| 00:04 | Okay folks. Hello um I'm coordinating not a medical emergency but there's issues |
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| 00:11 | on and I had to answer the so everything's good. Um Anyway I |
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| 00:18 | two people, I expect the weather hold up a bunch of people so |
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| 00:23 | it's blowing over I think as we out of here it should be |
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| 00:28 | Um Probably make for a fun drive I'm sure. Um Anyway, so |
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| 00:36 | if you are some is anybody who's here now? This is your first |
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| 00:41 | , You've never seen this before? well you you first day. |
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| 00:46 | Welcome. So for you you have to blackboard yet then you're good. |
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| 00:52 | need to say anything else. But if somebody out there was too |
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| 00:56 | to raise your hand, uh It's first day you should have blackboard access |
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| 01:01 | soon and that will give you everything need. Um I do want to |
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| 01:06 | well I'm mentioning blackboard, I have open. Uh here. Okay, |
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| 01:12 | to bring your attention. So I'm the unit one folder. Okay So |
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| 01:18 | kind of any any of the slides have questions on any because remember I |
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| 01:23 | of sometimes modify modify some slides, add a new graphic or something like |
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| 01:28 | . Anything that you I would consider . Okay, we'll be in this |
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| 01:35 | here. You want a clicker question and extra slides? Okay click on |
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| 01:41 | and you'll see that there's that from the 19th sitting there talking to have |
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| 01:49 | stupid monitor on hold on these here go and back and okay so you're |
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| 02:01 | up one more time. All right we're talking about this folder right |
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| 02:05 | one clicker question exercise. That's where gonna find the slide clicker questions and |
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| 02:11 | kind of new or modified slides. so the 1 19 from Tuesday's up |
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| 02:17 | , the 1 24 is loaded. be available right after class. |
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| 02:21 | so just wanted to mention that just just kind of put that in the |
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| 02:25 | of your head. Always check there for these things we check. So |
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| 02:32 | Sure. Alright uh remember quicker as still don't count today. They'll count |
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| 02:39 | thursday. So again um every first a couple of times. So if |
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| 02:46 | haven't checked lately you might check just make sure that your points are showing |
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| 02:52 | . Okay? If you have issues you know go to syllabus, there's |
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| 02:57 | lengthy part there on healthy clickers behind library there is A S. |
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| 03:03 | I. T. Is down in basement check program. So um thursday |
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| 03:10 | class I'll upload thursday's points and then gonna delete everything else. Ok so |
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| 03:17 | starting from scratch. Okay? But until until then upload point today just |
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| 03:24 | and make sure it's working for Okay. Alright so I sent this |
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| 03:30 | out yesterday I think um and this the kind of emails you'll get it |
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| 03:34 | say here's what's coming up here's what do. Okay and all of a |
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| 03:39 | those out Mondays and thursday typically so want to remember. That's that flip |
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| 03:49 | right? So it's gonna be, a part one and part two part |
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| 03:54 | will do thursday part of Tuesday, goal there is to kind of go |
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| 04:00 | , look at the video, goes material, try to master it on |
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| 04:03 | own and thursday and then the flying be a bunch of quicker questions in |
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| 04:11 | . We'll have flies that would explain things. Some some topics that require |
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| 04:16 | explanation than others. Okay but that's of the format will will use okay |
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| 04:23 | um certainly not just on those days any questions just far away. Okay |
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| 04:31 | so then weekly quiz uh open from through monday notice. Weekly quizzes just |
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| 04:39 | , believe talk about it here during week Tuesday and thursday, but since |
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| 04:44 | didn't have a quiz last week, gonna cover basically just gonna be chapter |
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| 04:48 | , chapter one and whatever we cover thursday on chapter three. So as |
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| 04:54 | as the quiz and it's like I know I haven't looked I think it's |
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| 04:59 | maybe 78 questions, something like maybe 10 questions but they're never more |
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| 05:03 | like 10 to appear fewer than five it's kind of in that range and |
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| 05:08 | uh smart work. So the first work assignment video by monday as |
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| 05:14 | Okay so uh that's everything. Um Any questions? Yes um I |
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| 05:31 | when you when you put it up your phone, just ignore it. |
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| 05:34 | don't even need to put anything You really don't. So um Yeah |
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| 05:39 | that's for user I. D I necessarily have to put anything in there |
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| 05:41 | to answer the question because your account already made and tied so you're |
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| 05:47 | Okay. Um Alright so I only we had this question before but I |
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| 05:54 | afterwards that I had Significant brain cramp I left out I said five and |
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| 06:04 | just said 50 right? Because marine supply 50% of the earth. |
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| 06:10 | That's true. Not by. So wanted to just be correct. I |
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| 06:15 | wanted to put that in there and that. Right? Okay. Because |
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| 06:19 | false the false answer here is a ubiquitous does not mean limited, it |
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| 06:25 | it's everywhere. Okay so uh but I wrote it before you A. |
