| 00:03 | Okay. It looks like it's all , yep. So here you got |
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| 00:09 | coming soon list. Not on that . Obviously the test next Tuesday. |
|
| 00:16 | come on you guys should be cheering one. It's like, I know |
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| 00:19 | of you were making some really deep to some holy things to get that |
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| 00:25 | storm to come rolling in like popped on sunday. Which one of |
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| 00:34 | I'm just teasing. Yeah, of it's going to happen. All |
|
| 00:39 | So anyway, this is just kind the the list of things that are |
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| 00:42 | up. You can see your sources due tomorrow. I really, |
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| 00:47 | really got to impress this point on one of these assignments has with |
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| 00:52 | a peer review, right? A review always is like do on |
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| 00:56 | So I I again apologize. It . I didn't change that date. |
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| 01:00 | . But your test is only like hour and the other stuff takes like |
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| 01:04 | minutes. So I think you can the time at some point between when |
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| 01:08 | turn it in and doing it to the period. But here's the |
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| 01:11 | These assignments are more or less turn in and get your points right. |
|
| 01:16 | you sure men on time points, you do your peer review, you |
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| 01:21 | the point. If you don't do peer reviews, you lose your |
|
| 01:25 | You see there's two parts. So sure these are free points go get |
|
| 01:30 | . Yeah. So you might want put in your calendar sometime around 10 |
|
| 01:35 | because you'll have forgotten. Right Tin , that alarm goes off. That |
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| 01:40 | , hey, oh, I haven't my peer review. I better go |
|
| 01:42 | them. You don't want to die midnight because after midnight it doesn't say |
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| 01:46 | and I want to be like 100% about this. Turn it in is |
|
| 01:51 | when it comes to dates and times can't change anything. So if we |
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| 01:55 | another hurricane because again sacrificing some strange . God, you know, I |
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| 02:00 | change the dates on. And so are just what they are. And |
|
| 02:04 | actually had to do that one semester it screwed something that something got screwed |
|
| 02:08 | . I had to kill every one those assignments remake them and then all |
|
| 02:13 | old assignments which I killed still appeared the great Books. So I got |
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| 02:15 | email a week from some student who understand why they had a zero for |
|
| 02:19 | that didn't exist. So just let know. Yeah. Here here. |
|
| 02:25 | right. So if you go, is this is a very good |
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| 02:27 | In fact, where is everything in board is actually kind of a good |
|
| 02:30 | where there in my mind everything is well organized. All right in your |
|
| 02:35 | . You're going, what the hell he doing? If you go into |
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| 02:40 | writing assignment folder, every assignment that to be done for the writing assignment |
|
| 02:44 | in that folder. Okay. So , it's like its own little |
|
| 02:48 | So every week you turn it in then the next time it should pop |
|
| 02:53 | and then it's like oh here's the assignment so and so forth. And |
|
| 02:55 | just should they should appear one after other as they come. All |
|
| 02:59 | I don't think you can see them at the same time. I don't |
|
| 03:03 | . It's turn it in. It's voodoo. Yeah. The research the |
|
| 03:08 | paper. All right. So on 18 which is saturday at midnight |
|
| 03:17 | That's when the next one opens up then the next one. And so |
|
| 03:20 | just it will roll like that. just took on. Yeah. |
|
| 03:26 | In fact this is how it This is actually this is a good |
|
| 03:30 | . Alright. Knowing full well that down one lecture right now and it's |
|
| 03:34 | eating at the back of my brain gonna give me an aneurysm. So |
|
| 03:39 | happens is is the moment you click that assignment it randomly assigns you blind |
|
| 03:47 | you know papers, whatever it All right. So in this case |
|
| 03:50 | a list of sources. That's pretty , right? And then the next |
|
| 03:54 | is like so even if you haven't them your your son. But if |
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| 03:58 | never logged in your you're not assigned . It's the moment you log in |
|
| 04:01 | they do. So yes. So go read the instructions. I'm going |
|
| 04:12 | say that a lot because because there only nine pages long. No so |
|
| 04:17 | many of you guys are using these . How many how many of you |
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| 04:20 | following my my advice and doing how many of you guys even know |
|
| 04:25 | instructions? Okay. If you go the research paper folder, every piece |
|
| 04:30 | paper you ever need to know is but were afraid to ask, are |
|
| 04:34 | Zapatero is going to be your Zapatero is like the king of all |
|
| 04:41 | material. You basically you put it a plug in that you can put |
|
| 04:46 | firefox or chrome or whatever you're And then when you're on a let's |
|
| 04:51 | you're a pub med and you'll find source that you're interested in. Your |
|
| 04:54 | it. You just click a button the top of your thing and it |
|
| 04:57 | all that material into Sotero. So can write your note says this is |
|
| 05:01 | I like and then you can actually it. All right and then it's |
|
| 05:05 | and then when you write your paper basically right here is a fact. |
|
| 05:08 | your foot note right? In fact your footnote, it builds your bibliography |
|
| 05:11 | you. You're done hands off easiest ever. Oh you want a jbc |
|
| 05:16 | which is a format I want. click a button here's the jbc |
|
| 05:19 | Oh the next journal I was pretending actually writing for journals. Oh no |
|
| 05:24 | now doing journal by J. C. So let's do the molecular |
|
| 05:27 | biology now click a button. Reformat three formats. It does it all |
|
| 05:34 | it's free and it's awesome. See I was in school I had to |
|
| 05:39 | for in note the paying party and was good to it did the same |
|
| 05:45 | but it's Zapatero is free. Free always better than pay well unless you're |
|
| 05:51 | getting something crappy. All right so got our dates are we good with |
|
| 05:56 | dates we got them all? I there they're on the instructions to okay |
|
| 06:04 | little bit about the paper when the actually works. Okay so this is |
|
| 06:09 | kind of standard trope you guys are at the age where you've dealt with |
|
| 06:13 | for the most part some of you never seen them. But when I |
|
| 06:16 | in school we didn't have rubric you wrote and prayed that the to or |
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| 06:20 | professor liked you. And now there's and so really what you're doing is |
|
| 06:24 | is a scoring standard. What we is when you're reviewing your using a |
