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00:43 Yes. There we go. Um, so we'll talk about this
00:54 little bit later, but another thing geologists use a lot is outcrop
01:01 And one of the reasons is because data, um, can be,
01:10 , very useful in the fact that is in the you went to
01:14 And here you have fault blocks that rotated up and lift it up.
01:20 in the between them, you have valleys filling in. So presumably the
01:27 that air here that these ledges here highly organic, rich whole section is
01:34 organic rich. But the the ledges here, up to 24% toc and
01:43 same rocks here are buried deeper um in the basin underneath this
01:50 this floodplain that's developed where the fault did not rotate up. And,
01:55 course, these were higher. These higher when it first the tectonic activity
02:12 . But they have eroded in building lot of sentiments in here. So
02:17 the years, similar rocks to this much deeper and buried deeper and rocks
02:23 are actually strata graphically under this Uh, look a lot like
02:28 So what? You see when there's exclamation of rocks and when you have
02:36 activity is that you can see rocks may be buried deep within the basin
02:43 in some cases, mature deep enough be mature. You can see them
02:47 at the surface. Eso. That's reason why geologists spent a lot of
02:53 looking at outcrops because quite often it them a window to what's in the
02:59 . And, of course, you on a coastal plain. Uh,
03:04 farther up dip deposition. Leah PDIP go on a coastal plain, the
03:09 the outcropping sediments will be. And if you walk from, say,
03:14 , Texas, to Galveston, you'll walking on successively younger strata that air
03:21 maybe by soil. But where there an outcrop, you'll see the strata
03:25 get younger and younger as you as march towards the sea, because the
03:30 air progressively getting late on top of another. Also, there's a lot
03:36 places in and around the North including Greenland. But Svalbard, where
03:44 outcrops of the Jurassic and Cretaceous Um, that actually reflect a lot
03:51 the targets in the North Viking and Viking Robbins that they're actually producing and
03:59 for oil. So outcrop work is addition to core sidewalk cores. Outcrops
04:05 also give us a very good view of what's in the subsurface. For
04:13 , these rocks are going to be deeply in this this, uh,
04:19 plain here that we have developing on of it. And, of
04:23 uh, these, uh, there rocks appear up in the sky that
04:27 eroded and fill this in. Another thing that we look at those
04:34 it's from cuttings or core or an . Actually, we look for a
04:39 of things like the provenance, which talked about a little bit. The
04:44 environment and reservoir quality. And, course, really important thing is cement
04:49 grain cuttings. And here's just unexamined a thin section. And and this
05:00 , uh, we have chloride coating a bio type grain here, and
05:07 can see some of the bio type up, which could be creating
05:13 more of a clay. Fill around of the pores in places where
05:19 ah proceeded further. And so you some of these. So that's the
05:27 plays in the poor space and and is taking a Prasit E. And
05:33 there's a poor throat, it can damaging the permeability. And being able
05:38 look at this scale, of allows us to understand the true dynamics
05:44 on in the reservoir in a fuller with the truth static geologic model is
05:52 our reservoir. Even though when we're reservoir assimilation, we may not be
05:57 to scale down to this level. this helps us better understand. Why
06:03 average porosity and permeability over, something the size of a simulation cell
06:12 to be, uh, reduced down average a little bit lower when you
06:16 a lot of rocks that have something this going on. So gives us
06:20 perspective of the fine detail that we to help account for what we're going
06:25 get into the average detail of, , cell that we use thio,
06:31 imaginary mathematical cell that we used to assimilation or whether it's a dynamic simulation
06:39 a static geologic model. And here , we can look at it s
06:45 scanning electron micro grafts and could see that we have some larger brains,
06:52 we've got a lot of chloride plates in the Prasit E all through
06:58 Um uh, when you start filling your ferocity with with a lot of
07:04 plates, that, of course, going to really damage your permeability and
07:08 overall ferocity. And again, this a micro scale compared to actually a
07:14 scale compared thio a cell in a or a geological static model, which
07:21 be a bigger a smaller cell. this kind of detail helps us
07:29 Uh, why the variables that we're at in terms of processing permeability and
07:33 things change from one well to the ? Uh, because there may be
07:37 damaging effects in some areas and less effects in other areas. And if
07:43 have a good idea what's happening from well to the next weaken actually average
07:49 and map out these traits a little better in the static model, which
07:53 contribute to a better dynamic simulation model a reservoir characterization study. Okay,
08:01 is something This is ECM with and this is transmission SCM, rather
08:11 scanning electron ah microscope. This is trans mesh mission and ECM scope.
08:19 usually when you're looking at thin sections this, you'll do like transmission scope
08:24 , uh, in any way uh, tools attached to these machines
08:30 allow us to dio analysis on the that air in here, which helps
08:36 identify mineral compositions a little bit And when we have this going
08:44 um, for example, here we're some things like courts, cranes,
08:52 You're getting K felled spars. you know the brittleness. Uh,
08:58 we have, uh, not but biogenic courts ah is going to
09:07 with this kind of composition and is to decrease with this kind of
09:11 Other words, if we have a classic clay minerals perhaps some of
09:15 feldspar zehr breaking down into clay minerals that's gonna make it, uh,
09:22 brittle. And that will contribute to B shale. And of course,
09:25 the B show goes up. Usually less brittle. But if we're looking
09:30 things that increase the brittleness, we're for carbonate minerals like that Dola Might
09:37 , uh and also biogenic courts. is a court's grain That probably is
09:42 biogenic. And and so And the why biogenic courts eyes important is because
09:53 that form of courts. Eyes much readily dissolved has a lower temperature and
10:04 for soluble ity, uh, to out like Die Atom's and some
10:10 Solicit. Um, so this is fragile. It's instead of Dinah
10:15 Selous a fragile it's and other things have been sponge pickles would be another
10:21 that could contribute Thio thes courts, , ENTs that are easily,
10:29 put into solution when it's biogenic versus it's a tribal course. Okay,
10:37 again, the sort of the perspective geologists have goes from the broad the
10:43 scale basin all the way down to scale transmission and scanning electron microscopy with
10:51 analysis and all sorts of things that fine scales to help come come in
10:57 a really good, high quality understanding reservoir properties. Another thing that the
11:05 do, And I think most of just had two semesters ago had geochemistry
11:14 Dr Basada who's ah, lot of . Ah, since I haven't heard
11:20 make any noises, can anybody hear ? Yep. Way okay, because
11:27 now I think, Um, I talking to myself for 20 minutes
11:33 Anyway, I'm glad to hear from , but a lot of the tools
11:38 we look for are these, total organic carbon, and that's that's
11:45 important. But in other words, you don't have a lot of
11:51 there's almost no point in looking at . And this is really at the
11:56 scale and the expiration scale or level even, uh, exploitation and production
12:07 development. It becomes really important to what the geochemist can contribute to help
12:13 understand the total story of what's going . But the primary thing that we
12:17 look at is, uh, do have enough organic productivity? If we
12:24 , has it been matured? And we could get our hands on
12:29 the next question we want to know what types of carriages we have because
12:34 types of carriages, in other this is carriage in quality or propensity
12:39 turn into hydrocarbons and s o these things were really important no matter where
12:45 were, because just imagine, we have a seismic line. We
12:50 see lots of really good structures and like we've got all sorts of prospects
12:58 traps and things. But if we , we can't show where the hydrocarbons
13:03 coming from to charge those reservoirs or source type rocks that we can look
13:11 . Ah, that could charge And the migration pathways and the timing
13:16 the migration pathways become can become very to because if the migration, if
13:23 maximum amount of migration occurs before a is formed, that trap won't be
13:28 to catch most of the oil. and sometimes there's never a trap for
13:34 so on. You also have to and be able to explain potential pathways
13:40 you dio any type of prospect and frontier analysis off where you should be
13:49 and focusing your energy and your data . So these things are very
13:57 And, of course, if you Dr Posadas class, hey really explained
14:01 to you in considerable detail. And think one of the interesting things is
14:07 do get oils out of out of reservoir on. You can kind of
14:13 a good handle not only on that prospect of block that you might be
14:19 , but anything else around it as exploit that that particularly defined petroleum
14:26 Uh, in terms of the reservoir the source. Once you figure out
14:31 charged in one spot, you have pretty good idea in sort of a
14:36 . What is going to be like you as you look for more perspective
14:42 and drill in different places and get different data sets or excuse me,
14:49 to different acreage. Okay. And is, uh, just one of
14:56 just one example of, ah, different oils with slightly different but not
15:05 different responses in the gas chromatograph. it helps fingerprint, uh, the
15:13 you can see here. Here's 27 and this 1 27 a 27
15:19 And here's another 27 B over I'm not sure if that's I think
15:27 it's showing you is there's a lot on between here, here and here
15:32 this oil. In other words, got all of this going on in
15:35 oil. It's not existed in that , so you can see that there's
15:39 different compositions in these oils, and one of these eyes telling you different
15:49 . Uh, you know the This would be a C 27
15:55 uh, but there's different Isom morphs these things, And so there's there's
15:59 forms off hydrocarbon molecules that could have carbons but not be arranged the same
16:06 or shape the same way. Or may have slightly different, um,
16:11 elements in them besides just, hydrogen. And so you can see
16:19 that this one is very different from one. So it's kind of like
16:22 fingerprint. You could tell the uh, far apart from each
16:26 And there's also certain hydrocarbons that can identified in this, which are,
16:33 , very indicative of non marine systems come from, ah, lot of
16:38 one type Karajan and from the organisms create that battery caucus brown. I
16:45 , um, certain compounds that usually in non marine systems, and it's
16:50 that's been algal form that's been around long time. And so usually you
16:55 get ah, different, uh, compounds from that that will tell you
17:05 it's the Castro nor Marine in and again that can help you figure
17:10 with the actual pathways, especially if had a a situation where you could
17:14 a marine source and a and a marine source. And a lot of
17:19 areas in China, even the South Sea ah, are charged by lackluster
17:25 oils. Even though you're sitting way , Uh, in a in an
17:30 where oftentimes you might expect that you'd some marine oil charging, But you
17:37 , Okay? Ah, one of things about maturation is that it starts
17:43 much right away. Dia Genesis is happens near the surface. Uh,
17:52 , uh, and also as you farther down, one thing that you
17:55 to see in a burial process is want to see, uh, things
18:00 buried in an toxic situation. Which why the saline, uh, lake
18:06 is a good one for that. most saline lake models become mayor Mick
18:12 or they don't mix. In other , the water doesn't overturn and the
18:15 doesn't overturn. Oxygen can't get to bottom. And you get these density
18:21 systems that are set up that air resistant to overturn that allow the Karajan's
18:27 the lower levels and on the surface the lake for floors, especially their
18:31 lakes to be deposited in an And we're very dis aerobic setting So
18:41 can't be oxidized by, uh, , uh, utilizing um bacteria,
18:51 only, uh, sulfur bacteria. that type of bacteria has actually has
18:59 better chance of of coming into play it's, uh when it's a calcium
19:08 like pathway versus a bicarbonate enrich lake to So it's another. Another reason
19:13 the sodium bicarb lake waters are much for developing a source rock. We
19:21 a little bit deeper, we go Cata Genesis, and then as it
19:25 farther, we could thio meta genesis you're starting to actually ah, break
19:32 . You're starting to metamorphose, so some of the rocks you're actually breaking
19:37 . Uh, the carriage in splitting compounds and generating mostly gas instead of
19:44 in here, we'd be developing a sweet of hydrocarbons of different sizes.
19:51 as you start to heat it up and more, you get less and
19:55 of the lights and and you also cracking down some of the heavier compounds
20:02 into simpler molecules. and you end with a lot of gas. And
20:07 kinda here is kind of how it here. Here, we're these things
20:12 . We're talking about the types of in terms off types of Karajan's,
20:24 other words, the quality of the , with respect to being able to
20:29 oil and gas. And, of , we can see down here an
20:35 night. What do you think is ? This is primarily going to turn
20:42 inert gas is, But what kind hydrocarbon deposit is gonna have a lot
20:48 this low quality coal? Right. what about this? What would this
20:54 have? Mostly Yeah, Yeah, guys the veteran. It's gonna be
21:07 gas, but you'll also probably get grades of cold between here,
21:13 And what about, um, what , uh, type two? Let's
21:24 . Yeah. Okay. The type . Okay, Type two is,
21:32 , often, uh, what we in the marine setting, and you
21:39 spores and pollen because they blow from and they fly around the world,
21:46 some of them, and end up the ocean. And then you have
21:49 things that produce these, uh, shells around there. There's cellular structure
22:00 can be turned into these this x . And, uh, of
22:04 when it matures, it turns into and then gas. And then the
22:11 one is and, uh, these mostly amorphous, unstructured out.
22:19 masses. These out, Oh, are like Dina flatulence and things like
22:25 that have a lot of structure to outer membrane. And of course,
22:32 is these air higher higher plants. not Dina, fragile. It's or
22:38 . But these air thes air like type type things here, and,
22:43 , you're going to see a call out of that. But you'll see
22:47 gas, and, uh, and you'll get oil and gas. And
22:53 it comes to lift tonight, it is it's it is so oil
23:00 that usually when you get to this right here, there's not much left
23:03 turn into gas. But what's left And, uh, this lip rich
23:10 is like battery caucus brown I and allergies that a run have unstructured,
23:16 membranes, and and they they're almost little blobs of oil. And literally
23:25 actually have lipid. Globular is in and, uh, another. Um
23:31 oily, even when there, even they're alive, much less going through
23:37 Genesis. But when they go to Genesis, a lot of the membranes
23:42 , the material that's in there turns oil. And you actually, uh
23:48 , look at slides and see, , some of them turning into to
23:52 liquid form and then, uh, ex signs for Dina flag. Let's
23:58 here. You can actually see Dinah . Let's that get buried in the
24:03 record. When they get in the window, you can actually see these
24:07 of filaments to come off of them this. Like little corkscrews come right
24:13 the X signs and it Z it's being expelled from its been matured,
24:18 it's turning, turning into oil. they're called patrol IQ filaments. And
24:23 course, they'll break down. Even . They get cooked, But right
24:27 you get near this this boundary you can actually see these things that
24:31 you exactly where oil is coming In spite of the fact that lay
24:37 quite often, uh, I think there's still confusion about the source of
24:42 Obviously, this shows that we understand a lot of ways where all these
24:49 air coming from and what what seems be missing on this chart? From
24:55 you hear about, um, what oil in, um and say material
25:06 shared with the public? What, kinds of things have you heard about
25:12 source of oil and gas in terms ? What type of type of creatures
25:18 the source of oil and gas? the classic. You know it's coming
25:25 of the mantle or there's it's a . Produced, uh, I
25:30 Forget what the process is, but heard that take on it.
25:33 well, that's a That's a um, that's a far stretch one
25:37 a guy actually drilled a well to that. And it's like almost anything
25:42 . Um, you could go to Island and probably find gold in the
25:46 , but you're not gonna find a of it, and, uh,
25:51 the same is true when you when get into lot of igneous rocks,
25:55 course, organic material is going to out of it, but it's going
25:58 be very diluted in those rocks uh, you know, if you
26:03 that it's important enough that a lake this super rich source rock versus a
26:11 shelf because lakes, even the big , are smaller than a shelf,
26:18 , in the the size of the source. Rich beds, uh,
26:24 eyes gonna be smaller in a lake , then here, you think about
26:29 need for that toe happen in a system. Just imagine if you think
26:33 the whole globe where all that organic has come from. In other
26:37 there's no concentrator of, of all organic material. And what concentrates that
26:44 material is our living things. But I was trying to ask is but
26:49 most of these living things how would broadly classify these living things?
27:01 Yeah, well, of course they're . And, of course, they're
27:04 living things, but once living But, um, what type of
27:12 living things are they algae and Okay, so, in a broad
27:20 , how would we classify them? bacteria. Okay. The micro bacteria
27:28 becomes ah, little problematic with what trying to point out. But in
27:33 , plants and bacteria, uh, basically what makes up a huge amount
27:40 that source rock. Um, quite , uh, when you see things
27:47 in the newspaper or, uh, know, even even some science books
27:54 read for high school and whatnot will you that it comes from,
27:59 dead plants and animals. And so missing here? What's missing in this
28:10 ? Exactly. Now it's not And it's probably likely, uh,
28:18 the reptiles, uh, as they're will turn into oil. But in
28:24 of the vast sum and the concentrated of organic material, for the most
28:32 , are going to come from, , all of these small things,
28:36 sports pollen on. Of course, spores air coming from fungi. And
28:42 you've got this, Uh ah. know, these algae here, which
28:48 used to call plants, which in cases, not all of them,
28:52 many of them we now call, , some form of micro bacteria.
28:59 , you know, there there is class of bacteria that's very different from
29:03 . And, uh, by and , it's all coming from plant like
29:09 , and not and not from animal things. Okay. And I think
29:14 important to remember. Ah, uh when someone mentions to you that
29:21 know, we don't know exactly where comes from, This shows you that
29:25 only do we know where it comes , but we know that it creates
29:29 these Karajan's of different types and qualities they come from very specific things.
