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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - 2301_lecture03_0831
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00:07 Well, good morning. Come Think that might be better. I
00:15 never tell. Um Today, what gonna do is we're gonna finish up
00:21 we were talking about thursday. we're gonna we're gonna deal with the
00:24 of homeostasis and what it is and our body is really trying to do
00:28 . We're going to deal with the of compartments in the body. So
00:34 . Yeah, it's probably volume would the better thing. Mhm.
00:45 This is always the fun part, . Yes, He's snapping.
00:53 Um So, we're gonna deal with in the body, which will help
00:57 better understand what we're doing. And we're gonna jump into the biomolecules.
01:01 just going to kind of run through the biomolecules are in the body.
01:04 once we understand biomolecules and we uh we lay that foundation, we can
01:10 really what cells are doing. And actually a line that I'm going to
01:13 you here that basically what it says the function of a cell ultimately determines
01:18 function of an organism. Alright. it's and I mean, that's that's
01:22 a broad statement, but the truth , is as your cells go,
01:26 does your body function? Right. so that's gonna be depended upon the
01:30 molecules in the body. But before begin all that I want to deal
01:33 this question here of homeostasis. This one of the major themes of
01:37 So, it's not the anatomy This is the physiology portion. And
01:41 homo states is simply is is maintaining stable environment is stable Internal environment despite
01:48 fact that the world around you is . All right. That's that's a
01:53 blanket way to put it. It's a little bit more nuanced than
01:57 One way you can look at as can say. All right,
01:59 body you're still moving this down. is irritating me. Another way you
02:04 look at this thing. All The body tries to maintain a level
02:08 equilibrium in the body. You equilibrium is it's basically a balance.
02:12 right now, it's not truly a in the sense that you're gonna be
02:16 a seesaw and everything is kind of its way to this balance here,
02:20 it's a type of balance that the tries to maintain. So, for
02:25 , again, I'm going to use Right. When it's hot outside,
02:30 body doesn't heat up to reach balance equilibrium with the environment. Instead,
02:35 body has made a decision that it to be at 98.6°F, or 37°C. And
02:42 what it's doing is maintaining that balance keep that temperature in the body despite
02:48 it's hot outside or when you walk here, it's cold inside. All
02:52 . Now, what we say is homeless stations is when your body's all
02:55 needs are being met. That's why people do it. I don't think
02:58 a really good definition. But some kind of pulled out and say,
03:01 , you're in Homeland stations when everything acting normal. Well, what's what's
03:06 ? That's that's that's a harder Okay, This is the fun part
03:09 . Trying to make sure everything. we go. All right,
03:14 this is a generic way to look homeostasis. All right. So,
03:18 we say, is there something that are monitoring? Something that's being regulated
03:21 called the variable. If you've taken , you've heard of what our
03:24 Is that? X. Right. , we don't care what it
03:27 It could be temperature, it could the amount of solitude in your
03:30 It could be the amount of hormone being circulated. So, it's whatever
03:34 being monitored and regulated to stay within certain range. A stimulus simply changes
03:40 variables. Right? So, when go outside, it's hot. So
03:45 temperature rises because it's hot outside. , that's the change in the
03:50 That's the stimulus. And then the is going to be uh is going
03:55 be done by the effect. Er there are components all to the
03:59 It's like. All right, first off, but it needs to
04:00 what the temperature is being on the . Just using temperature is an
04:05 So, there's a receptor that's monitoring in the body, Right,
04:10 there's some sort of controller that says right. If the temperature rises or
04:14 temperature falls, I need to do . So, it's responding to the
04:19 to control whether we go upward, down and then finally, the effect
04:23 what causes the change. So in case of of heat would be their
04:27 glands that allows to cool down. if it's uh cold what we
04:31 there's muscles to shiver. So that be the effect or the right way
04:35 do this. Remember I told you the same thing for what they do
04:38 they look like say there's probably every from now until the end of the
04:42 . Right effect. Ear's cause the . Yeah, I know it's real
04:48 . All right. Now, the point is the range. Now,
04:52 you always gonna be 98.6? in fact, that number is probably
04:56 . But we're not gonna worry about . All right. So, when
04:59 wake up in the morning, your temperature is actually lower because your metabolic
05:03 has increased yet for the day. then as you start waking up,
05:07 body temperature rises. And when you exercise it goes up and it goes
05:10 . But it always sits within this that we would consider normal.
05:15 So, that's that's what we When there's a set point, we're
05:18 this is the range. Now, using temperature because temperature is an easy
05:21 . But you can see here, example, blood glucose is an example
05:24 amount of water in your body. an example, the quantity of salute
05:28 your body is an example and we just keep going on and on.
05:32 we have more important things to talk . Now this is just another way
05:35 look at it, right? I this little map doesn't do you any
05:39 as this, but it says look is the variable, here is the
05:44 , This is the entire range and could be in. But what we're
05:47 we're trying to maintain us in this . So what we have is we
05:50 a sensor that's watching where we are the context of this entire range and
05:55 we fall outside the normal range, set point then what the controller
06:00 it says, hey, let's make effect or do something to bring us
06:04 into range. So that's not only assists. Now there's two ways we
06:09 about regulating this thing. The most way, which is like 95% of
06:14 time is what we call negative Negative feedback is not home station.
06:19 a method of maintaining homeostasis. And what this is is a closed system
06:25 , it says, look, something going on where I've fallen outside of
06:29 range. The set point I detected the receptors, I send a signal
06:34 the controller. The controller tells the , er do the opposite to bring
06:38 back into range. So everything is the context of that system and so
06:44 feeding back in a negative way. , when my temperature rises, the
06:49 sends signals to the sweat glands bring the temperature back down. It
06:52 in the opposite direction of where I'm the variable is moving so it moves
06:59 the opposite direction. All right. harder one, the one that's less
07:05 and it's it's a little weird. positive feedback? What positive feedback
07:11 It moves the variable in the same . In other words, the
07:15 what it does is says this is set point and we're just gonna keep
07:19 the set point further and further away its original origin. Now where we
07:24 this mostly is in the female reproductive . It's not the only place,
07:28 it's the most obvious ones. The that are really, really easy.
