| 00:03 | Oh, that's that's turned on. , it would help if my microphone |
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| 00:06 | actually turned out. I got everything going. Just not the microphone. |
|
| 00:10 | right. And then the last thing , put that down. Gotta move |
|
| 00:15 | out of the way. It's, looking me. Waste time, Hear |
|
| 00:18 | down. Wasted up to 20 seconds this point. All right? And |
|
| 00:22 | the last thing is, Get on . All right, so it looks |
|
| 00:25 | we're ready to go. Man, got a lot to talk about |
|
| 00:29 | and I hope everybody ate something. if you're online, I hope you |
|
| 00:32 | Hunt When you get hungry here in a second that you go find something |
|
| 00:36 | eat because you're gonna have to fill belly when you start hearing this |
|
| 00:40 | All right, So I'm gonna go usually. What? I asked the |
|
| 00:44 | when I have an actual class instead four students and a t a. |
|
| 00:47 | asked the class said, Hey, think about what food we want to |
|
| 00:52 | about today. So I'm gonna pick because reasons All right, I want |
|
| 00:57 | to picture the biggest juiciest cheeseburger you imagine. All right, so we're |
|
| 01:03 | like a, you know, a pound of meat. You know, |
|
| 01:07 | just perfectly. Cheese on top of , all the veg is that you |
|
| 01:11 | , if you don't like veg. , tough. You're gonna have to |
|
| 01:13 | some veg on there. Put your , Put your mustard if you like |
|
| 01:17 | bacon. I want those nice, pieces of bacon and dripping off the |
|
| 01:21 | is all that stuff dripping down the . That sesame seed bun. |
|
| 01:25 | big ole order of fries on the , salted to perfection with that perfect |
|
| 01:30 | on them. Hey, maybe you to douse them and cheese so you |
|
| 01:34 | have your cheese fries. Maybe you him with chili on top. So |
|
| 01:37 | that big doubts of chili on top the onions and then Oh, |
|
| 01:40 | by the way, let's add in extra 1200 calories and get ourselves an |
|
| 01:45 | large, thick chocolate milkshake. You like chocolate, though, so but |
|
| 01:50 | . Oh, you do? All . So we got all that. |
|
| 01:52 | right. Can you picture this Excellent. This is what we're gonna |
|
| 01:57 | about today. We're gonna talk about we turn that into materials that are |
|
| 02:02 | wants to digest. Okay. Breaking down and pulling out the amino |
|
| 02:06 | pulling out the glucose, pulling out the facts that we're gonna need. |
|
| 02:10 | , empower our bodies. All so that's what the digestive system really |
|
| 02:14 | with. And what we're looking at , in this picture are the structures |
|
| 02:18 | in that process. Alright, the thing we have is the G I |
|
| 02:23 | , the gastro intestinal track, and simply is the tube that goes from |
|
| 02:27 | to anus that the food is gonna to travel through. Okay, so |
|
| 02:31 | I said, this is the tube , so we're just gonna kind of |
|
| 02:33 | through. So it starts with the cavity, which is your mouth and |
|
| 02:36 | pharynx. Remember, pharynx is the word. That means throat. Then |
|
| 02:39 | goes to the esophagus, that stomach tests and large intestine, small test |
|
| 02:43 | large intestine having their own unique compartments them. And when there's a |
|
| 02:48 | something that stands off is unique. means something interesting or new is happening |
|
| 02:52 | it. That's why we name it and then off to the sides or |
|
| 02:56 | part of these compartments. We have organs. These air the accessory digestive |
|
| 03:01 | . This includes your salary, salivary , where your salivary glands found in |
|
| 03:06 | mouth. There, that's that's what shooting for this general area. |
|
| 03:10 | Then we also have the pancreas, we're looking at the extra cream portion |
|
| 03:13 | the pancreas as well as the very , which is a fancy word for |
|
| 03:16 | you're living your gall bladder. So to get collectively, this is |
|
| 03:20 | digestive system. All right, now ? I wanna point out here and |
|
| 03:27 | I want you to One of the things I want you to take away |
|
| 03:29 | this is that the digestive system is to the body. All right. |
|
| 03:34 | is a tube that travels through that open to the external environment. And |
|
| 03:38 | easy way to think about this is think about what you are. You |
|
| 03:43 | what you eat, right? You've that phrase. Are you what you |
|
| 03:48 | ? Yes. You are a See? You're a donut. You |
|
| 03:58 | , done? That's right. Please yes. Otherwise it ruins my entire |
|
| 04:03 | and just not going to say I love donuts. Donuts? |
|
| 04:05 | your tube. So you can see you look at a donut, you |
|
| 04:09 | go through one side of the hole come out the other side of the |
|
| 04:10 | . And that's what's going on here that it's basically a structure that goes |
|
| 04:14 | the way through your body. So you were to stand like this, |
|
| 04:17 | can't see me online. But I'm with my head. Uh, it's |
|
| 04:20 | tube that goes all the way through . I can show you one |
|
| 04:22 | I'm not showing you the other Thank you for laughing. This is |
|
| 04:27 | this class is fun right now. saying that isn't gonna be strong enough |
|
| 04:33 | compelling enough evidence to suggest that it's of your body. But let's look |
|
| 04:37 | all the different things that helped point . It's outside your body. First |
|
| 04:41 | his pH. The ph in your is around two. All right. |
|
| 04:46 | , very low. Very, very acidic. Right. The ph |
|
| 04:51 | to your body is around eight. , slightly basic. All right, |
|
| 04:57 | these two environments are completely unique. external portion of your body out here |
|
| 05:02 | the skin. PH is very Why do we have low pH on |
|
| 05:05 | surface of our skin? What is pH due to microorganisms. It kills |
|
| 05:12 | right Low. PH is not conducive maintaining life. Now, do we |
|
| 05:17 | things living on our skin? we do. All right. So |
|
| 05:21 | is some organism. But for the , you know, granted the number |
|
| 05:24 | micro organisms out there in the world the ones that live on your |
|
| 05:28 | We're doing pretty good. All So what? Ph Very, very |
|
| 05:31 | to the external surface of the Alright. So that internal surface very |
|
| 05:38 | . Secondly, digestive enzymes. When have them in the Lumen of the |
|
| 05:44 | system, they become active and they destroying things. They're designed to break |
|
| 05:48 | down. If we put those same enzymes into our body, what does |
|
| 05:53 | do to our body? It breaks down. So notice what we're doing |
|
| 05:58 | we're keeping the enzymes and they're inactive while they're in the body. And |
|
| 06:03 | when we secrete them right into the tract, which is external, then |
|
| 06:09 | can function similarly on the surface of skin. We have DNAs and RNAs |
|
| 06:13 | and other enzymes that air there to down things that shouldn't be on |
|
| 06:17 | All right, so it's just a . If we put those same enzymes |
|
| 06:21 | our body, it would go after DNA and RNA. Because the enzymes |
|
| 06:25 | not organism specific. They are specific the chemical that they're supposed to be |
|
| 06:30 | apart. So if it's a it doesn't matter if the protein is |
|
| 06:33 | a cheeseburger or from me, it's gonna break it down. All |
|
| 06:38 | So enzymes are activated outside in the track, but are inactivated in the |
|
| 06:44 | . Third microorganisms we've all learned about , you know, about how we |
|
| 06:48 | our microbiome is and how wonderful and they are and how they control our |
|
| 06:52 | life. And that you have more organisms and you have cells in your |
|
| 06:56 | . You all heard that stuff. , Yeah. Yada, yada, |
|
| 06:59 | . All right. Take that one that's inside the digestive tract. Put |
|
| 07:03 | inside your body. What is your want to do with it? Kill |
|
| 07:06 | . Why? Because it doesn't Alright. Microorganisms can stay outside the |
|
| 07:12 | . All it wants to put him the body. That's a threat. |
|
| 07:17 | basically, microorganisms live inside the digestive , which is external to the |
|
| 07:23 | And as I point out here, that isn't supposed to be in the |
|
| 07:27 | is gonna be attacked by our immune . Take that cheeseburger put in our |
|
| 07:31 | tract. What do we do? . Take that. Same cheeseburgers. |
|
| 07:36 | open your abdomen. Inserted in. it up. What does the body |
|
| 07:41 | ? Attack, Attack, Attack. . It's not supposed to be |
|
| 07:45 | right? Foreign particles are a threat the body outside of the body. |
|
| 07:50 | I put a cheeseburger on my is my body going to be upset |
|
| 07:54 | that? No, not technically, . Maybe if it's hot and |
|
| 08:01 | you might be upset. Okay, it's regulated through a whole bunch of |
|
| 08:08 | processes that are both integrated nature of in nature and neural in nature. |
|
| 08:13 | , so we're going to see a of signaling mechanisms that are going on |
|
| 08:17 | . It's protected by the lymphoid tissue that's called the GALT, the gut |
|
| 08:22 | lymphoid tissues. There are LTs lymphoid all over the body, of which |
|
| 08:27 | not gonna look at. There's the e all the gulf. There's just |
|
| 08:31 | there's a way to get in the , there's lymphoid tissue protecting it. |
|
| 08:35 | E ELT is for the I, the way. All right. And |
|
| 08:38 | this does that basically serves as a between the external environment and the internal |
|
| 08:43 | . And so what this means is the light? All right, We're |
|
| 08:47 | friends here, right? We can honest. Yes, we can. |
|
| 08:50 | here ever picked up food off the after you dropped it? Live by |
|
| 08:53 | five second rule? Yes. good. Right. We've all done |
|
| 08:58 | right. I'm not judging you, ? You have that handful of |
|
| 09:02 | You're walking back to the TV. drop on the floor. You have |
|
| 09:05 | vacuum in what, like 23 You still pick them up. You |
|
| 09:08 | of just blow on them, Because they're safe now, right? |
|
| 09:13 | then we eat them. We don't ourselves with them. Why? Because |
|
| 09:17 | have an immune system that says, , if a bacteria hitches a ride |
|
| 09:20 | that Orio into my body and tries sneak through the cells, there are |
|
| 09:25 | tissues sitting there going. I'm not let you in, Okay. This |
|
| 09:32 | helps to promote our tolerance towards much the dietary substance on also for the |
|
| 09:38 | in our body. Here's something really . You guys have been hearing about |
|
| 09:42 | allergies, Probably your entire life. know, it's really interesting is that |
|
| 09:47 | to the, you know, mid there weren't really any sort of peanut |
|
| 09:51 | . They're killing everybody very, very . Or what's happened is, is |
|
| 09:55 | as we become more precautious in terms what we're allowing Children to eat, |
|
| 09:59 | actually doesn't allow them to build up for foods that can sit there on |
|
| 10:03 | edge of allergens. And so what's is is more people are becoming allergic |
|
| 10:08 | intolerant of foods because they're not being to it early enough. Pretty |
|
| 10:15 | right? Say good. Uh, you developing intolerance for a substance? |
|
| 10:26 | , you can. In fact, typically what it There's something about that |
|
| 10:31 | antigen that alerts the mast cells. so your mast cells, uh, |
|
| 10:36 | act inappropriately to whatever that we call an allergy because of what it |
|
| 10:44 | But, yes, you can develop over time, but that's usually pretty |
|
| 10:49 | , but it's kind of the same of rarity is developing a self, |
|
| 10:53 | , you know, reacting to self . It's rare, but it |
|
| 10:56 | right? And it's not so rare we haven't heard of it, you |
|
| 11:01 | . All right now the digestive system has about six compartments. The compartments |
|
| 11:06 | basically defined by the sphincters. And this is a list of the |
|
| 11:10 | more or less. It's not really for you to memorize all these |
|
| 11:14 | but I just want to kind of you where these fingers are. So |
|
| 11:17 | have the upper esophageal sphincter, Sits right up here, basically |
|
| 11:22 | Look, here's the oral cavity to rest of the book to the |
|
| 11:25 | Then down here at the bottom of esophagus, between the esophagus and the |
|
| 11:29 | . That's the lower esophageal sphincter at break of the stomach at the post |
|
| 11:35 | of the stomach. That's where you're see the pile oryx sphincter. You'll |
|
| 11:38 | that all of these well, not the theist, alpha gel, |
|
| 11:41 | skeletal. But here we got a muscle. One smooth muscle. |
|
| 11:45 | uh, moving on down. We the illegal cycle sphincter That's between the |
|
| 11:49 | intestine so that the pilot sphincter defines boundary of where the small intestine |
|
| 11:53 | The the cycles sphincter Excuse me, the boundary between the small and large |
|
| 12:00 | . And then finally, the internal external anal sphincter, which is similar |
|
| 12:03 | the, uh, the sphincters that the urethra. Right, The internal |
|
| 12:07 | external, your re throw sphincters. basically same sort of thing. It |
|
| 12:12 | keeps poop in the body until you want it there. Right, So |
|
| 12:16 | a smooth muscle one. So when you start filling up the bowels, |
|
| 12:22 | the most posterior regions of the of colon basically starts filling up with |
|
| 12:29 | uh, fecal matter. Basically, one gets stretched, and but notice |
|
| 12:33 | not just gonna defecate, right? you just get that urge where it's |
|
| 12:39 | all right, She has a lot fun to come to class. |
|
| 12:44 | Then the and then the external one where you control it. That's where |
|
| 12:47 | actually sit on the toilet or wherever going to go. I mean, |