29:37 this is plant. This is This is plant parts and some
29:42 And this is our bacteria. This a lot of micro bacteria on a
29:47 of the other things that they're they're small. You can even get,
29:55 , Dia Tom's actually, in some , in lakes and also in the
29:58 environment, particularly in cooler waters, create an awful lot of of
30:06 Okay. And then, of when it gets cooked enough, it
30:11 starts to crack and meta genesis down gas. Okay, so here's the
30:17 window, and this is a question like to ask students, and you
30:21 all know this, but I'm having seeing the top of my slide because
30:30 got stuff to just pop down in of it. But here we can
30:35 , uh, the bitter night reflect over here. And, of
30:43 here's one, and that's often Ah, somewhere around the oil window
30:51 on what company looks at it and areas they're working in. But
30:55 you can see we start getting oil somewhere around 0.5 Bitter night reflections somewhere
31:03 3000 ft. And and also, , we go into the guests window
31:13 we get down around 9000 ft. , this has a lot to
31:19 The preponderance of the type of it , um, carriage in that we
31:25 it's going to change where this oil actually is. And so that's one
31:31 that can happen, uh, back the late sixties through the seventies and
31:37 the late seventies and early eighties. the most part, um, every
31:43 oil company and there are a lot than than there are now came up
31:46 their own scale. For veteran it INTs. They came up with the
31:51 things that were color scales and in sorts of things, in terms
31:57 uh, a lot of the things make carriage in will be,
32:04 we'll go from sort of a beige a yellow to a light brown to
32:09 dark brown and then down here to black. And then there's other things
32:13 Kona dance that really have a dull to a sharp black in this
32:20 So they're really good for down And so that kind of helps
32:25 And then here is here's for a 21% toc. He increased the TOC
32:32 you change the type. Uh your little oil generation diagram is gonna
32:40 thio ratchet over a little bit different what these different numbers they're gonna
32:46 But here is This is talking about and you can see here that the
32:52 oil in this type two is right 3.5 kilometers and 3.5 kilometers would be
33:01 around. I'm guessing somewhere around So depending on the carriage in
33:09 uh, that oil window could shift mount. The volumes that you're expecting
33:13 produce could shift also. In other , here's a lot of oil coming
33:18 . Here's a lot of gas. start out with lots of biogenic
33:21 This comes out during Dia Genesis and thes things. A zit goes deeper
33:27 deeper, then the carriage and start generate. Ah, guess. And
33:33 they get cooked more. They go Cata Genesis and they cook more and
33:38 . And then they start going into Genesis somewhere around here. And you
33:43 less and less oil and more and , uh, gas coming out of
33:49 . Okay, so that's geochemistry. you have a whole course for those
33:53 haven't had it. You will get . Those of you that had it
33:57 you know, this and even more than I just explained it. But
34:00 think it's important as geologists, and reason I bring it up is that
34:05 of burial is very important. temperature is, of course, really
34:12 . So heat flow influences and things that. The change in a particular
34:18 could be critical. Eso these depths temperatures may not always match up.
34:24 , of course, the veteran it INTs, uh, does show and
34:30 the result of whatever the temperature and depth is, But the temperature is
34:35 probably the biggest thing. Also, time that there are certain depths is
34:40 too because if a basin is popping and down, you have to take
34:45 into consideration because of it popped up a little while and dropped back
34:50 It was not cooking as hot as as it would if it was just
34:55 steady subsidence curve or geo sub silence that you might might have put into
35:02 . If you're looking at mhm based modeling, which Jolanta and Dr Van
35:09 goes through to, I think a of you have had her course.
35:16 , so anyway, another aspect of that we use our bios photography.
35:22 of course, critical for correlation. , it's a very useful in understanding
35:28 age of the rocks. Understanding the of the rocks can help you understand
35:33 there's been, um, se de hiatus here it some point in
35:39 In other words, things didn't sink , but they sank. And then
35:43 was some erosion, and that meant exposed to the surface, and then
35:47 sank again. Ah, lot of like that can happen, and knowing
35:52 geological history in terms of actual timing critical in that sense. Also,
35:58 can help you understand where the sediments coming from. So the age of
36:02 rocks sometimes could be correlated with the systems, um, from mountain ranges
36:11 tectonic events and also in addition to photography. But I don't listed
36:16 but we also now are looking at , the tribal sentiments that that actually
36:28 have indications of the Age of the and very, very broad senses.
36:34 you may not be able to find it. But you can get a
36:36 sense of, say, with the that air sitting out underneath the salt
36:43 the deep water of the Gulf of . What mountain range did they probably
36:47 from? Based on timing of uplift that sort of thing? Eso It's
36:54 of the reasons why you need Thio the age of the rocks. And
36:59 , of course, environmental deposition We've it was very helpful in kind of
37:05 a context for what faces you're looking , knowing that many sedimentary structures and
37:10 indicators of deposition all faces can be in very different settings. Okay.
37:19 , uh, most of the bio data is gonna be, um,
37:25 or less. What we call Top . It's going to be based on
37:29 highest appearance of a fossil when academicians on outcrop. But Fossil first appears
37:38 first appearance. Tatum, that's that's thing they like to focus everything
37:43 And then they don't worry about the so much because they know,
37:48 something to go extinct sooner in one . Then it would and the
37:52 But of course we know this when do top, but we're working in
37:57 top based system. We have to it because most of the samples that
38:01 paleontologist would look at he has to with the tops because because the
38:09 the drilling fluids, come down the , just they cutting up the rocks
38:15 the might system brings the the cuttings on the cuttings come across the
38:21 the screen lets the mud go through and then you collect samples on the
38:27 to analyze. Now, in a a offshore system, you don't just
38:34 holding tanks. You have these filtering because they can't keep creating a big
38:40 tank full of lots of mud. have thio and, of course,
38:42 even onshore They're trying to clean it , too, because it costs a
38:45 of money to keep making mud. offshore you you're limited on how much
38:50 you can have. And the one I worked on happened because of work
38:53 ran out of mud and they had blowout. So anyway, it becomes
38:58 . And so somewhere in this they'll have these, uh, hydro
39:02 . They call them that filter out out of the mud that's greater than
39:10 size. So when you're looking at that air silt sized, uh,
39:17 know that even though you're getting caving down here Ah, lot of times
39:22 pretty close to being institute, but could get mixing as it's coming up
39:25 all sorts of things. So you to worry about that, and you
39:28 to worry about new stuff falling down the hole. So to make that
39:32 story short, everything is kind of on tops. And, for
39:39 when we look at these tops right , this isn't This is the last
39:45 datum and not the first appearance Normally, uh, a paleontologist would
39:52 look at, say, where did disco. Ask her tamales first,
39:58 appear somewhere down here in the column , they would want to be using
40:02 number. Thio figure out they're zones that sort of thing more often than
40:08 than they would for the top. in the oil industry, we have
40:11 be top driven. And as it out, if you're working in a
40:15 , it works pretty good in the . But what I find in terms
40:19 tops saying the Gulf of Mexico is to be very different in some cases
40:25 I go to, say Europe, that's more true for things that live
40:31 the bottom, then planted things like to these air benthic dwellers in the
40:37 dwellers. Ah, now some of might not even live on opposite sides
40:42 the ocean at a given time that might be penetrating the rock floors,
40:46 the rock units of these age. , uh, yeah, Ben thinks
40:55 are are more regional in nature. , since a lot of the plankton
41:03 across wide swaths of the ocean, extinction events quite often in the homogeneity
41:10 oceans. Quite often, uh, these a little bit more useful when
41:15 looking at just the tops. Having that, uh, there are some
41:20 ocean, uh, cutoffs as plate progresses. And there are things for
41:28 , uh, that go extinct in Jurassic saying the North sea. But
41:32 don't go extinct until the lower Cretaceous Australia. And that's just because they
41:39 isolated basins and some of the isolated things will. Environmental conditions are such
41:47 they go extinct and new species and appear, whereas the other ones they
41:53 had this disruption and their population manages stay alive longer in that area.
41:59 with a lot of work like this around the world, they're able to
42:04 of figure out what the regional and broad worldwide scales of these things
42:09 And of course, the localized one working in the Gulf of Mexico,
42:13 is where this is from the northern of Mexico. Thes things were pretty
42:17 in most of rocks that we So it works out okay, But
42:22 do have Thio take into consideration that normally I would draw a picture
42:28 but maybe I could draw something Why there Brown here? See if I'll
42:48 to Gracie what that does. Say I'm drilling through this and I
43:14 a fossil here. We'll call it disco Astor. Look a little bit
43:26 a star. And then here we have another fossil. And here we
43:33 have another fossil. And here we have even yet another one. If
43:43 drilling here, these will be the appearance, the last appearance. Tatum's
43:48 the first down, whole occurrence. as I'm drilling the well, I
43:52 see this. And anything in this could cave down in the hole and
43:58 to some extent. And, uh then if I drill into here,
44:03 down to this point. If I opened, a whole stuff will be
44:07 down from here. Stuff will be down from there. I drill down
44:11 hear stuff will be falling down into hole down to this whole. So
44:16 I get down to here, I get all four of those things in
44:19 sample. But it would have to something older than this. Like maybe
44:25 fifth fossil down here. Okay, looks something like that? Uh
44:33 Okay, So, uh, so have. But if we drill the
44:39 and we see this last appearance which is the first down whole occurrence
44:44 its top, then we know it's age. We won't see this fossil
44:50 we drill down to there. So we hit its top, then we'll
44:54 we're in rocks that old. And as we drill down here, we'll
44:57 when rocks that old. But I may be getting all of these
45:00 the sample, but I've already seen top of it. I've seen the
45:04 of this. Now, when I the top of this, I'll know
45:06 it's probably that age. And when see the top, I'll know it's
45:09 age and so on and so And that's why list of what we
45:13 is top driven. And so these events are definitely top driven. And
45:18 an actual operating shale shaker, in the Caspian Sea and you can
45:26 the mud's leaking through here and a will come here. They have it
45:31 , time. And sometimes they actually tracers and certain slugs of things in
45:36 make sure their timings, right. can tell you from working with mythologies
45:42 , uh, and even fossil Ah, from cutting samples. It's
45:48 lot better than you would expect. possibly could be. The only thing
45:51 happens is if your sample cats or cigarettes. Sometimes they'll take a break
45:57 they'll filling two bags at one Because they were lighting the cigarette
46:03 they had to skip a bag and You may get a section that's a
46:07 a few feet thicker, depending on sampling interval. You can't do it
46:11 close or you're not really seeing that distinction in it. And it's very
46:17 to to bag every foot as you imagine, because as time goes
46:22 this stuff is getting younger and and they'll have several of these running
46:27 . You have a sample catcher right as it falls out of the
46:30 , and he grabs that sample and a lot of it away. And
46:34 then when this mud goes through, mud gets further filtered in an offshore
46:39 like this happened to me. And is the after on Ridge in the
46:45 , in the Caspian Sea, and don't know, it's probably getting too
46:58 . But there was a James Bond on these things. Uh, it's
47:02 getting sold that maybe none of you ever seen it. But there was
47:05 James Bond movie where there was a of action out here. But they
47:10 on Ridge, it is very It's hundreds of miles long, and
47:15 have a causeway that goes all the across it. And they have.
47:19 see here had some kind of pipeline gone over here to this one.
47:24 very shallow here. When you go this direction, it gets to 1200
47:30 deep. You go in this direction could get, I think, up
47:34 about for 500 ft deep, and wells that I were drilling in where
47:39 of the after on Ridge. So were on this side, and some
47:45 the wells have been drilling recently. out here in the deep water where
47:49 have a lot of ah, mud where fine grained lake sediments are being
47:56 by coarse grain like sentiments, and pushing, pushing down on the sediment
48:00 of course, Uh, it pushes mud in one spot, the less
48:05 mud folks back up in another and it brings it brings strata of
48:11 sorts of ages up. And I've worked on Wells, uh, in
48:16 , and they can even people can sort out the difference between the caving
48:22 the re working at the same which is a nightmare. But there
48:25 people that can actually do that. , So here's the aperture on Ridge
48:33 , you know, you notice that know what? These things are right
48:37 . These structures here and you can a row of them there. And
48:42 a rogue on that way, every of those is an oil derrick.
48:46 every time they drilled a well, made a new day. They had
48:48 new Derek sitting there. Uh, were They weren't, actually, you
48:54 , side tracking and drilling. Ah, you know, have a
49:00 here, drill it, and then somewhere else. They kind of had
49:03 move around. And they had the at each one of these,
49:10 different rigs and and they also the come out of here from the producing
49:19 each well rather than having a production . When they first did this on
49:26 mingling anything, each one of these had a separate pipeline of the
49:30 I mean to the coast. uh and here you can see this
49:35 maybe more, some sort of electrical that Z not operable anymore. I'm
49:40 quite sure what that was, but had limited production facilities. A lot
49:45 times, the flow was coming straight of the well and straight to the
49:48 . And when you fly over this helicopter, which I just did which
49:52 me, what this picture is, can't really see it here. But
49:57 pipeline that would come out of here to the shore is leaking today.
50:03 a small leak, but it's and at some point in time,
50:07 was probably leaking a lot. A of those wells air are pretty much
50:11 him, but you can see it clearly from the air in a
50:15 So in spite of the fact uh, now that it's not the
50:19 Union, they've they've embraced a lot environmental regulation, and they're trying to
50:25 up the Caspian Sea, which is a good thing. They still have
50:30 lot of legacy. Ah, structures whatnot that are going to be
50:36 And hopefully, since they're shut in small amount of oil, but still
50:39 oil, so they are cleaning that . Okay. And, um,
50:45 is just ah, diagram. that shows you in terms of things
50:50 live on the bottom that are affected the bottom. They're not affected by
50:56 depth. And but they are because is not what controls the occurrence of
51:03 things. But you can imagine, , the temperature and Sliney Variations air
51:09 here. Then there would be over . This is going to be pretty
51:15 constant solidity and and pretty much constant at these depths. It's going to
51:22 , of course, warmer this way cooler this way. And of
51:24 climate change is affecting that. But general, without climate change and other
51:30 , uh, the slutty and temperatures more static here. They're more variable
51:37 here, and somewhere in between it gets pretty good. And another
51:42 is, food resource is air. ? Mm hmm. Well developed
51:47 They start to fall off as you down here in terms of what's available
51:52 something that lives on the bottom. it's a lot of these other environmental
51:57 , not what air pressure, but the things that are going on in
52:02 of variability, of temperature and variability of food resource is and that
52:09 of thing that actually have an impact what types of benthic fossils can
52:14 These water depths. So this is one scheme for the Gulf of
52:19 I'm just showing you that when when paleontologist looks at, uh, the
52:26 that they see, they can actually out, you know, whether it's
52:29 a heretic, out or heretic, , middle heretic here, out of
52:33 upper bath, you'll bath you'll and down lower bath, you'll and then
52:37 we get to a missile. So bath feels slope. The shelf is
52:44 neurotic, and in this classification, usually organic productivity is very high here
52:55 you go over this thing. But shelf in China, the South China
53:03 is actually goes to about 1000 ft it starts to go down into a
53:11 , and, uh, and consequently food resource is all the way across
53:17 off, even to this deeper neurotic shop that they have in the
53:23 China Sea. You have really high there too, so things like that
53:27 be a little bit different. But a standard reference around the world,
53:31 geologists well either use. This is 200 m or 600 ft. And
53:37 course, 200 m is close to to 6 60 or something like
53:41 And and so depending on whether you a foot scale or a metric
53:45 it's usually around. This, 600 ft or 200 m is usually
53:50 people uses as the typical break, it's not always the same. But
53:54 , if you see fossils down it puts you in the context of
53:59 interpret i'ts. You have to see up in here I might have all
54:04 in here. I might have wave type structures, and then when we
54:09 up here, you're going to see title stuff going on when we get
54:14 in here. So it's just in general sense, it's useful that way
54:19 the specific sense, it could be useful. Just knowing in a sequence
54:24 you're going in this direction or you're in that direction when you're coming up
54:29 well and going down a Well, other words, what is the,
54:35 if it's transgressive, you're going to the formations coming up a section get
54:44 . And if it's re aggressive sentiments out on it, you're going to
54:49 getting shallower as you come up Okay? And just to show you
54:55 about scale and a lot of people , I don't think even Janek,
55:01 , realizes how fine tune the scale on Bio Strat these days. But
55:08 always when I've seen him lecture, always mentions that bio stretch important.
55:14 But you know, he does mostly this draft and here you can
55:18 um, this is a time Half a million years all the way
55:22 6.5, looking at some reservoirs that early plans seen late Miocene kind of
55:32 here and some of them there up here, because here's late Miocene
55:39 Play a scene. If I said wrong, I'm sorry I'm going to
55:42 it backwards. But something in here where they're looking for reservoirs. What
55:47 is showing you with really high resolution a strike data is that there's ah
55:52 positional episode and then a break. deposition for a long period of
55:57 This could be a condensed interval or fault for non deposition and erosion.
56:04 anything that would create a deposition But then here's another spirit of sediment
56:09 then we go up here. There's , Uh, nothing was deposited
56:13 But then there's another Spertus sentiment the reason why it's important to be
56:17 to break things down in a wheeler like this. It's because in the
56:21 record, all of these are in with each other. This rock is
56:25 on top of that rock that rocks on top of that right? So
56:29 you see this long section, you well, you know, maybe it's
56:32 through time because I have times I have a time there. I
56:35 a time there time there, and have time there, so it must
56:38 continuous because I'm seeing stuff for of these stages But what you don't realize
56:42 that their smaller breaks that air defining episodes and sequence boundaries or other types
56:51 things that could mimic a sequence boundary a normal fault. And,
56:56 so this is really important and, know, kind of think about sequence
57:04 , having an impact on things all way across the basin like this.
57:07 all of them should have deposition here the same time. And all of
57:11 should have deposition, say, here the same time that they don't.
57:17 why do you think that might be for these four wells that I can't
57:20 in the Gulf of Mexico? I guess. Have any of you
57:34 offshore? Okay. Nobody's responding. , Offshore Gulf of Mexico. There's
57:42 these features called many basins and you salt pushing up structurally, and you
57:48 have salt withdrawal, which is causing . And so you get these little
57:55 between assault, uh, diapers and and other types of things that pop
58:03 . And, uh uh, this to be the Gulf of Mexico.