07:31 the easiest one is this one right giving birth, right? It
07:36 all right, I'm gonna release a bit of a chemical called oxytocin,
07:39 is going to act on the uh me, act on the muscles of
07:43 uterus which are gonna cause contractions through chemicals that pushes the baby up against
07:49 cervix. That signal said, baby not coming out as signal goes from
07:53 service back up to the brain and says, hey, release more
07:58 So then you get bigger contractions, creates greater force and it just keeps
08:03 bigger and bigger and bigger and bigger finally you get the baby to be
08:09 . That's a real simplified version of birth is. Right? But do
08:13 see how there's a positive feedback It gets bigger and bigger and
08:17 Another way you can look at this a little bit more obvious is think
08:20 a snowball dropped down a hill, ? You've seen enough cartoons where this
08:25 ? Uh the coyote takes that snowball on the hill. It gets bigger
08:29 bigger and bigger and bigger. And thing you know, we're knocking down
08:32 and cities and stuff. Yeah. only one who grew up watching the
08:37 and the Roadrunner. Okay. Just sure. Yeah, I know its
08:43 different generation. Alright, So, , what we have here is we
08:47 these mechanisms that allow us to maintain homeostasis balance. Now, I'm jumping
08:57 a different area. All right. , what we have here, we
09:00 that theme of homeostasis. And then we're gonna be looking at these environments
09:04 are found in the body. when I say there's two compartments,
09:08 we're doing here is we're dividing body in such a way so that we
09:12 unique environments. So, unique things happen. That's really what a compartment
09:17 , right? And so in the there are two fluid compartments. There's
09:21 fluid inside cells and there's fluid outside . Two compartments. Pretty simple,
09:26 ? The fluid inside the cells we it a special name. Intra cellular
09:32 . See how complicated this is. ? And the fluid outside the cell
09:37 extra cellular fluid. It's outside the . All right. And really what
09:42 have here is we have water and and the stuff we're not gonna name
09:47 now because it's not not so Right? As we go along,
09:52 gonna learn more and more about the , but the stuff is what we
09:55 solids, the stuff that's dissolved in water. Now, if you look
09:59 the cell, look outside the sell stuff is balanced. Okay. In
10:04 words, there's an equilibrium in the of things that are both on the
10:09 , on the outside, but we care right now what that stuff is
10:14 right. Now, if you look , and I should point out the
10:18 , the boundary between the intracellular fluid and the extra cellular fluid everywhere else
10:24 the cell membrane of the self. , this will become incredibly valuable over
10:32 . Alright. That barriers like a , it says, this is the
10:36 in which I'm doing certain things and the other side of the wall,
10:38 things are happening now, what we do is we take that extra cellular
10:43 and we can divide it again. , this wall between these two compartments
10:47 the extra cellular fluid is a little more leaky. All right. It
10:52 the materials to move back and forth easily. And this barrier, this
10:57 is the walls of your capillaries. other words, part of your
11:01 Right. And so what that means the stuff around the cells can move
11:06 of that stuff around the cells and the plasma. The stuff around the
11:10 is called interstitial fluid means in between cells. So the interstitial fluid can
11:17 with the plasma, which is the circulating through your body in the
11:22 And the plasma can mix with the fluid. And so what we can
11:26 is we can exchange materials back and between these two environments fairly easily.
11:32 you can see here the ratios, don't know if I ask these questions
11:36 it's really kind of interesting. It's thirds versus one third. Two thirds
11:39 one third. It's a real simple or mathematical thing you can do.
11:45 the thing is, and this is I was trying to get as with
11:48 water. And the stuff is that as we said, can move back
11:51 forth between these two environments. And can the stuff the salute. All
11:56 now the salute is going to move areas of higher water concentration and water
12:01 going to move to areas of higher concentration. So that's why you're getting
12:04 mixing going on. You guys have heard osmosis, right? You
12:09 it's really fun with osmosis because 99% you have heard or seen osmosis at
12:15 once. But if I ask you is osmosis? This is the expression
12:18 get uh water and stuff. All . And we'll deal with the question
12:25 what osmosis is a little bit But for right now, just think
12:28 it as water movement. Okay, is just going to where there's less
12:33 . All right. That's actually the definition to give you All. All
12:37 now, If water moves in one , then you're gonna have to replace
12:42 . So, there's this this regulation homeostasis of monitoring the water and the
12:48 , the materials that is in the . It's heavily heavily regulated in the
12:53 . And why we do that is the chemical reactions that are gonna be
12:57 place inside cells need to have these environments to ensure that those chemical reactions
13:03 place. All right. So, do we do? Well, we
13:07 regulate water movement through the kidney. actually where how we regulate blood pressure's
13:11 the kidney. Um, lots of that are being released not only from
13:16 kidney, but also other parts of body. And then lastly, there's
13:19 rules about how pressures working body that drive water movement and salute movement.
13:26 this is what is referred to as . So that would be water
13:30 Osmotic is also a water movement in to the presence of salutes. And
13:36 all these things help water and solid that homeostasis that balance between these different
13:43 . All right. And so this how we ensure that these environments are
13:48 . I told you in terms of number of salutes. They're the
13:53 Right? It doesn't matter if you're seller outside the cell. In fact
13:56 word we use is called osmolarity. heard of polarity. Right. So
14:01 just says, let me count up number of things and how many things
14:04 in the water. Right. It's less specific where polarity is. I
14:09 to know how many of this thing in the water. All right.
14:13 the osmolarity inside the cells and outside cells is the same. But the
14:18 of salutes are different. And this where all of this stuff becomes really
14:23 because what we're doing is we're creating environments for these cells to do unique
14:29 . Now, if you look inside cell and you look at the sol
14:33 should say, okay, well the . So it's the same. But
14:35 you look at the type, that's you know what you're gonna find is
14:38 there's lots of potassium inside the cell to the outside and the number of
14:44 inside the cell relative the outside is infinite. The rule of thumb is
14:49 there's very few proteins on the outside cells. Lots of proteins on the
14:54 of cells. All right. And this is one of the things that
14:58 sells unique is that it creates this balance of lots of the potassium and
15:04 of the anti antibiotic cellular proteins. negatively charged relative to the amount of
15:13 and chlorine. And that's what we a lot of outside the cell.
15:18 so whenever you have imbalance with regard chemicals, what do they try to
15:24 ? They try to balance right? you have lots of something over here
15:30 very little over here, they try move. And so we have here
15:34 creating these environments that have these unique is now you have molecules or excuse
15:41 , ions that want to move and can use those ions to do
15:46 In other words, what you have is energy in very, very small
15:52 . And that's what the cells have is they've created these environments not only
15:55 they're unique and you can do unique of reactions, but you've created energy
16:00 stored up energy to do work. right. So everything that we're looking
16:05 here will ultimately come down to these of imbalances. And this is home
16:10 static, even though these things look , very different. Their in home
16:15 static balance is what it comes down now where they go and stuff that's
16:20 dependent upon permeability. We're going to with that stuff a little bit
16:24 So, I'm gonna pause here. , I know we're kind of getting
16:27 this life. Oh esoteric, funny stuff. If there's questions,
16:32 is a good time to ask If you don't care, that's
16:34 You know, you'll just make sure answer the question. Okay, we
16:37 two questions here and then there go . What's that? So, I
16:43 they always give the same example for positive feedback. Oh man, I've
16:49 several. Right, so the easy . So the question was, are
16:51 any other examples of positive feedback? right. So remember, in in
16:56 feedback, you're dealing with closed system feedback, You're usually coming on the
17:01 from something externally to turn off the . Right? So the most common
17:05 is giving birth suckling is another So, when a baby is
17:09 baby latches onto the nipple, begin . That causes the release of the
17:15 which causes milk. Ejection baby feeds , very happy and it's going to
17:21 going, keep going, keep going the baby start feeding. When does
17:24 baby stopped feeding passes out? It's , I'm so full and then passes
17:30 and then basically there's no more That's not. But here's one that's
17:35 so overt. All right, the that govern the menstrual cycle estrogen progesterone
17:42 . But estrogen in particular starts off , very low at the beginning of
17:45 month and then what happens is is rises, but estrogen acts on the
17:52 of more estrogen. And so what is estrogen begets more estrogen which just
17:56 more estrogen which gets more estrogen. this is massive rise in the amount
18:00 estrogen mid cycle, which is what's to lead to ultimately the LH surge
18:05 ultimately leads to a violation. Now just said blah blah blah blah
18:09 If you don't understand that's okay, not gonna be tested on that
18:13 All right. Or in a But that's an example of another positive
18:18 loop. Something telling something to make of the same thing over and over
18:21 over again. So it snowballs out Okay, Yes, ma'am. Uh
18:30 . Yeah, congratulations. Is there way that the body say send the
18:40 to the brain gets confused and no. So I mean if you're
18:47 in terms of like letdowns and stuff that, so that has more to
18:51 with other aspects of the process. remember what I just described here is
18:55 the kindergarten version. I'm not I'm saying you guys are kindergarteners, I'm
18:59 saying it's a very very complex process love in my upper level class I
19:04 about, you know this, you the labor and delivery and it's
19:08 oh yeah, it's oxytocin is just , no, it's this massive chain
19:12 multiple molecules and so really what can in any of these pathways if something
19:17 being expressed correctly or if something is to, you know, if there's
19:23 mutation or something, it can lead other issues. So so it's less
19:27 problem of the feedback. It's more problem of what's in the system.