|
| 12:52 | was that person who I don't know you ever hear the story about the |
|
| 12:55 | pooper? E can't remember which city in, but there was like this |
|
| 12:59 | who's a serial pooper and they would poop in public, not not like |
|
| 13:04 | people are watching, but they would these piles of fecal matter is like |
|
| 13:07 | in this posh neighborhood. They finally the person who was doing it. |
|
| 13:11 | were like they're ready for, a homeless person. Or it was |
|
| 13:13 | woman who just had a fetish about pooping. And it was It was |
|
| 13:21 | she was like a well to do . And she was just like, |
|
| 13:24 | did you do this? I just . I think this is E. |
|
| 13:28 | don't know if it's not like this what I do. Do you know |
|
| 13:33 | just anyway, So that's the external is basically allows us the voluntary control |
|
| 13:37 | when we dedicate four layers in the tract. We already seen these four |
|
| 13:43 | mentioned in the previous unit, and said, Don't worry about it too |
|
| 13:47 | in the renal system. You remember had the mucosa sub mucosa of muscular |
|
| 13:52 | Advantis you Whenever you're dealing with these systems, all four layers are gonna |
|
| 13:56 | there. Eso internally. That's where gonna see the mucosa. The advent |
|
| 14:00 | of the cirrhosis always gonna be found the outside. It's the protective |
|
| 14:04 | And I just want to kind of through a little bit, because here |
|
| 14:08 | a little bit more important. All , so the mucosa is important because |
|
| 14:13 | the cells that are McGovern the role absorption and secretion. All right, |
|
| 14:19 | we have what is called the mucus . That's the innermost layer. |
|
| 14:23 | So this is where you're going to your extra Quran and your endocrine glands |
|
| 14:27 | . All right, So extra Quran I'm secreted into the into the Lumen |
|
| 14:31 | the digestive tract. Endocrine means I'm ing into the blood and sending signals |
|
| 14:38 | the body really more technically around the system. All right, And then |
|
| 14:42 | have epithelial cells. These are the . That was sore materials. And |
|
| 14:46 | these are all going to be found varying concentrations within the mucosa itself. |
|
| 14:52 | . And underneath that, that we're have the connective tissue called lam |
|
| 14:56 | This is where the gulf is gonna hanging out, then you have a |
|
| 14:58 | layer of muscle that is different than mucosa that were the muscular. So |
|
| 15:02 | going to see a little bit And then what's interesting about the mucosa |
|
| 15:06 | the digestive tract is it has a degree of folding, and it's gonna |
|
| 15:10 | different kinds of folding in different All right. And that folding allows |
|
| 15:15 | to increase surface area or to uh, you know, to change |
|
| 15:20 | folding to actually increase the movement of through the digestive tract in these specific |
|
| 15:27 | . All right. And so depending where you are, it's gonna be |
|
| 15:29 | . And again, the pattern, can be modified because of the muscle |
|
| 15:34 | found external to that. And so I have one slide here on the |
|
| 15:39 | . So there's some unique characteristics about mucosa I want you to walk away |
|
| 15:43 | , and the rest of them is more or less, you know, |
|
| 15:46 | of like, Yeah, it's So sudden, mucosa, This is |
|
| 15:49 | you're gonna find the blood vessels. is where you're gonna find nerve |
|
| 15:52 | the muscularity. There's actually two This is true for pretty much every |
|
| 15:57 | where you're gonna look, with exception some very few tissues. Some of |
|
| 16:02 | actually have three. All right, here's the general rule. If I |
|
| 16:06 | a muscularity, if I have a , I have two muscles one |
|
| 16:09 | uh, circumferential and one that's If I squeeze a circumferential, what |
|
| 16:15 | I doing? I'm squeezing the If I'm relaxing, I'm relaxing the |
|
| 16:19 | . Longitudinal. They're making the tube or longer. All right, so |
|
| 16:23 | the muscular Aris. Alright, so the outer layers concentric, the inner |
|
| 16:29 | longitudinal. I don't think it's important you guys so much. It's really |
|
| 16:33 | like hammer in on the anatomy All right. There's also a network |
|
| 16:37 | muscle of of nerves that help innovate must muscularity as well. And |
|
| 16:41 | finally, this roasted That's just connective on the outside. Thio prevent the |
|
| 16:47 | of the tissue. Alright also helps prevent the friction again. Why prevent |
|
| 16:53 | ? You're made of meat, and happens with friction is you produce heat |
|
| 16:57 | what do you do when you heat , you cook it, so the |
|
| 17:04 | of everything you need to know about digestive system we send up in these |
|
| 17:08 | basic processes one year. The laptop I was using died while I was |
|
| 17:14 | this lecture and I had no way access my slides. Now I have |
|
| 17:19 | ways to access, but this is early on. So I could give |
|
| 17:22 | is called a chalk talk chalk topic is simply getting up and talking about |
|
| 17:26 | structures and what they do without you know? So it has to |
|
| 17:31 | come from my brand. So this what I did. I said, |
|
| 17:33 | , this is really, really So I'm gonna tell you the exact |
|
| 17:35 | thing. You can make a diagram you take these four processes, you |
|
| 17:39 | , right across the top. And put all the structures down the other |
|
| 17:43 | and you basically just kind of how do they go about doing each |
|
| 17:47 | these different things? Right. So have motility, secretion, digestion of |
|
| 17:51 | of motility simply is how a mix moved materials secretion is what are you |
|
| 17:55 | into the digestive tract to help in process of digestion, digestion is simply |
|
| 18:00 | breakdown of the of the chemicals, you can do it in one of |
|
| 18:03 | ways. You can break down physically you could breakdown chemically. All |
|
| 18:07 | so there's two mechanisms that we're gonna at and lastly, is absorption, |
|
| 18:10 | is simply after you break things down the process of digestion. What are |
|
| 18:15 | taking out? How you absorbing it the body and which sections air doing |
|
| 18:19 | . So not all, Not all of the digestive tract. We're gonna |
|
| 18:22 | these four things, but they have in each of them. And |
|
| 18:27 | while we're talking about, what I'm do is I'm gonna keep asking. |
|
| 18:30 | , so what does this one And you're just gonna be like, |
|
| 18:32 | , it plays a role in this and this or plays a role in |
|
| 18:35 | in this, and it helps you kind of keep things moving. So |
|
| 18:39 | we're gonna do is we're gonna start the mouth and we're gonna work down |
|
| 18:41 | esophagus to the stomach. That's we're finish today, and then we'll continue |
|
| 18:45 | small intestine large intestine on Tuesday. what day it is, right? |
|
| 18:51 | then that's how we deal with This system. So let's kind of |
|
| 18:56 | at this in a little bit more . So those are the definitions. |
|
| 19:00 | see what it means to be what actually means. All right. First |
|
| 19:06 | , we have muscular Aris. Muscularity movement, right? Because the |
|
| 19:10 | So it's either me controlled voluntarily or , because it's the digestive system. |
|
| 19:15 | all smooth muscles, so it's going be involuntarily for the most part. |
|
| 19:19 | right now, there is a certain of tone that this muscle has, |
|
| 19:24 | ? So, in other words, already in a state of of |
|
| 19:28 | but not complete contraction. Partial And this helps to maintain the shape |
|
| 19:33 | also to create pressure on the materials are actually in the digestive tract. |
|
| 19:38 | right, now, I said you're donut. All right, We are |
|
| 19:43 | we eat. But we're also something . We are cement mixer and we're |
|
| 19:47 | belt. All right, that's our track. All right, So the |
|
| 19:51 | belt part part part is the propulsive . What we're trying to do is |
|
| 19:55 | trying to move contents through the digestive from the mouth to the anus. |
|
| 20:00 | there's this constant propulsion of materials in direction. All right, so this |
|
| 20:06 | that process. This is that first . This first kind of movement or |
|
| 20:11 | is a propulsive All right now, on where you are, it's gonna |
|
| 20:15 | faster. It's gonna be slow when swallow. Something is moving faster, |
|
| 20:19 | , Fast. When I'm moving through through my small test, I'm trying |
|
| 20:23 | restore materials is gonna be fast or . It's gonna be relatively slow, |
|
| 20:27 | ? I mean, we're not talking , Oh, it's 3 m per |
|
| 20:30 | versus 14 years we don't care about were just relatively speaking. If I'm |
|
| 20:34 | to get from here to here, pretty quick. But it's getting from |
|
| 20:38 | to go to the bathroom. It a little bit more time. All |
|
| 20:42 | , so that that rate is region . The second is is the mixing |
|
| 20:48 | . Alright? And here what we're to do, we're trying to mix |
|
| 20:51 | materials in that cheeseburger and fries and that we have. We want to |
|
| 20:56 | it to the secretions that we but we also if they're absorbable |
|
| 21:01 | you want to get those things to surface. Have you guys ever had |
|
| 21:06 | jawbreaker, right? I mean, not talking like a little tiny |
|
| 21:09 | I'm talking like the true gobstoppers. know, the three you're the only |
|
| 21:13 | in the classroom is not in there inches across. You put it. |
|
| 21:17 | basically if you've never had a jawbreaker it is, it's sugar that's been |
|
| 21:22 | to the density of the sun. ? If you notice that you try |
|
| 21:28 | bite, it can't do it The only way you can consume a |
|
| 21:33 | is looking off a molecule layer thick sugar with each go round. |
|
| 21:38 | So it takes forever to digest Alright. But if you've eaten |
|
| 21:43 | not like a jawbreaker. But let's I don't know, sweetheart, you |
|
| 21:46 | had sweethearts, bottle caps, any the other, you know, chalky |
|
| 21:50 | that you get down at the bottom the of the Halloween bag. It's |
|
| 21:53 | , I guess I'll go ahead and those right Smarties, right? It's |
|
| 21:58 | you put in your mouth. It's , Okay, the one molecule layer |
|
| 22:00 | a time isn't working for me. what do you do? You |
|
| 22:03 | Chu Chu chu. And what you now is you basically dispersed all the |
|
| 22:07 | into a powdery layer that you could mixed with saliva, and you can |
|
| 22:11 | all the yummy goodness out of it fast as you can. All |
|
| 22:15 | that's just the example. That's at in the mouth, right? And |
|
| 22:18 | can imagine this is also occurring in digestive track. If it just |
|
| 22:22 | you know, without mixing, then only thing you're doing is you're working |
|
| 22:26 | the external surface. You're not getting the internal stuff. And so the |
|
| 22:30 | allows you to push digestive juices into a mix it around with the material |
|
| 22:37 | it gets internal and allows from absorbable . We moved to the surface so |
|
| 22:41 | you can absorb that. All so that's what mixing does. So |
|
| 22:46 | is motility in a nutshell. Two things. Propulsion and mixing. Now |
|
| 22:51 | get to my favorite character in all world. Homer Simpson. Homer is |
|
| 22:55 | help us understand digestion because he loves doughnuts. Mm. Doughnuts. What |
|
| 23:03 | secretion? Simply secretion is the water electoral likes and the other materials that |
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| 23:08 | body produces from the blood it takes from the blood and puts it into |
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| 23:13 | digestive tract. Alright, this requires of energy. I'm not talking energy |
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| 23:20 | to push him there, but to them, right? So there's gonna |
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| 23:23 | a lot of active transport. You're have to make a lots of new |
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| 23:27 | . And so this is kind of investing. If you want to become |
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| 23:32 | , right, You need to first money in in order to get money |
|
| 23:36 | come out, right? Money just appear magically, at least as far |
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| 23:42 | I know. If you do know a way that money appears magically, |
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| 23:45 | let me know. I would love find out and make it happen. |
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| 23:50 | right, so we're going to be in the process of digestion or to |
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| 23:57 | more out of it. So a bit of energy in to get a |
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| 23:59 | of energy out. All right, we're going to see a re absorption |
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| 24:04 | many of these secretions by the time by the time this material arrives in |
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| 24:09 | latter or the post here regions of digestive track. So it's you're not |
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| 24:15 | getting the secretions back. You're going get the secretions, plus all the |
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| 24:19 | in there. But we are not taking from the blood and leaving ourselves |
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| 24:23 | . It is gonna be returned back the blood. All right, so |