58:07 see something similar offshore Brazil, for , and in some places,
58:14 West Africa, but the But the why it seems so erratic is because
58:22 may, you may have, something filling the mini basin here A
58:29 this period of time. And that of the source of sediment spilled over
58:34 little bit over here on, then there's, ah, hiatus and
58:38 And then all of a sudden, start getting an input from over here
58:41 over there. Um, here's another , good example, I guess,
58:47 , from here to say, you , there's something here and then there's
58:52 there. So you you're filling this . You might be feeling a little
58:55 of the basin in here, but of it's being captured here. But
58:59 that's filled, and nothing can be there for a while. It rolls
59:04 into this many bases and starts filling one up, which also was getting
59:09 lot in the beginning, which dumped that one. But this one starts
59:14 lose the excessive supply, and that gets cut off. So you get
59:19 really complicated story of how this Now. If you're looking at broad
59:24 time again, you know, someone say, Well, I had the
59:29 in here. I had the glazing here. I had the ah,
59:34 , Tinian and the Franklin, Ian Abyssinian, uh, coming in
59:40 I have a complete section, but fact you don't. You have discreet
59:44 positional episodes in height and pauses and a deposition all episode and a
59:50 And this looks a little bit chaotic you have not only do you have
59:55 , uh, that can pro If this is near the shore and
59:58 farther offshore, they can program like , which will cost something like
60:05 You can also have up and down down here while it's going up
60:10 You can have both of these down we drilled into two different many
60:14 But the timing of Phil and spill a down many basing is going to
60:19 you different timings of accumulation and de episodes, which, by the
60:24 may have nothing to do with sea first. Okay, and that's the
60:33 of that. And so a lot this stuff that I'm showing you is
60:37 just examples of things that we can to learn mawr about our geological
61:02 And even though it took me a to get you guys back online,
61:07 been an hour. You guys want take another break? 10 minute
61:12 Let's go ahead and take another 10 break. And that way I could
61:15 this also. Wow. Okay. , Now we're gonna look at the
62:33 batch of tools and some of these air prettier, but I'm going to
62:43 kind of going through them relatively Just so people understand a lot of
62:48 that we talk about while we're going the value chain, which is coming
62:52 in the second half of the Some of you, of course,
62:58 had several of geophysics courses already, some of you are geophysicists. But
63:05 just want to go through as petroleum . Uh, we integrate almost all
63:12 our data with seismic now, and lot of what's done with gravity and
63:18 often times in the past has been do with large scale, um,
63:26 of, you know, do I a big sentimentally wedge or not?
63:29 lot of that's been figured out in world, but like everything else,
63:34 resolution and gravity and magnetic analysis is better, and they can look at
63:40 in a lot closer detail. And won't get Thio the latest and greatest
63:45 they're doing. As it turns you know, a lot of companies
63:49 are trying to save money stop using lot of these tools just because they're
63:57 doing so much frontier expiration. And only problem with that is it
64:02 The ability of people who have focused frontier from showing how their tools work
64:08 in things is is fine detail uh, development and production. And
64:16 there's things like that. And, course, sometimes gravity Magnetics has already
64:21 a lot in Prospect generation, particularly it comes Thio controlled source electro Magnetics
64:30 helping figuring out the extent of salt . That may be hard to image
64:36 with seismic, although size mix getting at that. But there's all you
64:41 . There's always, uh, advantage having multiple tools to help you resolve
64:45 that could be sometimes ambiguous. and that's kind of what I'm going
64:50 . A lot of these just to you know that one tool doesn't
64:55 Remember, there's a lot of tools the toolkit, and you can pull
64:58 a different tool. You try to up something that doesn't seem so
65:03 Well, in the seismic method, , the Geophysical know this, but
65:09 33 major steps. And of the first is acquisition and acquisition can
65:22 sort of like grunt work and that have thio go out there and and
65:26 it in the field and put geophones and have trucks or ships or
65:34 picking it up with a ship you you have off shore. You have
65:39 big ships that have Stringer's of geophones a source, so you kind of
65:44 everything combined in one spot, and from a distance, it kind of
65:51 like a really simple process. But acquisition is not simple at all,
65:57 all sorts of things can go And you can imagine when you're on
66:01 boat at sea and the platform that's figure out in great detail the rival
66:11 of source, the source that you out and bounced off of something that's
66:17 ft below the surface. Uh, find it almost miraculous that we can
66:23 have anything that resembles a seismic much less some of these really well
66:29 things that we're seeing now in three , and especially with multi as Mitchell
66:34 complete as Mitchell, type three d , surveys and and, of
66:40 onshore. It's not. It's not , you know, when you
66:46 um, something on the surface and can't explain this, But people who
66:53 it have told me that when wind gets high, it messes things
66:57 Ah, on the surface. And another thing I never thought about
67:05 But it's true, Uh, is just power lines with the magnetic field
67:11 comes out of them, usually somewhere 60 hertz, I've been told,
67:18 , you're going to see some noise from that trump power lines there that
67:22 nearby. But of course, that's easy one to filter out because you
67:25 exactly what it iss. But there be a lot of there could be
67:30 lot of complications if the earth was flat and nobody lived on it.
67:36 when people live on it and own on it, it gets really,
67:41 complicated from a political standpoint. We a non onshore survey downtown.
67:51 I got Dawson. Dawson Geophysical offered do two lines to two D lines
67:58 us, free of charge. we had about 50 vehicles out there
68:06 people laying the the geophones there of course, I guess they call
68:13 remote geophones because it communicates with the master control truck with with radio ways
68:21 WiFi And then also, But you , you're doing it downtown. We
68:28 a line on old Spanish Trail, we also did a line on,
68:34 , going kind of up spur five a cross onto Cullen Boulevard and then
68:45 up one of the roads. I exactly which one it was because from
68:51 Boulevard, straight up into we did little bit of a dog leg.
68:55 we almost got straight into the the R. Brown Convention Center. So
69:03 have even have pictures of that. we had four, uh, enviro
69:09 trucks. So their small size trucks we had four of them. It
69:13 out one of them wasn't generating any . Any source energy because it was
69:19 transmission issues. First, we first started out, they couldn't move
69:23 Then they got it to move. it wasn't sending any power to the
69:29 even though it looked like it. it wasn't enough. Thio really be
69:34 up in the signal. So we some of the penetration depth that we
69:39 have gotten with four rip for sources than three anyway, uh, acquisition
69:48 real simple. It seems like dirty . But it takes a lot of
69:52 careful planning, both in where you put equipment. And, of
69:58 when you can't do straight lines, makes the geometry of everything in your
70:05 shift a little bit and all that be corrected. But it just makes
70:08 processing part even harder. And of , processing is the next step.
70:15 this is just, ah, shown simple survey with a typical really early
70:21 to d design. This might be that a university was doing or could
70:26 to do back in the eighties. , when, uh, the oil
70:32 was doing a lot more than this they were doing their two D
70:36 But basically, uh, you you have a source to keep,
70:42 , paying it. And of uh, there's a lot about wave
70:46 rate theory which the geophysicists will but, you know, you get
70:50 energy pulse that hit's here on bounces to that one, it bounces up
70:55 that one, and in fact, bounces toe all of them. You
70:58 , you shoot this down and all these receivers will pick it up.
71:03 receiver is near low offset, and is the highest offset. So sometimes
71:09 try to get thes way off This one happens to have a radar
71:14 for toe warn ships that are in area so they don't run over your
71:20 . Sometimes that works, and sometimes doesn't. And and you have these
71:27 going out here, and it's basically they look at these travel times to
71:33 out how deep these different layers And of course, you have trace
71:38 every one of the receivers. So put it all together to get something
71:42 looks pretty decent, and so it's . We're not quite instantaneously, but
71:49 every shot, you're going to get return, and of course, you're
71:53 have multiple shots eso you have return every one of these at every shot
71:59 something goes wrong, which can Okay, here is, um,
72:06 showing you a, uh, three ? It's kind of like in two
72:14 , but kind of kind of dio way. And then you go this
72:19 and then you go that way. of course, when you're pulling
72:22 it's easy to figure out what the line direction is gonna be when you
72:27 things out on the ground. If really geometric geometric, I guess you
72:30 to decide which way is cross But you'll have. You'll have different
72:36 , but you'll have a lot of down. So this would be,
72:42 , uh, sort of something That be, uh, simple three
72:48 because you're because when you shoot, going to get returns to all the
72:52 and all these strings, and they're . So you're actually looking at a
72:57 and you'll do a volume here, then you turn around, you do
73:01 volume there and you come around and do a bonnet there. And but
73:06 you do something where you come around different angles, and do it.
73:11 going to get a better look at . Uh, when you do it
73:14 shore, uh, you have to move the sources around and you can
73:19 up with something similar to that. another thing that's critical Is this a
73:29 way versus s way? And of , you know s waves can't go
73:35 the water. So you send out compression all wave and that compression all
73:41 comes down and hits the things. , uh, maybe there's a little
73:45 of a refraction here, and not is going on, but But even
73:49 it refracts you can get Once it that surface, you can get it
73:53 shear wave forming. And of here is showing you a P wave
73:59 down, Thio produce a shear and here's a P wave going like
74:04 . What happens, though, is rate comes down, it's gonna have
74:09 , uh, converted waves so you have a sheer and a and A
74:13 way from that same signal. And that same shot, you could get
74:18 here and here. So you're getting wave at the same time. If
74:23 have receivers on the bottom. If have an array like this, it's
74:30 can't get. You can get the of, ah shear wave coming through
74:35 water column because because shear waves don't anything in the water. Um,
74:41 I teach this, uh, something this in freshman geology, tell students
74:47 you've ever been in a swimming pool somebody's slap the water directly over your
74:53 ? You can kind of feel especially even if they don't hit your
74:57 , just they hit the water. can feel that compression. But if
75:01 sits above you and they're going like , wiggling in their hand in creating
75:05 waves, there's no chance that you're gonna feel anything in terms of that
75:11 they actually are hitting your head. that's the simplest example I can think
75:16 of explaining to people, you sure, waves really do not move
75:21 well in liquids. Okay. And in this sense, you get
75:28 uh, you get both the waves that's a good thing, because because
75:34 response of shear wave image ing and wave imaging is that you get another
75:40 source and that other energy source is affected by fluids. So the P
75:46 affected by fluid. But excuse the P wave is not affected by
75:50 , but the sheer wave is affected fluid, so you're going to get
75:55 different response. And but you're getting good concrete between rock and directly to
76:04 G A phone instead of having to through a column of water also.
76:10 , um, so one of the important things, Um, and depending
76:18 what kind of data you can get hold of. You can use sonic
76:22 to look at the loss of intervals one of the most important issues with
76:29 is that we can always guess what density of this is. And if
76:33 more dance, it's going to travel . It's less dense. It's gonna
76:39 slower, more dense. It gets . And so the interval velocity become
76:44 important because the time it takes to from here and bounce and go to
76:50 is what you're using to figure out deep this layer is and if they
76:55 it, how deep that layer was how deep that layer was. But
76:59 the velocity is not constant all the down. Ah, simple time and
77:06 is not gonna work out. You to have Velocity is changing in
77:11 uh, to really get a really image that's well situated in terms of
77:18 deep that reflector that you might collect time is in depth. And,
77:24 so you're collecting the data in time reach a point and returned from that
77:32 , It's called the two way travel . In this case, it would
77:35 from here, down there to And so there's a geometry related to
77:41 . But if in here you put different densities of rocks, just say
77:45 one's a low density, you're gonna it. Speed up here is going
77:48 slow down there and speed up So this layer right here relative to
77:54 layer right there because you're going through slower thing, it's gonna look like
77:59 boundary right here is deeper. Thanet is. Where is this one?
78:04 it's calibrated just right, and you've gone through one layer on you.
78:08 a signal back on that you might a really nice depth travel time relationship
78:15 any effort. But if you had velocity, a model for the whole
78:22 and he just pounced it off this thing and came back up, you're
78:27 you're gonna find this layer. If is lower density with the same velocity
78:32 is gonna put this deeper because it it longer to get back. Since
78:35 took longer to get back your you're going toe tell you it's deeper
78:39 it would have been. And the goes for every one of the ah
78:44 underneath that low density layer. so using sonic locks can help you
78:52 what's going on and come up with good average interval velocity, especially looking
78:59 layered formations that you can kind of down different intervals. And sometimes the
79:05 type can change, but the velocity change. A lot of what happens
79:11 is the deeper you go, the they get because there's more compaction and
79:16 lot of the reflectors that we do relate thio, compaction and de
79:21 A smudge is they do to rock because a shale in a sandstone buried
79:30 the same depth are gonna have uh, similar amounts of Dia Genesis
79:38 on in terms of compaction and the . And and that's what's gonna make
79:45 tighter and ring mawr thing just gone sand to shale because I start the
79:51 you get that water out of both those masses of rock, uh,
79:58 more the velocity is going Thio reflect to the the composition of the rocks
80:05 not the grain size of the Okay, check shots. Um,
80:13 another thing that you do when you , uh, drop a source down
80:23 a well board and check and see long it takes there. Or you
80:27 drop a G a phone in there have something at the surface and figure
80:32 how long it takes for to get a certain point. In other
80:37 might do a check shot at 1000 check shot at 2000 ft in the
80:42 shot at 4000 ft. And and you move your GF phone down the
80:50 and just get these shots and then interplay between them. And of
80:55 this could be relatively precise. This sort of a new interpret interpolation
81:02 but it works really well. If you can actually get check shots are
81:07 pretty darn good in terms of developing velocity model of. And I've even
81:13 in areas where you have this uh, low velocity interval in the
81:18 of things that shouldn't have any change velocity. It's really amazing how well
81:22 works on correcting the seismic and VSP . Uh, it's another way.
81:29 seismic profile. You can get it kind of like a chop check
81:37 but you have, instead of one part, you have multiple moving
81:43 and you can also create seismic profiles from the well born. It makes
81:52 really easy to tie a wealth to seismic line. And how many of
81:59 have taken borehole geophysics? Anybody? think our geophysicist. Somebody said
82:11 Joseph, use it in practice, I've never taken a course on.
82:16 , Well, um yeah, the , uh, in there, their
82:22 will get a course in borehole and you'll learn a whole lot about
82:26 . But basically, um, here's , check shot. And you're just
82:32 this thing down in the well and guessing somebody's tried it with putting a
82:39 down a well, But you don't to do that. It it would
82:42 more complicated. And this is a way to do it. Just dropped
82:46 G A phone and you have the shot time it takes to go from
82:52 . It's gonna be you're going to up with a A length or depth
82:59 time. And if you took one , you would have a short of
83:03 , of course, but the interval might end up being less or more
83:07 it is all the way for here you have multiple layers of different densities
83:12 here in different velocities, and then you go farther down, you have
83:17 one. So you have checkpoints along and you kind of figure out
83:20 it takes this amount of time to through all of those layers.
83:24 let me just start from here all these layers and then takes less
83:29 But maybe the interval velocity between here here is different from here to
83:35 You kind of figure that out and bring another checks shot up here.
83:39 , you have a time to get hear time to get to their
83:42 to get to their time to get there. And you can interpret late
83:45 between all those check shots and that you calibrate your velocity model. There's
83:54 , I don't do this myself. I do know because I was trying
84:00 help him build a database of a nature. But there was a company
84:04 did nothing but cell, a check data, a lot of check shot
84:10 , and, uh and I know did pretty well. So a lot
84:14 people in these onshore areas still find old check shot data very useful in
84:21 them develop their velocity models. Of , the more wells you have in
84:24 area, the better you can refine and decide what might be bad data
84:28 what might be better data. And here, a V S p
84:35 a little different in that, um , you're moving things around here.
84:41 can see you're not only trying to this value, but you're also trying
84:50 get these values to reflecting values. you're looking at reflected waves and direct
84:56 and uh, because of that, actually doing the same thing as what
85:01 seismic line does. And this gives Ah, velocity interval for the average
85:06 this. Of course, if you a big Sam thing in here with
85:10 and it might change that versus something coming down this way and going up
85:16 that So it's ah, geometrically. more complicated, but geometrically it's more
85:22 than coming up with with a seismic alongside of this wellbore. And of
85:27 , what you see this way is kind of what you see in the
85:30 direction. But you can do You can do it both different
85:36 And here, uh, there are are situations where they leave this this
85:46 one spot they moved the sources. course, this has just shown the
85:49 waves, but you can always also the reflected ways when you do a
85:54 away. BSP too. So here's sources Air moving with one G.
85:58 phone here is, uh, source with multiple positions of the G A
86:07 , and you could even you could do both if you wanted to.
86:11 don't know, people do, but just say anything is possible. And
86:16 is, um, synthetic seismic from Log, which is another useful tool
86:26 correlating to seismic. And here's VP Walk away trace showing you that
86:32 some stuff going on and some of , like you see a layer like
86:35 that doesn't ring a lot. But going on in here that could actually
86:40 multiple issues. And here's Here's a one here, and if you had
86:46 seismic line around here, you could foot for foot to your log.