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| 06:31 | . C. Were incorrect but I to make C. C. Correct |
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| 06:35 | . So just just for correctness. ? So if you ever see me |
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| 06:39 | something like that, just question call out on it because you know I |
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| 06:44 | make a dumb mistake every now and . So anyway so just wanted to |
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| 06:48 | that out. Alright so what I'm start with this kind of just really |
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| 06:53 | rehab. We talked about last time um so basically last time was about |
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| 07:04 | what my pores are. Here's how define them. Uh Here's a little |
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| 07:08 | about their taxonomy classification, different types so forth. So we look at |
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| 07:15 | know what microbes are basically they're They live on their own. Typically |
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| 07:21 | can have different arrangements and mythologies they of course they have the properties of |
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| 07:26 | self they can reproduce. They can molecules and produce energy and divide, |
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| 07:34 | cetera. But remember the the exception is viruses. They are considered my |
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| 07:41 | as I'm sure you know, they're kind of unique form. Right? |
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| 07:45 | rely on host to replicate themselves. they do are considered microbes. |
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| 07:50 | so then we look a little bit the different types of microbes. |
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| 07:56 | um you get a sailor, a , a sailor or your face. |
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| 08:01 | viruses, viruses and prions. We'll about those in more detail later for |
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| 08:07 | . It's just sufficient to know that terms of a virus, the definition |
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| 08:13 | . Okay, this in the next . But you know, they're they're |
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| 08:18 | really sells um fairly primitive line out food for their functions for the most |
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| 08:26 | . Um Okay, so among secular , of course fungi for batista are |
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| 08:35 | eukaryotic representatives. Um Break down proteins allergy and cold zones among fungi. |
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| 08:44 | not all fungi like mushrooms wouldn't be a micro but certainly uh certain molds |
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| 08:51 | slime molds and things. If you've of those can be considered microorganisms. |
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| 08:55 | um and in terms of bacteria and . So two groups of. |
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| 09:03 | And your key remember can more or be grouping these three types. Temperature |
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| 09:11 | advantage in uh salt loving halo Okay. Often called extremophiles. |
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| 09:18 | Living from the kind of extremes of conditions. Okay. Uh which I |
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| 09:25 | already familiar with the basic you carry pro cario differences. Right. So |
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| 09:34 | and microbial sizes you should have some feel for the sizes and how viral |
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| 09:40 | is. Certainly familiar from from sizes are about 1 to 10 microns. |
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| 09:47 | periodic microbes. About 20 or above . So viruses are in that |
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| 09:54 | Very tiny. Okay then we talked variations. Maybe a better word is |
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| 10:01 | features or perspectives or just kind of here's what don't over think that too |
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| 10:08 | . Right. But just look at as okay, here's what we |
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| 10:11 | Okay. And then here are some of additional things about them. |
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| 10:17 | Additional features. And so you can a invisible to the naked eye. |
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| 10:23 | sometimes they can be a super sized . Maybe they fill up with with |
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| 10:27 | with a gas of some sort to them visible. Maybe they grow together |
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| 10:33 | from which can become visible if you enough sellers they grow or calling on |
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| 10:39 | plate. So made millions of Okay. Um micro animals are not |
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| 10:50 | there just are animals. They're part the animal kingdom. Okay. Multisectoral |
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| 10:55 | just happen to be tiny. And of course those comprising tissues and |
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| 11:00 | . We don't consider those microbes. . They they are they are built |
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| 11:07 | be part of a larger entity. . You can take a skin cell |
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| 11:12 | throughout the environment and don't survive. . It's meant to be part of |
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| 11:17 | tissue. Right? It's a very function. Okay. Very specialized. |
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| 11:23 | um so just be aware of these of variations. Okay. Um go |
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| 11:30 | here. Okay. All right. these two, so tectonic. |
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| 11:37 | So taxonomy um and our classification micro course, hinged on developments in the |
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| 11:45 | then, of course, later using . N. A. As a |
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| 11:49 | of reference to compare organisms. So of those kind of come into |
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| 11:54 | And then then we also use um of capabilities micro tap in terms of |
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| 12:01 | things we use all these features to of classify and categorize and determine kind |
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| 12:07 | relationships between microbes. And so uh us it's what groups are the microbes |
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| 12:15 | . Right. As we just Right, fungi. Perotistas era is |
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| 12:22 | really used anymore. Right. And it was the use of the 16 |
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| 12:28 | . RNA. That piece of N. A. Right. We |
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| 12:31 | about this last time, part of in all living things, right molecule |
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| 12:39 | would have involved a whole lot because its importance can't tinker too much of |
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| 12:46 | bible zone. If you do you its function If you can make |
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| 12:50 | You're not So but we can look it as a molecule to look back |
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| 12:55 | time. Right. And so I at every revolution of relationships and allows |
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| 13:01 | to to distinguish between these two groups precarious. Right? Um that was |