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| 24:26 | is primarily water in the electrolytes, other things will be returned as |
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| 24:31 | Digestion is simply the hydraulics icis of molecules by specific enzymes. All |
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| 24:42 | now, if I use fancy words I don't think I did, I |
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| 24:44 | you're all good biologist. So you what hydraulics is is, But |
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| 24:47 | it's a breaking of a bond, ? And in order to make that |
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| 24:51 | stable, that one that you just . You also have to break |
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| 24:54 | And you add the hydroxyl in the group to the ends of that. |
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| 24:58 | broken bond. Right? So that's we're doing. And so, in |
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| 25:02 | nutshell, we look at the So think about that cheeseburger I |
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| 25:05 | right? We have that. What's carbohydrates in the cheeseburger? The |
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| 25:11 | Anything else? The lettuce, you know, in the veg. |
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| 25:16 | if you had onions and lettuce and , there's gonna be carbs in |
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| 25:20 | right? Right. Oh, The fries man. I'm telling |
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| 25:23 | got the big old fries. We those that going on to Great. |
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| 25:27 | that miss something? Oh, the . Do we have some carbs in |
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| 25:30 | milkshake? Yes, all that right? We got about this much |
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| 25:34 | and then sugar, so all those are gonna be broken down. We're |
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| 25:39 | taking those in in the form of are called Polly Sacha rides. And |
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| 25:44 | anyone tell you meet has carbs in , right? It has glycogen, |
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| 25:49 | we're gonna do is we're gonna break down on. We're gonna turn them |
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| 25:53 | di sacha rides and ultimately, in mono sacha rides, right? And |
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| 25:58 | those mono sacha rides. That's like , fructose and lactose that we can |
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| 26:04 | . All right, that's the So that's the hydraulics is we're taking |
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| 26:09 | carbohydrates, turning them into simple And then we absorb the simple |
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| 26:13 | Proteins. Same thing, complex Chop it up in a little tiny |
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| 26:18 | acids or into peptides. Absorb the acids in the peptides. Fats, |
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| 26:25 | . Think about all the fat and food that we just described. We |
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| 26:29 | the fat and cheese we got fat the burger. We got fat, |
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| 26:33 | , fat in the mayo fat. we put cheese on top of our |
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| 26:37 | , we got fat there. I , it just makes the mill worth |
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| 26:43 | . Mm. And all we're gonna is we're gonna take those fats primarily |
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| 26:49 | the form of triglycerides. They're not triglycerides, but for the most |
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| 26:52 | they are. And what we're gonna is we're gonna chop those triglycerides and |
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| 26:56 | monocle Lyssarides into glycerol and free fatty . And then that's what we have |
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| 27:01 | across. And then we're gonna rebuild if we need to. So that's |
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| 27:05 | process of digestion. Simply hydraulics. . And so we're gonna look at |
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| 27:10 | hydraulics. Is that's really what tomorrow's is, or Tuesdays talk is about |
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| 27:14 | let's see how hard this really And then finally, absorption occurs in |
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| 27:22 | small intestine. Alright, so of the structures aural cavity, esophagus, |
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| 27:29 | , small intestine, large intestine absorption takes place in the small intestine. |
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| 27:34 | like answer on the test, recognize the large intestine plays a role in |
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| 27:39 | . But it's not the absorption of food materials. It plays a role |
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| 27:43 | a different kind of absorption. So you are consuming food, it's not |
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| 27:47 | stomach that is playing a role in . Your stomach will see, plays |
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| 27:52 | different role. It's the small So that cheeseburger that you just wolf |
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| 27:57 | with that massive amount of fries in large chocolate shake is now finding its |
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| 28:02 | down to the small intestine, and the nutrients that you're gonna pull out |
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| 28:05 | it is gonna be pulled out in small intestine. All right, We're |
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| 28:12 | going to see not just those absorbable units. We're gonna see water environment |
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| 28:17 | the electrolytes. All that stuff is be moved as well. All |
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| 28:21 | so it's not just those materials. all these other things as well. |
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| 28:27 | primarily the water, the vitamins, electrolytes. That's gonna be primarily large |
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| 28:32 | . But when we get there, get there. So far, so |
|
| 28:36 | . We got a big picture. know where we're gonna be going |
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| 28:40 | Are you hungry yet? No. all eat your lunch. You said |
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| 28:45 | . Yes. Good. All Here. We mentioned it again. |
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| 28:52 | interior nervous system one more time. , it's two different plexus It's a |
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| 28:57 | mucosal nerve plexus which will be found the look at the name in the |
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| 29:04 | mucosa. That's see, That's And then we have the my interrogator |
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| 29:08 | . Where do you think the Mayan would be located? We hear the |
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| 29:12 | . My Oh, you think of , right? So the mind Terek |
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| 29:18 | plexus is in the muscles. So the nurse system. So basically, |
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| 29:22 | sensory motor neuron notice there of the nervous system. All right, so |
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| 29:26 | is some regulation that takes place back forth between the nervous system and the |
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| 29:32 | nervous system and out here, But speaking, they are They can function |
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| 29:39 | and we're going to see this in a moment. All right, So |
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| 29:42 | , sensory neurons, they're detecting changes the G I tracts were looking at |
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| 29:46 | or chemical makeup or even mechanical Right? So the mechanical stimulation that |
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| 29:51 | be kind of example of stretch. , motor neurons, What are they |
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| 29:55 | ? They're stimulating the smooth muscle stimulating the epithelium so they're causing secretion |
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| 30:00 | occur as well as absorption. They're endocrine cells which will send out more |
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| 30:05 | to the epithelials on and they stimulate blood vessels. What do you think |
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| 30:09 | gonna do with the blood vessels? as an aside, uh, during |
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| 30:13 | , we're gonna make them smaller. gonna make them bigger. Bigger? |
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| 30:17 | right. We've got to get those into the blood, ship them around |
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| 30:20 | body. All right, so that's role of the interior. Nervous system |
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| 30:25 | basically to promote digestion. Now, thing we like to think about |
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| 30:30 | we like to think, Hey, I'm digesting food that's taking place in |
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| 30:33 | stomach. But the truth of the is, digesting begins in the |
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| 30:37 | All right, in the mouth, air just structures that you can |
|
| 30:40 | Um, I like to show This is what I usually show my |
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| 30:44 | students. But I want you understand got the palette that separates the nasal |
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| 30:47 | from the URL cavity. The Basically, that's a little dangly thing |
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| 30:50 | the back of your throat. So you swallow, it pushes up, |
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| 30:53 | I'm forces food to go down the instead of up into the nasal cavity |
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| 30:57 | . Ever swallowed milk wrong. Like told you a joke. right. |
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| 31:01 | because you're laughing and you're usually goes and the milk is already in the |
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| 31:05 | . And so then it goes up your nose and it drips out, |
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| 31:07 | you laugh even harder or really makes around. You laugh harder, and |
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| 31:11 | you're just kind of like stuck there nasty bugger milk. All right, |
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| 31:16 | is like I said, the fancy for the throat. It's basically a |
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| 31:19 | passageway for Aaron food. And then passageway is going to split into the |
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| 31:24 | and esophagus, right? And so you go down through that lyrics, |
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| 31:29 | should say the trachea in the Excuse me. Um, when you |
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| 31:32 | down to the trachea, you're basically down the lungs. That's where the |
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| 31:36 | goes. Esophagus is for the food . Is it really, really |
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| 31:41 | Skeletal muscle? We know it's skeletal because we can all control it, |
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| 31:45 | ? Right. I can control my sometimes. All right. Its job |
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| 31:52 | to guide food during chewing and Notice that you don't do a really |
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| 31:55 | job. I've ever bitten your tongue chewing gets outside. So it's kind |
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| 31:59 | has a mind of its own All right, and then your teeth |
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| 32:03 | responsible for this is my favorite word physiology is for responsible for mastication. |
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| 32:09 | know, Make sure you only master at the table. We're having |
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| 32:17 | See, it's fun. It is to play in the classroom. |
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| 32:22 | So mastication at what is mastication is slicing, dicing, tearing, |
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| 32:27 | doing all sorts of fun thing the . All right, and notice. |