86:51 you might have to stretch it one or the other to make it
86:55 You know, it's not the depth here. There's not going to equal
87:00 . Act exactly, So if you your velocity model set right and you
87:05 up with feet over here, then can tie it feet defeat. But
87:08 I'm pretty sure it's two way travel on the right, yet it's It's
87:12 up there. I can't quite see , but it's Yeah, this is
87:16 way travel time, but you can of correlate the geological features that you
87:21 . That could be these reflectors but the developed velocity velocity model, you
87:28 , uh, plot this in depth of in, um instead of two
87:34 travel time and get it lined up closer on, see what's going on
87:41 ? And here's a way. Uh . You know, different ways to
87:49 seismic lines, and here's well, seismic line is being tied, Thio
87:57 . Well, one and two, one. There's two, and here's
87:59 is tied this way and that way and you have all these size mix
88:06 here and there's a three D grid here. Eso That's kind of what
88:11 can do if you have, vsp or something, you could get
88:15 good tie to one of these slices of the line. Or if it's
88:20 two d line to the two D , you do that sort of
88:24 One of things that you also start is is you come along in here
88:29 Z. You put Wells in you look at where the various reflectors
88:33 , and it helps you if you to create a map. And of
88:36 , you can do this with the right now on it will take points
88:41 this reflector to tie the, layer. In other words, you
88:46 see the structure of that surface right . Uh, in a map,
88:51 could make a say, the top us that was the top of a
88:55 you could have a top of a map would cover the whole thing with
88:59 D lines and a lot of sometimes what you do is is you
89:04 pick points and it helps you. other words, you could get a
89:09 here in a depth here in a here in a depth. Their computers
89:12 it now, but you could get depths of these different shot points and
89:17 drawing contour lines. If that's that's mode of operation you're in. And
89:25 you have a good three day three survey, it's a lot more
89:33 Um, sometimes not that much but it can be a lot more
89:38 and and the key to a lot this is is being able to find
89:44 on a structure. And if you like just these two lines and you
89:50 a structure that goes like this and there's a fault appear. Okay,
90:09 take a look. Look at this line. Just assume that's a
90:13 And you have this seismic line you see it penetrates it there.
90:18 this doesn't quite get to it, the three D line would have good
90:22 of that fault plane at any any at any layer that you're looking
90:28 . And, of course, the that you look at aren't gonna be
90:31 . They're gonna have structure to And you may want to figure out
90:36 . Say, your oil water contact down here somewhere. And so you're
90:40 to see a structure that looks kind like this, And with these different
90:44 , you can pick points and figure where that where that contour line bends
90:49 to the fault and make makes uh, mhm closure. You just
90:56 this well here. You know, could draw contour line for the surface
91:01 this, and you wouldn't know whether closed this way or opened up in
91:05 direction and closed in another direction. if you have all these other points
91:09 you can pick with the seismic on of the well data. You can
91:13 out whether you've got closure on a up in here like this. And
91:17 is a lot like your mapping problem you have to work on.
91:22 And here's just showing you tying two to the seismic, and it helps
91:30 figure out what's going on. And you see some production here, not
91:36 . It looks like significant event down . That could be a reservoir.
91:42 could be one here, but it look like they're connected. And that's
91:45 beauty of seismic is. Sometimes you tell whether things were connected or
91:51 not always, and, uh, there could be structure in here.
91:54 could be an offset here with a coming through here or you know something
92:00 the order of that, it's not that good of a line Thio to
92:04 try to put any faults in. may not be any at all,
92:08 but that's the point is, is the seismic gives you a tie between
92:13 , and that's also in aid to . But it's not the and all
92:17 correlation. It really helps to be to correlate locks. Okay, so
92:23 we go thio processing after we've kind looked at, uh, see if
92:30 going in the right direction. Um, we've looked at the
92:35 Um, and of course, seismic is pretty much the whole game in
92:43 oil industry. I don't know if here in the class processes but
92:51 Okay, well, processing is probably most critical thing to good interpretation and
93:01 . Of course, the acquisitions It makes this really tough and
93:06 and so every step is important. if I was sitting in a chair
93:12 I was vice president of geophysics, would be my nitty gritty guys that
93:21 , like to do hands on stuff . A lot of this goes on
93:26 the ships now, too, because they have all the computers on this
93:30 because, you know, you take boat out in the ocean, it
93:32 millions of dollars. So you want make sure that you know you don't
93:37 back to shore. And this this all kinds of problems and you didn't
93:41 time to fix them. Uh, when you have seismic processing offshore in
93:46 boat, it really helps you quality it and make sure you come back
93:51 a very good product. And but the end of the day, managers
93:58 at these as sort of technical people these Air Mawr. Ah, lot
94:09 what goes on with seismic acquisition is hard work, and but the people
94:14 design acquisition stuff are really sharp folks and hypercritical. But just in a
94:23 sense, I don't I don't wanna anybody. But in a general
94:27 ah, a geophysical manager is going really think a lot of the people
94:31 do the interpretation and do it then he's going to think of these
94:38 more or less Geo Tex or geophysical to help this guy do a better
94:45 . And these guys, of they're out there trying to get good
94:49 and laying out different plans and stuff provide ah, good acquisition that these
94:55 can process. And just historically from I've seen is people that are in
94:59 interpretation, get paid a lot more these people which get paid more than
95:03 people. That may not absolutely be case now and maybe in someone's
95:09 It may not have been the but just in general in general could
95:13 60% of the people. The interpretation has often been valued much greater than
95:21 else, because these are the guys that actually show you where the the
95:26 are with the seismic data. And you're doing 40 what's going on with
95:31 production of your reservoir and that sort thing? So it becomes kind of
95:35 in that book. But again, a lot of math going on in
95:40 . There's definitely a lot of trigonometry on here, but a lot of
95:45 and trig going on in here. huh. And, uh, there
95:49 people that's been, uh, their careers, just working on one major
95:56 type or another. And so from academic standpoint, this is really important
96:02 geophysics and because this is where you you can't get there without good processing
96:13 course acquisition. Sometimes poor acquisition could improved by good seismic processing, but
96:22 , really good acquisition makes your seismic you process it much better and easier
96:27 work with, and ultimately you end with a good thing. So these
96:31 steps are all critical. But uh, pay doesn't reflect that.
96:38 . And, um, there's a of different things they do to the
96:44 , including this long list, and would never try to guess, to
96:50 able to explain any of this to , but there's a lot of different
96:54 that they're doing and I'll show you things. Um, you know,
96:58 multiples is something that would make Migration has to do with if you
97:05 when you start looking at at the reflection and refraction data together when you
97:12 something like a it's really straight up down or tilted a lot. You
97:18 have to migrate it because just the of the thing effects the two way
97:23 time and the kind of response that get. It kind of creates
97:27 uh, unrealistic location for some of steep things because, uh, it
97:35 biased by that by the angle, is hitting things instead of flat lying
97:40 . They're not flat lying beds, there's a lot of these other things
97:43 aggressors, there's things that you can out like. 60 hertz and other
97:49 . And, uh, but uh, you know, is a
97:54 , you know, I want to who's got the best image, and
97:58 want to know, um it was giving me a good time to depth
98:06 eso I get something like this. looks like it's and can't really read
98:12 , but it looks like it's in way travel time, and and you've
98:18 it tied to these logs. And I've got a structure here, and
98:22 think I have something. But what go wrong with this? Uh,
98:27 could be something pulling up. you have If for some reason,
98:35 have pie velocities, uh, in high points and lower velocities here,
98:42 might actually be a flatbed and things that. So in the case of
98:45 , we have a really good tide wells, and so it's probably a
98:49 good model, but something extra could going on here like low density
98:55 uh, a reservoir in here. , that would make it take
99:00 and therefore it's sagging instead of popping like it's kind of popping up everywhere
99:06 . When you get away from that . Here's something, um,
99:15 It's helping them of light up, , a lot of layers where you
99:21 have discontinuities. Across here, you're a lot of, ah, local
99:28 coherent connections in these things that look channels and are probably channel belts.
99:36 , geophysics came out and called all channels at first, but we realize
99:40 that there's channels within these types of and and thes features themselves were probably
99:48 scale than just a single channel, actually channel belts with the high preponderance
99:54 coarse grained sediments in them and associated in the in the forest part of
100:02 . And here's something curvature. this is looking at structural dip,
100:10 . But when you see changes in , uh, in linear patterns like
100:14 , it actually is reflecting faulting. I don't know if I have one
100:19 shows it, but also if you lime stones that are laid down flat
100:23 their brittle in places where we're looking fracture patterns in the unconventional, is
100:31 air pretty good? Uh, brittle with a lot of calcium carbonate in
100:37 . Uh, whenever these flat surfaces laid down flat, so we have
100:42 in the structure cause it's that reflects going to cause it to fracture and
100:48 kind of the highway to highlight where should look for those fracture fields and
100:53 start doing something. Uh, Thio the fractures as well. And this
100:59 one, uh, showing you response gas in response to oil.
101:05 uh, it's not that impressive what can see, uh, with sheer
101:10 of data, which is easy to on a lot of times it's not
101:14 , though. On the surface, a lot easier to collect on the
101:17 than than in the ocean. And you can see you get much brighter
101:23 on this thing. Ah, when can compare and contrast something that's affected
101:30 fluid versus something that's not affected by and and you can see there's a
101:36 a whole lot here here. It's of impressive over here. You didn't
101:40 see this. And there we've got showing us that, of course,
101:46 oil. Eso It's not gonna these is over here, which could barely
101:53 it over here and amplitude attributes that were looking at here and Here's a
102:05 where their interview, their inner interval were probably pretty close together. Two
102:12 travel time made this flat as a . Uh, there's places underneath Houston
102:18 looked just like this. Just probably there. And there's probably a turtle
102:24 there. And if I could ever seismic that could get down into where
102:31 kitchen is in the Houston basin, pretty sure we'd find a mother
102:36 uh, that I still think it the source rock directly underneath us in
102:44 kitchen directly underneath us has fed at five Salt Dome plays that have produce
102:53 than 100 million barrels of oil. if you remember anything about migration,
103:00 , there isn't always direct avenue, there's a good chance there's a big
103:05 down there. That structure overflowed with oil, and you had,
103:13 coming around the rim of it. , of course, that oil that
103:17 around the rim is to spilled portion the mother lode of the kitchen underneath
103:23 us. So I think you could a lot of oil that's actually come
103:28 , uh, around to create these million barrel fields that are around Houston
103:34 was at least five of them that into that category. But the mother
103:39 that has a seal on it in middle of Houston has a has a
103:46 broad but slight structure and, of , of its broad. It's widespread
103:54 , and it's widespread. It's got lot of volume and basically what's leaked
103:58 the edges of that structure or what seeing in the five oilfields around
104:04 But I still haven't got data deep to actually prove that prospect. And
104:11 what it looks like after they got interval velocities more refined and fine
104:17 Uh, they actually, uh, realized that there's a lot of structure
104:22 in this particular field. So you're like this to that just by having
104:30 interval the lawsuits now below us. don't have below Houston. We don't
104:36 enough penetration, but we do. do have some legacy to D
104:43 but it all looks kind of like this, where they've done very little
104:48 uh, processing on it. It's hard to get ahold of. There's
104:53 few companies that own it, and charge an arm and a leg for
104:57 most people would call terrible data that poorly acquired with. That's,
105:04 very few shot points and very few at a time. And but we
105:12 have something that looks like this. what I'm kind of explaining to you
105:17 like there's a fault here. Maybe fault here. And maybe there's this
105:21 structure right here in the middle. on everything we've seen so far,
105:25 looks just like this. And and you've got this big load of oil
105:31 here that's been generated and produced, it's leaked around on the ends.
105:36 down depends of these things. Wherever oil water contact is, a fracture
105:41 be like here. It's filled up other things, but the mother lode
105:46 the kitchen is still right underneath Just a thought, okay? And
105:51 wouldn't take a whole lot, uh, politically, it would be
105:55 to move seismic vehicles for you. , which trying to do a two
106:00 We didn't have too many issues. only had two geophones out of 220
106:07 , so we did pretty good, you do three d seismic. You
106:11 to lay them out there while you're your sources around. So they'll be
106:16 there for a few days. you know, city like this,
106:18 might have quite a few people riding , pick them all up. And
106:24 another one. Um, uh, did a couple of processing techniques to
106:30 noise. And you can see here getting a lot more coherency on the
106:35 up here. Then you had over and even down deeper you're seeing a
106:41 more like, even just just I don't know how far this,
106:46 this is about the same is and you can structure Here is not
106:51 zob v Issa's. It is when look at it over here and you
106:54 also see something very interesting going on here related to some faulting that we
107:00 see up here it comes all the down to the base on all the
107:03 down through there. Okay. And then there's interpretation. Of course,
107:11 have two D three D and 40 here's here's something that's interesting.
107:21 people actually looked at something that looked this and just based on the way
107:27 work today and the way people think , I doubt I could be
107:33 But I don't think most people today look at a two D line like
107:38 and come up with a model like and know that this model is
107:44 In other words, it takes a I to figure out which one of
107:49 ramps is a fault and which one not a fault and exactly how to
107:55 that in there. Uh, of , now that we have better
108:00 we have better to d seismic than . And we have better three d
108:04 . And, of course, where , uh, probably was taking a
108:10 here. It's, uh, Brent Dunland again, this is obviously the
108:15 Sea, or maybe even the South rob parts of it over here.
108:22 the central problem might be gone in direction. Here and here. We
108:26 a friend in this, the and so we know this is very
108:32 what it looks like now, but interpretation was made from that level of
108:39 . And here's another one, similar to that. And I think
108:43 is also in the North Sea, this is from sort of a big
108:49 of GE Petroleum geology and geophysics And here's how that got interpreted with
108:56 lot of little false off on the of this thing. And,
109:02 so I think it's really important to that interpretation. You can imagine if
109:08 could look at this and come up something like that. That person is
109:14 a lot of money, and especially you find out that it's pretty
109:19 Another thing, Um, I will you the next frontier expiration example of
109:25 that looks maybe worse than this but up with a really good interpretation,
109:31 turned out to be, for the part, true. The details weren't
109:35 true, but most of what was on and certainly the magnitude of the
109:41 was figured out. It's on a bank, and it really looks,
109:48 , I'd have to xerox this seismic about eight times to get it to
109:52 his band, as as what they to interpret a really nice carbonate
109:57 It was just completely full of Uh, they, uh, ferocity
110:03 not evenly distributed but still got a of boiling. Okay? And so
110:10 what that's where interpretation becomes good It's not when when you have an
110:18 that looks exactly like what the Rocks looked like because it's three d,
110:22 acquisition went well. The processing went . It's all the right types of
110:27 ing fluids and rock types and compaction and that sort of thing. Anybody
110:34 interpret that. But when you can data that looks like this, you're
110:39 a good job. And I think reason why a lot of this is
110:43 the North Sea too. But that is one of the reasons why.
110:50 , things could be this bad, up here you had chocolate. Is
110:53 absorbed all the energy? And this right here turns out to be a
110:59 that I believe. Let me see I can look at this.
111:04 yeah, it's exactly what I thought was. Uh, you know,
111:07 is what they call the Cretaceous Jurassic . But if you look at
111:13 then you look at that and you at this. Now you look at
111:20 , that line is almost penny But when you get over here,
111:25 older. And when you get over , it's younger again. Whenever you
111:30 up on something that's ramp like like , uh, seismic almost makes you
111:36 it z one line. And it famously called the Cretaceous Jurassic Dining of
111:41 said Tertiary. But it's the Cretaceous boundary. Think I might have slipped
111:46 said tertiary the first time, But is the Cretaceous Jurassic boundary. It's
111:51 huge un conformity with rocks that air up on it are different ages because
111:58 see this, um, soft masses , lapping on it here and over
112:05 . But this is one surface. an erosion surface. So it cuts
112:09 deeper in some spots and less deep other spots or less deep strata
112:15 anyway. And so it's not as as it looks from this diagram.
112:20 of these things I can see some the stuff is pinching out right
112:24 even from the size mint. So that might not be correct, but
112:29 a lot of people put this sort as a timeline that the geophysics in
112:33 North Sea it drives me mad because can have reservoirs in all of these
112:38 that are completely different ages. And want to tell you the same
112:41 And there can be a layer. example, on top of this one
112:48 actually younger and separated in a whole play and still Jurassic. But they're
112:53 seeing that big ringer that they get there was a really good erosion will
112:59 on. You have low reputations primarily it, and, uh, upper
113:06 below it. But sometimes you have Jurassic in here. Sometimes you
113:12 uh, actually, lower quotations is sticking out of the top of some
113:16 these things, and particularly if you over here, would be more likely
113:20 on the way they have interpreted. I'm not sure it's 100%.
113:26 so the other thing we could do seismic is map structures. And how
113:30 of you work with maps that look this? His multi colored things,
113:38 90% of the maps? Yeah, of them. Do they have contour
113:44 on them? Yeah, usually. mean, maybe Is this seismic?
113:50 . This is seismic. Yeah. is this time. Yeah, usually
113:54 time structure debt structure. Sure The one thing that bothers me about
114:02 nicely, brightly colored maps is that can change this. But normally,
114:09 , I think the convention for most is hot is high and cold is
114:14 , and that's convenient. But you where if this was the oil water
114:20 , where is it? You do I know the exact depth of
114:25 it fades from dark green, the green on this side? You
114:29 the colors to me or not as a Z drawing a proper line like
114:37 , but nevertheless here, uh, one that's actually showing various colors.
114:49 of course, this hot is what you think? That hot ISS And
114:56 , it's actually cold here. we're looking at these things. Seismic
115:03 . And here we've got highway over , which is this, and we're
115:07 down. And because you're using the scale across this, we might be
115:12 a hard time figuring out where the top of the structures. But
115:15 of course, is a little bit than everything else around it. And
115:20 nevertheless, uh, if you have contour lines and you display the
115:25 you can figure out what the structures . Obviously, this is high relative
115:29 something that has closure their enclosure This is just looking a little bit
115:36 complicated. And here it says this a sin climb right here. So
115:43 actually that's actually a darker blue or . So that is that's a deeper
115:48 . So that's like looking down, down and here somewhere. So you
115:52 these en echelon rotated fault blocks with over here, and and this is
116:00 monarch line dipping into dipping down like . So you have structures coming up
116:06 this direction and you've got all these traps in here. But at this
116:12 , you know, if you if did it differently, you might be
116:15 to see, uh, potential trapping the other sides of these fault blocks
116:21 in here have been here. And is just one of things that you
116:28 with with the size, because try figure out you know, this.