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| 06:29 | to to judge or grade the paper at the same time when you're right |
|
| 06:35 | also writing to the rubric. So idea is I am writing to prove |
|
| 06:40 | I have met some sort of standard that's perfectly so you can't read it |
|
| 06:44 | now. But we have a rubric you can go and downloading that |
|
| 06:49 | We actually use five levels not So there is something in between |
|
| 06:54 | unacceptable. There is something in between exemplary. But it basically defined. |
|
| 06:57 | says this is what you should Exemplary to look like this, what |
|
| 07:00 | expect acceptable so on and so So when you write your job should |
|
| 07:06 | first figuring out how you're supposed to doing it before you actually write |
|
| 07:10 | Don't just vomit words on a Figure out what you're trying to accomplish |
|
| 07:14 | your writing before you do it. right. So these are our goals |
|
| 07:20 | a nutshell, you can read the while Yammer uh task response to this |
|
| 07:25 | , evidence based reasoning organization and language it says, are you establishing the |
|
| 07:30 | of the paper? Whenever you're you should tell you tell your reader |
|
| 07:33 | you're actually writing the paper. It appear at least three times in a |
|
| 07:37 | . Always in your introduction. Always your abstract. For the most part |
|
| 07:43 | don't say the reason for this paper that's bad writing but you basically highlight |
|
| 07:48 | outlined what the purpose or the goal and then you always do it kind |
|
| 07:51 | at the end of the paper in conclusions. This is what I was |
|
| 07:54 | to prove again. Never use first , but this was attempted to be |
|
| 07:58 | . This is what was shown, , blah, blah. You |
|
| 08:00 | And so you're basically showing the purpose basically says, are you using appropriate |
|
| 08:06 | , appropriate voice on and so All right. You've been writing for |
|
| 08:10 | long time in the in the liberal . Writing the liberal arts is |
|
| 08:13 | very different than writing over in the and the stem fields. So you |
|
| 08:18 | learn to remember which voice you're actually . Some of you are gonna be |
|
| 08:22 | to quote directly from a paper. right. We don't do that in |
|
| 08:25 | sciences. We don't put quotations and someone's text out and put it |
|
| 08:29 | What we do is we read the . We we process that information and |
|
| 08:34 | we rewrite it in our own explaining to the reader what it is |
|
| 08:39 | the other person did in other you summarized. Okay. That's how |
|
| 08:42 | do that. And then you reference idea from the original paper. |
|
| 08:48 | So you need to make sure that development is appropriate. Evidence based |
|
| 08:53 | Have sources. Don't just make stuff . All right. A lot like |
|
| 08:59 | people are doing right now about right? It's like, this is |
|
| 09:02 | for you. This is bad for . This is good for you. |
|
| 09:04 | this. Don't do that. Do have a source. And it better |
|
| 09:08 | a decent source. It can't be aunt. It can't be. I've |
|
| 09:12 | to make fun of her. It be your cousin in Trinidad. |
|
| 09:17 | Okay. That's a second hand story has no evidence or proof. It |
|
| 09:22 | be true, right? But none us know her cousin in Trinidad, |
|
| 09:28 | ? We can't go and look at of his groin to assess whether or |
|
| 09:32 | this is true, right? Do understand? You see the problem, |
|
| 09:38 | ? You know who I'm talking right? Or you guys following the |
|
| 09:41 | ? Okay. Just making sure we're on the same page, right? |
|
| 09:45 | not saying she's wrong. I'm just her evidence is poor. We need |
|
| 09:49 | more substantial, more something substantiated. , So that's evidence based, |
|
| 09:55 | organization, logical flow. Um Have ever listen to someone tried to tell |
|
| 10:01 | story? Usually one of my kids you're supposed to have a beginning a |
|
| 10:04 | and an ending, But they somehow in the middle. Then they tell |
|
| 10:07 | ending. But then they backtracked in middle again and then go back to |
|
| 10:09 | beginning and then you're just like, , stop, stop. You |
|
| 10:13 | it is my daughter actually she is excited and she comes in and blurts |
|
| 10:18 | something and I'm just like, And and then it's like you've got |
|
| 10:24 | stop. Start from the beginning. then I realized she's had the whole |
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| 10:28 | in her head. She's just telling the ending. All right. And |
|
| 10:31 | the idea is remember when you're there should be a beginning, sets |
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| 10:35 | the story. There's a middle with the details and then there's an |
|
| 10:38 | That's a conclusion. So make sure flows logically. That's what that's |
|
| 10:43 | And then language use the appropriate academic . Again, you're writing in the |
|
| 10:47 | . Check your grammar vocabulary so on so forth. This is a piece |
|
| 10:50 | advice. Remember, do not try right above your level. All |
|
| 10:54 | And when I say that, that mean don't use big words, it |
|
| 10:57 | use the language appropriately. The poor I'm gonna use is when you watch |
|
| 11:03 | news and like some sort of horrible has happened in like the fifth ward |
|
| 11:07 | they find the one person on the who probably stopped their education in the |
|
| 11:11 | grade and they know like eight words are really big and they try to |
|
| 11:14 | it in one sentence. You know I'm talking about If you've ever watched |
|
| 11:18 | news, they always have that one and it's just awful because you're just |
|
| 11:21 | sad for the person and you're sad all the people listening because it's just |
|
| 11:25 | embarrassment for everybody and everyone has to like nothing's going wrong. All |
|
| 11:30 | You don't have to write fancy to a good writer. You just need |
|
| 11:35 | be able to communicate well. So for example, when I get |
|
| 11:40 | here on the stage and talk very different than the way that I |
|
| 11:43 | I write very technically I use big and sometimes I wonder when I read |
|
| 11:47 | stuff is like those words actually come of me. All right. Because |
|
| 11:51 | just that's how I was trained. when I come in here, I |
|
| 11:54 | to speak in such a way that guys don't understand what I'm talking |
|
| 11:57 | All right. So, I use kind of different language and so on |
|
| 12:00 | forth. I could talk like the I right. But then you'd all |
|
| 12:03 | me and this class wouldn't be Okay. So that's kind of the |
|
| 12:07 | thing as used inappropriate language so that makes sense to your reader. All |
|
| 12:11 | . That doesn't mean you have to everything down one syllable words all the |
|
| 12:14 | . Very bad. But eight syllable all the time is very bad as |
|
| 12:18 | . So right, appropriate. All . So just to make sure you |
|
| 12:22 | all the different points. What is introduction? It provides a relevant |
|
| 12:26 | I'm a Star Wars freak. You write that down if you want |
|
| 12:29 | So what does all this crawl have do with the movie? That's the |
|
| 12:35 | minutes of movie. We don't have watch to find out what's going on |
|
| 12:39 | the shooting starts. Right. That's the introduction is. Therefore it gives |
|
| 12:43 | the background so that we can understand that spaceship is chasing the other spaceship |
|
| 12:49 | Yeah. Huh. Well, we it again. George Lucas's weakness was |
|
| 12:56 | there was stuff in the crawl that put in the movie that he should |
|