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| 32:30 | have different types of teeth. They different types of roles. For the |
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| 32:33 | planning on dentistry, you get to four years learning that's crap for the |
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| 32:36 | of us. We're not gonna worry it, okay? They're sharp and |
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| 32:39 | hurt when people do by. That's good enough for us. Alright. |
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| 32:44 | ultimately what we're doing is we're trying mix food with the saliva. And |
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| 32:48 | the thing. The importance of mastication . Make sure you read this slide |
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| 32:55 | . It's responsible for mechanical digestion. . Here is the first role of |
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| 32:59 | . It's mechanical digestion. I love pictures, right. How maney Nilla |
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| 33:05 | . Could you shove in your right? What are we trying to |
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| 33:10 | when we master Kate. We take , and we're trying to rip it |
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| 33:13 | . We're trying increased surface area. purpose of increasing surface area is so |
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| 33:17 | we can get the digestive juices into nooks and crannies. So when you |
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| 33:21 | down the materials faster, all it's a coordinated effort. This is |
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| 33:26 | key thing. Coordinated, right? I said, we've already been in |
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| 33:28 | mouths. We've bitten our tongues, we've got to coordinate. So don't |
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| 33:31 | too much food in your mouth, you're gonna find your tongue with |
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| 33:33 | giant, hole, gaping hole in that you didn't plan on. All |
|
| 33:37 | , I got this spot on the of my cheek that just sometimes likes |
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| 33:41 | get bit like, four times in row, right? It becomes this |
|
| 33:45 | . Yeah. Yeah. All So what are we doing? It |
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| 33:48 | a coordinated effort, all right? actually, it's a voluntary effort, |
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| 33:52 | there's actually a reflects in it, right? And usually, when I |
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| 33:55 | a least 100 people, there's at one person chewing gum in the |
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| 33:59 | I get to make an example of . Not because I'm gonna be |
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| 34:01 | spit it out. Spit it But it's more like watch them to |
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| 34:04 | . And then they all say it this. No, no, Chew |
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| 34:07 | gum. What will happen is is bite down your jaw moves to the |
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| 34:12 | , and then what happens is you kind of repeat this. This |
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| 34:17 | it's a natural with the pressure that producing creates his natural rhythm. And |
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| 34:22 | you get bored. You ship it the other side, and then you're |
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| 34:25 | does it the other way. It's kind of cool. It's just the |
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| 34:28 | of the food in the mouth. when you feel it, it causes |
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| 34:30 | . That's why gum works. All . Now, what are we doing |
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| 34:36 | ? Christian surface area mixing in softening and moistening food for swallowing. |
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| 34:41 | many guys have ever eaten Doritos or ? Too fast? Right. And |
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| 34:44 | get that Cheeto or that burrito that forgot to chew and it gets into |
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| 34:48 | Ferenc, then you swallow your things going down sideways. Yeah, |
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| 34:54 | I know. I'm not the only that you're all right. So when |
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| 34:58 | soften and moisten the food, it do that. So this is why |
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| 35:03 | got to slow things down. And it stimulates the taste buds. It's |
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| 35:09 | . Good. Do you like You know, Especially when you find |
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| 35:13 | food. You've all been to the bar, right? Okay, go |
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| 35:19 | the ATM, take out $200 because don't wanna walk in there with the |
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| 35:24 | card. All right? And then you do is you'll say I'll take |
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| 35:28 | of everything, please. It is you. Have you been in the |
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| 35:33 | bar? No. You made a bar? Um, I am I |
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| 35:36 | in this. Everything they make is make their They got cake. That's |
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| 35:40 | tall. They got chocolate ice cream , like, 30 different varieties. |
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| 35:44 | got chocolate Candies. They got chocolate . They got chocolate That. I |
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| 35:48 | you if you ask them, they have chocolate underwear in chocolate slippers. |
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| 35:54 | that you'd wear them. You eat before you get them out of the |
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| 35:56 | because they're chocolate. Is that Stimulate the taste buds. That's why |
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| 36:01 | choose stuff. All right, so the first type of digestion. Is |
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| 36:06 | mastication tearing things apart. Now, comes from the salivary glands, |
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| 36:11 | We have two different types of The asking ourselves. You ask yourselves |
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| 36:15 | cells that actually produces secretions, and have duck cells, which are basically |
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| 36:19 | tracks for the ducks of the They have duck cells around them |
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| 36:22 | notice they actually produce things as The ask ourselves are producing both the |
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| 36:27 | and the mucus fluids that are found saliva. So saliva we're going to |
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| 36:32 | here in the next slide is mostly , but then it has other stuff |
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| 36:36 | it. And so what? We're this serious fluids, what we're looking |
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| 36:39 | . We're looking at the watery fluids contain an enzyme called amylase. MLS's |
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| 36:45 | , probably in the next slide, to break down sugars. All |
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| 36:50 | that's number one is. We're breaking . Complex sugars, poly peptides, |
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| 36:54 | little tiny peptides or poly peptides. Sacharow. It's not a little tiny |
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| 36:58 | Ackroyd's. The Mucus is a protein is very, very sticky, |
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| 37:05 | Have you had really watery saliva like eat chocolate? You get really |
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| 37:10 | Slava. And then have you ever to give a talk like in front |
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| 37:12 | it? Like 1000 people in your turned into black cotton, and it's |
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| 37:17 | here it is. You know, guys, you guys are like talking |
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| 37:21 | public, you know, you get and your mouth dries up. You |
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| 37:25 | , you just don't do it. , that happened. Yeah. |
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| 37:31 | That mucus e. So you're always saliva. It's just what's the ratio |
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| 37:35 | the mucus to the to the watery ? That's what is so the duck |
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| 37:39 | they produce, uh, potassium Right? They produce license. I'm |
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| 37:45 | . I'm is a chemical that is bacterial. All right, awesome name |
|
| 37:52 | . I'm licensing. Bacteria is really it is. So this is kind |
|
| 37:56 | why the five second rule works is very first thing your that you have |
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| 37:59 | you have, ah, bunch of . I'm actually the only other place |
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| 38:03 | more license. I'm than in the is in your eyes. Your tears |
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| 38:07 | more license. I'm than your saliva . And then we have i |
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| 38:10 | which is an immune globulin. Now autonomic nervous system regulates this. Parasympathetic |
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| 38:16 | the primary regulator. It leads to secretion, which makes sense. Rest |
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| 38:19 | digest. Parasympathetic is what's gonna go , but notice that also sympathetic promotes |
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| 38:25 | flow, right? It just changes ratio of what you're actually producing. |
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| 38:30 | it's this constant or continual activity. , there are different glands, so |
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| 38:36 | have the serious glands of serum mutual , mucus glands. It just tells |
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| 38:39 | the ratio in what you're producing those . Um, e don't think I've |
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| 38:45 | asked a question like which ones are parade, which are the sub |
|
| 38:48 | which was sub mandibular. But you kind of see here in the |
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| 38:51 | right? Sublingual would be the one your tongue. Right? So when |
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| 38:55 | have that person talking to you and spit at you like it's been |
|
| 38:58 | bro, have you ever had that ? Yeah, that's sublingual. Sub |
|
| 39:03 | is one that sits right under So like when you get those swollen |
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| 39:07 | over here, that's really not this glands or salivary glands. Those are |
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| 39:12 | nose, but they do sit up there and they can swell up if |
|
| 39:16 | get like, blocked whatnot. And the products are the big, nasty |
|
| 39:20 | . They sit right back over Um, sometimes kids get those blocked |
|
| 39:25 | , you know, because they're producing much stuff, and they kind of |
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| 39:28 | up, and they look kind of , like they have the mumps |
|
| 39:30 | What you can do is give like, a lemon drop, and |
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| 39:33 | really, really, you know, . And so it causes produce more |
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| 39:36 | , which will actually help flush those out. But they're the big ones |
|
| 39:40 | sit right out over here. All , so what is saliva? Whatever |
|
| 39:46 | , uh, basically, as I , it's primarily water. Have you |
|
| 39:50 | that spit is gross? Why? gross. It's water. Shouldn't be |
|
| 39:59 | . That's kind of sticky. Notice your spit? Isn't it really that |
|
| 40:03 | ? Who spits gross? Other people . You know why? It's |
|
| 40:07 | It's because it's their water. That's . All right, anyway, primarily |
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| 40:14 | , some electrolytes in there, some . I mentioned amylase already. Notice |
|
| 40:18 | lips. What is left is gonna break down Fats. Right? We |
|
| 40:24 | mucus license. I'm five second rule g a five second rule some robin |
|
| 40:29 | , some lacto ferrin, some lack peroxide aces. Gotta, gotta, |
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| 40:33 | don't worry about all that stuff. . The key thing once you walk |