116:33 is where we're trying to get down the what are my potential prospects at
116:39 scale. But you also look at this type of data in terms of
116:44 out what are the sort of heresies echelon rotating fault blocks that creates this
116:52 of pattern here. And and of course, here's that bounding
116:59 And so you're likely, in some , to see Mawr traps up against
117:05 thing down here simply because the way configured. But in certain, in
117:12 configurations, when it's like this, could have traps here and here and
117:18 . But because you have one color , this is high and this is
117:22 and you're not seeing actually the prospects on the the football side of this
117:33 block. You get a really good on that. You're getting a good
117:37 on that and a good signal on side. But you're not seeing a
117:41 good signal on the upside that shows trap form. And here is just
117:48 detail showing in terms of interpretation. you get these slices, uh,
117:56 can start looking at complex rollover patterns poor seismic data. You know,
118:02 might just have one fault coming through without being able to define this roll
118:07 . But here it's very clear and is really a good, uh,
118:13 lines from the same same area which makes it a whole lot easier
118:18 interpret things. So here here, actually got a high spot or a
118:23 . This is Ah, Convex. over, uh, off of that
118:30 plane. So you have a potential trapping there and and so basically,
118:36 better the better your processing is, acquisition is. And if you get
118:40 three D, sometimes you can have good data and spot things easily.
118:46 this is just showing you that you interpret a lot of that even in
118:51 detail when you start drawing lines on and measuring these different things that were
118:58 on when you've got these flat spots different rollovers occurring throughout this section.
119:05 thing that we look at is direct indicators. And what side of this
119:14 shows me where there might be a left left side over here?
119:27 the left second. So we probably some regional dip here, go on
119:30 this. And then all of a it flattens out. Why would it
119:34 out like that? Oil, water That's a really good one, but
119:42 a lot of times that's the way works. But sometimes it also works
119:46 this. We have, Ah, oil, water contact. Why is
119:51 going down like that? And this sort of a bird's eye. Velocity
119:59 under gas, That's it. And o some of these structures could be
120:05 indicative and they call them DHS. hydrocarbon indicators. And we used to
120:10 things we called bright spots and we do. But, you know,
120:15 you start getting better seismic, you getting more coherent. Mawr brighter spots
120:21 , so you have to be really with that in general. But that's
120:25 good way to spot where you've got . Another thing. How many of
120:32 have had Fred Hiltermann class I have Quanah I think to. Okay,
120:42 , so but that you have had ? Well, Fred Hiltermann is like
120:46 leading expert in this This technology now about No, I don't know,
120:54 or six, maybe as many as people. That really helped pull this
120:57 together. And Fred was one of major people that helped pull a lot
121:00 this in and right now, it's to say that depending on what this
121:07 type is and what these fluid mixtures , you're a video. Responses could
121:12 a little bit different. Eso So you look around the whole Gulf of
121:20 , depending on the prevalent mythology in particular area and the types of hydrocarbons
121:26 you're seeing in the reservoirs, you get different responses and what Fred's doing
121:31 now. It's pretty much doing global Gulf of Mexico a video response
121:38 , and he's probably showing you some it. He's trying to show how
121:43 of these responses are a little bit in one place to another. So
121:47 , he's trying to catalog, in South Marsh Island area. This
121:53 the it's some It's a South Marshall , uh, 100 block or South
122:02 and South, or any of these concession areas where the responses might be
122:08 little different to make it easier for to use a video anywhere they work
122:13 the Gulf of Mexico. Because the they're not always gonna be exactly the
122:17 . But there is a response, the thing to do is tow to
122:22 the length ology is three compaction, age, all these things and then
122:27 fluid mixtures and fluid types are gonna an impact on what type of response
122:33 get. Uh, and then having that, we'll take a look at
122:36 couple, and here is and he it doesn't show you what he's
122:43 But he says, this is a impedance class three sandstone, and basically
122:51 reason it works for those that haven't the course is I think they like
122:56 explain it like a mirror. if you look straight down, for
123:04 , at tar like that, like look at the like if he looks
123:08 the middle of a hot summer if you look straight down the road
123:13 it's asphalt, you're not going to much of anything. But if you
123:17 down the road a good distance, gonna see something that's mirage like,
123:24 you'll see the light reflecting a tease these, um, higher angles that
123:30 getting in the far traces. In words, if I'm standing here,
123:35 doesn't even have to be tilted. I'm standing here on, I look
123:40 this. I'm getting a signal like look like this and I get something
123:45 . I'm gonna actually see, more of a reflection. Even on
123:49 surface the farther I way that I at it. So it's not all
123:54 same way because there's there's different classes these things and they get hi spots
123:59 different places, but in general, is gonna be greater. Aziz,
124:05 go out at these higher angles and going to see it brighten up in
124:10 far traces. And this is just example of something very similar to
124:17 And, uh, here are some traces. In other words, we're
124:22 We're not moving laterally. This this the same the same section here,
124:28 this is the near traces. In words, we're looking at the same
124:34 of rock between here and here, I have the near traces the mid
124:38 in the far traces. And and that's the way this is. And
124:44 see here Absolutely. Um I'm going the near is not very visible.
124:54 looking at the asphalt real straight down . It's not very visible, but
124:58 , far away. I can see reflection and fact. I'm seeing a
125:03 of reflection. And, uh, a Navio anomaly because it's not consistent
125:08 the way across here. You see that's almost consistent all the way
125:13 And that would be a different Avia of anomaly where you see a good
125:19 close up c one a little bit away, but not much in the
125:23 . But it's nothing like this This is a riel hum dinger.
125:27 is the one just above it. here's this is from, uh,
125:36 is this is a little bit harder to understand, But here,
125:44 for we're looking, we're looking at chunk of rock and for that one
125:50 of rock mhm, we're seeing the traces The mid traces in the far
125:57 in this one. This is what looks like And these air, this
126:01 a longer chunk of rock. So near traces to that Well, the
126:05 traces to that Well, in the traces to that Well, um,
126:10 this pattern and you can see again well, 29 it gets brighter and
126:16 as you get farther away, but pretty bright close up. Maybe I
126:20 even need a video for this But we come over here on I'm
126:26 know, I was just looking at near in my mid traces. I
126:30 not suspect there's anything here, but when I looked at my far
126:35 it lights up like this one. lo and behold, there is a
126:40 play there. Here is, you're not. You're kind of the
126:44 water contact. This is, uh is an Amoco exploration frontier Exploration.
126:49 , here, trying to hit the water contact with your first.
126:53 And, of course, there isn't remote target anywhere in here.
126:59 that you can see, but you're at the edge of it down
127:01 So maybe they drill this to see the oil water contact was, and
127:05 found what they were looking for. that was no, no hydrocarbons.
127:09 , uh, you know, we don't have a well through this
127:15 here, so we could probably see something's going on. But there's obviously
127:18 target. Maybe over here in terms ah, not quite sure. The
127:26 across here, but we're looking at that air. Uh, excuse
127:31 receivers that air close here mid distance and far away here. And it's
127:40 It's not as easy to understand. this one where you're seeing it laterally
127:43 you're seeing close ones, mid distance and far away. Okay. And
127:54 , um, applications of having, wow, it's getting to be three
128:01 . Have we been gone? And been gone another hour. Haven't I
128:08 we have? Yes. Are you ready for a break? Because my
128:12 throat's getting a little sore. How if we dio How about if we
128:19 a 15 minute break now? Is all right? Yeah. Okay.
128:25 think that's what my throat needs. me. Yes? Would you please
129:05 recording? I'm trying to, but cursor has disappeared on me.
129:10 E don't know. Why could you it? No. Okay, I'm
129:17 see if I can. You wants end the whole thing and I don't
129:22 to end it. E don't It would just make me co host
129:32 . If I could do that, could e would have a cursor.
129:36 , okay. I don't know why does this every now and then I
129:40 lose my cursor. I can't see at all. Let me, um
129:46 , I know what I'll do. this is what happened. Yeah,
130:22 , we got it. We have push a lot of buttons to make
131:42 thing work, but it works. ? I'm hoping everybody's back because I'm
131:59 to start, um, getting back compression and shear wave image ing.
132:09 , this is just one men list many of the things that you can
132:14 , uh, to benefit from having wave data. And one of the
132:22 that I found was pretty interesting Was chalks in, uh, worked on
132:29 hot pot field and we were It's hot and hot pod field in North
132:37 chalks, And, uh, they an area that had 600 million barrels
132:46 oil in place. Our produce a , they thought, and we did
132:54 really high resolution strata graphic study there were able to show that instead of
133:00 uh, three reservoir intervals in the , they actually had seven. And
133:08 you might want to think Well, I instead of having three that air
133:12 long. Now, I've got all little broken up ones, but as
133:14 turns out, having seven layers. of them were very extensive that they
133:21 completely missing. Um uh, and was part of redeveloping a new static
133:30 for the geology, and we went 600 million barrels of oil to over
133:37 billion barrels of oil. So we 400 million barrels of oil by just
133:44 a better refined strata graphic study. so, for people that might suspect
133:50 strategic FIA's there's something that's useless. of course, we're looking at carbonates
133:54 had a lot of layer cake. , layering to them nothing that really
134:01 like, uh, transgressive, regressive , that kind of thing. It
134:07 took really good, um, strata correlation and good, um,
134:13 And one of the reasons why the graphic correlation was poor in the beginning
134:19 because chalks on a gamma log don't show up. So they were correlating
134:24 reservoirs, and the way they recognized reservoir was they'd get three spikes and
134:30 on the height of the hydro carbon , they were leaked, leaking a
134:34 of gas all the time. Lots gas clouds, hydro car, carbon
134:39 could only be so, so high they would start losing fluids. And
134:44 it would charge and it would leak it would charge, and it would
134:47 . But there, that's where it stuff wasn't going farther down. Oil
134:53 contact wasn't growing down dip. It sort of static in itself, even
135:00 it was dynamically being charged and dynamically . But to make a long story
135:05 again, the most of the wells three pay zones. But that three
135:13 zone that they were looking at how do with the height of the petroleum
135:19 . And the hydrocarbon column, which buoyancy pushing on leaking seals. And
135:30 some places, those three reservoirs that indicated by the resistive ity spike was
135:39 not where the, uh, we're all the same. Three reservoirs.
135:44 other words, there were seven but you never got mawr in one
135:48 place, much greater than three stacked top of each other. But they
135:53 always they're often different ones, so up going from 600 million barrels to
135:58 billion barrels of oil. So that's . Graphic model helped a lot.
136:04 because of that, it gave Amica impetus Thio to put in O b
136:10 because all of a sudden you've got million barrels of oil. And if
136:15 really want to find out where it , let's go ahead and put O
136:18 s on the floor so we can through the gas. Jimmy, on
136:21 z one of the things that they to deal with. And,
136:27 this is just a basic thing on waves versus s waves. And I
136:32 put that in there in case somebody know that. And of course,
136:38 is kind of telling you the difference PNS waves. And I know we
136:43 this briefly and, uh, different that we acquired data and the benefit
136:48 it. This is just a little more data, so you can imagine
136:53 you're hammering somebody in the water you're going to feel it on your
136:58 . And if you're swishing back and , you're not going to feel
137:01 That's far as I can tell. the easiest way toe Explain to
137:06 Why sure waves don't transmit through but here is multi component through a
137:15 cloud West Cameron, Gulf of Here you can see we have these
137:21 reservoirs and, uh, nothing wrong it. As long as you have
137:25 that's still charging everything. It's also of direct hydrocarbon indicator. If you
137:31 something like this in your seismic you're coming up on coming up on
137:35 , and all of a sudden it kind of washed out. It's
137:38 gas cloud, uh, messing up velocity to such an extent, Interval
137:45 is such an extent that you really get anything coherent. Thio thio kind
137:51 tie across there. But if you shear waves on it, converted shear
137:58 in a multi component receiver. when you do that, uh,
138:04 can have, um, it's something not affected by the gas cloud.
138:10 doesn't see the gas cloud at And, uh, may see a
138:14 bit this maybe oil seeping up through . But with the gas clouds completely
138:20 and the structure is really easy to , and instead of finding 12 or
138:26 layers in the area that we were and we found seven. And,
138:33 , here is just another one. , uh, this one again,
138:39 think may or may not. I think this is chalk, but but
138:44 had this similar thing in the North with the chalks. And if you
138:50 this sold interpretation that I showed you on this two D and take that
138:56 position and do a three D you get a much better image than
139:00 two d, of course. And course, the interpretations a lot
139:05 But then when you you can see , there's a gas cloud and and
139:11 a multi component, you can see going on in between. And this
139:17 looks like a drawn line. But not on. You can see
139:21 It was kind of there, but an offset. You can't quite quite
139:24 these things up, but here you see a really good, uh,
139:29 up between those reflectors. So the in your structure, your reflectors and
139:35 your structure is dramatically increased in this that's being affected by the gas
139:42 And if we go back here, can see there's a blowout in this
139:45 area. Actually, it's extensive. the two d and s 03 d
139:51 itself helps a little bit. But you when you do that, it
139:55 a lot better here, you can same kind of thing. Um,
140:00 we have a P way coming It bounces off and you get another
140:04 wave here. If you've got P bounces off, you get a shear
140:07 an A P wave, and but makes it a whole lot easier.
140:12 image it because there's hydrocarbons associated with and again the sure way I can't
140:18 it. So in some ways it's hydrocarbon indicator in that you can't see
140:26 . Uh, this is what happens you can see the hydrocarbons. It
140:30 up your seismic with compression always. when you can't see it, it
140:36 easier. Thio Thio image the reflectors than this, which is image ing
140:44 and gas and oil. Okay, is um this is just an example
140:54 this is this is out of your . Your book has some of the
140:58 in here from out of your the is and Swarbrick book, but I
141:04 Cathy Farmer that worked on this area great detail after the SWAT. But
141:10 glass and Scarborough came out and it looks at, um, what's going
141:16 in the book around Field three And I think this is This is
141:20 good, uh, think to look because, you know, people that
141:27 geophysics think the strategic fee should never . People to do photography think the
141:32 should never change. But in everything keeps changing. We keep getting
141:37 data. We keep getting better We keep getting multiple perspectives. We
141:42 a lot from my own experience. is the key to reality.
141:50 if you don't, if you don't different perspectives, you're going to miss
141:55 , and it just it happens over over and over again. It's just
141:59 the, uh, the initial thing the chalks and in the North Sea
142:06 we're working on. We went from Million way, put some of our
142:11 science into it that wasn't being And, uh, we went from
142:18 million to 100 million. Excuse 600 million to a billion barrels of
142:23 . And, uh, that increase value for that asset gave Amoco the
142:33 to put O. B s spend money to put O b s on
142:36 bottom And when And of course, Thompson. If you take his
142:41 he'll tell you that that they discovered of that oil. But Leon Thompson
142:47 kind of in charge of the group did the O. B s.
142:49 once they did RBS thief field went , I believe it went from 600
142:57 to a billion to another 400 million or 1.4 billion barrels. Because with
143:04 shear wave their act actually able to better define summon some of the increased
143:12 were able to get using high resolution fee on. Then they were able
143:18 pull it in with higher resolution, , multi component data. Uh,
143:25 was able to see through the gas and see through the liquids and focus
143:29 the structure and the structural reflectors. , uh, that's really what what
143:34 made that all happen. So you about it. You've almost gained.
143:41 gained 800 million barrels. It might been a little bit more total from
143:45 doing a little bit more work and something different than what people were doing
143:50 . And I like Kathy Farmer because a really good geologist. And she's
143:55 one that started this revision of the model and, uh, in the
144:02 pot in the hot field. uh and, uh, you
144:06 a lot of kudos goes to her realizing that if we looked at a
144:11 from several different perspectives, we would up with more oil without drilling more
144:17 and without buying any more acreage. mean, what could be more rewarding
144:21 that? You do some technology and asset that 600 million barrels is now
144:29 billion barrels of oil. And here's that she worked on, and she
144:34 paper of the year. It a for this, and I'm not gonna
144:38 it all in detail, but I I like to use it as an
144:42 of how when we start adding different of information and there's a lot they
144:48 do in this field, I think haven't done. But when you start
144:53 new types of data, you're adding perspectives. And when you add new
144:57 and you actually have the energy and of going in with more updated understandings
145:05 some of the technology that you've you're gonna change your total understanding of
145:11 field. And so I hear a of students, especially when they're working
145:15 their cap stones. But even students their masters and PhDs they'll say this
145:20 me. They'll say, if I more data, uh, and I
145:24 if I work, this is how said if I worked for a big
145:27 company, I would automatically have more , and this would be a whole
145:30 easier. But the key is, to whatever you have make an interpretation
145:36 that. And then whatever you don't , you add later and make a
145:42 interpretation. In other words, you're jobs security if you want to think
145:46 it in that sense, For no more wells were drilled in the
145:51 pod pod, uh, Hartfield hard field in the chalks. No more
145:57 were drilled. Number acreage was purchased leased. They just did more
146:02 and they came up with 800 million of oil. Gee, what a
146:06 thing to Dio. Okay, so , uh So in that vein we
146:10 at this is completely different area, type, different type of setting.
146:15 is a, uh this has got thrust faulting and Cem some power,
146:24 faults and we, you know, completely different. But again, technology
146:30 , more work gets done, more gets collected in the in, the
146:34 the field changes right before our Here it is early on when they
146:41 first started drilling it. And here's interpret the final interpretation. Ah,
146:46 , that was done, but through time that our textbook had it.