19:31 ? That's a good question. Uh else? Yes. So K.
19:37 in the past a minus. Yes. Okay. What's that?
19:45 so that's magnesium and phosphate and so are less important. But I wanted
19:50 to give an understanding that life isn't two ions, There's there's lots of
19:55 . And in fact this is not exhaustive list. This one if you
19:58 don't know if you ever see that's bicarbonate. This one right here.
20:03 . C. 03 minus. Yeah bicarbonate. Alright. You'll see that
20:07 . That's a that's a really important in regulating ph in the body.
20:10 how your body um uh plays a in digestion and all sorts of other
20:15 stuff. It's the way we make carbon. It's actually really that's actually
20:20 we transport carbon dioxide in our When we make carbon dioxide, it
20:24 converted to bicarbonate because it's more soluble water and it travels quickly and then
20:29 still along, it was converted back carbon dioxide blah blah blah blah blah
20:33 . Yeah. Yeah I know I really excited about this stuff. Sorry
20:38 guess it's better that the professor gets about rather than like uh self area
20:45 , yep so any other questions I want to leave anyone out. Okay
20:51 what are we gonna do is we're jump in the biomolecules? So remember
20:54 want, what I want to do I want to lay a foundation.
20:56 mean anyone here a biology major. alright, just there's a couple of
21:00 is not always gonna be the Alright, So intro by. What
21:03 do is we introduce you to a bunch of like these are the main
21:06 in biology and one of them and biology. So you literally get to
21:10 everything you want to know about a but were afraid to ask.
21:13 It's like really? I'm going to a whole smith we're talking about a
21:15 . Yes, and that's not enough . All right, but this is
21:18 it boils down to in a we get to jump in 20
21:22 All living organisms all have at least seller, more or more one cell
21:28 more. Right? So, remember I said. The virus is not
21:31 living organism. A virus is basically and nucleic acids that somehow are capable
21:38 infecting cells taking over the machinery of cell so that it replicates itself.
21:43 they're not living there not sentient. not capable of doing anything other than
21:47 replication process. Right? So, we say are the fundamental unit of
21:54 . It doesn't matter if you're looking plants, you're looking at animals,
21:57 ? It is the basic building It is the two by two lego
22:01 which we build everything else. You know, the two by two
22:07 is right, okay, just making , right. And then finally,
22:12 this is one of the most important again, biology nerd time, the
22:16 they did to prove this, you ? So basically there are these scientists
22:20 they're like, you know, uh begins spontaneously like magically and they're
22:26 the other guy was like, no, no, it's you
22:28 whatever. So they have these arguments so they create these experiments and I
22:31 like, look, maggots appear on magically, Right, this is like
22:35 the 1700s. So they didn't have microscopes to figure this stuff out.
22:38 once they started doing experiments to you need to have a cell in
22:42 to get into their cell. So some point, first cell had to
22:46 into an existence. And once we that sell, it was able to
22:50 you all began life as a single up and you are made up of
22:55 more cells than that now. So that is our basic building
22:59 But what we need to get a to function are the biomolecules that are
23:05 in that cell. So, if ever taken any biology anywhere, you've
23:09 that cells have organelles and they have in them and they got nucleic acids
23:14 the body yada yada. Right? so in order to understand how a
23:18 works. We need to break it to these four basic biomolecules. And
23:21 is the list is basically nucleic proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. All
23:27 . All cells have these four basic of molecules. All right now,
23:33 they do with these four times a . A whole bunch of stuff.
23:36 . It helps build the sell it make the organelles. It allows the
23:40 to function. It also allows the to replicate itself. So, without
23:45 four molecules, the cell can't do is designed to do. Now,
23:50 of these four different types of molecules unique structures. You can look at
23:54 and say, I know this is protein because of X. I know
23:57 is nucleic acid because of why? right. Now, most of these
24:03 they have unique biochemical properties. You need to know which properties which
24:07 As unless we mentioned it. But what's interesting is that nucleic
24:13 proteins and carbohydrates are all made up these little tiny building blocks called monomers
24:20 single more things. All right. , it's a small building block.
24:25 , again, we're going back to lego example, right. If I
24:28 legos I can change them together to larger unique structures. Right. That's
24:34 these biomolecules have. Is they create structures from these little tiny sub
24:40 The only exception to that are lipids are not ever monitors. They
24:45 They're never going to polymers. They . They are what they are.
24:48 we'll go through the different families of really briefly. So that you can
24:52 the differences. So, how do go from a monomer to a polymer
24:57 , meaning many parts? Well, you do is you take this
25:01 the sub unit, you take another and you jam together. Well,
25:07 can't just jam together. You have put a little bit of energy in
25:10 . And when you get that that's gonna break some bonds and out
25:13 that, you're going to get a bit of water. And what we
25:16 this is we call this a condensation . Alright, water is coming
25:23 And that's what we're seeing right dehydration. The other word. All
25:28 . So, you can see there's hydroxyl group and a hydrogen group.
25:32 ? Put it a little bit of . Water pops out. So you
25:36 or condensate. And then now, you've done is just jam the two
25:40 together. All right. That's how make bigger molecules. Now for a
25:46 . If you want to break it . So, that big old cheeseburger
25:48 like to eat or tofu burger. those who don't eat meat. Uh
25:53 . Thank you. Yeah, trust . It's gonna get worse throughout the
25:58 . Lots of opinions. Yes, . All right. So, that
26:03 burger is made up of lots and of proteins, but your body doesn't
26:08 about the burger, your body cares the monomers. And so, it
26:11 to break those mono mono are those into monomers. And so, what
26:15 gonna do, we're going to add little bit of water and we add
26:19 little bit of water. What we're do is we're going to create bonds
26:24 . We're gonna break it release energy we're gonna add that hydroxyl and that
26:28 group onto the two sides of that that we just broke to make the
26:33 or the monomer stable. And now have monomers. All right.