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| 13:11 | . Right? We always thought that I was just this other group called |
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| 13:17 | , which we had to find out these are types found in the environments |
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| 13:21 | many cases. Okay. And that are similarities between archaea and Utah area |
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| 13:28 | bacteria don't. So there was kind a connection there between materials and |
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| 13:34 | So um now the then of course theory, right, That's what um |
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| 13:44 | kind of figure out your cells Right, the chloroplasts and mitochondria were |
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| 13:54 | pre eukaryotic cell would have had a with then of course evolving into those |
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| 14:00 | organelles. Okay. And then uh genomics. Okay. That that technique |
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| 14:11 | identify microbes that we wouldn't otherwise be to identify because they're not able to |
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| 14:18 | cultured. So, remember that if in lab will certainly start seeing uh |
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| 14:23 | cultures this week, right on plates the liquid media on slants that so |
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| 14:36 | tells you that only occurs with in of the whole spectrum of microbes, |
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| 14:42 | small proportion. Right. Many more be cultured. Okay, because we |
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| 14:46 | know the department for the growth. remember that rose um don't live in |
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| 14:53 | culture out there in the environment right . They're coexisting with thousands of other |
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| 14:59 | of microbes and other organisms. And don't know defeating relationships many of these |
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| 15:05 | feeding relationships with each other one their at the other east one provides raw |
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| 15:10 | that among other ones use. So don't always know with all these relationships |
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| 15:15 | and that's critical to seeing how that grow. So but we can find |
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| 15:20 | new cultural types using which is basically , taking a sample maybe and it |
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| 15:34 | and using those pieces into molecules called . Okay. And then and then |
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| 15:45 | now that becomes a repository of all D. N. A. That's |
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| 15:50 | that sample. So in sequence those um that will tell us what's in |
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| 15:57 | , what's out there? Okay. remember there's a we've been seeing the |
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| 16:02 | decades, right? We've amassed like two months about data you can access |
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| 16:11 | . So whatever sequencing information you come with, you can search search |
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| 16:16 | see what's out there. And it you to identify um if you find |
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| 16:21 | different you need. But you can all this just using the computer |
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| 16:25 | By studying D. N. And then using the techniques of recombinant |
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| 16:29 | technology and then sequencing and then using computer, right? You don't have |
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| 16:33 | do any kind of cultural work. it's proven very powerful in a number |
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| 16:37 | different areas. And so um and we ended with spontaneous generation. So |
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| 16:47 | were discovered was one of these things from. So just use this idea |
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| 16:57 | life coming from my okay so before move ahead into pasture. Okay. |
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| 17:05 | there any questions about kind of the we talked about last time? |
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| 17:10 | Alright. So let's look at this . This is one of these before |
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| 17:15 | after questions I call it. So gonna take a look at it, |
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| 17:21 | a shot at it. Um And we move on. We'll see the |
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| 17:27 | later on. Okay And revisit it see if there's a change. |
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| 17:33 | Now is with all these questions as told my other class, uh you |
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| 17:38 | free to collaborate right? Two heads than one. Right? So go |
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| 17:42 | to your neighbor about it or That's fine. Okay so let's see |
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| 17:48 | we get here. I'll take a snapshot and save the data to compare |
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| 17:52 | later. I'll give you a few , more than a few seconds to |
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| 17:59 | this and then we'll move on. let's go ahead timer on. Alright |
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| 19:06 | Down 4 321. All right across board. Let's see here. I |
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| 19:17 | that changes next time we see Okay. All right onto past |
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| 19:31 | Okay. So uh is anybody here organic chemistry already? Yeah anybody remember |
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| 19:39 | from organic chemistry? He remember your extra auditory level auditory Cairo molecules. |
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| 19:49 | kind of thing. That pasture is one that discovered that um here's the |
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| 19:54 | uh first and foremost, but made mark in. Okay. Where did |
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| 20:01 | come from? Okay. I don't to see that. No idea how |
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| 20:07 | activated that. Okay. We'll just it small. All right. |
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| 20:16 | so um the uh so microbiology, his knowledge of country of course was |
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| 20:27 | helpful. And he was first right this time chemical transformations, right, |
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| 20:37 | ragged music products follow me strictly a process not involving living cells. |
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| 20:46 | And so he was the first really that the growth of cells can accompany |
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| 20:55 | chemical process. In fact, those are generated products to their own |
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| 21:02 | Okay, so the first and this kind of summarized in the in the |
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| 21:08 | theory of fermentation. Okay. And talk about that a little bit here |
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| 21:12 | a second. Okay. So we'll back, we'll wind around to his |
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| 21:18 | in terms of refuting spontaneous generation, it helps kind of to start |
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| 21:24 | And so he uh so fermentation Basically, metabolism of air, |