146:53 Kathy farmers work improved even on this model. So no one's doing bad
147:01 . No one's misinterpreting things. They're the best solution with the data they
147:07 . And if this person didn't have courage to make an interpretation when they
147:13 this much about the field, there'd no field. And so you have
147:17 have that courage sometimes. And once actually find something, then you can
147:22 working on the details by adding more and maybe having something dramatic happened to
147:28 this and even more dramatic to do . So I'm just gonna go through
147:32 and here is what it looks like cross section. Ah, you've got
147:38 thrust faults going on and you have huge thrust that's got a little bit
147:44 a roll over on it and some going on here. And this is
147:48 the Boca on field is right in . And that's in the the broad
147:54 . Look at where it ISS. this is completely different than,
147:58 a chalk set. And here's what had two D seismic in 1988.
148:04 , that's the best they could But that gave them a reason somebody
148:09 four way closure, so we know . Four way closure is it's a
148:15 . So we go after it. , this was hand drawn. It
148:18 computer drawn computers like Thio do four closures like this. They like the
148:22 , everything. But this was probably that was closer to that. You
148:28 at it in general, but when start looking at the details, that
148:31 a lot more complicated. And here added, Well, data and lo
148:36 behold. Oh, my goodness, more false. What a surprise.
148:41 , was it wrong to come up that interpretation? No. It was
148:46 best they could do at the You had to have the courage to
148:49 that interpretation so people could at least started in understanding this overall complex
148:55 So there's a 1990. They Well, data in 1992 they added
149:00 more wells and this style of the switched on them. Here. It
149:07 like they weren't seeing too many thrusts this sort of in this plane,
149:11 they were seeing some in this But then when you you had some
149:17 data, all of a sudden you've a lot of you've got some thrust
149:21 down here like that. But now got thrust going in this direction.
149:24 other words, all of a sudden see this kind of stuff going on
149:29 and it's it's reflected lower in the that you don't see in that
149:36 Okay, And then So there's 1990 we come into 1992 and then in
149:46 there's two D three D, and , well, data. And look
149:50 this. It gets even much more than it was before in the and
149:55 of the thrusting and normal faults that going on inside this block have shifted
150:03 even. And that Z not because people that did it here are smarter
150:10 the people that did it in the . It's because they have more data
150:15 they're looking at it from more perspectives . I think there are additional things
150:19 they could do and add to this they haven't done even yet. But
150:24 , uh, if you can put price on what that technology is like
150:28 did in the hot and hot pot in the chalks, then when you
150:33 put that price on it, you invoke, uh, people to consider
150:38 more money on the technology. And course, now they have really
150:43 uh, fence type diagrams just to of show you Ah, what their
150:51 d volume condense play in terms of the process he is and where the
150:56 he isn't. And, uh, you can see getting up thio close
151:03 15% down here. So this is highest ferocity appear you can see there
151:10 to be a nice looks to me there might be a good sealing rock
151:14 the way across that field. That's taking a look at the two t
151:18 . And of course you've got all structure faulting and impacting these. He's
151:25 sections that you're looking at for a , and here's another way of looking
151:31 it. And and I oriented this from when was that man from 1993
151:42 you can see that a lot of false and the orientations of the false
151:46 still very similar. But what they've now is some detailed Prasit e mm
151:54 into the overall model. And if think about it, you know the
151:58 spots right in there. And if go back Thio here, the poor
152:06 that had the courage to do this the sweet spot way back then.
152:10 just didn't understand exactly how it worked the field. And there it
152:16 in a nutshell. Don't ever get because you don't have a lot of
152:21 , uh, realize that's a reasonable data. But it's also,
152:28 the more optimistic you could be about at this stage ending up being
152:35 the more likely you're going to get technology through time. And as you
152:39 penetrating section and seeing oil return and a profit return, you're going to
152:44 more support to do more work. , of course, the person that
152:47 up with the first map probably retired before Cathy Farmer even got onto this
152:53 . But But that's the way it through time. Never give up.
152:58 that's another reason why I think peak is kind of a strange thing,
153:02 every field that we have right now not producing very much could possibly have
153:09 extensive resource is that we haven't imagined we haven't imaged them. An image
153:15 is very important for people with that imagination. If you have imagination in
153:21 you think like a geologist, you come up with models and reasons
153:26 you know, I think we ought look at it from this angle and
153:29 what we get next and ah, of times the payoff could be
153:33 and I don't know exactly what the was in this, But I do
153:37 it. Has they characterized this They're pretty more wells in the
153:41 And you usually don't do that unless producing more and more oil.
153:45 um, some of these other methods I'll go through really quickly because I
153:51 want to get us getting into But there's gravity and Magnetics in the
153:58 sense. And then some of the source electro Magnetics. In terms of
154:04 we're gonna dio look at a Z of technology. We have to sort
154:09 problems. And, of course, of the biggest issues when we first
154:15 out exploring in parts of the But these these issues still exist because
154:20 are parts of the world unfortunately, in the polar regions, that we've
154:25 very little information from on when, of Norway, um, I forget
154:35 name of that water mass up but they found some really deep basins
154:40 were very perspective. But it it into the, uh, lapse into
154:44 Arctic Ocean. But there's of south some islands up there. It's it's
154:50 it's a different base, and I the need anyway, there are lots
154:53 areas like that all around. So the outer part of the Arctic
154:58 Not necessarily right in the middle of that we have very little information.
155:02 so one of the last great things I've seen him do with with
155:08 um uh, gravity and Magnetics was try to figure out the sentimentally wedge
155:15 of Norway and parts of Russia. this, of course, is why
155:22 can do it. Because different rock have different densities and you can see
155:28 the density contrast between sedimentary rocks uh, what we like to call
155:34 is pretty much pretty obvious. And here is, uh, something
155:43 stole from my twin brother. God his soul. He, uh he
155:49 on this, and this was a . He was showing two people that
155:52 you had Ah, some sort of uplift. Uh, this is you
156:01 kind of see the size of the from the gravity. You can change
156:06 inclination north and south and find the . This thing because the inflection points
156:11 show you where the boundaries were. so that was just Ah simple plot
156:18 that he had. And here's something you have a grab in in the
156:25 the basement, you see gravity low up here and again, uh,
156:33 , north and south. You can annoyed Idea of where the boundaries of
156:37 that, That horse. Excuse That Robin would be here. You
156:40 have something more like a horse You would have something like a
156:44 It's a very simple model. then. The other thing is,
156:50 hey, Liam Agar Magnetics. And course, certain minerals possess greater magnetic
156:58 . And and that's pretty cool. also ah, we know that a
157:08 of those metallic mint or prevalent uh, in basement rock, as
157:14 thio, um, sedimentary rocks, sedimentary rocks have a really weak magnetic
157:22 , but it has one that can they imagine. And, of
157:25 one of the key things to use magic for us looking at spreading ridges
157:32 seeing magnetic anomalies that air created, , from the magma that forms.
157:38 have sea floor spreading. Uh, have a polar reversal. At this
157:43 , we would see a band of reversal on either side of a spreading
157:48 . And then if we come out like this, we might have normal
157:53 in the band's here on either side it. And then we go out
157:56 this and the next time we have reversal. So we have a
158:00 a normal reversal. And, that's looking at them primarily the impact
158:06 the magnetic magnetic Excuse me? Magmatic magnetic susceptibility response Thio things that air
158:17 the magnetic field at different times while sea floor is being spread it.
158:22 of course, ah, lot of , um, should know this,
158:27 I don't know if everyone knows that days, but the the Office of
158:33 Research had a lot to do with out what was going on with sea
158:37 spreading because they noticed these anomalies when were hunting for submarines with magnetometers
158:45 uh, and they turned that technology to universities, and I think it
158:52 have been the late sixties, but but I'm pretty sure uh,
158:56 yeah, I would have been the sixties. Now that I think
159:00 I tried really hard not to think to the late sixties because It was
159:03 long time ago, and and I 10 years old, but I probably
159:10 10 years old back in 68 and that time. But they turned that
159:17 to the folks at Woods Hole, they started doing some amazing things within
159:20 of a sudden plate tectonics kind of out of the dust, so to
159:25 , and all that data that the hunters had help them and directed them
159:33 areas where they would run their own with the magnetic tools that they didn't
159:37 prior to that because they're all part the Department of Defense and the United
159:42 Naval Research Organization, their Office of Research, which was the biggest research
159:48 for a long time. And it still be even bigger than NSF in
159:52 of budgets. Um, of one has to do with defense.
159:56 no surprise. But nevertheless, they're also when you drill into sedimentary
160:04 , if you have a special, , spinner type tool that you can
160:09 of measure, it's almost like a scan of micro SETI that spins as
160:14 forever to get some kind of signal of it. You do these things
160:19 will sit there and figure out whether magnetic field is reversed or not.
160:24 several hours, I'm sure they've gotten at it. But things that have
160:28 magnetic susceptibility, they were able to out, in contrast, ing responses
160:35 layers through time in the sedimentary rocks showed that magnetic signal. And of
160:41 , that's another thing that relates to we develop timescales and how we tied
160:46 thio, fossil tops and that kind thing because we knew there was a
160:51 here with the magma. But at same time, we had a clock
160:55 the layers of rocks and preserved in and other things in those layers of
160:59 that helped us pick the age and of that. And we had,
161:04 , information on timing as it's coming of them. Offer the ridges and
161:08 tie those three or four things together you end up with great timescales for
161:13 less than about 120 million years, that's when we've got ah, lot
161:17 are spreading ridges in place. You over 200 million years. It's tryingto
161:23 it's very difficult to find good spreading . Thio get a good time clock
161:28 up. So anyway, so that's ah lot of it in a
161:33 But here again is another thing I from my twin brother and and this
161:40 in the South China Sea. And talk about this when we get into
161:44 exploration. Not the the magnetic but But they had some pinnacles in
161:52 section and course of Pinnacle can be , um it can be magmatic Magda
162:02 Or it could be a pinnacle And but this was used for and
162:07 turns out ah, uh, this a dyke of magma coming up to
162:15 rocks. And it wasn't Ah, Reef. One of the reasons why
162:21 the South China Sea this was worrisome because they do have pinnacle reefs that
162:25 paleozoic that rise up through some non sections in the Bohai Basin.
162:32 uh, and it looks just like on the seismic. Except he used
162:37 paleo Excuse me, Have you uh, two d magnetic modeling?
162:42 can figure out pretty quickly, that you've got to really?
162:47 Magnetic susceptibility response to this thing, it would have been much flatter if
162:52 had been a carbonate and it would looked like this stuff over here.
162:56 would have gone from high and low this and eso It's really obvious that
163:03 not a Pinnacle Reef in this particular . But as it turns out,
163:08 are places where you have pinnacle reefs looked almost identical like that in other
163:12 of the Bohai Basin and another and in places in the South China
163:19 Okay, so one of the things you look for is something like
163:25 Uh, And I worked with a in, um on their PhD
163:34 uh, in Pakistan. And you , Well, you know, that's
163:38 not necessarily a frontier area, but a lot of places in Pakistan where
163:42 very limited work. And in a of other countries around the world world
163:49 they don't even know they have basins this and you know, you may
163:52 ah, they're starting to look because may see a situation like this
163:58 where this is a normal fault. it may also be associate ID with
164:02 strike slip fault, which is causing kinds of earthquakes. The minute there
164:05 an earthquake in the ground, you people interested. But they don't know
164:09 there's any hydrocarbons in there yet because haven't looked at it close enough.
164:13 but anyway, you get these kinds responses. You get that that low
164:18 and low magnetic response when the things are magnetically susceptible or denser are farther
164:25 from your tool. And so you , we have an overall drop in
164:31 and magnetic susceptibility car when we have on the surface to measure what the
164:38 might be in this area, you across here, magnetic susceptibility goes
164:42 density goes up and and you see anomaly related to that coming across that
164:49 and same thing, these different And here's something. Um, here's
164:57 a reef with the gravity, you not spot it. Here's the
165:02 Um, this is gonna look exactly a dyke would look, and dyke
165:10 be a little bit sharper, But it's sedimentary rocks and much lower magnetic
165:17 , it's invisible, and I don't to go through these, but you
165:20 take a look at it and kind get Get the hint. Of
165:23 Salt. Slower density, too. why it's rising up. And it's
165:27 why you get these anomalies here. there's ah ah, notice here that
165:35 minor intrusion is a ringer. it it's not a ringer. It's
165:39 a ringer like this one, but minor intrusion eyes showing you increase magnetic
165:47 . But you don't recognize it in the gravity because its's overall not a
165:53 difference in the total density. And that's why magnetic susceptibility was,
166:01 the key to determining that this was dyke and not a Pinnacle Reef.
166:09 , then there's a new thing they , and I don't know if anybody
166:11 doing this right now, because it It's getting very, uh,
166:17 And then, um, it's It's useful around a lot of the salt
166:25 and whatnot that we were starting to at in the Gulf of Mexico until
166:29 Macondo well, kind of scared people of the deep water and around some
166:34 these salt domes. Um And of course, the influx of horizontal
166:44 and people drilling unconventional, bringing in that was less. Excuse me.
166:50 in resource is maybe not ah, margin as some of these when they're
166:55 . But but they were also, , even though an unconventional may not
167:05 a high margin, it's a constant of cash cash flow thing. And
167:09 you just keep drilling them and you your cash flow up. And the
167:12 you drill, the more your cash , it's and eso, it's slaver
167:19 and asset intensive. You have toe a lot of wells when you go
167:24 . There's a lot of risk because might miss it. But again,
167:27 you had this kind of technology, be doing it. But people have
167:30 of shot away from deep water in big way in recent years for the
167:36 issue and also the scare that we with the Macondo oil spills, I
167:41 still has some kind of negative impact on how much people want to work
167:45 there, and you put the two them together. It's sort of a
167:49 , but But here you can um, this is controlled source of
167:54 surveying. This is where they actually know this type of gravity and Magnetics
168:01 passing. You're measuring the natural fields magnetic magnetism and gravity in these
168:09 But here you're creating with this controlled electromagnetic survey, you're creating a magnetic
168:18 , and the properties of the rock alter the currents here and the flow
168:27 . It causes an impact on the lines that you have here in the
168:32 field. And those perturbations in the and the the flow lines of your
168:39 reflect sometimes Thekla position and sometimes the of what you're seeing below you.
168:46 course, if you have something with low density gas in here, it's
168:52 have a different impact. And it's to be creating sort of a different
168:56 of its own natural field of its to kind of have an impact on
169:01 , this controlled source. So you're necessarily measuring. This is Muchas as
169:06 measuring the perturbations in this associated with is happening with the the natural battery
169:13 you get from these different rock types different fluids in a reservoir.
169:18 of course, if you get close salt because it's all sorts of screaming
169:23 and and you can image around assault and salt domes. Ah, lot
169:31 If you input the data that you from here. It helps you trust
169:37 seismic data that you wouldn't trust and certain seismic data that you wouldn't know
169:41 you should trash that over the stuff should trust. Okay, Another thing
169:46 , uh, is, uh, sensing tool. But to be to
169:52 totally honest with everyone, I think seismic is remote sensing, too.
169:58 because you're not actually touching the But you have something else doing it
170:03 you when you having Ah, log on that kind of thing.
170:08 almost touching it. You're really close it. The tools really close.
170:14 Thio What You're actually measuring. And , to me, that's closer to
170:21 riel. Contact data than, even seismic. But remote sensing in
170:27 has been a lot of other And, uh, a lot of
170:31 that we look for our, these things where you have,
170:38 leaking chimneys. And here you might membrane seals that air leaking. And
170:42 long as something keeps charging it, don't have to worry about losing the
170:45 . Of course, after a certain of time, it may all go
170:49 the blue sky, but it takes while, and you can see things
170:52 the surface of the water. If happen to be on shore, thes
170:58 can actually have impact on the reflectivity the surface onshore. Eso you can
171:06 that up with satellite did, and are starting to work on that,
171:11 . And so there's all sorts of to do this. You look for
171:14 hydrates that air just under the surface and create a false bottom type
171:22 And you can also have class rates these pyramidal type structures. And not
171:30 may not actually be a pyramid, it might be, uh, more
171:35 like something sink and some things pop . But the class rates have this
171:41 of chicken wire structure to them. they were, you know, it's
171:45 just natural grass, and all of sudden it freezes and turns into
171:48 Um, it's a little bit harder and it creates a structure. Can
171:56 can have a park because it's escaping somewhere else. You can have have
172:01 ridge like it's showing in here where actually pushing up underneath. Okay,
172:11 I'm gonna look at a couple of here. One, uh, you
172:17 , one of the things that we to do all the time was aerial
172:21 . And we have these, satellite images that help the thing called
172:26 are and and reflected hyper spectral electromagnetic , which is kind of like some
172:34 these other tools. But you're looking the total electromagnetic, uh, reflect
172:42 from the earth's surface over a really band past all sorts of stuff pass
172:49 and infrared. Well, so a of new things were coming out of
172:56 sniffers, something that I know Amoco within every other oil company did.
173:00 they're really good about finding oil But they have a little bit of
173:06 doing anything where you don't know something . I mean, if you have
173:12 slick in the water, you can it. But if you have,
173:15 this is land and you have an flying over it, course the winds
173:18 blow it all the way. And have if you even if you fly
173:24 high over an industrial site you're going get the sniffer is gonna pick up
173:28 pollution. And But when you go a seat a slow seep, the
173:35 of you actually picking up a good of gas is coming out of the
173:39 Run. Likely. Unfortunately, some the satellite stuff it focuses in on
173:44 stuff on the surface again make this instead of oceanic bottom. Uh,
173:50 gonna start altering what's going on in of the reflectivity of the surface.