| 13:00 | have in This would have been episode right. Trade negotiations have broken down |
|
| 13:07 | mm hmm. I want to do . I'll turn on CNN All |
|
| 13:14 | What you're doing is you're preparing the for the narrative. You're providing all |
|
| 13:17 | important information so that they're not going out. I don't understand. All |
|
| 13:22 | . It's basically saying, okay, , I got all this here. |
|
| 13:25 | the priest is here. All the let me go forward. What I |
|
| 13:28 | have done is I should have thrown here is Shakespeare play. In the |
|
| 13:32 | beginning of every Shakespeare play, he you the ending of the of the |
|
| 13:35 | or movie. The ending of the , right? He summarized says this |
|
| 13:40 | what this is the horrible story of . This is the tragic events of |
|
| 13:47 | . And I'm going to tell you it all happened. And that's how |
|
| 13:50 | does it. He basically sets it right there like that. That's what |
|
| 13:53 | introductions are alright again in an Used appropriate sources, cite them |
|
| 13:59 | What is the discussion, This is evidence. You are a lawyer. |
|
| 14:04 | you're writing these papers. You basically you're doing right now is reading these |
|
| 14:07 | and you're accumulating your data, This is your evidence and what you're |
|
| 14:12 | do in your papers. You're going say this is true and this is |
|
| 14:16 | it's true. Here's Point a Point point C Point D. Point all |
|
| 14:20 | way through all the points however many you come up with in order. |
|
| 14:23 | it's a nice narrative story, But that's what the discussion is |
|
| 14:28 | It's about laying your evidence out and these are the ideas that make my |
|
| 14:33 | case true, right? So whatever is you're writing about vaccines, |
|
| 14:39 | Whatever it's like, this is what's . So your discussion should provide the |
|
| 14:44 | relevant to answering the question I gave , right? And it should probably |
|
| 14:49 | at controversial information from both sides, ? There's nothing wrong with doing |
|
| 14:54 | Say here's idea a from this here's idea be from this group. |
|
| 14:58 | contradict each other and then what you do later in a conclusion to say |
|
| 15:02 | evidence suggests that this is more true that. I don't know which is |
|
| 15:07 | . It's okay to say. I know. Did you know that? |
|
| 15:10 | could be amazed. People can't say anymore? I don't know. All |
|
| 15:16 | . So what you do is say here's a here's B the evidence base |
|
| 15:20 | I showed you basically says is That's gonna conclusion. Alright. But |
|
| 15:25 | you can do is you can bring material in. If you want to |
|
| 15:27 | figures, that's fine, you can the figures from other texts I told |
|
| 15:31 | that as long as you reference them explain what's important about it or you |
|
| 15:36 | draw your own if you're an I'm going to guess no one's going |
|
| 15:39 | do that. I've never seen that . People are too much work. |
|
| 15:44 | . Again, what do you do a discussion appropriate sources? And the |
|
| 15:50 | is not just a repetition of here my idea is the end. All |
|
| 15:54 | . It's not the one paragraph that teach you over in english because they |
|
| 15:57 | know how to finish the story or like that. All right. What |
|
| 16:01 | doing now is you're taking the evidence you're weighing it. All right? |
|
| 16:05 | I said, here's idea A here's be idea C. D and E |
|
| 16:10 | a idea. F supports B. know, this is a controversy in |
|
| 16:15 | field, but based on the preponderance evidence, this appears to be the |
|
| 16:19 | thing. This appears not to be right. You get to do some |
|
| 16:23 | and some thinking and you can be . All right. I mean, |
|
| 16:29 | everything that I've ever written, that's published. You go back and look |
|
| 16:32 | it and see. So this could true. This could be true. |
|
| 16:35 | could be true. We don't know need more money. Let's go find |
|
| 16:38 | which is true. That's in essence a conclusion does in a paper. |
|
| 16:41 | you go look at these more right? But that's okay. It's |
|
| 16:45 | idea of like, I'm forward thinking based on the evidence, this is |
|
| 16:49 | direction we think things are going to and so you're kind of doing the |
|
| 16:52 | thing, granted your subject is more . But the idea is like, |
|
| 16:57 | , so we're not sure how the system deals with this group of fun |
|
| 17:02 | , but we know it deals with group of fungi like this and this |
|
| 17:05 | group of fungi like this. So guess that maybe it's being dealt the |
|
| 17:10 | way, although no one's ever looked . You. See what we did |
|
| 17:12 | . It's here's an idea. Here's idea. You ready for a weird |
|
| 17:18 | ? I went to start a graduate in 1995. All right. So |
|
| 17:22 | before many of you were born. you even ideas, right? You're |
|
| 17:26 | of looking at going, wow, is that a long time ago, |
|
| 17:29 | was 1996 that the very first chemical identified that caused cancer in cigarette smoke |
|
| 17:39 | long ago, or really that recent I was in grad school. I |
|
| 17:45 | , we all knew smoke cigarettes, gonna die. You're good kids can |
|
| 17:48 | these lung cancer is horrible, nasty , but no one ever said here's |
|
| 17:54 | here's B. Let's go test to if this is true idea. A |
|
| 17:58 | causes cancer. Idea be these are that cause cancer. We know |
|
| 18:03 | And then what they did is they , okay A and B. |
|
| 18:05 | this is actually in cigarette smoke. this is the chemical that causes |
|
| 18:12 | You see, that's all it That's what a conclusion does. So |
|
| 18:17 | what you should be doing as So, when there's big giant gaps |
|
| 18:20 | your knowledge kind of say, here's evidence. Let me try to |
|
| 18:23 | that out. Are there questions about of this stuff? This is try |
|
| 18:27 | give you kind of a sense of you're going to be going with your |
|
| 18:31 | . I've already talked for 20 minutes , comments. Yeah. So little |
|
| 18:39 | new. It's all blind. Everything blind, which is kind of nice |
|
| 18:45 | what that means is you have to attention to what you're reading now. |
|
| 18:48 | good news. All right. All . So let me just briefly talk |
|
| 18:52 | peer review. We're going to get a little bit later. But let |
|
| 18:54 | just talk peer review is not about can I screw this other person's |
|
| 18:58 | All right. That's not what it . And it's not how can this |
|
| 19:01 | screw my world, right? What it is is you're looking at |
|
| 19:04 | and you're helping them understand what it that they're doing right and what they're |
|
| 19:09 | wrong? So when you look at reading something and you know that something |
|
| 19:12 | garbage, it's okay to rank it , right? You're not keeping somebody |
|
| 19:17 | of medical school or whatever. It's look this writing didn't make sense to |
|
| 19:21 | . So, let me point out this is because you're going to get |
|
| 19:23 | second opportunity to go back and fix and the truth is if I take |
|
| 19:28 | of you and give you something to at, you can probably as there |
|
| 19:31 | be a majority of the group that's going to come to an agreement, |
|
| 19:34 | ? There might be one outlier rarely there too? All right, |
|
| 19:38 | you can take a piece of a of art. I could show you |
|
| 19:40 | picture. Four of you are gonna , Yeah, that's beautiful. One's |
|
| 19:43 | say that's garbage. I can't stand stuff. I can pick a song |
|
| 19:47 | I were going, Yeah, I that. One of those like nana |
|
| 19:50 | throw it away. Right, So going to happen. But when four |
|
| 19:54 | can agree on something or three people agree on something, chances are whatever |