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| 21:32 | Anaerobic and aerobic without air. And so the french government called upon |
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| 21:38 | the french love anything. I love , right? And when the wine |
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| 21:43 | not tasting right? They they don't that. Okay. And so that |
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| 21:49 | called any kind of figure out what's on. And so the basic equation |
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| 21:54 | kind of But grapes add some water let it sit. Okay. And |
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| 22:03 | eventually you produce products uh ethanol among . Okay. And uh now that |
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| 22:16 | for the process going on. So he showed that these this growth has |
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| 22:24 | group he sells actually grew in the and they grew as a all |
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| 22:33 | And so he was the first to this now when when? Of course |
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| 22:39 | the absence of air. Right? fermentation producing ethanol among other products. |
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| 22:45 | so the question is, where did come? So we have already blocking |
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| 22:53 | . You have Yeah. Uh so unknowingly that's how we're in my production |
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| 23:14 | centuries, right? Uh just the on the food itself. And so |
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| 23:20 | that whenever goes right then you have good but it doesn't then you have |
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| 23:28 | like I see the gas information typically organic as a small organic alcohol um |
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| 23:37 | an off taste. Okay. And this comes of course from contamination. |
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| 23:42 | . And so um pasteurization. So these processes like pasteurization and others |
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| 23:51 | are meant to reduce microbial contaminants in processing. So um so eventually said |
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| 23:59 | know the winemakers to clean up their basically right, be more hygienic. |
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| 24:04 | introduce contamination through by the way you're working to produce the line. And |
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| 24:10 | uh so this led to the germ of fermentation where um a microbes are |
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| 24:18 | for the fermentation sales are growing and contribution enterprise by consuming raw materials. |
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| 24:26 | you can also um found that there a number of different fermenting types, |
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| 24:34 | ? Certain metro types to produce certain products, right? He could he |
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| 24:39 | smell the fermentation go, oh it's this bacterium. I know this |
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| 24:43 | the one that produces this product. he could he could determine that. |
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| 24:49 | And so this idea that um conversion organic material by microbes, right? |
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| 24:57 | that idea becomes important when we um at uh disease. Okay. The |
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| 25:09 | wasn't the one who kind of figured out. That was we're gonna his |
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| 25:13 | here, that kind of help lead way. All right. And we'll |
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| 25:17 | that. So let's kind of circle to spontaneous generation. So we kind |
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| 25:21 | ended last time with this experiment. we have um uh so in broth |
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| 25:34 | soup, you sterilize boiler. Uh right. Open. Not surprisingly right |
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| 25:46 | contamination, but during this time they aware that microbes were flying around the |
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| 25:52 | . They thought, oh okay. that air auctions like vital force you |
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| 25:57 | to have for spontaneous generation in binary in your life. Um of course |
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| 26:04 | steals a flask you don't get because not using contamination. But the generation |
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| 26:12 | said doesn't work right? Because you're allowing error. That's why generation |
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| 26:19 | So it was left to the store kind of rewrite the design rather than |
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| 26:27 | only having to just change the the that is open to the air like |
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| 26:33 | abandoned. So that nation occurs in air travel on dust particles on pet |
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| 26:42 | . These kind of things going So just traffic by gravity. You're |
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| 26:47 | air to come in. Okay? you're trapping contaminants in that. |
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| 26:53 | So he's still filming the criteria of have their president. So he's doing |
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| 26:59 | but he's not seeing any growth. that's confusing. This spontaneous generation. |
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| 27:06 | . So of course if you tip flask right? It touches contamination or |
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| 27:11 | need a lot on top of Right. And so of course you |
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| 27:18 | this beyond just sink attendants and air countertops and this and that. And |
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| 27:26 | you know, we already know they're . They're found everywhere. Right? |
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| 27:31 | this is why you have to, you work with microbes you do so |
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| 27:38 | separately you want to minimize contamination next . So how to work with cultures |
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| 27:47 | not introduce on wanted microchip. And so the development of these techniques |
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| 27:53 | the development of growing media really exploding field. Okay. Um, and |
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| 28:06 | one kind of a side here is pastors experiments with the swan neck |
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| 28:19 | But I didn't see that. He see periodically. Sometimes things can |
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| 28:29 | And basically what he did was discovered those four forming bacteria. Okay, |
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| 28:36 | stores don't found from found uh many across the taxonomic groups, different kinds |
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| 28:49 | schools. But the about it that leave. But it's particularly resistant. |
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| 28:58 | any other kind of sports, you resist radiation chemicals ph temperature. Uh |
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| 29:06 | can survive for millions of years. from fossilized remains and have revived brought |
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| 29:15 | back to life. So they are resistant. And uh a dormant form |
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| 29:21 | a plant seed. Right? So ones you know familiar with uh uh |