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| 40:36 | with here is that we begin the of digestion, the mouth. We're |
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| 40:40 | doing mechanical breakdown. We're starting chemical of sugars and fats. So when |
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| 40:45 | put that cheeseburger in your mouth, starting to break down the carbs and |
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| 40:49 | starting to break down the fat. not doing a really good job of |
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| 40:52 | , but that's where it starts, right. Terms of functionality. |
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| 40:58 | it's a solvent. Allows the molecules get to the taste buds, makes |
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| 41:01 | enjoy. Our cheeseburger, helps you talk. This is what I was |
|
| 41:04 | about. If you have a more , uh, saliva in your |
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| 41:08 | that makes it easy for your mouth move and for you to be eloquent |
|
| 41:12 | then when it becomes less watery and mucus E than your words not so |
|
| 41:18 | , I'm teasing. It's That's It's harder to talk. You get |
|
| 41:23 | . It's tongue, sticks and Crime. Keep your mouth and teeth |
|
| 41:29 | . This is an experiment I want to try at home. I want |
|
| 41:32 | to go and buy a big old of Oreo cookies. I want you |
|
| 41:35 | go eat like half the box that want to go look in the |
|
| 41:38 | smile, alright and see all that goodness sticking in your teeth. And |
|
| 41:42 | I don't want you to ignore the of the box. And I want |
|
| 41:44 | to wait five minutes. I know gonna be a challenge. And then |
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| 41:47 | about five minutes or so, I you to go look in the mirror |
|
| 41:49 | see if you have all that chocolate in your teeth. The answer should |
|
| 41:53 | No, because the saliva help wash your mouth, right. Help wash |
|
| 41:58 | all those chocolate bits and goodness And after you've proven that that's |
|
| 42:01 | Then you go read the rest of box helps to neutralize the acid in |
|
| 42:06 | is fairly basic, because remember, we had is we have the potassium |
|
| 42:10 | . So that's a basic molecule that's fight the acids that are found in |
|
| 42:14 | and also produced by the bacteria that to hang out in your mouth, |
|
| 42:17 | the rest of that chocolatey goodness that left there and helps keep your mouth |
|
| 42:22 | . So those are the functions of . Now saliva is continuously produced This |
|
| 42:29 | easily evidenced by looking at Children. in the age of two and three |
|
| 42:33 | drill because they haven't learned yet how swallow. Right? You are just |
|
| 42:38 | Children. The difference is you know to swallow. So when you have |
|
| 42:41 | saliva in your mouth, what do do? You swallow it. You |
|
| 42:45 | let it go way. You have put bibs on you. Keep your |
|
| 42:49 | dry. Do we have to do with Children? All right, |
|
| 42:54 | we also have a simple salary. reflects. You put food in your |
|
| 42:59 | , and that's going to cause you produce more saliva is really easy. |
|
| 43:02 | for this is gonna get a piece chocolate. If you have a dry |
|
| 43:06 | , put something with sugar. Chocolate a good example, but you could |
|
| 43:09 | anything with sugar skittle, for Put that in your mouth. All |
|
| 43:12 | a sudden, the that little glucose your mouth will make your mouth water |
|
| 43:16 | you'll get that nice wet mouth All right, that would be the |
|
| 43:21 | salivary reflex. And you're familiar with condition salivary reflects. That is simply |
|
| 43:26 | you don't need oral stimulation, but can get the mouth water. That's |
|
| 43:31 | Pavlov did, right? That's Pavlov's . Experiment with the ringing of the |
|
| 43:36 | on the feeding of the dog and not feeding of the dog and making |
|
| 43:38 | dog mad at him and yada, , yada doughnut. That's the easiest |
|
| 43:47 | . Remember conditions salivary reflects. What Homer do when he thinks about |
|
| 43:53 | Uh, swallowing? See, I you, Homer, Homer has all |
|
| 44:01 | answers. Swallowing is a sequentially programmed or none response. Either you swallow |
|
| 44:08 | you don't. All right, there's in between swallow. And I like |
|
| 44:11 | tell a story that helps to illustrate . Okay? Simply put. When |
|
| 44:16 | was in New Orleans, everyone says have to have raw oysters now. |
|
| 44:20 | grew up in the desert. You eat seafood when you grow up in |
|
| 44:23 | desert because you had to cross the to get to you, so it |
|
| 44:26 | tasted good. And what is What is an oyster on oysters? |
|
| 44:30 | living bugger? And those two things just do not translate well in my |
|
| 44:36 | . Do you like oysters? You ? Do you like oysters? A |
|
| 44:39 | bit like oysters. No. No. All right, but you |
|
| 44:43 | to New Orleans, you gotta have , right? Or you have to |
|
| 44:46 | it correctly Sometimes. Oysters, oysters and her sisters, sisters and |
|
| 44:51 | . I can't. Whatever. All . So how do you need an |
|
| 44:54 | ? Right. Well, what you is you get this poor animal that's |
|
| 44:58 | living in its shell. You take the top of its shell and it's |
|
| 45:01 | there going Oh, don't eat Don't eat me and you sit there |
|
| 45:03 | go. Dude, I gotta eat because these people are daring Me |
|
| 45:06 | And I've been drinking enough beer that now willing to do so. And |
|
| 45:11 | then what you do is you, know, put it in your |
|
| 45:13 | You know? Well, usually what do. Like in my case, |
|
| 45:16 | just take enough Tabasco and you just there until you basically have just annoy |
|
| 45:20 | swimming in Tabasco. So now it's . I'm burning from the acid, |
|
| 45:24 | you're just like, dude, I gotta eat you. And then what |
|
| 45:27 | do is you put in your mouth you push it back with your |
|
| 45:29 | and it gets to the back of throat. The Ferencz. Okay. |
|
| 45:33 | at this point, you're making a . All right? Am I gonna |
|
| 45:37 | it, or am I gonna spit out? All right? Because once |
|
| 45:41 | gets back there, what you're gonna is you're gonna reach what is called |
|
| 45:45 | aural fringe. Ill stage. So Orel, Fragile says from mouth |
|
| 45:49 | throat. And when you get it the back of your throat, the |
|
| 45:53 | response is to push up. And it becomes the Assad Jill stage, |
|
| 45:57 | the thing begins traveling down, it go halfway down and say, |
|
| 46:01 | you know, I changed my I'm coming right back up. |
|
| 46:03 | it has to go all the way . This is the all response. |
|
| 46:06 | once your girlfriend you'll begins, then rest of it has to happen. |
|
| 46:12 | a then B, if you don't to A In other words, that |
|
| 46:15 | sits in your mouth and sits and I ain't going. I'm not |
|
| 46:18 | it back there. It's just gonna on my tongue. I'm gonna sit |
|
| 46:20 | and pretend Oh, uh, You know what I'm talking about? |
|
| 46:27 | , Either push it to the back my throat, and then I |
|
| 46:30 | And then it goes down all the down to the stomach, or I |
|
| 46:34 | push it to the or offering So you see, this is the |
|
| 46:39 | . All right to swallow means you it to the back of the |
|
| 46:42 | Once the process begins, it happens you can't, you know, think |
|
| 46:48 | if you it's not. If it's always, just think about the thing |
|
| 46:51 | you've put into their mouth and you're , I can't get it to the |
|
| 46:53 | of my throat. It's not gonna like the first time you had a |
|
| 46:57 | . Very good. You're just like you're doing is refusing to get to |
|
| 47:01 | referential stage, your just keeping Orel. Now, maybe it disgusted |
|
| 47:10 | got down to your stomach here was , Then it can come right back |
|
| 47:14 | . All right, that's a different . But once you start, it |
|
| 47:18 | all the way. All right, there are a lot of steps to |
|
| 47:21 | . I never, ever talk about , but if you want to read |
|
| 47:23 | it, that's what this whole slides right? It's kind of, Let's |
|
| 47:28 | . I don't know why I have big old block in the way. |
|
| 47:30 | about that, basically says as a . And that's a soft deal, |
|
| 47:34 | right. The swallowing center is what that parasol tick wave. So this |
|
| 47:38 | why it's a it's a all or response. So once that into the |
|
| 47:44 | , the parasol tick way begin to pushing down. And it will keep |
|
| 47:48 | that bullets of food for to the until it arrives there. Now, |
|
| 47:53 | we put things into our throat. really, really difficult to move, |
|
| 47:57 | example, that sideways to Rita that just described right or alright again, |
|
| 48:02 | remember friends here. Have you ever that peanut butter sandwich? You |
|
| 48:06 | I'm talking about you get the white you don't get any has no substance |
|
| 48:09 | it is just basically white bread, then you get like the glob of |
|
| 48:13 | smooth peanut butter. But you don't like a little thin thing if you |
|
| 48:15 | , like put like three spoonfuls and you basically full of bread over. |
|
| 48:19 | like this big. So really, you're doing is you have something that |
|
| 48:22 | hold onto peanut butter you put in mouth and you swallow. Wanted to |
|
| 48:28 | it stopped like right here, doesn't ? Yeah, I got Yeah. |
|
| 48:33 | , this is why it doesn't When you're on online, you can't |
|
| 48:35 | me choking. E got peanut butter behind my heart in my esophagus. |
|
| 48:41 | . And you're sitting there going, gonna die. No, no, |
|
| 48:44 | , no. That parasol tick What will happen if something gets stuck |
|
| 48:48 | the esophagus? It says, I'm gonna go around the substance. |
|
| 48:51 | what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna a stronger wave and a stronger waving |
|
| 48:54 | stronger wave until it ultimately pushes the down. That's why you're like sitting |
|
| 48:59 | with the peanut butter like, and could feel it moving all the way |
|
| 49:04 | . Thank goodness you go for the month. No, you always question |
|
| 49:13 | . These people have I don't know that would be. I mean, |
|
| 49:23 | it's the esophagus, it's because of What we're just kind of experiencing |
|
| 49:26 | Something is literally not moving down. if it's like in the back of |
|
| 49:29 | throat, like in the Ferencz Then you know that could be |
|
| 49:36 | It could be a booger e honestly, Could be just about |
|
| 49:40 | If it's just any sort of It may not be something that you |
|
| 49:44 | physically see. It could simply be that receptors receptors don't get tricked. |
|
| 49:49 | either stimulated or they're not. I guess it could be perception as |
|
| 49:53 | , but that doesn't seem really From I hope I answered the |
|
| 50:00 | I mean, sometimes I don't know answers to these things. All |
|
| 50:04 | we got about 30 minutes here. see if we can finish with |
|
| 50:07 | because this is where we want to today. So, mouth, what |
|
| 50:11 | we do? What type of digestion we do in the mouth? |
|
| 50:16 | And we do chemical. What Carbon carbs and fats. Esophagus? |
|
| 50:24 | we do any digestion? Know Esophagus primarily? Motility. All |
|
| 50:30 | Now, if we want to think terms of secretion what we secreted in |
|
| 50:33 | mouth with screening amylase license im I a lie. Pace these air the |
|
| 50:38 | . Right? So, digestion. there any sort of motility answers? |
|
| 50:42 | . My tongue and my teeth are things around. Right? So are |
|
| 50:46 | doing any sort of absorption in the ? No. All right. So |
|
| 50:51 | there is no absorption now, that's true. All right. You |
|
| 50:55 | me that. Kind of looked like absorption. If you have something that |
|
| 50:59 | Lippo Filic, it can be Right? So there is some vitamin |
|
| 51:05 | . Alright. But there's nothing that literally attempting to absorb, right? |
|
| 51:10 | no cells that are serving as absorptive . Alright, Sophocles, to have |
|
| 51:15 | absorption? No. Do we see ? No, we saw motility and |
|
| 51:19 | also have secretion that we don't really about. But it's you could to |
|
| 51:23 | smooth the slide. Alright, if sarcophagus is a slide, you need |
|
| 51:28 | toe grease, the wheels sort of to speak. Stomach anatomically. We |
|
| 51:34 | four different regions. We have the . The cardio is the region that |
|
| 51:38 | above the esophageal opening. All so it's kind of this region. |
|
| 51:43 | sits a little bit high and then majority of it is that or |
|
| 51:46 | the cardio is the opening or near opening. The fun. This is |
|
| 51:49 | sits up above the fungus among us above us is kind of, I |
|
| 51:54 | know, But then we have the , and the body is the majority |
|
| 51:58 | the stomach. And then at the end, we have the pile Orrick |
|
| 52:02 | or the Antrim, and this is of where a majority of the work |
|
| 52:06 | taking place. So you can think the cardio is this is where food |
|
| 52:10 | . The body kind of serves as storage area along with the funders. |
|
| 52:16 | then the work of breaking down materials it can occur in the body is |
|
| 52:20 | gonna be occurring nearest the pi Lloris the Antrim. Okay. Now, |
|
| 52:27 | speaking, the stomach serves as a to store food while we're breaking things |
|
| 52:35 | . In other words, we're going determine when we're gonna move things forward |
|
| 52:38 | the small intestine because we said the replace where absorption takes place in the |
|
| 52:43 | intestine. So we're going toe, food back before we allow it to |
|
| 52:47 | to the small intestine. And what gonna do is we're gonna continue to |
|