|
| 19:57 | agreeing upon, you should probably pay to. Right. Does that kind |
|
| 20:00 | makes sense? All right. Makes over here. Yeah. Right. |
|
| 20:05 | , they tell you your english is and english is your second language. |
|
| 20:10 | okay, then. Have someone who english, sit down and read your |
|
| 20:13 | and help you with the grammar and writing and stuff, you know, |
|
| 20:17 | do that at the professional level. have professors who are from all over |
|
| 20:21 | world, I got one guy in office now who's from Argentina, his |
|
| 20:25 | is terrible. He's really nice But I imagine his writing is just |
|
| 20:30 | . I'm just guessing. I don't , he's probably a brilliant writer. |
|
| 20:33 | knows, right? But we have to say, okay, let's take |
|
| 20:37 | writing and let's help you through That's what the writing centers for you |
|
| 20:40 | did. You know we have a center? I don't is it open |
|
| 20:44 | ? Uh I presume that they're doing and stuff. So, so if |
|
| 20:48 | struggle are afraid of writing don't There are tools out there to help |
|
| 20:53 | . And the process here is to you become a better writer so that |
|
| 20:56 | become a better communicator so that your is easy rather than hard. That |
|
| 21:02 | sense. That's what my goal This isn't to torture you, although |
|
| 21:06 | might feel like it. Okay, gonna learn some physiology or you want |
|
| 21:10 | keep talking about this. I'm just at the clock. Yeah, I |
|
| 21:15 | a clock. That's how I know to stop. Yeah. No, |
|
| 21:20 | good physiology. Talk about grades. . Did you guys invite zombies or |
|
| 21:29 | ? All right. Today? What going to talk about the organization of |
|
| 21:32 | central nervous system? All right. a big picture of everything. This |
|
| 21:37 | the central nervous system in a Well, not really nutshell. But |
|
| 21:41 | if you tell yourself that the telling dying cephalon which sits underneath uh sits |
|
| 21:47 | the brainstem, which sits over the cord and any of your celebrate them |
|
| 21:50 | the back. All right. What gonna do? We're gonna just break |
|
| 21:53 | things down and talk about what each them do in a very general |
|
| 21:56 | Anyone here taking uh neurophysiology or the class. Okay. This is like |
|
| 22:02 | the surface of what you guys Ok. And purposely. So, |
|
| 22:06 | why it's it's um class because there's lot of information when it comes to |
|
| 22:09 | nervous system. Alright, So, just going to try to keep this |
|
| 22:15 | . So, we're gonna start here the talent cephalon. Nor you can |
|
| 22:18 | in either direction. You can either if you're looking at from an anatomical |
|
| 22:22 | of view very often, what they'll is they'll deal with developmental stuff. |
|
| 22:25 | , you'll start with spinal cord and your way up to. Or even |
|
| 22:29 | , you work your way up to complex. I just figured let's start |
|
| 22:32 | the thing that we're all actually interested which is the cerebral, which is |
|
| 22:35 | brain. All right. When we brain this is a structure we're thinking |
|
| 22:39 | . All right. It is relatively speaking, you can see on |
|
| 22:43 | surface it has all the bumps in grooves. They have special names. |
|
| 22:46 | is a bulge or a bump. sulk asses, the groove. And |
|
| 22:50 | an anonymous Those are really, really because they tell you where you are |
|
| 22:54 | the brain. All right there And so, it's like this is |
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| 22:57 | they can kind of break this thing into lobes, which I have listed |
|
| 23:01 | now, we're looking at the side here, right? And so what |
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| 23:07 | not seeing is from the front where can actually see that there's two hemispheres |
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| 23:11 | left hemisphere in the right hemisphere. . And so each of the hemispheres |
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| 23:15 | these uh different lobes. The lobes unique functions. Usually they figure this |
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| 23:21 | out by dealing with people who damaged lobe and figure out what's not |
|
| 23:25 | Alright. Actually the really cool one learn about a little bit later olympic |
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| 23:29 | . How do they figure out the parts of the limbic system? Well |
|
| 23:31 | they do brain surgery, they do while you're awake? Kind of |
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| 23:37 | huh? You're slightly sedated. But talked to you the entire time to |
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| 23:42 | sure that they're doing the right the wildest thing in the world to |
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| 23:46 | the dark room, persons in their their awake, their head is covered |
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| 23:51 | here on up. And they have person talking face to face while the |
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| 23:54 | sits there and poke stuff. All . And so they'll ask some questions |
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| 23:59 | who's the president? So you better your answers, right? They'll ask |
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| 24:04 | questions. How do you feel? some of that is in response |
|
| 24:07 | Well, I'm touching this part of brain. Is it affecting you know |
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| 24:12 | you know your emotions or your activities your awareness. So that's what they're |
|
| 24:17 | kind of doing is checking that stuff . But this kind of boils it |
|
| 24:20 | . Look the frontal lobe right up in the front. Oh here, |
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| 24:23 | me help you out frontal lobe. , where is it? It's in |
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| 24:26 | front. Then we move upwards to occipital lobe. Sorry parietal lobe, |
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| 24:30 | backwards parietal lobe. Then we go to the occipital lobe. Over here |
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| 24:34 | the temporal lobe, their name for bones under which they sit. |
|
| 24:39 | there's actually 1/5 lobe that we teach and physiology that you know. But |
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| 24:45 | doesn't it doesn't have the name It's called the insula. And basically |
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| 24:48 | you do is you separate out the lobe from the frontal lobe and you |
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| 24:51 | it back and you look in That's the insula. All right. |
|
| 24:55 | we don't talk about it and we kind of ignore that exists. All |
|
| 24:59 | , because this is an anatomy class who cares? So what do they |
|
| 25:03 | ? Temporal lobe, primarily voluntary motor . So any type of movement up |
|
| 25:08 | in the frontal lobe dot temporal Sorry, frontal lobe speech thought all |
|
| 25:15 | , ready for some fun. I you to think about your brain for |
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| 25:18 | minute. Okay, thinking about the . Don't you think about your brain |
|
| 25:23 | I want you to think about your . Thinking about your brain thinking all |
|
| 25:28 | , all of a sudden your frontal going I'm aware of me. Yeah |
|
| 25:35 | lobe like I said that's next. where the Yamaka sits, hats whatever |