26:37 that's the hydraulic assist reaction. Hydro water licence break. So, you're
26:43 water and you're getting this. And they're basically the two opposites of each
26:47 . Now, this is the extent the chemistry we're going to talk about
26:52 . All right. And for this . So, some ap classes,
26:56 , they just love to give you much chemistry is just like new.
27:01 right. So, just understand if making things it's a dehydration or
27:06 I'm going from small, tiny to . And when I'm breaking things,
27:11 going from big to smaller. And going in using a hydraulic this
27:17 Now, what I want to show naturally what I want to show you
27:21 is these four basic molecules and how make them. All right.
27:25 this one you've heard about nucleic Right? If it is living it
27:30 a nucleic acid. Right. Some that aren't living viruses are not living
27:38 they have nucleic acids. All You guys like eating cheetos? AM
27:43 the only 1? Okay, Just making sure you look at
27:47 You're like that thing cannot exist in because it has that false color of
27:51 . Right. But cheetos come from . It has nucleic acid in
27:56 Right. Everything we consume has nucleic . It's kind of interesting.
28:01 So nucleic acids are the largest molecules the body. All right. And
28:06 a that's not to say its largest . It's the largest molecule. They're
28:11 very long. Um they their nucleic acids in general are just transfer
28:18 information in the cells. All There are two different types of nucleic
28:21 , their DNA deoxyribonucleic acid and then aren't a ribonucleic acid. So,
28:27 , RNA has the thing that we're and I'm going to show you how
28:31 looks. Now. The monomer for acid is called the nucleotide.
28:38 we're seeing a nuclear title right We're looking on the different slides
28:41 And then the way we create these chains is basically we're going to do
28:45 condensation reaction to create a unique kind bond called a phosphor digester bond now
28:51 again, we're not gonna look at chemistry, we don't care what fossil
28:55 just means. It's the phosphate And Esther on one side and Esther on
28:59 other. For those who took organic going, okay, I get it
29:02 though, you never take an organic . You're like, I don't
29:04 And that's okay. All right, fine. So here is a
29:10 right? It starts off with a sugar, pintos means five carbons.
29:16 right. So, you can see This is our one carbon 2345.
29:22 the reason I'm pointing those out is for you to memorize them. It's
29:25 I'm gonna point out to unique All right. First, right here
29:30 the two carbon, Right? You I circled it. It's blank.
29:33 I put two things RNA has a group there. You take away that
29:38 group and put a hydrogen there. when you detoxified it. That's why
29:43 got deoxyribonucleic acid. So, that's difference between RNA and DNA. Is
29:48 one little thing right there. Is the number two carbon? All right
29:52 here at the number five carbon. 12345. That's where the phosphate hangs
29:58 . All right. And that's where gonna do the phosphor diaspora bonds.
30:01 this right here is an ester And you can imagine I'll do one
30:04 the other side as well. Not so important. Just trying to
30:07 . All right. And then sitting here on the one carbon, there's
30:11 to be a nitrogenous base. Now nitrogenous base comes into two different
30:16 You have puritans and you have puri needs All right, have this
30:21 structure. Right? You see the ring. Okay, so it's adenine
30:26 guanine. Now, if you ever to remember this, I hate saying
30:29 out in a class with Cougars in . But the way that I remember
30:33 Aggies are pure. Okay, now wife's an aggie. So I guess
30:40 can own that, right? But G equals pure ing's That's easy
30:45 So, if you know the that means, you know, the
30:47 means promoting our citizen and timing for . N. A. Citizen and
30:53 are RNA. So this one is between the two. But these two
30:57 unique for DNA or RNA, Now DNA creates this double helix,
31:06 a double stranded polymer. So here's polymer. Here's another polymer. Take
31:10 two polymers together. You get even polymer. Alright, And they're being
31:13 together by a series of hydrogen Now, what we have here is
31:17 can see here the sugars right here the digester bonds. Here's the nucleic
31:22 . That's what's holding everything together. you click Sorry, the nitrogenous base
31:27 attracted to the other nitrogenous base and what holds the structure together and one
31:32 is running one direction. Right, it's five times three prime. The
31:36 one's going five prime, 23 So they're going sorry, right.
31:39 this. Okay. And that's what call anti parallel moving in opposite
31:46 All right. So the double helix a function of the shape of the
31:50 . As a as a as a expands, it naturally twists itself.
31:55 that's why we get that double helix . If you don't know the double
31:57 , go to your car. If have a texas license plate, that's
32:01 the recent years. And if you at the right angle, you can
32:04 see there's two double helix helix. on it. I don't know
32:07 Yeah, but that's what we have our texas. I don't know.
32:10 weird. All right now there's a pairing dennison always pairs with I mean
32:17 it isn't always perish with guanine. A two T. C. To
32:21 . Which ones are the periods A G. All right. Now RNA
32:29 single stranded DNA double stranded RNA single . But that doesn't mean that it's
32:33 straight line. Alright, again, there's pressures on the molecules twist and
32:39 . And what ends up happening is that it twists on itself. And
32:42 actually creates complementary base pairing with uh titties or it's actually able to use
32:48 this case and sees two Gs All right. And so you get
32:52 three dimensional shape. And so this just trying to do this the same
32:55 and saying, look this is one I can drop it if I want
32:57 see what it looks like in three . That's what it looks like.
33:00 this is what I do the little and and sticks model. So it's
33:04 a straight line. It actually has three dimensional shape. Now, DNA
33:10 used to store up genetic material or information. RNA is used primarily to
33:18 proteins. Now I'm putting a little there to keep it simple for those
33:24 you take an upper level biology You've probably learned a little bit more
33:27 our NHS and I'm just going to it at the simple level. All
33:31 . So there's different types of our . Some of them play a role
33:36 being read. Some of them are to carry amino acids so and so
33:40 . So when I say they'll play of a role in proteins. That's
33:43 I'm referring to. But there's even more interesting small RNA and stuff that
33:48 other roles that were just ignoring right . So, here's the big
33:54 D. N. A. Is informational molecule The DNA you have in
34:00 . And in theory this is not true. But just go with me
34:04 a moment. All yourselves have the DNA are all yourselves the same.
34:11 . So what that means is that cell uses specific pieces of that DNA
34:17 promote the function of that cell. , so your entire genome is encoded
34:22 every cell of your body but it takes bits and pieces from that
34:28 All right. And so what we're is we're going to take a gene
34:31 we're going to transcribe it now. way I like to think about this
34:34 think about your genome as the blueprints your entire house. All right.
34:41 you want to take the blueprints under job site where everyone is going to
34:44 touching it and getting it money and . All right. So, what
34:48 want to do is you want to give the instructions to the electrical people
34:52 give the instructions specifically to the cement and give the instructions specifically to the
34:58 . This is all I want you do. I don't want you to
35:00 with all the other stuff. And what this body does It says All
35:04 . With regard to functionality. I'm just gonna pass my D.