| 52:50 | it down even further so that the testing will have the easiest job of |
|
| 52:55 | now, the other thing that we is that we're gonna break down the |
|
| 52:59 | . We're gonna do some digestion, we're gonna do some very specific |
|
| 53:03 | Alright, We're gonna first pulverized, there's more mechanical digestion, so the |
|
| 53:08 | is kind of serving as a grinder break things down. But we're also |
|
| 53:11 | be doing chemical digestion specifically towards proteins some fats. All right. And |
|
| 53:18 | environment here is very, very different the environment in the mouth and in |
|
| 53:22 | esophagus. And so part of the we have sphincters is not only to |
|
| 53:26 | the different areas, but to create that are unique. All right, |
|
| 53:30 | the mouth is unique and doing its , then the esophagus is unique in |
|
| 53:34 | its thing. The stomach is unique doing its thing. And so the |
|
| 53:38 | there is gonna be unique. what we're gonna secrete is we're gonna |
|
| 53:41 | hydrochloric acid and some some specific enzymes play a role in this protein digestion |
|
| 53:47 | lipid digestion. Now, first we got about what, a week |
|
| 53:52 | a half until Thanksgiving? Yeah, or less. You guys looking forward |
|
| 53:56 | Thanksgiving? I love Thanksgiving. Thanksgiving the only day of the year that |
|
| 54:00 | promote gluttony, you know? And know, I'm all for gluttony. |
|
| 54:05 | mean, I'd like to find my pants, right. Ladies, you're |
|
| 54:10 | you can wear skirts. Sometimes they have. That stretching is built into |
|
| 54:14 | . You know, you don't have put on sweatpants like we dio you |
|
| 54:20 | your else ever gotten the meat sweats ? That's what I eat. So |
|
| 54:25 | meat. You're just sitting there Uh huh. It's just gravy dripping |
|
| 54:29 | of your pores, right? Barely to keep yourself awake from all the |
|
| 54:34 | to fan, which isn't really a . But it sure is fun to |
|
| 54:38 | , right. What happened? Why mentioned this is because when you eat |
|
| 54:42 | with stomach does it doesn't fight the , it actually relaxes. It's |
|
| 54:47 | Oh, you're bringing me food. right, let me let me expand |
|
| 54:50 | little bit. You can bring me more food. Let me let me |
|
| 54:52 | a little bit, and it keeps this, and it keeps doing this |
|
| 54:55 | to about a leader of food, know? Can you imagine the leader |
|
| 55:00 | food you know how they measure They're not sitting there going well, |
|
| 55:02 | me just see how much leader you , it's not loose food. They |
|
| 55:05 | liquid and they fill the stomach and how much it will distant before, |
|
| 55:09 | No mosque. All right, so about a leader You ever heard of |
|
| 55:13 | milk challenge? You know the gallon challenge. Try to seek. |
|
| 55:17 | Drink a gallon of milk in an . You can't do it. It's |
|
| 55:19 | . Part of it is because of and because what happens when milk? |
|
| 55:22 | a stomach. There's enzymes in the that causes it to curl and |
|
| 55:26 | so it doesn't just shoot right through body like water or broth. |
|
| 55:30 | You could drink a gallon of broth that, right? But milk turns |
|
| 55:34 | this curd. It basically turns into and that doesn't move. Just sits |
|
| 55:40 | . That's why you can't do And then you vomited all up, |
|
| 55:43 | that's not cool looking at all. don't do the milk challenge. Make |
|
| 55:47 | friends do the most challenge. All , so what is doing is it's |
|
| 55:53 | through this process of relax ation, allow food to come in. All |
|
| 55:57 | . It's dilation of the fund is just keep bringing in here, bring |
|
| 56:01 | in here. And then it's gonna stored into that that not not necessarily |
|
| 56:07 | the funding, but in the And then as food is processing broken |
|
| 56:11 | , it's slowly pushed into the which is really kind of interesting, |
|
| 56:15 | if you think about it, it four unique compartments in this one open |
|
| 56:19 | . It's like looking at this room saying, Okay, this is the |
|
| 56:22 | . Those were the desks back That's the seating. And you can |
|
| 56:25 | see the four different areas, If you look in the room right |
|
| 56:28 | is a steep slope. There is back slope, and the body or |
|
| 56:32 | stomach knows how to separate these compartments that they do what they do. |
|
| 56:37 | food is actually kept up and away it. All right, now, |
|
| 56:40 | we're gonna see is how do we food? How we gradually feed the |
|
| 56:43 | up there? Well, it has do with the musculature that's there. |
|
| 56:47 | right, Some. So if you at the mucosa what you're going to |
|
| 56:55 | where you're gonna see gastric pits. so what? This is trying to |
|
| 56:58 | you is one of these little tiny . There's thousands upon thousands of |
|
| 57:01 | So this is that folding that we're to. All right. In the |
|
| 57:06 | , we saw folding. We don't a lot of folding in our |
|
| 57:09 | I mean, there's some there, there's not a lot in the |
|
| 57:12 | The folding creates these tracks that are in the direction of the tube, |
|
| 57:17 | it kind of serves as a It pushes things this way. The |
|
| 57:21 | here in the stomach creates these gastric , and we got unique cells that |
|
| 57:26 | found within the gastric pits that produce things. All right, so we |
|
| 57:30 | mucus. Next cells, they're found the necks of the gastric. |
|
| 57:33 | Hence the name. What do you they produce mucus? Yeah, because |
|
| 57:37 | says so. Right up. All right. Chief cells are named |
|
| 57:41 | cells because they're the ones that are everywhere. Their job is to produce |
|
| 57:45 | enzyme called Pepsi. Imagine that's it's form, alright and also produces |
|
| 57:51 | We have the parietal cells, their is to produce hydrochloric acid. Stem |
|
| 57:56 | make all the other cells we have epithelial cells that kind of service out |
|
| 58:00 | the outside Also produce mucus, helped protect the lining of the stomach. |
|
| 58:03 | then we have different types of endocrine that were scattered throughout that serve a |
|
| 58:07 | of signaling to the other cells and cells outside through the blood stream. |
|
| 58:13 | now, the pilot area has all same things, except that they don't |
|
| 58:18 | any hydrochloric acid because at this you don't want anymore. And, |
|
| 58:24 | , they do produce a little bit Pepsi. Imagine, but not so |
|
| 58:27 | . Now what we're gonna do, gonna look at what each of these |
|
| 58:30 | do. All right? So when think about the stomach, we think |
|
| 58:33 | this low pH this hydrochloric acid and that produced by the parietal cells basically |
|
| 58:39 | this pump of potassium proton pump. we're basically exchanging a proton for potassium |
|
| 58:45 | hydrochloric acid actually doesn't digest anything at . Alright, What it does is |
|
| 58:51 | causes d maturation so it takes a protein and basically causes to unfold. |
|
| 58:58 | so now you make it available. make all those amino acids and all |
|
| 59:02 | bonds available for the, uh, that do actually do the digestion. |
|
| 59:06 | what it does, it creates an that allows for the maturation so that |
|
| 59:12 | can occur. All right. It an environment that specifically conducive for the |
|
| 59:17 | of Pepsi, which is the active of Pep Synergen. And as we |
|
| 59:22 | , low pH is not good for . So typically you kill everything off |
|
| 59:26 | gets in your stomach. Hence five rule rocks. Pep Sin is not |
|
| 59:33 | molecule, but several molecules, all ? And they're a bunch of Indo |
|
| 59:37 | . ASIS. What does Indo pep too. Here you got a |
|
| 59:42 | Where is the end of pep Is going to cut carb, |
|
| 59:48 | amino and some place in between Look the knee. It tells you in |
|
| 59:57 | it's not gonna pick the car It's not gonna pick. You mean |
|
| 60:00 | there's gonna be something inside. That's it's an Indo pep. Today's It's |
|
| 60:04 | for specific arrangement or these air each for specific arrangements, and they're just |
|
| 60:09 | up these amino acids or I'm these proteins in the smaller peptides. |
|
| 60:16 | they're released in their, uh, form, and they're released. |
|
| 60:20 | um, when it's stimulated now, that means is that means it's up |
|
| 60:26 | . There's a constituent or a constant of secretion of Pepsi. Imagine. |
|
| 60:30 | when protein start arriving in the that's when we're gonna up regulate the |
|
| 60:35 | of Pepsi Energy or the release of in again. All right. And |
|
| 60:39 | it's gonna be these specific molecules will at a secret in gas string and |
|
| 60:44 | seal. Colin, we're going to how this works in a little bit |
|
| 60:46 | . All right. Now, the pH is what allows for the activation |
|
| 60:51 | Pep Synergen. It actually has self activity. So if you release Pepsi |
|
| 60:56 | into an environment that already has low , it actually cleans itself to become |
|
| 61:01 | become active, and then it allows to activate other peps and molecules. |
|
| 61:07 | right, And then what? We up with these little tiny peps, |
|
| 61:11 | , these little tiny peptides. They're big to be peptides. Like when |
|
| 61:16 | think of little tiny peptides, they're little bit larger on. We call |
|
| 61:19 | pep tones. Sounds like a band the fifties. The doo wop band |
|
| 61:33 | Seasons The Four Tops the pep I mean, doesn't it? |
|
| 61:39 | I'm the only one old enough to what fifties music sounds like. |
|
| 61:43 | your assignment. Watch back to the . Watch back to the future as |
|
| 61:50 | pep tones. Does it not sound a fifties doo wop band? All |
|
| 62:00 | , pep tones are gonna cause gastric be released by specialized cells called the |
|
| 62:04 | cell. Why is it called the cell releases Gas string. So gastro |
|
| 62:10 | leased by the G cell. You how easy this is? The Namen |
|
| 62:13 | is just awesome. CCK is an for Kohli Cystic in and it's produced |
|
| 62:19 | the isosceles Don't know what I sell for. I used to I just |
|
| 62:26 | now I don't hydrochloric acid stimulates is by pep tones. So what is |
|
| 62:31 | basically saying? When I put proteins the stomach and they start getting |
|
| 62:35 | I'm going to stimulate hormones and hydrochloric secretion that promotes protein digestion, which |
|
| 62:42 | going to promote the production of these . You see the positive feedback loop |
|
| 62:47 | going on here all right. When has put into an environment that has |
|
| 62:52 | pH greater than 75 it's inactivated. do you think we're gonna have an |
|
| 62:57 | that is gonna be greater than 7.5 the digestive tract. I'll give you |
|
| 63:04 | hint. What's the next space? after the stomach? The small |
|
| 63:12 | That's right. So what's gonna happen is we're gonna turn off everything we |
|
| 63:16 | on when we arrive in the small . Hey, what we're doing is |
|
| 63:21 | basically saying in this zone, this what you're gonna dio and then |
|
| 63:24 | So this is what you're gonna dio this this is what you're gonna dio |
|
| 63:28 | this and this is a church. of them are special, an independent |
|
| 63:32 | each other. So digestion of the begins in the stomach, and then |
|
| 63:38 | enzyme that's responsible for it is going be turned off when it arrives in |
|
| 63:40 | small intestine. Now we have something called a gastric diffusion barrier. I |
|
| 63:46 | told you that a whole bunch of that are dangerous hydrochloric acid, what's |
|
| 63:50 | gonna do? It's gonna cause protein maturation. What's on the surface of |
|
| 63:54 | cell in your body proteins, So you can imagine I would actually |
|
| 64:00 | damaging my own proteins. But instead we're gonna we're gonna produce a whole |
|
| 64:03 | of mucus, which is alkaline in , and it basically creates a barrier |
|
| 64:09 | the acidic environment and the cells. protective, all right. We have |
|
| 64:14 | watery mucus that's on the top, we have a thicker, more mucus |
|
| 64:17 | mucus that's on the bottom, all , and that's what this is trying |
|
| 64:21 | show you. But the problem is the cells are on the bottom and |
|
| 64:24 | watery substance. The environment is up the top. So how do we |
|
| 64:29 | the stuff from the bottom to the on the top? My favorite |
|
| 64:35 | It is here because it's just so sounding. You get something called |
|
| 64:43 | fingering in that gross, viscous, and really what it is. It's |
|
| 64:49 | geiser. It's an eruption of these that shoots through the the, |
|
| 64:58 | the mucus layer. So you could think of it is erupting and pushing |
|
| 65:03 | , and there's a little tiny stream then up and into the water environment |
|
| 65:09 | That's how you protect the cells and get the stuff we needed to |
|
| 65:14 | So the gastric diffusion barrier is simply anatomical and physiological barrier between the gastric |
|
| 65:21 | and the cells that produce them. the mucus layer in between that protects |
|
| 65:25 | cells still allowing you to do it the to get the materials there through |
|
| 65:31 | stream of hydrochloric acid. This is showing you well. I guess it |
|
| 65:36 | . Right there. There's the viscous right there. You ready for the |
|
| 65:43 | picture in all of physiology? Three from a birthday party founded on the |
|
| 65:54 | . These three pictures together had a . It was called Bathing in the |
|
| 66:00 | of your enemies. E had to these pictures. This is awesome. |
|
| 66:09 | till you have Children, my wife I being, you know, smart |
|
| 66:15 | parents at the time with our youngest . We didn't let them have any |
|
| 66:19 | in the first year of life any sugar. And on their first birthday |
|