173:58 , And here is, um, that's ah, sort of related to
174:06 our and it's, um and, , but this is this is actually
174:15 data. It's not airborne. but what this is doing is looking
174:21 the hard reflection of what's underneath the . What z what's actually,
174:30 you may actually get some kind of from buildings. This is obviously a
174:35 , but this is called bare Earth elevation model. It's kind of showing
174:40 , but the substrate is in different . And what's interesting about this is
174:45 you can see there's some sort of along here that's created a basin over
174:50 . You can see some limits here show some potential, uh, outcropping
174:59 that are that are eroding a different different rates. And And consequently,
175:11 can kind of actually do a lot serious structural interpretation. Just looking at
175:17 like that here. We've got This is almost like a ridge in
175:21 Thing. Except the ridges are are structural highs and probably probably where they
175:26 before. Not like the Allegheny where a reverse. But here, you've
175:31 some probably some thresh sheets over Um, there's a really highly organized
175:40 on when you see rivers do funny like turned dramatically here. And
175:47 uh, this one kind of turns and actually goes over, uh,
175:52 like it in sizes through here and out fans out. And here you
175:55 see these air fans. So you're to see a lot of structure that
176:01 to the formation of a basin, also structure that relates to fill in
176:06 , filling in of a basin. , uh, and any structural geologist
176:13 a person that's good at reading this could spend a lifetime on this grid
176:17 here figuring out the structure. And course, they want to get on
176:20 ground and check everything and figure out all of this means in great
176:24 So there's always ground truth in going , but an awful lot could be
176:28 from a satellite image like this. this is, uh this is not
176:35 Earth, but but it is a image that shows a lot of
176:41 This is something that Dr Mike Murphy teaches are structural geology course. Sometimes
176:47 is, uh, uh, he able to develop these models from looking
176:52 the limits that he has here. of course, um, sometimes when
176:58 have a straight line, but it's a curved surface of slipping surface,
177:03 going to get something that looks looks this, and that's that's kind of
177:08 happening here. You can see general of the underlying structure. It's kind
177:14 like that. But then, then in terms of what's going on
177:17 terms of erosion is kind of making kind of wrap around is you.
177:21 you cut deeper into it and s again, this there's a lot you
177:27 do with satellite images and this looks it might not. It doesn't have
177:33 . And I don't know if I don't think I show you my infrared
177:37 here, But if I do, point out how that works.
177:41 then oil seeps. Of course, , these things don't really work all
177:48 well. But of course you see CPE. You've spotted a seat.
177:52 , uh, the visual observation of is really good, and SARS can
177:58 be useful in finding oil seeps in oceans. Uh, and I kind
178:04 go into that. So it's synthetic radar, and and then,
178:12 there's a lot of these different but the sniffers detect volatility or the
178:18 rather really well over industrial sites. they're not really good. Good.
178:27 areas that might have minor seeps that tools can actually spot. And,
178:34 , this is out of your book your book. It's in black and
178:37 . So in your book, you miss out on the fact the
178:41 out here on this ship he's looks he's wearing his pajama XYZ White Sox
178:46 his loafers while he's out here collecting . And somewhere a current of you
178:57 not know the direction of the current by looking at the water surface,
179:02 , up current of this is where water is coming out when the sea
179:07 in this ocean setting so that actually work. Now, here's let me
179:16 if I have something. Yeah, , is it? But here relative
179:21 the this has this is kind of relative thing. And if you get
179:25 scattering, it's a rougher surface. you get less scattering, it's a
179:31 surface, so she isn't that And so here you have real sharp
179:39 . Here you have scattered reflections, it's really strong signal. Weaker signal
179:44 stronger in here. Here's a channel something like a channel. And here's
179:48 floodplain, which is flatter and you actually image that. Uh, and
179:54 anyway, in a relative sense, , the ocean is flat, but
179:59 the land is is much more of . Uh, unless, of course
180:08 had a bunch of tsunamis coming in here. Then this might alter the
180:14 that you're seeing from the ocean to land surface. But when we're actually
180:20 at things like annoy oil spill or um, or an oil seep.
180:31 know, if you have oil like , you might not be able to
180:35 it from this picture. But often when you have oil up here on
180:39 surface, the oil tends stuff because lower, lower density. It kind
180:44 is like a blanket sitting on top the surface. It kind of,
180:50 , reduces the amplitude of the ripples you might see, so it becomes
180:55 . And because of that, when have an oil seep or an oil
181:00 out on the open ocean, the here will make the water rougher,
181:06 back here it was smoother. But this case, the water is going
181:10 be rougher than, say, the slick or the well, the oil
181:15 . Whether it's from a seat, natural seat or spill, it's gonna
181:19 smoother. So you're going to see black here and more scattering over
181:27 and it's going to gray it out a relative contrast, ID sense.
181:32 that tool could be very useful, for doing this sort of thing without
181:38 the trouble of putting your pajama Zahn getting out there and picking up a
181:45 . Okay. And, uh, here's another thing when we look at
181:49 hyper spectral, uh, return that get reflection that we get on satellites
181:56 what happens is you have numerous. is illustrating that you could have numerous
182:03 and a couple of things happen. thing that people knew about a long
182:08 ago is when the CPE gets to surface, Uh, it hits the
182:14 life, and it can actually stunt breath when the hydrocarbons get to the
182:21 . Eso that becomes, uh, that you can spot. But in
182:26 to that, when it comes to surface, it interacts with the groundwater
182:31 it and it creates acids and And it actually alters lot of the
182:36 that you might have it the surface the source of some of those minerals
182:41 the wind blows and that sort of . And, uh and that's
182:47 uh, this hyper spectral thing to Now, this is I do have
182:53 infrared shot. This is a photo Miles Hayes, But this is what
182:57 used to dio in custom Jim And, of course, here you
183:03 see we have what's called a drumstick island. This is a primary
183:08 Here's a subtitle dealt out here We've the makings of a flood title.
183:13 Back in this way. We've got Amis a title round to create something
183:20 this and you can see this thing a recurve spit and you can see
183:28 that might be a wash over fan it. And definitely there's a
183:33 uh, filling in with sediment in back. But this re curves spit
183:38 forming because the advancing waves from here of wrap around this, and they
183:43 slow down from that. And so pushing sand around it like a circle
183:48 we take a look at the but see infrared showing us. Anybody
183:52 an idea what the infrared is showing to see if anyone's alive, is
183:59 ? Vegetation is vegetation. It z plant life. Eso Basically what it
184:06 is trees, uh, in places have enough enough thickness of sand and
184:14 estate to actually ah, grow leaf trees. And of course, these
184:23 in the hot sun transpire. And there's a lot of heat coming off
184:28 this and the infrared is showing you heat reflect the heat, reflecting reflectivity
184:34 reflection from from the trees that are versus the marsh down here, that
184:41 transpiring as much, and it's a bit cooler because you're in, you
184:44 , you're half in water and half of water. But this is really
184:48 here because the trees really get you know, in this summer,
184:55 to do this in the winter, probably not as dramatic, but but
185:00 really shows you the tree lines. what's interesting about this, too,
185:04 you have a tree line that comes this and you have a tree line
185:09 comes like this and you have a line that comes like this and then
185:14 one that comes like this. Then comes? It comes out like
185:18 but this is showing you is that one point in time, the barrier
185:21 was way back here. It had wash over fan here in a wash
185:25 fan there that built up sediment and the land mass. And then you
185:31 another ah, the thats bear islands , creating in the front and creating
185:40 here. So it's It's an accretion wedge. It's building out in this
185:46 with successive ridges, beach ridges and with recurve spits. And here's kind
185:53 a dramatic recurve spit here. So one point in time, the title
185:57 it was here. And so this England has been buried over like this
186:02 is this one's migrating in this direction it's going to fill out in here
186:05 fill this up. Of course, tides are going to make sure that
186:09 channel stays open and so it's going migrate down dip and usually on the
186:13 end of these on the East they erode up with the north end
186:18 eventually you're going to get maybe, , I can't see it. There
186:22 go. Uh, this is gonna down here, and the barrier island
186:28 that to the top of this into north is going to migrate, just
186:33 this one is towards the south. this channel up here is migrating in
186:37 direction, this whole barrier island is in that direction. So all the
186:42 , because of long short current, migrating to the south along this part
186:47 the South Carolina coast. Okay, you see a lot there with remote
186:52 . Now here. This is one this, uh, regular master students
186:59 I supported with Shahab Khan. uh, here's thes pictures air
187:06 But you can see there's looks like more vegetation here than there is
187:12 So here we have normal, healthy . And here we have blighted sage
187:15 this blighted stage was flighted because off fact that there's oil seeping in
187:24 we come over here and we look it and we can see,
187:31 quite easily that we have. Here's Here's the blighted sage brush.
187:42 here's some surface ligaments that people have up and here is people in the
187:48 finding micro seeps, little yellow And so what she did was she
187:55 at the hyper spectral log. And is, uh, there's visible light
188:03 here. Here's infrared over here and here's all this other part of the
188:13 that's being reflected that you can use make some interpretations off. I don't
188:18 if I have it here. uh, from her face is she
188:22 something to show you. What a bill looked like what, of
188:25 which thing did? But you spend lot of time doing this. You
188:30 at minerals in the lab and you them very carefully. You go to
188:35 outcrops and stuff and look where certain minerals or predominant in the field.
188:41 you get a feel for what kind signal you're going to see over here
188:47 the spectrum, it's gonna look like that's been altered from the mixing of
188:55 with groundwater and s. Oh, not only looking for a change in
189:01 , which you can see some of because you can get a response on
189:06 versus that, you don't have to visually inspected to see it. You
189:09 see it from from this, but can also pick up stuff because the
189:16 on the surface has changed, particularly you're out in a place that might
189:22 desert like landscape. It's a little easier to do, of course,
189:27 hard to do this in a Nerb area. Okay, so anyway,
189:33 what she was able to find and there was anomaly between what should be
189:42 in this area from the mythology that knew about and, uh, and
189:48 areas around it here in this there were limited anomalies over here.
189:55 were limited anomalies here. She saw . It was very anomalous. And
190:00 can see it kind of would cover , like, here and go up
190:05 this. That's actually mawr extensive, , than just seeing it here.
190:11 so it connected to dot all the up up to here. And you
190:15 some anomalies up here. So here have limited false bringing stuff up sort
190:20 Apache thing. You don't actually see going on directly here, but by
190:26 large, which sees there's a huge of what probably could be attributable to
190:33 sea voyage all through this thing, big field map area here here.
190:38 looking at nine kilometers across that and it's probably over 20 maybe even
190:46 much as 27 kilometers in this So it's a pretty good chunk of
190:51 . Just with some satellite data and good lab work and fieldwork, she's
190:56 to see that there's actually prospectively over , not just down here and obviously
191:04 they've seen a lot that picks they see a lot in here.
191:08 a little bit limited over here, again, you're seeing something along.
191:12 lineage is showing up in here relative what you see there. So that's
191:18 cool, I think. And they've stuff. This study was done back
191:23 probably I can't remember now. It's 25 26 and, uh and they're
191:31 a lot more of this in different the world now. But I thought
191:34 was pretty interesting. So let's take really quick break here of about 10
191:40 , and then we'll start looking at correlation, the issue of Correlation.
191:48 so make sure I have my Okay, let's see who's We don't
192:16 everybody back yet. I don't think , that's not what I wanted to
192:32 . Okay, so now we're gonna lecture nine log correlation and cross section
192:38 , and this is ah, more application of something. And I'm
192:48 And you may be glad to that through my long survey of different tools
192:52 petroleum geologists could could mess around me , uh, every time I present
193:00 these tools, I make it shorter shorter, and I think it's getting
193:04 and more incoherent. But it gets quicker anyway. Uh, correlation could
193:12 defined as these things, um, determination of structural strata, graphic units
193:18 are equivalent time and age or Graphic position between two points and reservoir
193:27 , of course, attempt to correlate things. And they're really interested in
193:32 whether one formation is correlated to but is my Do I have a
193:39 unit that's connected? Or is there in between disconnecting it like a fault
193:45 a pinch out? And so that's correlations really important. Correlation is trying
193:51 fill in the gap. It's trying give us three dimensional idea of what's
193:55 on with single point data sets of point with one access the Z axis
194:04 the vertical position, and we're trying connect these and come up with a
194:08 dimensional thing. And, of all geologists know what a fence diagram
194:12 . And of course, that was way we did that in the
194:15 and we could do fence diagrams with to the seismic lines But when we
194:21 two d seismic, uh, correlation well, toe. Well, if
194:25 can place the wells on the it seems that seismic lines are often
194:30 to miss wells on. Probably they the same way. We're trying to
194:36 the straight lines that they expect us plot wells so that when they do
194:42 , we could lays on top of . But of course, it would
194:44 hard to run a survey right over of a wellhead, but you can
194:48 awfully close. Okay, so, , basically, if you look at
194:56 strata graphic code, it's a demonstration correspondence between two geological units in both
195:02 defined property or relative strata. Graphic . Okay, so, uh,
195:08 fits property would be effective porosity. it could be a flow thing.
195:13 there. With just plain mythology. need thio. Make sure that,
195:19 know, I may have a porous here in the poorest unit over
195:22 but are they connected directly? Or it this way? And this one's
195:26 here pinches out there and this one's here but pinches out there. And
195:31 how I end up with for or pay units. And you thought
195:37 had If you're not sure exactly how were going on in between of the
195:43 different wells and so relative strata graphic is important too. If we have
195:51 sandstone over here and it's paleozoic in sandstone over here in its tertiary,
195:57 do not want to correlate this because they don't represent the same deposition.
196:03 sequence. They're they're not genetically related each other. This happened at time
196:10 and this happened a time triple Okay, so it's very, uh
196:17 you when you say with the strata correlation, you have to remember,
196:23 , there's two words and let those graphic One is live apology and the
196:27 one is fatigue ra fee. And there's always gonna be a strata graphic
196:32 . Thio. Let the strata graphic even though you may not have time
196:39 Yeah, Okay. So again, , we have looked the strata
196:44 but we can also use bio correlation help define which of these little strata
196:50 units really are Pini contemporaneous from Well, board another. And we
196:56 also get, uh, chronological tools , ah, paleo reversals in a
197:03 section. Or we can get radioactive Or we can get other things,
197:11 , in the section that give us krone strata graphic point in time.
197:17 faras Geologists are concerned they don't care they're fossils or anything. Uh,
197:21 do know that Ah, two million from now, we're going to see
197:26 lot of rubble in one layer that to be our society, and they'll
197:31 be able to nail that down. of which, uh, between 1959
197:37 1961 there were a lot of, , surface and atmospheric, uh,
197:44 warhead tests. And consequently, if have the right tools, you can
197:51 you have a substrate that hasn't been away or anything like that to put
197:56 a foundation for a building almost anywhere the world, you confined a spike
198:03 the cesium levels in the soil between 1959 1961. It's really good when
198:13 doing coastal GM morphology because you have that's a really good boomer. And
198:19 matter how thick your section is, you got the 1959 61 there.
198:24 know, it took so many years that to be deposited. You have
198:27 great rock accumulation rate or sedimentation rate that particular interval. Eso There are
198:35 tools, uh, NGO chronology that very easily okay. Ah, of
198:44 . When we look at what little we're looking at the texture of the
198:47 , the types of sedimentary structures. know, you could have a sandstone
198:51 in the sandstone there, but they not be the same looking sand
198:55 One might have different grain size In other words, the texture is
199:01 and you might have a sandstone sitting top of one once coarser grain ones
199:05 grain. And you may want to them one unit or one flow
199:10 But you might wanna have them separate in terms of your correlation, especially
199:13 at some point the upper layer gets and all you have is the bottom
199:18 , and you wanna be ableto tell that bottom layers is there and that
199:23 the top layer is what got and you're normally not going to see
199:28 from below. But but there are that could could break a section.
199:33 could have a pinch out in the and you might see Ah, lower
199:37 that have, uh, they're But there sedimentary texture is a little
199:42 different. The composition might be a bit different in the structures. Might
199:45 a little bit different, so you to be looking at all these
199:48 Another thing that is easily noticeable in any logs, Sequences repeat themselves.
199:54 can have stack finding upwards. sequences. We can have stack,
200:01 , coarsening upward sequences gonna have this on. So it's so the lift
200:06 could be very repetitive. But what trying to figure out is there's a
200:10 of sediment here a this time and pulse of settlement over here at the
200:14 time. That's what we're trying to . We're not just trying to correlate
200:19 sandstone. We're trying to correlate to stones that are genetically related. Eso
200:26 let those photography you say life, you mean rock type. When you
200:30 strategic AFI you mean with a strata context, okay. And and and
200:35 course, ah, right. Rightfully . The reservoir engineers are worried about
200:42 properties and also flow connection. of course, with bio strap,
200:49 can do it all sorts of different . And ah, most people.
200:57 what? I was showing you those I was showing you were bio
201:01 But in the exercise that we have , you're gonna have something called
201:06 TJ? Why Insys? And that's top. And that's a bio
201:10 But then all the sands underneath it the next top or bio event are
201:15 . Epi wire, EPA nighties. , alliances. Sand one sand to
201:20 three. So you retain that, , strata graphic conceptual idea.
201:26 you have these sands and there within we would call a bio zone so
201:32 by ozone would be defined by the of one in the top of the
201:35 one. And the bio zone, we're going on tops is gonna be
201:40 after the top. Uh, that's here, down to the next top
201:45 here. And so it's given the of the top up near the top
201:48 the sequence. Okay. And of course, there's ways to tie
201:56 fossil events. Thio JIA chronology and end up with bio geo chronology,
202:02 you can use the occurrence of some these bio events. Toe actually
202:06 uh, millions of years into your , too. But we're not going
202:10 do that in this class, There's other things that we can
202:15 I think I already mentioned polarity. normal. Reverse. Uh, you
202:21 have these organic deposits called separate pels sometimes a current in short term
202:31 And so they're like short term climate . Uh, in lakes, you
202:35 get things called barbs and you can barbed like sentiments. It's very hard
202:40 prove some things of our far versus a far of like sediment, because
202:46 barb actually is a is a cycle a light color in the dark color
202:52 in a lake. Yeah, the , it's, uh, lightning.