35:08 A. And just say just open up and you do whatever you want
35:11 do is I'm going to let you access to just one gene and I'm
35:16 transcribe that gene. So you now a copy. All right. So
35:20 a copy That's what the RNA It's a copy of a gene.
35:24 what can you do with the copy can you can make more copies.
35:28 can abuse that. You can do because you can always go back to
35:30 original and make another copy. So kind of what RNA is. So
35:36 is the useful information. It's the that is used by the cell to
35:41 the proteins. So what we have something that's called the central dogma.
35:46 Dogma simple says DNA contains all the of the cell. Some of it's
35:52 to use some of it's not it's going to use. And what we're
35:55 do is we're going to transcribe RNA RNA is going to be used to
36:01 a very specific protein. So N. A. Makes RNA.
36:07 makes proteins. All right. That's central dogma. Yes sir. Just
36:14 central ST louis. Yeah. Yeah, sure. Real simple.
36:20 right. I say real simple. there's always exceptions to the rule.
36:25 for a sell the DNA is all sums of the genomic material. Every
36:32 for that particular cell and then some that is not going to use the
36:38 is a copy of the genes that cell is going to use to make
36:42 proteins for that sells function. So is used to make RNA which is
36:50 to make proteins? Yes ma'am mm . Why doesn't it? It's a
37:01 question. The question is why do why does DNA and RNA by that
37:05 ? Just encode proteins and why doesn't carbohydrates and stuff. The answer is
37:10 it just does I mean you're asking a really tough question. Mm I
37:18 I had a very simple because carbohydrates lipids are used for energy proteins are
37:23 to build sort of as we're going see your That's a fair that's what
37:28 said is carbohydrates and and or and , lipids are used primarily for
37:33 So, notice how the Lord in primarily. But Right. It's really
37:38 what happened was probably is that are a had this attraction to amino acids
37:44 that's how you created these machinery. so when life began, it was
37:48 to go from this to this to . That's probably why. But you're
37:52 . So, you're asking a question I can't answer. And I'm I'm
37:57 to bet that there's not a professor the campus who could because it's a
38:03 like why did you do this? . Yes, sir. Yeah.
38:11 . Of course. Why not? I mean, that's where life.
38:14 we're going to keep it simple. right. And we're not talking about
38:17 . It's like in two days or . A bit. All right.
38:21 , if DNA makes RNA and our protein, we better know what protein
38:24 . Right. So, here's a actually went online and found pretty
38:28 Pretty pictures. They mean absolutely nothing what a protein is. Is they
38:34 a major role in different cellular And so here's the different classes
38:39 don't memorize the list. Why? if we look at something and then
38:43 can say here it is. But not going to sit there and
38:46 okay, what are the different types proteins? Because that's not an exhaustive
38:50 . Right. That's just kind of broad things. But you can see
38:53 structural stuff. Enzymatic. We're going talk about here a little bit things
38:56 regulate things that transport so and so . Now. One of the many
39:01 about proteins is that they have sulfur phosphate as well as nitrogen. And
39:05 a DNA had all these things in . But you're adding in sulfur and
39:10 primary building block of a protein is is called an amino acid This amino
39:15 we have on this side in the . That's an amine group on the
39:20 side. That's carb oxalic acid What we say is a car boxing
39:24 . Now, you know where the comes from? A mean from amino
39:29 oxalic acid. There's where the acid from. So, what we have
39:32 , the basic structure, we have mean we have a central carbon and
39:36 we have the car box L. group. And then sitting over on
39:38 side is a variable change. All . And it's this thing over here
39:45 makes the unique amino acids. Now the body. We use 20 different
39:51 acids. That doesn't mean that there's 20 amino acids. But we tend
39:55 focus on just those 20 when we in biology. All right. So
39:59 do they look like? Please don't this slide. Okay. But you
40:04 see here look there's the amine There's a carb oxalic acid group.
40:08 the side chain. The variable So everything that's pointing down that's in
40:11 . See there's a hydrogen methane methyl so on and so on and so
40:15 and so on. So down here can see there's longer chains and so
40:18 . These are the 20 and each those side change creates unique properties to
40:23 amino acids. So that means each acid has a unique property that allows
40:30 to do something interesting or unique. all you gotta do now is just
40:34 chains and all the unique things in chain. Do something even more unique
40:39 . The way you think about All right. So we're forming what
40:42 called peptide bonds. So remember when looked at nucleic acids were forming fossil
40:47 bonds, were doing it through a reaction. So that's the same thing
40:50 . Peptide bonds formed by condensation You can see here here is one
40:56 acid here is the card box Here's the immune group. What do
40:59 do is bring those two things Water comes out and we create the
41:03 between the carbon and nitrogen. So we got rid of hydrogen over
41:08 . We got rid of an oxygen there and actually we loaned it to
41:14 . Alright, so that's where we the bond and what we're doing is
41:16 just gonna start stacking these peptide bonds and over. Sorry, I should
41:19 it when I'm facing this direction. , that's all we're doing. And
41:25 you can think of this. This how I mean at least in my
41:27 makes a lot of sense is if think of a chain of amino acids
41:33 is called a polyp peptide. Polly mini peptides are those little tiny
41:39 then what you do is you say here on the front end that would
41:41 like the capital letter back here on backhand. That's like a period.
41:44 always a mean on the front end a car box select group on the
41:47 . And then you have a series amino acids and on the center in
41:51 . Right. And so you can of a protein then or a polyp
41:56 chain is just the sequence of the acids. Now you guys all know
42:02 to spell? Right? All I'm gonna use three letters and we're
42:06 spend a couple of words with See A and T. What do
42:10 spell cat? See where this is . I take those three same letters
42:16 C. T. What do I ? Act But see I use the
42:19 three letters, didn't I? And here's a stupid one. T.
42:22 C attack. Like in Tic Don't know. Right, but it's
42:29 same three letters, correct? The alphabet has how many letters? 26
42:36 . How many words can you spell ? 26 letters? An infinite
42:40 Right. It's an infinite number. mean it's probably not infinite but gets
42:45 close. Especially when you start making words like an scrabble. Mm Could
42:50 both? Yeah. So, that's essence when you look at this,
42:54 can think All right. So, many proteins can I have on my
42:57 ? Well, I can have an number of proteins with lungs are
43:00 Right? So each gene encodes for RNA that makes a unique protein.
43:05 unique protein does something unique. And only reason is unique is because of
43:10 amino acid sequence. It's the protein like the word. The amino acids
43:15 like the letters that make the word they're not all the same length.
43:20 ? I mean, you can have words and short words, big proteins
43:23 small proteins. Here's lipids. All . Everyone is always afraid about fats
43:28 fats are bad. No, no. Fats are awesome. They
43:32 taste good. Alright. Fats are , very diverse group. And I
43:37 , it's never good to have a of the of of something in the
43:41 or the word in the definition. . But it is a bunch of
43:44 structures. Right? And fatty means in biological or biochemistry. Right?