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| 25:40 | up on top, this is processing input. So there it is parietal |
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| 25:45 | here. Occipital lobe, that's primary cortex. Time out. Do not |
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| 25:48 | this down. Grand portion of your deals with visual processing. All |
|
| 25:53 | But we point to the occipital lobe say this is where the primary cortex |
|
| 25:57 | . So vision. All right? as you learn probably in Euro, |
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| 26:01 | like everywhere. Okay. And then temporal lobe is auditory. So you |
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| 26:07 | kind of think about this light shines my eyes and shine to the back |
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| 26:11 | my head. So that's how vision . That's not how vision works. |
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| 26:14 | that's how you can think about I hear temporal lobes next to my |
|
| 26:19 | . Okay now cut through the All right. I'm gonna show you |
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| 26:25 | after I show you this. I . You'll never not see it to |
|
| 26:30 | shrimp in your brain. Yeah. tiny space shrimp. See when you |
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| 26:38 | at it, it's like you will ever go away from now on. |
|
| 26:41 | always gonna be there. Yeah. . Yeah. As far as I |
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| 26:50 | they don't do them regularly. Lobotomy so lobotomy by its definition is excision |
|
| 26:57 | a lobe. So typically what you is you talk about frontal lobotomy. |
|
| 27:01 | so people who were mentally ill, ? What they do is they would |
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| 27:07 | a little tiny hole in the front your frontal bone. Take a little |
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| 27:12 | flexible wire insert that. And then was like roto rooter where it spins |
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| 27:17 | really, really fast and basically just up the the structure and even bother |
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| 27:22 | it out. It's just let's just all the cells there, frontal |
|
| 27:29 | No. What's that? You have normal price? Yes. All |
|
| 27:36 | Let's move on. Since we're off . And I'm now 30 minutes in |
|
| 27:41 | right, organization. So, what can see here, if we do |
|
| 27:45 | slice through, you can see that have a light region in a darker |
|
| 27:49 | . The lighter region is called white . It's not exactly why, but |
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| 27:52 | a light her. And then we this darker region. Even the red |
|
| 27:56 | that's marked red shouldn't be read. really the same color as this stuff |
|
| 27:59 | here. That's the gray matter. matter is where information is processed. |
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| 28:04 | is where you're gonna find the cell of neurons. This is where you're |
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| 28:07 | see the dendrites of the neurons. see glial cells around them. And |
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| 28:11 | this is where the processing is taking as interaction. White matter on the |
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| 28:16 | hand, is where information is So what you can imagine for |
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| 28:21 | there's a neuron over here that wants talk to a neuron over their. |
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| 28:24 | processes information and then transmits it through white matter to the gray matter on |
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| 28:29 | other side as an example. so those are the two types of |
|
| 28:34 | . Now. Grey matters found in basic areas. Alright. First area |
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| 28:37 | on the outside. It's Yes, have it on the top of the |
|
| 28:40 | . All right. This is Language you should know, cortex means |
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| 28:45 | medulla means inside. All right. , when you hear cortex, that |
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| 28:49 | automatically make you think about the outer . The crusty part. When you |
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| 28:54 | medulla think middle, it's in the of stuff. So here the gray |
|
| 28:59 | is when you hear cerebral cortex, referring to this stuff on the outer |
|
| 29:04 | of the cerebral. All right, ganglia. Really the new term we |
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| 29:10 | for it is basil nuclear ganglia. kind of reserved for outside the central |
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| 29:14 | system now, but this is an term. And so here these are |
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| 29:18 | matter that are deep to the white . All right. Deep meaning that's |
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| 29:23 | term meaning further inside. Okay. is the limbic system. Now, |
|
| 29:30 | limbic system has a whole bunch of to it. And that's what this |
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| 29:33 | shrimp is. It's showing you. , for example, here are |
|
| 29:38 | right? So gyro singular plural, sounds really weird coming off the |
|
| 29:42 | All right. But basically that's those guy right there. There are structures |
|
| 29:47 | are not part of the cerebral um are part of the limbic system as |
|
| 29:51 | . But basically we're looking at these right here. All right. The |
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| 29:56 | as well as the middle at the . Plus the singular gyrus. These |
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| 30:01 | part of the limbic system and you can see their deep structures. |
|
| 30:05 | play a huge role in emotion and . All right. Miguel is the |
|
| 30:09 | one. This is one where I saying they poke the brain, |
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| 30:12 | So, how are you feeling? poke this, feeling scared? |
|
| 30:15 | you should I'm poking your brain, know? But it's like fear. |
|
| 30:20 | guys like scary movies. Some Yeah, it's one of those really |
|
| 30:24 | questions you guys, because you could two class doing this other half class |
|
| 30:27 | , Yeah. Right. So, those who like scary movies, |
|
| 30:31 | You like scary movie because you like rush, like the adrenaline, |
|
| 30:35 | And you've already trained yourself that, know, whoever is in the movie |
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| 30:39 | or whatever isn't gonna jump out and you right? Only Freddy Krueger is |
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| 30:44 | get you, we'll meet you in dreams. All right. I'm just |
|
| 30:49 | just teasing. Right? So, , basically fear is managed through that |
|
| 30:55 | . The amygdala, right? Um other emotions that are also are regulated |
|
| 31:01 | the middle as well, but that's really easy one. Uh in terms |
|
| 31:05 | the hippocampus turning things from short memory long term memory that's regulated through the |
|
| 31:09 | as an example, the cerebellum is little brain. All right. And |
|
| 31:17 | gonna make an example here. That's gonna hit on everybody, but in |
|
| 31:21 | computer you have a CPU the central unit that does all the math and |
|
| 31:27 | all you gamers know you have you know the G. P. |