| 66:23 | gave them something like this. I the look of my son's face the |
|
| 66:28 | time we tried sugar. I will forget it. His eyes bugged out |
|
| 66:31 | his head. He was like, ? Why? Why have you denied |
|
| 66:35 | this my entire life? My daughter the first taste and it was like |
|
| 66:41 | green cupcake, very similar to the of her sippy cup right there. |
|
| 66:46 | she took that first lick very tentatively loved it so much. She shoved |
|
| 66:50 | cupcake into her face and had icing in her nose for the next couple |
|
| 66:55 | hours, bathing in the blood of enemies. Di cookie monster die ! |
|
| 67:05 | right, How do we regulate what in and out of the stomach? |
|
| 67:10 | is the process of gastric regulation. off, we have pacemaker cells. |
|
| 67:15 | basically create a rhythm of muscular contraction is constantly going on with regard to |
|
| 67:20 | digestive tract. That's pretty easy. alter the force, but not the |
|
| 67:27 | of contraction. Alright, so effects rates of secretion by the glands, |
|
| 67:33 | doesn't increase the rate at which things pushed through, right? Just the |
|
| 67:38 | of force so greater force can result more things moving. Now there are |
|
| 67:44 | phases and you're familiar with these phases because you've experienced them. We're just |
|
| 67:48 | to describe them. Now we have is called the so phallic phase, |
|
| 67:52 | is before you eat the gastric phases eating. And after you eat. |
|
| 67:56 | the intestinal phase. So again, want you to picture that cheeseburger. |
|
| 68:01 | sitting over there, in and You've ordered the four by four. |
|
| 68:07 | . You guys been to the Internet ? You know what? You've heard |
|
| 68:10 | it. Okay. And then out , they're fantastic burgers. All |
|
| 68:15 | Now, are they the best burgers the world? Ah, potato. |
|
| 68:20 | , right. I'm still a water guy. I grew up with water |
|
| 68:25 | . I will die with water burger with a triple in my hand. |
|
| 68:30 | a double. My wife won't let get triples anymore. All right, |
|
| 68:37 | here you are. Well, before get there, let's just describe the |
|
| 68:42 | that we're gonna be looking at. of words on the screen. Let's |
|
| 68:46 | it simple. Gas Trinh. Produced the G cells. Their job is |
|
| 68:51 | promote digestion. How do we promote ? We promote the production of hydrochloric |
|
| 68:57 | from the parietal cells. We promote release of Pepsi Neogen from the chief |
|
| 69:04 | so gastric promotes digestion. Histamine. you ever heard of histamine before? |
|
| 69:10 | . It's a signaling molecule that we associate with allergy, the big top |
|
| 69:13 | . But it also plays a role regulating digestion. It promotes hydrochloric acid |
|
| 69:19 | , so it promotes digestion. Then the other side, we stopped digestion |
|
| 69:25 | inhibit digestion through somatic stat. Some of Staten is produced by the D |
|
| 69:30 | that are found in the stomach. they basically block or prevent the parietal |
|
| 69:36 | , the G cells and other uh, Indo chrome Affin like cells |
|
| 69:41 | doing their job. In other we basically stopped gas trim production, |
|
| 69:47 | right through a whole bunch of other . So gas Trine and histamine promote |
|
| 69:54 | . Samata, staten inhibits digestion. far, so good. All |
|
| 70:03 | How do we promote gastric acid Well, we mentioned his to be |
|
| 70:08 | gastric. Right. What we can is we could directly act on the |
|
| 70:13 | that produce the material. So if gas sarin, you're gonna buy into |
|
| 70:17 | coal assistant kind in receptor, on the parietal cells and on the |
|
| 70:22 | cells. If you are acting on chief cell you're producing Pepsi Neogen. |
|
| 70:30 | you bind and act on the parietal , you are promoting HCL production. |
|
| 70:36 | . Histamine acts on its own It's being produced via the chrome off |
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| 70:41 | like cells that CCL cells acetylcholine. we said the nervous system plays a |
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| 70:47 | . So what's happening is acetylcholine is released via the vagus nerve or vagal |
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| 70:52 | is not necessarily the vagus nerve, nerves that originate from the vagal nerve |
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| 70:56 | act on their receptors. All indirectly. What you can do is |
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| 71:01 | act on the e C l cells e c l sell, release |
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| 71:04 | um, and do their job. , So, basically, you could |
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| 71:09 | one of two ways. And so what this picture is trying to show |
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| 71:12 | . Here, here is the E l sell. All right. Where |
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| 71:15 | he calling doing? You see the on here, basically causing you to |
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| 71:19 | what is gastric do? I could and act on the south, cause |
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| 71:22 | release of histamine gastric connect here directly and acts directly to see the calling |
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| 71:28 | directly. All right, so what I doing? I'm promoting secretion. |
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| 71:33 | what this slide is basically saying we learned gas from the cynical are |
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| 71:38 | Sorry. Gastric in histamine were just in a city calling for good |
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| 71:41 | You could do this directly or indirectly to the phases, and then we're |
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| 71:47 | in and we're landing the ship. right. You got that food you're |
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| 71:52 | the in and out Burger or the burger? What are some of the |
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| 71:57 | inside the water burger or the in out burger or in your backyard that |
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| 72:02 | you it's time to eat? Oh, my goodness. The slaughter |
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| 72:07 | the cow. I'm kidding. We do that right. You smell the |
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| 72:11 | cooking. Have you seen the food ? Right, You go. And |
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| 72:15 | look at that. All right, . Right now, I want you |
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| 72:19 | close your eyes and I want you picture that burger, right? It's |
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| 72:23 | right off the grill. Can you the cooking of the meat? Can |
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| 72:28 | smell the french fries? Right? those sensations, Does it make your |
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| 72:34 | water thinking about it? Maybe All right. I could be cruel |
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| 72:38 | talk about brownies, right? I do the same thing. I |
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| 72:44 | just picture your favorite meal. If not burgers, picture it. Can |
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| 72:48 | smell and just kind of get the of it All of a sudden, |
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| 72:51 | your mouth begins watering. This is so phallic phase, but sight, |
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| 72:56 | and taste All those things are going initiate a signal to the digestive tract |
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| 73:01 | Guess what? Boys and girls foods coming and it brings much joy and |
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| 73:09 | to the body crime. It signaling via Vega nurse to increase the |
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| 73:17 | . I'll force Come on, get juices flowing and all of a |
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| 73:21 | now you're secreted all these materials. , what you're saying is we're expecting |
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| 73:25 | to come. And when food doesn't , what happens? You get |
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| 73:32 | No, I'm not worried about When the food comes right all of |
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| 73:36 | sudden, there's gonna be much Look at all the things that your |
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| 73:40 | ing hydrochloric acid secretion. Let's get body ready for the protein that's gonna |
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| 73:45 | . All right, what have we ? We've increase vagal nerve stimulation |
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| 73:49 | See? Locally, that's gonna cause excess or increasing secretion of hydrochloric |
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| 73:55 | right? A couple of proteins show . What do we do? Is |
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| 73:58 | were gonna servas signals because we start that down. It's gonna increase the |
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| 74:03 | of peptide aces, Thean pep, or sort of Pepsi gin that we're |
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| 74:07 | that's gonna cause a release of which is gonna act back on the |
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| 74:11 | to doom or of the same it's act on those cells to doom or |
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| 74:14 | the same. Have you ever stomach talked to you? Like you go |
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| 74:20 | your favorite restaurant, you get that of your favorites, feed me that |
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| 74:25 | happening? I want my food Yeah, that's the stomach growl Because |
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| 74:32 | the anticipation of food Because of the response, the gastric phase occurs while |
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| 74:39 | eating. All right. You have receptors or barrel receptors basically as the |
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| 74:44 | wall distended kind of saying, the food is here. Yea, |
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| 74:47 | is here, right? Chemo receptors detecting the proteins and all that |
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| 74:51 | So it's gonna promote the secretion of those materials. Then again, those |
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| 74:55 | they're gonna relate up to the I'm gonna have greater secretions here |
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| 74:59 | which is gonna promote digestion. Notice these things are promoting digestion. And |
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| 75:04 | this is gonna be those G cells that gas, Trine and yada, |
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| 75:08 | yada. All right, now we're muscle contraction. Why do we want |
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| 75:13 | increase muscle contraction down quicker? But about in the stomach? What |
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| 75:19 | What's the role of stomach? What's supposed to do? Pulverize. So |
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| 75:23 | those assholes moving to start working on belly? All right. We're also |
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| 75:31 | to stimulate the contraction of the pylori . Everyone wants to make a |
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| 75:36 | Don't shake your fist at me. down the whole of the fist. |
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| 75:39 | that little tiny hole right there? pilot sphincter. You gotta get the |
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| 75:42 | through that. Okay? It's gonna about this long. So you've got |
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| 75:48 | . Your food so becomes small enough actually go through that. And I |
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| 75:51 | we're gonna mention that here in just second. Last is this intestinal |
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| 75:55 | The intestinal face simply is the duodenal . Okay, online question. |
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| 76:04 | Oh, good. Finished, I is that Think of food which say |
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| 76:16 | you think of food and then the hungry. Hunger is basically your body |
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| 76:22 | nutrients. Right? So that's where actually comes from. It's the need |
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| 76:28 | find nutrients in your body. Now live in the first world when we're |
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| 76:32 | . What do we do? We right to the refrigerator and just start |
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| 76:37 | food in our in our goal. right. But what if you couldn't |
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| 76:40 | that? What's your body going to ? Right? Your body is going |