43:51 , basically what we have here, have carbohydrates with hydrogen with oxygen.
43:54 , they're very similar to carbohydrates in sense that they have the same chemical
43:58 , but we have different structures. play a role in nutrients to play
44:02 role in cellular membranes. They play role in hormones and signaling. And
44:06 what these things are. Right So, right up there, that
44:09 called a soulless arrived. This is try to ride. Why is it
44:14 123? There you go. That's . When you think of fat like
44:19 that that's what That's a dietary All right. This right here is
44:23 fossil lipid. This right? Here a steroid that right, there is
44:27 wax. Do you have waxes in body Ear Wax? There is an
44:34 one. There you go sermon. , let's take a look at them
44:39 briefly. All right. What makes fat solid? And what makes fat
44:44 ? It's just the bins in the fatty acid chains. All right,
44:48 here, you can see this right is a glycerol backbone, 123 fatty
44:52 chains, whether you have single bonds double bonds determines whether or not that
44:59 kinks off to one side or the . So, when you have a
45:02 of straight saturated bonds, in other , there's all single bonds. Everything
45:08 straight and things get really, really together, which creates a solid.
45:13 ? And if you get kinks. , look, I'm a fat,
45:17 not that I guess I am. you know, But see look,
45:20 I put a kink there's my fatty chains. Can somebody get close to
45:24 if no. So they're further So now things are more liquidy.
45:29 that's the difference between oil and a is basically the presence of those kinks
45:35 that's by those double bonds. We refer to him as being unsaturated.
45:39 you're poly unsaturated, you have two more double bonds. Right? So
45:42 just a lot of term means. here's again this is the tricycle
45:48 Right? And how do I do ? What is it remember? It's
45:52 fat. So this is a really , really efficient way to store up
45:57 for long term use. All And really what it does, it
46:01 . So, each of these And again, this is the chemistry
46:04 that we're just kind of like Alright. Each bond stores a certain
46:08 of energy. So when you break your releasing the energy for use.
46:12 so what this is basically saying is gonna make a really efficient way to
46:15 a whole bunch of bonds in a . So, I'm storing up energy
46:18 I can just kind of keep that the cell. All right. So
46:22 when we say energy storage, that what we're doing? So here's the
46:25 . Here's 123 fatty acid change plays role in structural support in the body
46:31 a role in cushioning. Right? reason those chairs are seem uncomfortable.
46:36 because you've got a little bit of in the trunk. Yeah, just
46:41 little be proud. Alright. Plays role in insulation. Reason you actually
46:47 warm is because of fat that All right now to make Fat.
46:54 ? So here are Glycerol 1, , 3 fatty acid change too.
46:59 those die ester bonds. What you up with is your triglyceride. And
47:05 just called like a genesis. Like fat genesis make begin is really what
47:11 is to break it like policies. breaking. No language is pretty
47:18 This right here is a fossil It looks a lot like the
47:22 You can see right there there's a 123 carbons. I have two fatty
47:26 change and I'm missing it. That to change because I exchanged it for
47:29 fossil lipid head. These when I foster olympic, there's a phosphate.
47:34 you can see up there there's our , Our group just simply means it's
47:38 , right? And what this is it primarily exists to uh in
47:44 And what it does is that you to make cell membranes. And what
47:47 have is we have a region that water and is excluded by water.
47:52 we have a region that loves And so when you drop foster lipids
47:55 water, the heads go, I don't hang out with the
47:57 And the tail is like, I wanna be around the water. Water
47:59 like me. And so they arrange in such a way. And so
48:03 can see here as you can see the tails are hidden away from the
48:06 . So there's water in there and water out there. So this is
48:10 cells were actually formed. Right? so you can see I've got a
48:14 environment in there. Now. This an antipathy molecule. So what that
48:21 is there's two parts to it. part is water living one part is
48:26 hating. You've seen that prefix Am fee right? Amphibian,
48:34 Learn something new every day. Where amphibians live? They live partly in
48:38 water. They live partly out of water. Oh, that's where it
48:43 from. All right. So lipid layers or what they're forming. You
48:47 see here, there's one, there's one. So that's layer number one
48:51 . That's layer number two. steroids up there. The top
48:59 But you can see right there, cholesterol. Remember you've been taught your
49:03 lives. Lives cholesterol equals bad. . For the most part, last
49:09 calls bat. Yeah, well with with the right enzyme, you can
49:14 basically every steroid in the body. right now again, do not memorize
49:20 slide. I love the slide. because it's kind of cool. I'm
49:24 to think it's 9:18. Okay. trying to I've got a story.
49:31 right. I do have a So a couple years ago, there
49:35 a woman in Britain. Some who ? I don't know, some social
49:42 person and she thought it was really unfair that men didn't get to
49:46 pregnancy. All right. So, you know when on the news or
49:52 like that said, we need to men injections of progesterone so they can
49:58 what it's like to see what it's to be pregnant given these hormones.
50:04 they can be all grumpy like we . And I heard that and I
50:08 laughed. And you have to laugh it just shows you why it's important
50:11 take biology classes because there are morons this world. I'm going to show
50:15 why. Yes. Up here we cholesterol. This group right here.
50:20 are called the progestin. Is this here are the androgens over here,
50:23 estrogen's over here, the mineral turquoise. Those are the glucocorticoids.
50:27 of words. All those green and lines everywhere. Those represent enzymes that
50:32 you to go from one molecule to next. So all you need to
50:35 is the right molecule the right enzyme allow you to make the next
50:40 Alright, so again, I'm just point again, the progestin ins which
50:45 where you find progesterone. The androgens testosterone and we're here at the estrogen's
50:54 you give a guy a bunch of . Is it going to sit in
50:57 body and behave like progesterone? he has all these enzymes to bring
51:02 right down here. In essence. you do is you make him pump
51:05 tons and tons of testosterone. Mhm. Ladies, do you have
51:14 your body? Well, not testosterone androgen because you can't get an estrogen
51:19 going through that pathway, you But it doesn't stop. It
51:24 nope. I'm going to move from androgens over to the estrogen's. So
51:30 , you don't need to memorize I just think it's kind of
51:32 And it goes to show why people want to make policy should take science
51:38 they never know what they're talking Ah The carcinoid. Some of these
51:45 may have heard of. You may know him, but you may have
51:48 of them. Have you ever heard their economic assets? No.
51:52 When you hear the word or what does it sound like spiders?
51:56 every time I see the word, think spiders, I don't know why
51:59 not Iraq needed, but it seems it would be all right, basically
52:03 this is. Is this a long fatty acid? That's what our academic
52:07 is. So you get it It would be on fossil lipids.
52:10 being triglycerides? And what you do you cleave that off one of those
52:16 are on a fatty acids, you to do all sorts of things with
52:19 . All right. You can change shapes and you can get all these
52:21 unique molecules and again, nothing here memorize. We have prostaglandins. Have
52:25 heard of a prostaglandin? Yeah. . They play a role in contractions
52:31 the cyclones. Maybe not. Have about them throwing boxing's? Have you
52:35 of throwing boxing's? Yeah. That's for blood clotting and then the
52:40 trains also play a role in blood . All right. So basically these
52:45 all signaling molecules. What you mean ? I don't just eat them.