|
| 31:31 | . C. I know who it , the graphics processing unit. And |
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| 31:35 | there was a time when they actually the physics off the cards and had |
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| 31:38 | physics uh processing unit as well. then they blew that idea off. |
|
| 31:43 | . But what we have here is there's a portion of the brain that |
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| 31:47 | been set aside to do specific calculations the larger brain doesn't want to do |
|
| 31:53 | . All right. In other we've we've taken the cerebellum and it |
|
| 31:59 | all this processing to help us in of movement. All right. |
|
| 32:03 | you can see up here plays a in balance, planning, execution, |
|
| 32:06 | movement. Would you guys say walking a complex process? I mean, |
|
| 32:12 | is there's no wrong answer here. mean, I know what the right |
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| 32:15 | is, but there's no wrong It is a complex process, |
|
| 32:19 | I mean, basically, it's you see walking is me lifting my |
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| 32:23 | foot shifting my weight. You I know if you watch my ankle did |
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| 32:26 | kind of real funky when I went here, it's like, okay, |
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| 32:29 | out of balance now. And then am I doing? I'm shifting my |
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| 32:31 | forward and I'm catching myself on my and repeating this process over and |
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| 32:36 | Very, very repetitive. But it's complex process all right now, in |
|
| 32:41 | to walk. I have to plan those motions and I have to plan |
|
| 32:44 | in real time as I'm doing Have you ever walked while you're been |
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| 32:49 | on your phone? Yeah, She pulls her phone and she's |
|
| 32:53 | okay, he's talking about talking I gotta put my right. And |
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| 32:57 | you ever tripped on one of Houston's flat sidewalks? Right? Why? |
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| 33:07 | , because your plan was left put my foot down, left foot |
|
| 33:10 | , right? You're doing it over over again. But, you |
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| 33:13 | the sidewalk is like, I'm not let you do that. You need |
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| 33:15 | really know what you're doing. You to play it. Pay attention. |
|
| 33:17 | when your foot hits that thing, do you do? You fall forward |
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| 33:22 | you catch yourself and you're like, you see me? No, |
|
| 33:25 | that's good. I will just keep going. What walking is is not |
|
| 33:34 | . Have you ever thought about Right? Because what have I |
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| 33:37 | I've taken my body and I put weight outward and I've caught myself before |
|
| 33:41 | fall do the same thing over and again. What? What's swimming? |
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| 33:49 | drowning? All right? I that's that's that's the same thing. |
|
| 33:53 | it's creating motion so that my body doesn't pull me to the bottom of |
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| 33:57 | ocean floor, right? Don't swim the ocean. You could I'm not |
|
| 34:02 | tell you what you can and can't your adults. All right. So |
|
| 34:06 | is what the cerebellum does. It all the math in real time. |
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| 34:10 | I say math, but all the the processes in real time. It |
|
| 34:14 | all right, Sarah cerebrum says I a plan. What I want to |
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| 34:18 | is I want to walk from here there and that sends it says to |
|
| 34:22 | cerebellum, figure out how to do . Sara bellum says I got a |
|
| 34:25 | and it sends back to the cerebral says, okay, I like |
|
| 34:27 | plan except I'm changing some things. that plan goes back to the cerebellum |
|
| 34:32 | it says, okay, let me more calculations. And he goes back |
|
| 34:34 | forth, back and forth, back forth in real time as you're moving |
|
| 34:40 | . All right time out. Recent have shown. Mhm. That's the |
|
| 34:47 | isn't only involved in that. All . So balance, planning and execution |
|
| 34:50 | voluntary movement is what I said. a group in Arkansas at the University |
|
| 34:53 | Arkansas Children's Hospital I think is what was. They call themselves the uh |
|
| 34:59 | . R. I. Group or like that. Um And basically a |
|
| 35:03 | of researchers who get access to their machine in the middle of the |
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| 35:07 | And so basically they sign up and just do stuff. Let's see what |
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| 35:10 | can see about the brain, And what they've actually determined is that |
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| 35:15 | not all the cerebellum actually does. actually does planning and execution. Not |
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| 35:20 | a voluntary movement, but of actual . So basically you come up with |
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| 35:25 | idea, it sends off to the . Please do not write this |
|
| 35:28 | It's not going to be on the . This is the fun part. |
|
| 35:31 | is why we take this class, ? And then it process it and |
|
| 35:34 | that information back says, what do think about this? It's like I |
|
| 35:37 | that thought, you know, or . So, there's other types of |
|
| 35:41 | that's taking place in the cerebellum. basically you're sending stuff off to be |
|
| 35:46 | . Now, what you guys need know voluntary movement. We have three |
|
| 35:52 | regions. You can see them here this is what the cerebellum looks |
|
| 35:55 | Here's a slice through the cerebellum. can see these different regions. This |
|
| 35:58 | what happened to take the cerebellum and it out. All things. All |
|
| 36:02 | , we have the vestibular cerebellum whenever see names like this, remember breaking |
|
| 36:06 | , vestibular refers to balance and All right? So, when you |
|
| 36:11 | the vestibular apparatus, uh vestibular vestibular cochlear nerve, so and so |
|
| 36:17 | . It's referring to your inner And so what this does is basically |
|
| 36:21 | and eye movement, right? Anyone ever been in the human gyroscope there's |
|
| 36:29 | places where you can do this is of chemo boardwalk, There's one over |
|
| 36:31 | the Natural Science Museum. Um Usually spring break. You can get yourself |
|
| 36:37 | into one of these things after a shots of Tequila, basically three rings |
|
| 36:41 | they spend one ring, it goes this direction and excellent goes in this |
|
| 36:44 | , the other one goes in the plane. And so you get one |
|
| 36:46 | these things and you're literally just like gonna throw up All right. And |
|
| 36:52 | you look at somebody after he's been that look at their eyes are just |
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| 36:55 | trying desperately to figure out how the is moving right. The stimulus, |
|
| 37:01 | , eye movement, balance and Spino cerebellum deals with spinal. So |
|
| 37:06 | talking about spinal nerves. So we're about muscle tone, skilled, involuntary |
|
| 37:11 | . Again, this is the intent response. I intend to fall forward |