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| 76:45 | go and try to break down stored . So hunger is simply the response |
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| 76:52 | a need for the nutrients. All . And then, you know how |
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| 76:57 | been conditioned to respond to that is . If I know I didn't quite |
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| 77:01 | the question entirely, but that's kind the first phase. Alright, Hunger |
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| 77:05 | a result of Oh, I smell food. Air. Go. I'm |
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| 77:08 | . Hunger is I am missing a now. Could you smell something and |
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| 77:14 | hungry? Yes. That's actually something little bit different, though. You're |
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| 77:17 | hungry because you're lacking the nutrients. hungry because you want to deal with |
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| 77:22 | saver, right? So for example , I don't need to eat |
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| 77:28 | I don't have a need for the . I have plenty of stored fat |
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| 77:32 | deal with any sort of hunger needs I ever have. But every time |
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| 77:36 | walk into the kitchen and I see brownies and I smell the brownies, |
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| 77:40 | have a desperate need for the brownies . That's a completely different thing, |
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| 77:46 | ? So that's a conditioning. It's behavioral conditioning rather than anything else, |
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| 77:52 | ? So hunger is a function of like thirst is a function of |
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| 77:57 | Salt imbalance. Hunger is a function a nutrient imbalance, a need for |
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| 78:03 | . And here's what's interesting. I , we've we've mentioned this a little |
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| 78:07 | before, but pregnant women, have, like the weirdest cravings |
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| 78:11 | I mean, you know the you know, we want pickles and |
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| 78:14 | cream, and you know we're Why would they want pickles and ice |
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| 78:18 | ? I mean, e mean, that's the gag, why would they |
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| 78:20 | pickles and ice cream? They need nutrients. And what are those |
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| 78:25 | They need fats, right? And need, uh, something that's |
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| 78:30 | probably a lot of salt, and what their bodies actually craving. And |
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| 78:34 | the body is basically saying, What I know that gives me these particular |
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| 78:38 | . And so that's where the craving that particular food comes from. It's |
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| 78:42 | association that we're not making directly but everywhere. Like just like you're |
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| 78:48 | . But you're not hungry for right? Like my wife has a |
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| 78:52 | tooth. So whenever she's hungry, like, I'm hungry for sugar. |
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| 78:56 | have a salty tooth. I don't if that's even a thing, but |
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| 78:59 | like I'm looking for chips. I'm for nuts. I'm looking for something |
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| 79:03 | satisfy that craving. Correct. So kind of went off the track |
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| 79:08 | If I answer the question completely, miss apart, okay? But I |
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| 79:16 | answer your question completely. Um, know, put up, put it |
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| 79:22 | on or something like that. Anyway, with the intestinal phase |
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| 79:27 | what you're dealing with is the response going on in the intestines. |
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| 79:32 | so those pep tones are now being into the intestine and small intestine, |
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| 79:38 | what they're doing is they're going to via a, uh, signaling molecule |
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| 79:46 | to produce more hydrochloric acid. All , so the idea is that the |
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| 79:51 | is reinforcing the activity of the Do that kind of makes sense. |
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| 79:57 | you're not solely depend upon what's in stomach. The intestine is also communicating |
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| 80:03 | the stomach to ensure that digestion is forward. All right, so this |
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| 80:11 | kind of a positive feedback loop is is trying to get at. So |
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| 80:16 | just trying to see here. I two slides and do, and I |
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| 80:19 | we're done. And I'm kind of my my boundary here. So I |
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| 80:23 | for this. So gastric emptying, is three steps, all right? |
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| 80:28 | I want you think about this. muscle that lines the stomach is thin |
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| 80:32 | the fund, us at the As you come down, the body |
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| 80:35 | thicker and thicker and thicker. When get down to the Antrim, it's |
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| 80:39 | . Alright. And so what happens that thes parasol to contraction is actually |
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| 80:43 | layers in the stomach, not just right. So what you're doing is |
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| 80:47 | you're squeezing towards the pile ours, ? And so this is like you |
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| 80:52 | you were a little kid sitting in bathtub, right? You ever do |
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| 80:55 | in the bathtub? You get in bathtub when you start rocking back and |
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| 80:58 | . You get that wave going just , right? And then eventually you |
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| 81:01 | nice and strong and that wave goes the way. The end of the |
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| 81:05 | hits the end and all water splashed of the bath tub. And for |
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| 81:09 | , that was the last time you took a bath. Because Mom's sit |
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| 81:11 | , you're doing showers. Now, , that lady is you don't do |
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| 81:14 | in the bathtub. You. So you do proper things in the |
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| 81:17 | Men? No, Our job is make messes. That's what's going on |
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| 81:22 | the musculature. It's basically propelling And then that propulsion is hitting that |
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| 81:27 | remember the pile or a little. a bit tiny hole trying to get |
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| 81:30 | through that. But if it's too , that wall serves to move that |
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| 81:34 | back the other direction. So what doing is you're grinding material against itself |
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| 81:39 | food is going this way and food going that way and it's in a |
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| 81:43 | . So you're basically breaking things down . That's that retro poll shin. |
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| 81:48 | right, they're being pushed back and . Now, if you're small |
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| 81:54 | you go through. And if you're enough, you keep breaking down |
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| 81:57 | And then ultimately, what happens is vaporize materials. Not really vaporize |
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| 82:03 | you know, goes through and now in the duodenum. And here is |
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| 82:07 | last little thing. How do we when to empty? There's basically this |
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| 82:13 | . The stomach is talking in and the small intestines talking stomach is |
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| 82:18 | at fluidity. How fluid is the ? If it's really thick and |
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| 82:22 | that sounds really gross. But, know, the bigger the stuff that's |
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| 82:25 | the fluid in the stomach, the it's going to move. And so |
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| 82:30 | you're gonna keep doing what it needs until it turns into more of a |
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| 82:33 | goo once it comes through, the intestine is looking at the content. |
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| 82:37 | there's lots of fat that takes a time to absorb, so it slows |
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| 82:41 | , it says Stomach, wait, need to work on what you've given |
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| 82:45 | . Slow down and let me let digest what you've given me. Don't |
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| 82:49 | send it to me. It looks the acidity. If it's really, |
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| 82:52 | acidic, that means it's receiving a of material. And so what it |
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| 82:55 | . It says, Slow down. me deal with what you've given to |
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| 82:59 | and it reduces the acidity and starts down. Whatever is left over |
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| 83:03 | the tennis ity all right. This of is counterintuitive molecules, Very large |
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| 83:09 | . There's a few of them, when I break them apart, I |
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| 83:11 | a lot of little tiny particles. more particles there are the mawr I |
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| 83:16 | tow work to absorb. And so we're looking at is the degree of |
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| 83:20 | . The more tonic, the more you there is in all that |
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| 83:25 | the more I have to work to it. And so that's going to |
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| 83:28 | down. The signal says, basically intestine saying Slow down. Let me |
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| 83:32 | with what you've given me. Notice all the signals are. Slow |
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| 83:35 | Let me deal with what you've given and finally distinction. And this should |
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| 83:39 | obvious. The more crap there is the sorry the Mawr foodstuff there is |
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| 83:44 | the small intestine, the more I to work with stomach slowdown. So |
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| 83:48 | wants to push things through. But the small intestine is receiving things quick |
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| 83:53 | or fast enough, it slows everything . And this is all gonna be |
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| 83:57 | through many of those neural and hormonal that we've already talked about, but |
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| 84:02 | we're gonna talk about on Tuesday. so I apologized for taking what, |
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| 84:07 | extra minutes of your life apologize, at least we got through it |
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| 84:12 | It would have made sense for one . So, um, to have |
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| 84:15 | slide in one lecture. So with , if there's any questions, you |
|
| 84:20 | are free to go. You're You don't have to stick around and |
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| 84:22 | to questions, you know? All right. You guys have a |
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| 84:29 | day. Good weekend. Enjoy |
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