52:51 , they actually allow cells to talk other cells. It's kind of
52:54 And this is just the family is the carcinoid ever had a headache and
52:58 an aspirin. No, because we take ibuprofen and acetaminophen now. But
53:02 you've taken aspirin, what it does it blocks the pathway of allowing a
53:08 atomic acid to go through and down these pathways it blocks the enzyme talks
53:16 is the name of the molecule. . Mhm bingo. The comment was
53:26 so if you have thin blood, why they tell you not to take
53:30 . Why? Because it interferes with blood clotting pathway. But while you
53:35 an aspirin when you you know have inflammation. Right. Well because it
53:40 the pathway kind of cool now I'm not going to ask you what
53:46 is a Luca. Try it. not going to do that but you
53:49 know Picasso annoyed. They played a in signaling their fats. Oh my
53:55 , here's another one. Wax is on, wax off basically you get
54:01 fatty acid take a long chain alcohol . I mean esteban not a diaspora
54:06 . So here you can see here the fatty acid chain, there's that
54:10 , there's that long chain alcohol. just really long looking molecule.
54:15 And so this basically is water repelling it serves as a barrier. So
54:22 is the easy one. That's the but we have waxes in some other
54:27 as well. All right, so brings us down to the carbohydrates.
54:33 right. Which is really funny because had lunch with my friend is a
54:37 yesterday and we started talking about fructose glucose. I don't know why which
54:41 nerds, it's just he's a He was actually is one he was
54:47 former student of mine. He's my . You know, it's just we
54:51 became friends. Part of it is daughter's at Tulane too. I think
54:56 told you I want you to line , they close their school until September
55:00 . Yeah, so all the students to leave their busing most of the
55:04 to Houston so that they can get to their homes. Yeah, well
55:09 no electricity in new Orleans. What you gonna do anyway. So we
55:14 having conversation and we're talking about fructose glucose And then here I am talking
55:18 carbohydrates today. Okay, So These are your simple sugars as well
55:23 these complex polymers. Alright, when most familiar with are the dice?
55:28 is basically to simple sugars, galactose, fructose, jam together with
55:33 um glucose. All right. one of those streets. So,
55:37 monomers for the most part that we about when we think about biology are
55:40 , galactose and fructose Again, I'm asking you to memorize the molecules.
55:45 understand what they are. All The policy parades are taking these sugars
55:51 putting them in a long chains. right. So, that's what you're
55:54 here. This is glycogen. Glycogen one of the ways your body stores
55:57 sugars for immediate use. So your does that as well as your
56:02 All right. Now, they always C. H. You know?
56:07 carbon, hydrogen oxygen and they're always a fixed ratio one carbon to hydrogen
56:11 oxygen. And so you can look a sugar and you can name it
56:14 on the number of carbons. you have a try owes a hex
56:19 , you know, a septus You know? So, these are
56:24 basically saying these are number of So, if I have a pintos
56:27 five carbons, that means it's gonna 10 hydrogen that's gonna five oxygen always
56:32 that ratio. All right. And we make polymers again, condensation
56:38 So carps, carbs primarily food energy , but that's not the only thing
56:47 can start the monomers as a As I mentioned, that was the
56:52 . It serves as a backbone to genetic material. Remember if you go
56:55 and look at D. N. . What was the backbone? It
56:58 a pinto sugar. Right. it's not just for that. It
57:03 plays a role as as an identification . So, here's what we're looking
57:09 is we're looking at a fossil you know, said, be the
57:13 membrane of the cell membrane and you attach sugars to it. And so
57:17 is one of the ways that sells cells from the same body is through
57:22 sugars. It's not always that But we'll talk about that when we
57:25 about the cell. So, this what is referred to as glide
57:28 So, it's these long polymers that put on the they're always found on
57:32 outside of the cell. Never on inside of the cell. Yeah.
57:37 , the last little bit here is going to deal with the question of
57:43 . All right. Now, the are one of two different types of
57:48 . They're either proteins or they can from RNA. All right.
57:53 we have special names for them enzymes ribose seems. So, if you
57:58 the word ribose, I'm going, , that's just a RNA enzymes.
58:03 right now, the purpose of an is to lower the activation energy of
58:09 chemical reaction. Now, this is you start flashing back to chemistry and
58:12 freaking out going on. Now there's nuts. And Delta G. And
58:17 you guys remember that stuff. that's it. I'm sorry.
58:21 Right. Mhm. Right. We're interested in that. All right.
58:26 just need to understand what we're trying do. All right. If it
58:29 you this much energy to get a reaction, would you prefer to lower
58:33 energy? So you could use the for something else? Yeah. And
58:37 that's what an enzyme does is it an environment so that the energy to
58:42 to allow a reaction to go forward . You don't have to invest so
58:46 energy into it to make it go . That's basically what it boils down
58:50 . So, when you see like ea it's just activation energy is
58:54 look, here is a chemical reaction is sucrose. We want to break
58:57 down into its two components glucose and in order to do that. I
59:01 to invest in energy in. When invest that energy and I not only
59:04 that energy that I put in, I get even more energy on the
59:06 out. That's the free energy. what all that chemistry that they talk
59:11 you about in chemistry was all about , That activation energy and the free
59:15 and so on. So basically, you anyone you're ever invested. I
59:20 you got Robin Hood now you can invest in anything you can put like
59:23 dollar on something. Get like a in order to invest money you have
59:29 or in order to make money, have to invest money, right?
59:31 have to put money in. You hopefully get more money out and that's
59:34 we're doing here. Just a little of energy and going to get more
59:38 out. All right now, enzymes going to use to make it so
59:44 don't have to invest so much energy . What an enzyme does is that
59:49 has what is called an active site what it's gonna do, it's gonna
59:53 to what is called a substrate Just a fancy word for saying the
59:57 , the thing that I'm gonna be on. And when that substrate binds
60:01 the enzyme, the enzyme goes through shape change what we call a
60:05 I'll change. And when it changes shape it stresses the bonds. So
60:11 I'm stressing the bond that means it's closer and closer to breaking. So
60:15 easier to break the bomb. So don't have to put as much energy
60:19 because it's already stressed. So that's this is kind of trying to show
60:22 here is showing you the substrate finding active site binding to it, causing
60:26 change in the shape, which stresses substrate. So that then can undergo
60:32 change in the substrate that you're trying accomplish. Now, enzymes are mostly
60:40 for the types of reactions they So once again proving the point,
60:45 just name things for what they do for what they look like. So
60:48 , if you're ever confused, you're , I don't know what does it
60:51 look at the name, pause for second say, okay, hydrolyzed hydro
60:55 hydrogen. Okay, it's it's dealing hydrogen is right. And what we
61:00 that's actually hydraulic slice, but it's calling federal Asus. Okay.