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| 29:36 | you know all the members of the . So what you see is typically |
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| 29:44 | . So this type right? Here a completely what we call vegetative |
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| 29:53 | Right? The vegetative cells kind of rolling self. Right? Um That |
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| 30:03 | is when it's acceptable to the Okay so what he did was to |
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| 30:08 | rid of these performers, he had successive cycles. So he boiled |
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| 30:15 | What he was killing were those cells were in this vegetative state. Those |
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| 30:21 | the ones that are suffering. The that are not susceptible that are resistant |
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| 30:27 | these forms. Right. These are . And those sports those are fully |
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| 30:33 | . And those those are resistant. what he would do and these ones |
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| 30:38 | kind of in the process of making different levels of. But the Freund |
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| 30:48 | informative is this free in those poor Okay so so when you boiled it |
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| 30:57 | kill the vegetative cells. You Right? And then some of the |
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| 31:02 | of the end of sports with They grew up they exacted again with |
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| 31:07 | water and heat and killed. So if you kept repeating it eventually |
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| 31:14 | the all the all of these types the resistant ones to germinate between cycles |
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| 31:22 | eventually killed actually sterilize the whole Okay. And it's why that's why |
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| 31:31 | use special conditions, high pressure steam can penetrate the, that's why we |
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| 31:42 | really killed other bacteria are killed. first two minutes of these will take |
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| 31:53 | to do that. But that's why ought to really um Okay, so |
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| 32:01 | , so oh the microbes in transform material in the products. Okay, |
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| 32:16 | . Right. Um and since that since with the fermentation later, of |
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| 32:24 | we saw metabolism, they're all cell . Right? But back to this |
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| 32:32 | of so the human body organic Right? So that became what microbes |
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| 32:44 | transform these organic these these bodies into disease state. Okay, so that |
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| 32:53 | of was the seed of uh huh animals that are disease truly possibly isolated |
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| 33:04 | from causing disease. Okay, so Pastor isn't the one that figured it |
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| 33:15 | , transform material into products that may correlated. That may be a disease |
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| 33:21 | is the same thing. Okay, is where coke comes in and kind |
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| 33:26 | begins to figure this out. And so luckily he was fortunate to |
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| 33:35 | was actually rather easy to kind of a connection. Right? So with |
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| 33:41 | is a lived in the area that rural um doing cattle. And so |
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| 33:51 | investigated this and he looked at the cows, took a blood sample and |
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| 33:57 | he did that looked in a he saw this right uh rods, |
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| 34:06 | ? If you ever look at the sample, you should never see anything |
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| 34:10 | than white blood cells, red blood , et cetera. You should never |
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| 34:13 | bacteria floating. So that's why he lucky that pretty easy diagnosis. The |
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| 34:22 | has an blood. So it's not hard to make a connection that they |
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| 34:27 | chain of infection. Okay, Just a fancy name for cause of |
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| 34:32 | . Okay, so so that was easy. Okay but now we talk |
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| 34:37 | tuberculosis. That's the part that that require development taking into the culture uh |
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| 34:48 | because of the nature of the Okay so mycobacterium it's kind of purple |
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| 34:58 | , a rather small. Okay and the lungs patients to develop a lot |
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| 35:07 | flame in the lungs. Information You look at samples of samples, |
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| 35:15 | a microscope you're gonna see. It's to find really these small mycobacterium is |
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| 35:23 | they're called uh kind of visualize these . And so he said well I |
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| 35:31 | to culture them. Okay and so is where uh others developed uh so |
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| 35:49 | uh actually used a potato slice, solid medium, mixed results of |
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| 35:57 | But with this medium it was very to do this. So um so |
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| 36:03 | a solid medium. And sure and enabled him to take place them out |
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| 36:13 | then visualize the cells on the Okay so there is I mean it's |
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| 36:19 | basic technique has been around forever. . Um um But so liquid media |
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| 36:40 | . There's uses for these things liquid um gross. But it will become |
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| 36:56 | right indicating lots of growth. You measure that power. Um Also you |
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| 37:10 | or protein you can grow it in plate essential. Follow medium in getting |
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| 37:22 | pure culture. It's liquid media may a part of the process. Maybe |
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| 37:27 | not but you can't do it without media because of why why does the |
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| 37:36 | mean you have to be actually being of this process? Yeah so it's |
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| 37:56 | um So if you wanted to study you can do the media you can |
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| 38:03 | at, you might you can't So you give a representation of you |
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| 38:20 | the comedy arises from a single cell . And so the circle colonies represent |
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| 38:28 | different type. Okay so uh so a mixed cultural, you can then |
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| 38:35 | out different types based on differences in quality of the colonies and then individually |
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| 38:43 | sub culture culture. So this stuff all about american because this is this |