202:57 when it's dark and it's showing you and summer overturns, it doesn't happen
203:02 way in every lake. But the is is each couple is exactly one
203:07 , and that's what it needs. toe have be called of our and
203:11 we can't tell exactly if what these are, but we know they're var
203:15 like in other words, we see light on dark band cycle repeating itself
203:20 and over again may or may not a year long cycle, but we
203:24 it looks like a whole and, course, sequence photography is another thing
203:30 helps us correlate because sequence photography um ah, strata graphic architectural,
203:38 has things like climate forms, which dipped significantly with de positional dip.
203:47 things that are laid down layer cake in a lake sediment or no,
203:54 that you recall, Um ah, set bed, like the bottom of
203:58 lake or the bottom of an abyssal . Okay, okay, so one
204:09 the things that you really want to and I'm not going to read this
204:11 again for you, But But when correlate the first thing you really want
204:16 do, just figure out how to these units from one another. So
204:20 need to recognize from one well to next, where you have sands,
204:23 shales and you may also want to at, uh, finding upwards versus
204:31 coursing upwards sequences to kind of give an idea of the kinds of things
204:36 shapes They're trying to tell you it go together. Kind of like this
204:41 and that sort of thing. And keep losing my fill in light,
204:53 and you can read this on your . I really don't want it.
204:56 to go through that? But this trying to show you one of things
205:02 can happen with Sands is that they come and go. You don't always
205:07 what's gonna happen, and and this really show you that you've got a
205:11 , with a sandstone and sandstone and sandstone. Then you have another sandstone
205:16 on top of it. Um, , you know, here we have
205:20 wells, and and you've got these stones, but, um, let
205:27 ask everybody. Um, in uh, what do you think
205:34 Do you think sand is more continuous , or do you think shales tend
205:41 be more continuous laterally, Shales? , that's absolutely right. Shales tend
205:48 be more continuously lateral. For take, um Ah, floodplain.
205:54 got a channel and you've got a . That channel sand. You
205:58 you have to go a long way get to the next May have to
206:01 a long way to get to the surface channel that's being formed by another
206:06 or or maybe something that's close to surface, which was an earlier channel
206:11 migrated to the point now. So gonna see a lot of break up
206:15 and also the point bars. They're be where the big sand deposits
206:19 and they may not be a You come down the stream of the
206:22 , they're not going to be continuous . When you go laterally, you
206:25 see some dis continuity. The floodplain are always going to be there because
206:30 basically holding the sands up on. course, the channel is cutting into
206:35 floodplain with shales. Tend to be continues. So when we start
206:41 correlate the first thing we want to at, uh, you know,
206:46 engineer and almost every geologist that I really likes to look for the
206:51 And of course, if you're working an area where you have a very
206:54 and discreet sandstone, ah, you be able to correlate without ever looking
206:59 a shell unit. But when you tough logs and Ah, lot of
207:03 logs, which is what your exercise gonna be on. Trust me.
207:06 need to correlate the shells first and figure out how the sands fit in
207:12 the correlation. And these aren't perfect which can see here. Ah,
207:18 this is is pretty good. And , when we do correlation with our
207:23 our shale units, we look at far right display, which is either
207:28 be a conductivity log, which um, sort of has an amplified
207:35 . And, uh, it looks same as the reason activity log because
207:40 I'm pretty sure the the scales are reverse. So you see, the
207:46 looks exactly like the the re And the connectivity looked pretty much the
207:51 , but ones magnified over in the right side. I know I said
207:56 , but it's on the far right of a log. Sweet. I'll
207:59 you that again. And then sometimes the far right, you don't have
208:03 conductivity log, but they haven't uh, resistive ity response.
208:10 that's usually what we, uh we to try to correlate with.
208:17 And here you can see, we a reference state, um,
208:22 And when you're kind of hanging your on a reference state, um,
208:26 a limestone marker. Here's to limestone . So we think we think we
208:30 a good tie strata graphically with these these markers. So these kind of
208:35 sort of a penny contemporaneous time and penny contemporaneous time. And it helps
208:41 figure out, uh, the complexities these inter fingering sand stones here when
208:47 trying to correlate them. And you can see here somebody's managed to
208:54 o go here with this and over is a, uh, stack of
209:01 thing, and you can see there's continuous, uh, units coming over
209:07 . But it's separate. Like this be one barrier. That's another
209:11 And if we had something like we're having a regressive situation where we're
209:16 a flooding surface. If this is way to the ocean and it looks
209:20 it is, we have a flooding coming in here and pushing the tops
209:26 the sandbar back into here, and developing new sandbars. And here's
209:31 uh, we've got some subsidence and got one creating in front of this
209:35 , which they have temporarily been, , barrier. But you can see
209:39 very complex. But if you saw sand like the big sand like this
209:43 big sand like this, a big like this in a big sound like
209:47 , a lot of people. First , they want to try to correlate
209:50 sands to be exactly together. But ? It helps us to look at
209:55 shale sections and see what's going on shale sections. You can see I
210:00 a marker here and have a marker over here with shale sections missing over
210:05 . Which means the sands gotta be it strata graphically. And because we
210:13 , we don't get much Azaz, and whatnot in shale sections as we
210:18 in in sand section. So something's on to knock that out and you
210:22 see you don't have a lot of down here. But the shale down
210:25 would look a lot like the shale here, which would look a lot
210:28 the shale down here. You don't see it over here. Okay,
210:35 I'm not going to go through But you can read this,
210:39 for your own benefit. And this , um, just showing you the
210:45 of sequences that you can see. here's an abrupt shelling. This is
210:52 , um, candidates sequence boundary. can see over here, it's trying
210:56 . Interpret it again. You can of go through this because we're not
211:01 to do this in our exercise, this is something you could do.
211:04 lot of times when people get a , the first thing they do is
211:07 drawing these arrows and they use them help correlate Course, if you have
211:12 broad Marine units, it's really This is a little difficult because,
211:21 , we have a lot of sand in this section, and so you
211:24 to be really careful in here. have a limited number of places where
211:28 can correlate the shales. So, , somewhere north of north of
211:36 this part of the section here's both . But here we're over here with
211:41 the gamma ray. It says G S P. So I don't know
211:45 it is, but I guess um maybe they're overlap completely. It
211:56 , yes, the dark line is gamma ray. I'm hoping so,
211:59 , that's what it looks like. kind of hard to read, but
212:03 , this what this is showing you that they do have quite a bit
212:06 sand in here. But you do some shale units, and these were
212:10 other logs to help you. You see you've got resistive iti in a
212:13 unit, and, uh, but a nice shell over here, and
212:18 called a maximum flooding surface, which sense. So you can kind of
212:23 a look at what's going on with SP Gamma, the resistive ity,
212:29 , defining and coarsening upward sequences that here see here. And also what
212:35 of here's a transgressive system track that call retro gradation all which it looks
212:43 it might be here with a couple steps in it, and, uh
212:47 then, you know they're making sequence graphic interpretations here, too, which
212:52 also help you in the long But I'm gonna be showing you some
212:56 nasty legacy data that's gonna be really dependent on looking at the Shales.
213:03 , uh, this is just another showing of the tie between a gamma
213:10 and where they think different sequences might in different mythologies could be on here
213:17 mhm. This actually is from parting . Well, it says Emory and
213:21 , but But I think no, after Garland. But this is,
213:28 this was really, uh, uh much explained. I think it was
213:35 1993 where these units were actually developed , um, not Emery admires,
213:46 parting tonight and parting tonight at all a whole bunch of people came up
213:50 these J 66 sequences. And of , they're bounded by some significant gamma
213:59 , which are interpreted often to um, maximum flooding surfaces.
214:09 And this is a tie, way that you can tie it,
214:13 your log to correlate the log to seismic line, and this is showing
214:20 some climate forms that actually are being correlated a time before, uh,
214:31 photography was happening at this time, it was a few people were arguing
214:35 it. Some people still do, you can see you have ah,
214:44 surface down here that's in deep, water at the time. And,
214:48 first they came up with these nice names. Here's the the climate forms
214:54 under forms in the fondue forms. , uh, it's also the same
214:59 Is is, uh, top set set in four set beds.
215:05 uh, how many of you know a climate form is? Yep.
215:13 . Oh, yeah. What's the form? Did you guys say
215:26 Okay. A client of form is gonna be like a surface that
215:31 It's like a pro grating surface that down into the basin. So here
215:36 have the top set beds, and have programmed ation into the base.
215:40 and so we have this kind of or force that bed that's pushing out
215:46 . And then when we get into basin, we have the bottom
215:49 the fonda form. So if this a fondue form, and this is
215:53 client of form here, that means down here is a fun to
215:57 Right? And this is a client form. What do we call the
216:01 in between? Two climate forms, . A sequence function way.
216:19 So we have we have we have surface. We have another surface and
216:25 surfaces or climate forms. So between two surfaces, there's a rock
216:32 What would the RAC unit between two forms be called? It's it's kind
216:41 a trick question, but because most you probably never heard of what a
216:45 of form or under form was. you did. I don't know.
216:48 . Uh, uh, John it about it. But he probably talked
216:53 bottom set in top set beds, he? Yeah. Okay,
216:59 the beds themselves not the surfaces, the beds themselves. That bed right
217:04 would be called a Klein oath M h e m. And this is
217:11 font of them. And this shaded area up here is an under on
217:17 them. And you know what that ? It means a thing. So
217:27 a client of them is a incline , and this would be the
217:33 flat lying thing. And this would the top, uh uh, flat
217:38 thing. So, uh, even client with them sounds maybe technical,
217:44 not that technical. Okay. uh, these air just ah,
217:50 of examples that show how correlation could difficult. A t small scale in
218:00 detail when you have a lot of , Aled Geo morphology involved,
218:06 unilateral and a vertical sense. And we have this, uh, channel
218:14 right here. And, of what it's growing out into is something
218:18 was further, a little bit farther in this, uh, current distribute
218:23 mouth bar. Which is what? guess this is Yeah, there we
218:27 . And that's what it's trying to you right in here. And so
218:32 have things, uh, pro grading and okay, this is a nice
218:42 pack of sand. So just to sure, I just wanted to look
218:46 it, And out here is the away from it. But you have
218:53 coming out here like this, and building out in here. So you
218:56 Delta Front Sands in the front of , and then you have distribute
219:00 uh, mouth bars a little bit into where it is. Then when
219:04 get farther up in here, you have a channel. But this channel
219:08 actually growing out on top of stuff was here before. So this face
219:14 thes faces. That air here used be back here, and this channel
219:19 to grow out on top of And it's split and created distribute Terry
219:23 going in this direction on the Eri channels are basically a straight
219:28 You could see this one is a shoot to So you're going to see
219:32 lot of sand build up inside of without the asymmetrical pattern of a point
219:36 on one side and a cut bank the other side and eso When you're
219:42 wells through these things, you have be really careful. Look what sneaking
219:46 right here. What's that, Clay ? That's what it is. And
219:58 course, these things will come break surface and create what we call
220:04 mud lump in the Gulf of Um, other people might call it
220:11 shell volcano, but comes up and patch of land pops up and and
220:19 this course I don't. I don't pictures to show you of these things
220:23 the Mississippi Delta, but they're pretty . And as they rise up,
220:28 actually get terrorists because they keep going Sea level isn't changing that fast.
220:34 as it rises up a little it gets to terrorists and it goes
220:36 a little bit more and it gets lower terrorists. So you see a
220:40 like a staircase, like the uplift you see in places offshore Norway,
220:44 the uplift is ongoing from from the of the ice sheets that used to
220:50 there back in the last ice And this gets into more of the
220:55 cities of doing things. But one that's really interesting to note here is
221:02 kind of just keep going on and kind of break in, and and
221:08 , ah, if you have patchy occurrences or if you have wells that
221:15 too close together but they have sands look similar you really want to
221:21 Ah, the shale units to make correlation. So what you see in
221:27 resistive ity or conductivity log that's on far right of your curves? Use
221:32 thing to correlate your shale units. this is just another thing showing you
221:44 dis continuity of sands and how complicated be. But but you're gonna have
221:49 aliens in here that you can correlate long distances. So let me just
221:56 what we have. Okay? I we'll just go to this point on
222:02 test right about there. And anything that will be on the next
222:11 And as much as I want to talking, my voice is about Thio
222:17 give out my throat. Starting Thio feel happy about talking a lot.
222:22 you can tell, I do like talk, but not this long,
222:27 not this much. So I think is probably a good stopping point.
222:32 I really appreciate your attention and your to this program. And I think
222:40 know, we're on schedule. you've got the you've got to exercise
222:48 now on their do next Wednesday. , money. Uh, let's
222:56 Yeah, Sunday tomorrow, I'm going get you a study guide for the
223:02 first. I don't know if it's first half, but some ways it's
223:06 really the 1st 3rd because we spent lot of time on a lot of
223:09 tools, and I don't always ask many questions about them. But,
223:13 know, I put that in there so people that are getting into the
223:18 industry and even people that have been the oil industry understand that. There's
223:22 huge toolbox out there, and there's lot of tools we could go
223:27 And whenever you're working in a local , everybody's kind of decided we need
223:33 have these three items or these four . Maybe these five items, and
223:37 ignore a lot of the other Just remember, whenever you're working on
223:40 problem, think about any of these tools that might be useful, that
223:44 can pull in out of the tool and come up with some revelations to
223:50 that interpretation to go from what everybody today to what we're going to know
223:55 years from now. And you just to speed up that process by bringing
223:59 more sources of information. And with , I will let you guys go
224:05 we will talk about the correlation uh, next next week. So
224:12 probably still have a deadline on the exercise sometime in the following week.
224:20 , Sister, don't get okay. you guys have a really great
224:27 Well, and every way you I I'm glad that America is not
224:37 fire too much on fire yet. knows what's gonna happen? And,
224:44 , in the oil industry, we lean towards the Republican Party to help
224:49 out. But I will. I never I will never forget,
224:54 that Obama opened up the Atlantic. I also know that there are a
225:00 of Democrats, uh, that believe making money too. And,
225:06 eso, uh, in either whether it's far left or far
225:10 nothing's as bad as either side. Hopefully, uh, well, there's
225:17 doubt about it. Biden is a bit more moderate than some people in
225:22 party. So good thing is, still live in the United States,
225:28 ? That's a great thing. And and I and I No, I
225:32 I think the the person that ran the Democratic Party was was definitely better
225:38 some of the other people they could put in there. Yeah,
225:42 uh, I mean and not to anything bad about the other ones,
225:48 some of them believe in just totally rid of companies altogether. And,
225:53 , some of them don't understand that still need oil But I know there
225:58 a lot of Democrats that have completely ideas on that too. Did you
226:05 hear about this law that they're working in California that they're trying to get
226:09 of, like, gas goes question . Yeah, of course. And
226:14 know, with with the fire has on out there. I I understand
226:19 they're upset, and they're worried. And who knows of his climate
226:24 It's actually causing all these, electrical storms and electrical Farah failures.
226:32 ah, I hate to sound like on one side or the other,
226:37 forest management is really important. And unfortunately, a lot of the neglected
226:45 management was on federal land, not private land. And s o on
226:52 you if you also think about and is really I'm standing right on the
226:59 . Ah, think about Yellowstone National . Um, a lot of people
227:06 upset when the National Park Service let burn, but in a sense,
227:11 let it burn because it's a natural . Toe have these fires that remove
227:17 that, uh, volatile material on allows sort of a rejuvenation. And
227:25 they let it go and just just , um, that's putting a lot
227:29 carbon in the air. But at same time, Uh, if it
227:33 outside of Yellowstone, it could have down houses and all sorts of
227:37 But on both sides, environmentalists were because they thought there should have been
227:44 . Of course, people that might had structures nearby and it is a
227:49 concern to have that eso intervention might been worthwhile there. But one thing
227:54 could do, rather than wait for fire to happen, is that could
227:57 in and they want to create new for biofuels. They could go in
228:03 pick up all that, all that on the on the forest floors
228:08 uh, least then out channels a wide to try to keep these things
228:14 jumping all the way across tiny roads stuff like that and just just becoming
228:19 that no one can control. Ah . You know, I don't think
228:24 much force management is going to be right thing, but there needs to
228:28 more than we have is basically what saying. And, uh, and
228:33 course, the federal government has been guilty of neglect, neglecting that as
228:41 has. I think private private properties a lot of that kind of stuff
228:46 . And I know in the forested in the East Coast, uh,
228:51 have a lot of managed forest. and they they cut too 23 square
228:57 , swaths of forest out in a . And so you've got these huge
229:03 in between where there's there's not much , uh, not much to
229:07 So, you know, part of might catch fire, but it's not
229:10 to spread all the way across the of South Carolina. And that's just
229:14 to think about. Let me let guys go. The dementia, of
229:19 . In about the first assignment with Oh, yeah, I was
229:25 no one would ask a question about because I thought it was pretty
229:28 But what is that? Yeah, what I mean by that.
229:43 and and I don't really care what answer is, but I want you
229:47 look at the data and look and at the dates and just try to
229:52 out, you know, is a the parties really have that big of
229:57 impact on our industry or something else ? That's another thing. You could
230:02 a look a what's impacting the which is obviously impacting the thing.
230:08 demand has something to do with it consumption. Excuse me. Demand has
230:12 to do with it, and supply something to do with it. So
230:14 all these other things. But a of people like to blame it on
230:18 politician, and God knows they, all make mistakes. But But maybe
230:25 something else that's controlling it. uh, not the particular party.
230:30 other words, uh, some parties credit for the good times, and
230:35 parties are given credit for the bad , and, uh, it may
230:39 actually turn out to be that But just look at the data and
230:43 up with a conclusion. Okay? . Sounds good to me. All
230:54 . So I'll let you guys go a good rest of the weekend.
230:57 guys do Thank you. Okay, I can do
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