61:05 if a word ends with Ace, means it's an enzyme. Always,
61:09 , always Sue crease. Is the that breaks sucrose. Lactose is the
61:14 that breaks lactose, but not all in with Ace. So, that
61:20 sense. I'll hand all thumbs or , but not all fingers are
61:24 Right? We got That is the sort of thing here. All Aces
61:27 enzymes. But now all enzymes have . Mhm. This is the big
61:36 . All right. And so, it's showing you here is the enzyme
61:40 the substrate. So what happens when enzyme and the substrate come together,
61:44 form something called the enzyme substrate substrate . That's when that get that
61:50 I'll change that causes the shift so the substrate then becomes a product.
61:57 what you now have is the enzyme complex now notice this is forward and
62:02 . You can go in both Typically you're moving in one direction,
62:05 that doesn't mean you can't go the way right? Once you get the
62:10 , the products no longer have an for the binding site, the active
62:15 where it was bound. And so why the enzyme kicks it out.
62:19 don't know who you are. I like you go away. That's what
62:22 does. So we go from enzyme the substrate to a complex of the
62:27 and the substrate. The change creating product and the enzyme together. That's
62:33 a couple structure and then kick out products. Now you have the enzyme
62:38 the product. That's the basic And this is true for every
62:48 Now, we're down to the last slides, you're probably going to thank
62:51 . He can talk forever. And I can Oh yeah,
63:01 There are some rules. Some of are easy. Alright versus concentration.
63:07 I increase the substrate or if I the ends, I'm going to increase
63:10 rate of reaction until I reached some of threshold. All right,
63:14 the idea here is I mean, I have hate using these numbers.
63:18 right. But if I have 100 , right? And I have one
63:22 , that substrate has a choice, can find any of those enzymes.
63:26 ? So, it's But if I the number of substrates, I can
63:29 more substrate faster or more product Would you agree? So, one
63:33 be slower than 22 would be slower 55 would be slower than 10 so
63:37 so forth. So I can keep that number. But once I get
63:41 There's only 100 enzymes and only in substrate will find its enzyme.
63:47 that's the maximum rate. So, I go to 200, I've got
63:50 substrates sitting around going, okay, out of there because it's my turn
63:54 . That makes sense. Alright, , that's rate of reaction increases and
63:58 substrate and then it's going to reach maximum. It's also true for
64:03 right? As I increase the number enzyme relative to the number of
64:08 I increase the rate of reaction as . All right. I have 10
64:12 . One enzyme. All those one enzyme, one substrate can
64:16 None of them are sitting around. is it my turn. But if
64:19 had into it goes faster. If had three goes faster, you gotta
64:23 number two temperature, temperature and ph . Okay. Every enzyme in the
64:31 functions In a certain range in the body. That's 95° to about
64:38 After 104 molecules begin to dissociate begin fall apart. Right? Is what
64:43 call the nature ring. All When you cook food, what you're
64:48 is you're denatured proteins. All ph does the same thing. Every
64:55 , you know? So, when talk about a cell, there's certain
64:57 ph inside the cell they're shooting ph outside the cell. All right.
65:01 compartments. So, for example, mouth has a ph close to
65:05 You know, When your stomach is ph close to two, you get
65:09 into the small intestine ph back to seven. Again, again, these
65:13 rough numbers, but you do different of reactions in each of those
65:18 So, you begin the process of of carbohydrates in the mouth. You
65:22 the process of carbohydrate, digestion in stomach. You begin the process of
65:27 digestion. And then you go to small test and then you're doing
65:31 carbohydrates, lipids. So, ph interestingly enough, ph does the same
65:40 the temperature does you ph can cause saturation or deny saturation of a
65:48 Have you guys ever cooked with ph of you have, would you like
65:54 I'm sorry. Let me do I mean, I've asked the question
65:59 different way. You hear like Yeah. All of a sudden hands
66:03 going on. Yeah. What's Okay. Yes, he said seafood
66:13 . And uh mm. You said and citric acid. All right,
66:18 . What you do is you get fish chopping in a little bits,
66:21 other stuff, tomatoes, onions, sometimes. And then you take a
66:28 bunch of acid and then you allowed sit and marinate and then you gobble
66:34 up and you're happy. Mhm. right. Basically for those who like
66:40 eat seafood, right? That's what is. All right. It's another
66:46 of cooking. Because what you're doing you're doing the maturation. All proteins
66:50 a range where there ph is, know that they work within a certain
66:54 range. All proteins work in a range. Just as another example.
67:02 of the reasons and I mean, is to deal with the temperature.
67:05 of the reasons when we get sick have a fever is because if we
67:11 this range, we can raise the of our bodies. And let's say
67:16 infected by a bacterium. The bacteria's work in a different range. It's
67:22 overlapping ranges are But if we can the temperature up, maybe we can
67:26 that bacterium to not function appropriately. so then we can attack it and
67:32 it die because it's just not doing it needs to do. That's one
67:35 our defense mechanisms is producing that So why is the natural ation a
67:42 deal last slide you're like? Well, simply what it does is
67:48 this is the functional protein notice it a very specific shape when I add
67:53 temperature or ph that causes that protein lose its shape. All proteins have
67:58 three dimensional structure. So you might , for example, a binding
68:03 That's right here, you can't find binding site anymore, because those parts
68:08 the protein have been separated from each . Right? There is no longer
68:13 way for it to work. when you denature protein, basically,
68:18 irreversible almost all the time. Almost the time. I don't know if
68:24 here's it's simple. You guys ever an egg? All right. When
68:28 add the heat, what happens to clear stuff? Turns white, doesn't
68:35 ? All right. That's a d of the album. All right.
68:40 can't take that white stuff and reverse back to the clear, sticky,
68:46 stuff. Right. It's one way . The protein is now behaving
68:53 Albumin is kind of a sticky stuff you've ever felt it. And then
68:56 you've cooked it, you created these . This stuff that's now tough and
69:02 . So that's what DNA saturation does it causes the protein to lose its
69:06 and it loses its three dimensional so it no longer functions as it's
69:12 to. I can't believe I got that lecture. All right,
69:17 before you go. Are there any ? 1st one question? Yeah.
69:24 , the question is, can I what ph is? I'm going to
69:27 you the simplest answer because ph can horribly confusing. Ph is the ability
69:33 a well, first off, the of an acid to release a
69:37 All right. So, the lower ph the more readily are more likely
69:43 disassociate and release the protons. So in essence what it is. It's
69:48 the molecule itself, it's the ability to release the protest just because part
69:52 the protein, a teenager Mhm, for patriots. So the white part
70:06 . Right. No, no. , but think about what you're doing
70:12 that protein you're putting in your So the body comes along the natural
70:16 DNA traits, it and then chop up into its amino acids. So
70:20 what? You're really you're really not for the protein. You're really trying
70:23 pull out the amino acids, Yes, sir. All right.
70:28 that? Uh huh. Celsius in head. Oh yeah, it should
70:35 should be Fahrenheit. Yeah, that's a little boiling. So thank
70:40 I don't think anyone's ever noticed Yeah. Here you
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