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| 38:52 | application across all fields from microbiology because you can study almost any kind of |
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| 39:01 | but you know biology company in college though all fields there's applications for this |
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| 39:09 | now you can study a particular type microbe and see what it's about. |
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| 39:13 | it was the antibiotics. Maybe this that. And now it's not surprising |
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| 39:18 | that just like 18 6070 someone there 30 years following this is called the |
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| 39:26 | Age. All discovery possible through these techniques microbes now. So um anyway |
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| 39:40 | any questions. Okay, so let's at this question. So this this |
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| 39:46 | different like two. Um We're gonna about next here which E. Is |
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| 39:57 | is consistent with coach populace. let's take a look. Mhm. |
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| 40:32 | . Yeah I want to. Oh stupid. I didn't have the |
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| 40:50 | . Open my bad. Try My fault. All right. There |
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| 40:57 | go this up here like that. . And hint the answer is not |
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| 41:16 | f pick something else. All let's count down from five. |
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| 41:36 | If you pick E. You are . You're excited. Um So I'm |
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| 41:45 | going to have a healthy animal, microbe produced disease symptoms. That's that's |
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| 41:49 | the 3rd. So all the other are kind of um not not consistent |
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| 42:00 | his partial. It's and so the is you have to remember that we |
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| 42:05 | 100 plus years of knowledge since coke his framework right through aware of things |
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| 42:11 | viruses. Everything that have unique ways grow. He would if he had |
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| 42:15 | viral disease that he was first trying figure out. He wouldn't have |
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| 42:18 | Right. Didn't have uh one aware the world asia that's actually good cells |
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| 42:28 | cultivate them. Um The healthy people possess an infectious microbe and be |
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| 42:36 | Was that group are what are they ? We know that who Right. |
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| 42:42 | heard this term? Yes. So in fact asymptomatic carriers are the |
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| 42:54 | of a number of different diseases. , mount measles. Um uh much |
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| 43:05 | on my head. But that's what call a reservoir reservoir of infection is |
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| 43:10 | source. So for many diseases, diseases, it's other humans that are |
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| 43:14 | source humans that are healthy are carrying um coke wasn't aware of that. |
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| 43:21 | could be a case. Um uh disease are caused by more than one |
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| 43:27 | of microbe. That's true. What's disease? Everybody know which one? |
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| 43:43 | respiratory disease. Hello. Given the pneumonia, pneumonia, pneumonia viruses, |
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| 43:58 | fungi, think even some code zones cause it. So a number of |
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| 44:04 | ages called pneumonia. Okay. Um a coke thought there was kind of |
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| 44:09 | a 1 to 1 that only uh that a single pathogen can only cause |
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| 44:18 | type of disease. And that's not . Like streptococcus number uh biology's can |
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| 44:26 | strep throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic , flesh eating disease. Number different |
|
| 44:32 | . Okay, so but then you know coach was kind of on |
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| 44:37 | the beginnings of this. Right? not a lot of infectious agents were |
|
| 44:40 | . So as the knowledge expanded then course we saw these variations. |
|
| 44:45 | so but despite that, you his framework is still establish cause of |
|
| 44:57 | , but we have of course a more knowledge, right? And we |
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| 45:03 | know where pitfalls may occur, where viral infections. So we know how |
|
| 45:08 | kind of be aware of these other that he wasn't aware. Okay. |
|
| 45:12 | so, you know, in terms his passions, so you would find |
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| 45:18 | stipulates that you would find only the micro would not be found in healthy |
|
| 45:23 | . That's not necessarily true. You can then isolate the microbe from |
|
| 45:29 | disease animal. Uh you then could a pure culture of it. |
|
| 45:36 | And uh then inject that into a host. It comes down to the |
|
| 45:43 | disease. A key here is affecting . That's key to two gaining confidence |
|
| 45:54 | that you're on the right track. in fact you can isolate the same |
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| 46:00 | over and over gives you confidence that , this is what's causing the |
|
| 46:05 | But as mentioned, we know of of the variations uh other things that |
|
| 46:11 | occur because we know. Okay, uh we culture building right, uh |
|
| 46:20 | organism. We still be able to that we know about that one for |
|
| 46:25 | long time. Still can't culture. laugh. Okay, so um so |
|
| 46:31 | , more knowledge means we can be of things that may not be totally |
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| 46:36 | with his framework, but nonetheless it's well, okay, so um. |
|
| 46:44 | . So of course, what's right? We find that uh get |
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| 46:52 | of those micro Okay. And so . Um So of course smallpox was |
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| 46:59 | of the first disease that uh discovered towards. So uh pretty much by |
|
| 47:08 | . So initially uh one would so smallpox confuses the racks everybody you |
|
| 47:16 | little pustules that pop out a live and they would take basically razor plane |
|
| 47:25 | and part of the material out of virus, then put it into a |
|
| 47:31 | person's arm, make it cut. have a reaction, Right? And |
|
| 47:35 | person that died from smallpox, you do it because there was a chance |
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| 47:41 | adding a live virus in person. ? I don't know what percentage of |
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| 47:47 | , but if you survive you're Okay. And so then that kind |
|
| 47:52 | led to Well, let's do this safely. Alright. And that's where |
|
| 47:57 | vaccines commit what we use today. inactivate it. Um not make it |
|
| 48:09 | disease. And the person that you it to. Right? So what |
|
| 48:12 | want to happen is that it retains ability to produce the new response, |
|
| 48:21 | ? You want that but you don't the part that because it enables to |
|
| 48:24 | disease. Okay. And we figured how to do that treatment chemicals um |
|
| 48:33 | other ways to construct a vaccine. talk about that veteran semester, but |
|
| 48:38 | key is stimulating the immune system. ? So remember it's the engines |
|
| 48:42 | Right? So they probably all of basics of immunization. Right? So |
|
| 48:47 | in your body your body responds to what's it responding responding to? What's |
