santa's coming to visit you fix it for |
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| 85:41 | next time. Otherwise it's gonna be . So if you if you're if |
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| 85:47 | plagiarism is high, you're not getting . You're just getting chastised and then |
|
| 85:52 | need Thio take care of business for second draft. Correct? You're |
|
| 85:59 | Anyone else got any questions? They're logging out. All right, I'm |
|
| 86:02 | go ahead and hit. Stop, we'll save everything here and get everything |
|
| 86:06 | . You guys have a great |
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