|
| 37:16 | catch myself fall forward and catch Ever gone up a stair wrong where |
|
| 37:21 | put the stare at the wrong You know, I'm talking about there's |
|
| 37:24 | natural step for all of us to when we deal with the stair. |
|
| 37:27 | when they put one at the wrong , we do that, that kind |
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| 37:31 | , that horse move. It's where is this step? All |
|
| 37:36 | okay, that's how we're correcting the in real time and then the cerebral |
|
| 37:42 | that Try this one, Serena Serena sherry bro cerebellum. Oh my |
|
| 37:51 | I might as well have just had myself. All right here, what |
|
| 37:55 | doing is now we're doing this this between the cortex, those motor areas |
|
| 38:01 | the frontal lobe versus procedural movements. me an example of procedural movement. |
|
| 38:07 | Biking. Give me another one What about another 1? They are |
|
| 38:13 | a basketball. Yeah. Was a movement over and over and over just |
|
| 38:18 | process, right? Just repetitive. so that's what it does. Um |
|
| 38:23 | again going back to my gpu example that's falling flat on half of |
|
| 38:28 | There are more individual neurons in the than there are in the rest of |
|
| 38:33 | brain in the cerebral, is that ? So what have I done more |
|
| 38:39 | over on the side And if you anything about computers, Gps are much |
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| 38:43 | more powerful in terms of the processing than cpus are. So talent, |
|
| 38:49 | , cerebral um we jump to the to the cerebellum. Now we're jumping |
|
| 38:53 | right underneath the tellin cephalon. The to the dyin cephalon. Diane |
|
| 38:59 | There are three parts, it lies the brain stem and the cerebellum. |
|
| 39:02 | up here is the cerebrum down here the brain stem. So this |
|
| 39:06 | circle area, is it? You at the names and all of a |
|
| 39:09 | it's like, oh I see now have the thalamus which is central and |
|
| 39:13 | we have something above and something Did you see that look at the |
|
| 39:21 | , what is hyper, what is above? So you have the hypothalamus |
|
| 39:27 | the epithelium. It's all of a like I said I'll just simple |
|
| 39:31 | we're not trying to confuse you, trying to make things rhyme, we're |
|
| 39:35 | saying here's the central thing and then something above and something below, thalamus |
|
| 39:39 | of a better term is the structure the brain that sorts information. |
|
| 39:45 | Information goes to the thalamus and it told where it needs to go. |
|
| 39:48 | right now it's a paired structure. looking at one over there and see |
|
| 39:52 | little thing. That's how it's connected the other paired structure on the other |
|
| 39:56 | that's sitting outside of the screen. right plays a role in conscious |
|
| 40:01 | This is that sensory input and say well that's a smell that goes to |
|
| 40:04 | uh the olfactory region of the brain . This is a vision thing. |
|
| 40:09 | goes to the occipital or occipital this is gustatory. So it's just |
|
| 40:14 | information like that is the best way describe. That plays a role in |
|
| 40:18 | and memory when you see arousal That's a wickedness. Alright memory as |
|
| 40:24 | . You can play a role in has a role in reinforcing voluntary motor |
|
| 40:30 | . If you start to look at I mean wait a second, there's |
|
| 40:32 | lot of cross linking and overlapping cerebellum movement and frontal lobes movement. Now |
|
| 40:38 | got the thalamus which is a Yes. The nervous system and the |
|
| 40:43 | in particular. CNN's is incredibly All right. And so we have |
|
| 40:48 | we have communication between different regions to those things happen. All right. |
|
| 40:54 | plays a role with the basil ganglia well, basil ganglia plays a role |
|
| 40:57 | movement. Faisel nuclear, excuse hypothalamus. This is the region that's |
|
| 41:04 | for controlling a lot of the autonomic system um as well as the production |
|
| 41:09 | hormones. That's the endocrine system we earlier. So when you think hypothalamus |
|
| 41:14 | regulating home a static function, alright how your body functions normally epitomizes the |
|
| 41:22 | one of the group. So that's little tiny thing back over here. |
|
| 41:25 | a Peniel gland or pineal, whichever you feel like saying the avenue or |
|
| 41:30 | , which is part of the, cerebral itself basically connects the limbic |
|
| 41:35 | other parts of the brain and is for circadian rhythms. All right. |
|
| 41:42 | one of you? Crazy people wakes at the exact same time every day |
|
| 41:46 | of whether or not you have an . All right. Why? Because |
|
| 41:50 | have an internal clock that goes ringing . That's part of your circadian rhythm |
|
| 41:55 | night. You get tired at the same time. So you go to |
|
| 41:59 | , circadian rhythm. Okay, that's example of a circadian rhythm. There |
|
| 42:03 | lots of others, lots of internal being produced hormones when they're produced on |
|
| 42:07 | so forth. But I want to you an idea actually. It's within |
|
| 42:11 | structures or where you're going to find proteins if you've ever heard of a |
|
| 42:14 | protein. Yeah, So that's what's regulating. And here's the fun |
|
| 42:19 | Our internal clock is not 24 It's like 23 hours. So if |
|
| 42:26 | were putting perpetual darkness, you'd actually your time. Just kind of on |
|
| 42:31 | side, interesting little data. See the jelly beans over here. You |
|
| 42:36 | need to memorize the jelly beans. jelly beans represent different nuclei in the |
|
| 42:43 | . Each of those different nuclei do things. We don't need to know |
|
| 42:47 | . Many of them are named for they're located with regard to the structures |
|
| 42:52 | the brain. So, for the pre optic area, where do |
|
| 42:55 | suppose it is pre before the eyes ? Actually before the optic eye |
|
| 43:02 | where the optic nerve crosses. So why it's called free optic area. |
|
| 43:07 | uh one that we're going to see little bit later. The pair of |
|
| 43:11 | nucleus pair of means next to near right. So it's near the |
|
| 43:19 | What's the ventricle? We'll see in second. Right? It's part of |
|
| 43:23 | brave. So again, it's there really for where they are. My |
|
| 43:26 | phone was the super cosmic nucleus. sounds so scary. Sucre over chi |
|
| 43:35 | . The optic chasm. It's oh, so it's really, I'm |
|
| 43:40 | you once you learn the trickery, falls into place. Anatomy becomes like |
|
| 43:44 | easiest thing ever. All right now the high pathologies at home a static |
|
| 43:50 | . So let's go ahead. Autonomic center will deal with the autonomic nervous |
|
| 43:54 | a little bit later. Center for response. Do I cry? Do |
|
| 43:57 | laugh? Whatever body temperature regulation, of food intake and my hungry. |
|
| 44:02 | I not hungry? I mean does sound like everything that we do all |
|
| 44:05 | long? Maybe regulation of water balance thirst? Sleep, wake cycle that |
|
| 44:12 | along with the thalamus. And we're going to see it has to also |
|
| 44:14 | with the um another region of the . Um Just a moment um plays |
|
| 44:20 | role in uh endocrine responsiveness regulating through uh pituitary gland. So my point |
|
| 44:28 | is regulates homeostasis. If it's homey static, it's probably being regulated through |
|
| 44:34 | hypothalamus. Did you guys grew up pinky and the brain? There's a |
|
| 44:42 | people one pinky and the brain. you remember the song? The |
|
| 44:47 | Okay if you have never seen Pinky the brain? First off, shame |
|
| 44:51 | you. Alright secondly there's a song all the parts of the brain sung |