|
| 48:55 | the periphery of that bacteria virus Right. All kinds of things that |
|
| 49:03 | on here. Right. Could be types of of certainly different types of |
|
| 49:08 | here. Could be a capsule surrounding cell. Could be it's a virus |
|
| 49:15 | viral protein sticking out of it. . Maybe it's a flagellum. And |
|
| 49:18 | bacteria all these things are on the . Alright. That's what can potentially |
|
| 49:24 | the engines are out there on the . Okay. So it's all about |
|
| 49:28 | antibody. So antibodies in a y proteins you make to to buy the |
|
| 49:34 | and engine antibody binding. These two different effects. We'll talk about this |
|
| 49:40 | but but also has memory. Very . You can remember uh these these |
|
| 49:50 | antigens if you can't do it Boom. We have a fast |
|
| 49:54 | Okay. And so uh and so Jenner get back to give me something |
|
| 50:08 | box. Right. Very similar. . And it proved successful. |
|
| 50:14 | It's a phenomenon in immunology may know it's called When you have the same |
|
| 50:20 | to the study different look pretty similar reactivity. Cross reactions between with antibodies |
|
| 50:31 | this. Very similar energy and that's common if you have two engines. |
|
| 50:34 | , very similar anybody's you produce It will buying to those engines. |
|
| 50:41 | cowpox much more safe, cowpox doesn't disease but as the benefit of being |
|
| 50:48 | very similar engines to smallpox. So All right. So, this |
|
| 50:56 | Look at this one. I put in there because this is one of |
|
| 50:59 | pet peeves. Okay. Not getting with isopropyl alcohol, but rather some |
|
| 51:04 | the terms that are misused. So, let's see uh we come |
|
| 51:09 | with here. Uh Any any questions previous stuff? So, we've all |
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| 51:19 | this done. We had a So, is the nurse sterilizing your |
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| 51:24 | ? Is the nurse disaffected your arm neither or both? All right, |
|
| 51:56 | get down from 10 9. See got to be uh let me get |
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| 52:10 | results. Skin. Alright. Um ? For seven of you that answer |
|
| 52:17 | sea? Which way going to Knowledge you are seeing? I |
|
| 52:30 | anybody wanna fess up. Okay. is why did you pick steve? |
|
| 52:40 | different. Huh? No, it's . Andy Right. So, if |
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| 52:58 | you if this person had an arm , they wouldn't have an arm. |
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| 53:04 | . Alright. If you are sterilizing , that's the word I get that's |
|
| 53:09 | pet peeve because people use it If you sterilize sterilize living cell virus |
|
| 53:17 | other in that material you sterilized. . And obviously you wouldn't have sterilized |
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| 53:23 | arm because there would be no skin left, there would be any other |
|
| 53:27 | cells that are alive. Okay then it if this infection is inanimate |
|
| 53:35 | countertops wall floors. Because that's what did. In fact, bathtub toilet |
|
| 53:42 | days. Even disinfect because you can harsher chemicals on those. Um And |
|
| 53:48 | sepsis is uh skin obviously um when you're doing a surgical procedure, |
|
| 53:57 | You you put antiseptic on the area be where the decision is going to |
|
| 54:02 | , etcetera. Okay, living Right? So neither A. Or |
|
| 54:07 | . A. Correct here. Because it's an acceptance is the |
|
| 54:12 | So um so speaking of that, septics, so um okay, |
|
| 54:24 | inanimate objects. This trick used it disinfect surgical instruments prior to surgery. |
|
| 54:31 | Some always introduced hand wash. So uh was a doctor in a hospital |
|
| 54:43 | he noticed in two different awards were to come to earth and maternity ward |
|
| 54:52 | the doctors that attended the women. were medical students and rotations during the |
|
| 55:00 | of study. They will, you , for example the ones that these |
|
| 55:07 | came out of the right? You're medical student. You can't cadaver |
|
| 55:12 | trying learn the physiology, right? would come out of the reward of |
|
| 55:18 | and guts. Right? Not clean and go right away go how's it |
|
| 55:22 | ? How's the baby doing? Blah blah blah, right, examine and |
|
| 55:26 | completely a mess. Right? Meanwhile other ward where you had midwives taking |
|
| 55:32 | of putting women, they didn't wash hands, they work. So you |
|
| 55:38 | see. And so the disease here looking at is what's called peripheral |
|
| 55:43 | Child bed fever, which is due unsanitary practices during birth. And venus |
|
| 55:49 | affected babies affected uh basically a streptococcus . And so introduced through hands unclean |
|
| 55:59 | typically. And so dramatic difference between than versus the other. So many |
|
| 56:07 | handwashing dramatically drops. Right? And to this day, and washing is |
|
| 56:15 | number one thing to do for hospital could transmitting infectious diseases around the |
|
| 56:21 | wash your hands. Right, of us to write stopping spread of various |
|
| 56:28 | washing basically, that washing hands super . Okay, now, um and |
|
| 56:36 | so of course, I'm not gonna , we'll talk about this more detail |
|
| 56:40 | , but for now, of um um Fleming and discovery penicillin was |
|
| 56:48 | in in uh really significantly significantly affecting infectious disease and in terms of |
|
| 56:56 | but of course, resistance. Where resistance, multi resistant forms and |
|
| 57:03 | it's always a battle to stay ahead don't only putting it up there just |
|
| 57:09 | images to look at. We'll talk the mechanisms of resistance later, but |
|
| 57:20 | advice to others. Um but so constantly evolving and they've been able to |
|
| 57:37 | uh less resistant. So it's a ongoing process. Okay, so, |
|
| 57:47 | , now the last bit here uh on a ecology, but let's talk |
|
| 57:58 | little bit about the basics of metabolism because um it can be a stumbling |
|
| 58:06 | . You're gonna you're gonna think it's basic as you go through this but |
|
| 58:11 | know that can present problems especially when get in the growth rite in chapter |
|
| 58:16 | . And metabolism particularly in the unit Okay, so we kind of nail |
|
| 58:21 | some of the basics here. I it helps. Okay, so let's |
|
| 58:25 | here with a little tropes. So context. So we know Gradski which |
|
| 58:31 | talk about a couple of slides here the one who discovered these. |
|
| 58:36 | so these have at the time The were familiar with at the time was |
|
| 58:43 | 1880s 1890s was uh fermentation uh aerobic , right? That complex on carbon |
|
| 58:54 | to produce energy. Right? So this these kind of metabolisms with |
|
| 59:01 | trophy were not known. And so the one that kind of discovered |
|
| 59:06 | he's kind of the father of soil . Microbial ecology. And so here's |
|
| 59:12 | example of a medium. Okay. . So it has a chance to |
|
| 59:20 | energy. It has these minerals, , sulfate, you know what you |
|
| 59:27 | to most growth medium. Okay, types of mineral salts provide adequate |
|
| 59:32 | We're assuming it's aerobic proper temp maybe some vitamins. Okay, so looking |
|
| 59:39 | the list of ingredients, what else it need? What is it won't |
|
| 59:49 | unless you supply this not listed Which one. Alright, we had |
|
| 59:58 | guess what former part. Right, carbon And c. 0. |
|
| 60:11 | So fundamental um difference. Okay. Okay, you can also supply it |
|
| 60:28 | bubbling in C. 02 into the but the head of Okay, um |
|
| 60:39 | question a second. So the. . Right. Basically it's two months |
|
| 60:55 | fix the 02 or you consume things this is a glucose. Okay, |
|
| 61:05 | and that's the other choice. So molecules that look like this or |
|
| 61:10 | . 02? Okay. And so of course there are C. 0 |
|
| 61:23 | cannot be broken. Okay, You break it down and get energy from |
|
| 61:32 | . You can break down complex things candy bar. You can oxidize, |
|
| 61:38 | ? That's what we do. it's all about we get energy from |
|
| 61:42 | things through redox reactions, oxidation Right? Oxidized. We happen to |
|
| 61:53 | like we get a two for one , right? We can eat these |
|
| 62:00 | organic molecules and they provide us Right? So, if you look |
|
| 62:06 | it this way, here's a carbon . Okay. And so if you |
|
| 62:13 | various Adams to this at phosphorus, you can make possible lipids or you |
|
| 62:28 | make proteins, right? Whatever the , whatever type of framework based framework |
|
| 62:34 | carbon. Right? That's what we ourselves carbon based like. Okay, |
|
| 62:39 | you have to supply this in order make your biology. So like I |
|
| 62:48 | , we get a two for one we can eat this consume it and |
|
| 62:53 | it down and provide the car, also breaking it down. We get |
|
| 62:58 | . Right? So we get two one. Right? The autotrophs does |
|
| 63:03 | . Right? So this guy gets from oxidizing H. Two S. |
|
| 63:09 | ? But it then has to get using C. 02. Okay. |
|
| 63:15 | you can't break down until you build C. 02 to our building. |
|
| 63:21 | these complex organic molecules like that. , so that's what all the trucks |
|
| 63:28 | build up a lot of energy to C. 02 and make it to |
|
| 63:34 | bigger molecules. Okay. And so algae use light, right? That |
|
| 63:40 | is used to okay this guy is we call it, chemo. It's |
|
| 63:47 | true but it doesn't use light, uses these energy from the oxidation of |
|
| 63:52 | materials. Okay, that's what literally rock eater eating rocks. Okay, |
|
| 64:00 | gets energy from that to fix 02. Okay so very fundamental |
|
| 64:05 | Okay but both need carbon and both about it in kind of a slightly |
|
| 64:09 | way. Okay so yeah question. ? Yes they called non. Yeah |
|
| 64:31 | they use inorganic forms for energy but everything else on earth got to have |
|
| 64:36 | car. They just have to use . Co. Two fixation, like |
|
| 64:39 | do. Okay. Um Alright let's at this question. So this |
|
| 64:46 | So in terms of ecology, Okay all seen this kind of basic feeding |
|
| 64:55 | . Trophic level. So producers writers consumers composers. Right? So producers |
|
| 65:05 | what? That should be an easy . Oops. There we go. |
|
| 65:32 | . Coming up from 10, I 90% success higher than that, 90 |
|
| 65:47 | 100%. Yeah, of course. autotrophs. So autotrophs, right? |
|
| 65:53 | , you can have different levels of , right? Carnivores. The |
|
| 65:58 | herbivores, consumer uh the composers, course, consumers and producers eventually go |
|
| 66:05 | die. And so decomposed, decompose feed on that dead organic material. |
|
| 66:12 | , So uh so as mentioned was one that threw enrichment culture. So |
|
| 66:20 | for but it's a way to manipulate ingredients in your growth medium to favor |
|
| 66:29 | growth of certain types over others. , if you find that they may |
|
| 66:34 | be so plentiful in the sample, can give them more of their stuff |
|
| 66:39 | like, and they will grow preferentially the other types, Right? So |
|
| 66:44 | a way to enrich for grow certain . Okay, so again, they |
|
| 66:50 | these unusual metabolism. These little right? They would uh actually uh |
|
| 66:57 | and he acted like different types of materials and found that they consume the |
|
| 67:04 | , would consume things like ammonia, and produce uh nitrite or nitrate. |
|
| 67:12 | he goes, okay, it's just a biologically just from the soil? |
|
| 67:19 | is there something living in the soil making the transformation. You figured this |
|
| 67:24 | by simply just taking the soil and taking taking two batches of soil and |
|
| 67:30 | . He would sterilize it. You put in the oven for several hours |
|
| 67:35 | kill anything else in their family that make any kind of transformation was only |
|
| 67:41 | you didn't sterilize it, the living in there. We're doing we're the |
|
| 67:45 | that were doing the transformation. So that's how he attributed this to |
|
| 67:50 | that are doing this kind of these of transformations. Right? So are |
|
| 67:55 | autotrophs. So, a number of metabolic terms are interchangeable, right? |
|
| 68:01 | a will learn like hair. That's you are. I am Right. |
|
| 68:06 | the same thing as saying a chemo trope. Don't even write it |
|
| 68:11 | But the point is that there's synonymous that can kind of mean the same |
|
| 68:16 | okay, from chemo autotrophs or Um and so uh the sort of |
|
| 68:25 | between water as a result of our use right to make organic molecules. |
|
| 68:36 | , so decomposition. Alright. Break dead organic material. And so that's |
|
| 68:42 | for what we see in our next , which is the breakdown material |
|
| 68:50 | Other ecosystems can use carbon uh nitrogen, etcetera. So the competition |
|
| 68:56 | very critical to the ecosystem to make nutrients for others to use. |
|
| 69:03 | so when we look at this kind really basic ecosystem cycle, where do |
|
| 69:08 | find microbes at you find them here Pen is not working. You'll find |
|
| 69:21 | here. Don't worry, consumers, composers where they found all they're |
|
| 69:30 | Right, right there there on all us. Okay. And again this |
|
| 69:39 | this geochemical that's that's the providing forms phosphorus sold for etcetera. So that |
|
| 69:47 | in the ecosystem can use it. . So not sure. The cycle |
|
| 69:50 | one of those that's very important. talk more about that later. But |
|
| 69:56 | it's the fact that on each side this triangle or different bacteria that are |
|
| 70:03 | this. Okay. So in the , certainly in in aquatic environments, |
|
| 70:08 | production of these kinds of molecules um this again. These nitrate and nitrite |
|
| 70:19 | you see on the the lower right . Those forms are that's what plants |
|
| 70:26 | plants out your great right? They them some water some sunlight and |
|
| 70:30 | they grow but they can't make they need to be surprised. You |
|
| 70:35 | do it artificially through through fertilizer. you know, bacteria in the soil |
|
| 70:42 | provide these things. That's why this particularly critical to our life. Everybody's |
|
| 70:47 | this right? Supply these necessary Right? So, so one side |
|
| 70:54 | the triangle is probably called notification. worry so much about it. |
|
| 70:57 | We'll talk about this later. But critical is the is the capture of |
|
| 71:03 | from the air into the environment Right then you have loss loss of |
|
| 71:09 | through the notification. Okay. With trophy is actually the problem is my |
|
| 71:15 | is actually right here. Yeah. worry. Okay. I'll use my |
|
| 71:21 | . Right that's little Trophy. Okay what that is. Is that part |
|
| 71:28 | there? Uh Oxidizing producing nitrate. that's getting energy. That's little |
|
| 71:39 | Okay. Um And so within those . Alright we definitely have that relationship |
|
| 71:47 | our own micro. Right? In on us. Right. That's what |
|
| 71:52 | those the endo part is the critical . That's the very intimate assoc |
|
| 71:57 | Whether it's our own microbes, our or whether it's a ruminant cow, |
|
| 72:05 | , goat, sheep, right? have these multiple stomachs. Microbes are |
|
| 72:09 | of microbes that digest their food. then these guys right here. Okay |
|
| 72:17 | plants bacteria into somebody else's that's what primarily responsible for the fixation after nationals |
|
| 72:25 | the air into the environment. Okay very important from that aspect. Okay |
|
| 72:33 | So what I'm gonna do is I'm go flip, I'm gonna flip |
|
| 72:37 | So we'll do these um a little about origins at the beginning of the |
|
| 72:42 | but I want to go to the question. Right? We saw |
|
| 72:46 | We saw this previously. Let's try one more time. Okay see what |
|
| 72:53 | get. And while you're look if have any questions certainly feel free. |
|
| 73:09 | Okay. All right let me put timer on Anybody predict. 100% |
|
| 73:27 | See okay second go round so hopefully see some changes. I tell you |
|
| 73:51 | the first time around 1111 people answered . Okay see what we get this |
|
| 74:01 | . We went from 11 to There we go. From 11 to |
|
| 74:14 | . All right. G. is correct answer. Okay. Which is |
|
| 74:20 | vaccines work by stimulating your body can what antibody engines. Okay, so |
|
| 74:27 | of these are true statements, so 11 answer to correct the first time |
|
| 74:31 | went down one. Okay, that's . Okay. Someone didn't believe their |
|
| 74:36 | the first time, I guess. . These are all balls. |
|
| 74:42 | Anyway, so these will be So take a look. You have |
|
| 74:45 | . Uh, let me know and see you on thursday, careful driving |
|
| 74:53 | , going crazy out |
|