|
| 44:56 | pinky and the brain and I encourage , it's on YouTube just say parts |
|
| 44:59 | the brain, pink in the And you can watch the 45 2nd |
|
| 45:03 | of all the parts team to the . But the course in that is |
|
| 45:07 | stem. Brain stem. So that's looking at the brain stem. |
|
| 45:12 | And it's literally they're just randomly moving of the brain. There's no organization |
|
| 45:19 | . Yeah, but this is how learned when we were younger. All |
|
| 45:24 | . We got our learning from You guys get it from Youtube tells |
|
| 45:28 | how successful both of those things All right. So, this is |
|
| 45:32 | most primitive part of the brain. we say primitive. What we're saying |
|
| 45:35 | evolutionarily speaking, if you look through order of vertebrates, this developed long |
|
| 45:40 | us three. Remember did. So this was what was governing uh |
|
| 45:47 | organisms in terms of their activity and . Now the brain stem is three |
|
| 45:53 | . We have the midbrain, the in the medulla. The midbrain is |
|
| 45:56 | the top. It's not in the of the brain stem, its middle |
|
| 46:00 | all the brain stuff. All So, this is where the majority |
|
| 46:04 | the 12 cranial nerves which are all of the peripheral nervous system. When |
|
| 46:07 | see the word nerve nerve is Always, always, always, always |
|
| 46:12 | . There are no nerves in the nervous system, repeat after me. |
|
| 46:15 | are no nerves in the central nervous . There we go. All |
|
| 46:20 | This is why they can poke your while you're having surgery. Okay. |
|
| 46:24 | nerves. All right. Now any coming from the peripheral nervous system. |
|
| 46:33 | , has to pass in or pass for the most part. With the |
|
| 46:37 | of a couple of peripheral I mean couple of the cranial nerves are gonna |
|
| 46:40 | to pass through the brain stem. right. So most of them are |
|
| 46:44 | to stop and synapse at some The nucleus is a clump of cells |
|
| 46:50 | are responsible for processing information. So gray matter. Some nucleus at some |
|
| 46:56 | in this brain stem. All Some of them won't. But most |
|
| 47:02 | . So we're gonna start hearing the . We're just gonna keep this |
|
| 47:05 | Right? The easy thing is midbrain function of eye movement to cranial |
|
| 47:10 | The ocular motor and the truck. nerve which are responsible for external movement |
|
| 47:14 | the I. R. Found All right. And so what we |
|
| 47:18 | think about is that the eye movement usually some sort of reflex associated with |
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| 47:22 | . It's also an auditory reflex. watched people play tennis. That's a |
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| 47:32 | movement. If I grab your Hi movement. Right. Have you |
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| 47:40 | heard someone yell hey And you turned right and you're now looking for the |
|
| 47:45 | . Why do you turn around? . It's a reflex. Your name |
|
| 47:49 | not. Hey. Maybe it I don't know. There might be |
|
| 47:53 | hey hey here you know who he ? I like that down to the |
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| 48:03 | . So midbrain high movement, fairly . Lots of cranial nerves listed |
|
| 48:07 | All right. So here this is relay between the cerebellum and the |
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| 48:12 | so, fibers going in, fiber going out. All right. So |
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| 48:16 | do we have mastication? Don't confuse with another word. Cranial nerve. |
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| 48:21 | five. The trigeminal nerve so Mhm. Sensory input from the |
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| 48:28 | So notice here we have motor We also have sensory movement. Both |
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| 48:32 | them are through the trigeminal nerve, movement. The abductions of the fun |
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| 48:36 | because it names for what it You know what abducting is? What |
|
| 48:42 | you do when you abduct something. it up. All right. If |
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| 48:47 | can't remember that when aliens come, do what they abduct you. You're |
|
| 48:55 | gonna forget that now. All Oh. And then when you return |
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| 49:00 | being probed, what are they doing abducting you actually I don't know if |
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| 49:07 | actually a term that they use. abduction abduction is the movement. All |
|
| 49:13 | . And so, what the abductions ? It's a single nerve to allow |
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| 49:17 | eyes to do this. The It's teenager nerve. Yeah. Alright. |
|
| 49:24 | abduct the I up and out. , facial nerves control what facial nerve |
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| 49:33 | your feet. Of course, it's the facial muscle. Here's that |
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| 49:37 | one. The one that was very right? Vestibular cochlear vestibular is balanced |
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| 49:43 | leah is a structure in your ear for hearing. So you get the |
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| 49:48 | input from your ears processes through that nerve. And then it also works |
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| 49:52 | the medulla which is a little bit to help you regulate blood pressure, |
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| 49:56 | rate and digestion. Other things that going on in the body properly. |
|
| 50:01 | notice where is this stuff all acting ? It's right up in here, |
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| 50:06 | it? All that stuff? I zwart up at the mid |
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| 50:10 | right ears and mouth and around that is all there in the ponds and |
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| 50:17 | you go down to the medulla. got a couple more just a little |
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| 50:21 | further down. So again, we have some hearing and balance going on |
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| 50:24 | the medulla. Guys ever watched the boy. Where's my person who's taking |
|
| 50:28 | list? You're keeping track of the , weren't you? She's like, |
|
| 50:31 | , I'm not doing that. Waterboy adam. Sandler takes place in |
|
| 50:38 | . Right? So we know what talking. Okay. Does Cajun |
|
| 50:41 | But he's basically he's in class. in an anatomy class and he |
|
| 50:46 | why is why is a gator You know, an ornery is right |
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| 50:52 | all the time. Why is gator ? And it was because mama told |
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| 50:57 | I could see if mama told me , holly's teeth and no toothbrush and |
|
| 51:02 | no, it's not because of It's because of their medulla oblong gotta |
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| 51:07 | that's the full name of the It's the medulla oblong gotta the long |
|
| 51:11 | region. All right. And then is wrong with your medulla block. |
|
| 51:16 | it gets funnier from there. All , thank you. There's at least |
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| 51:20 | person who's laughing at my stupid movie . All right. So what do |
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| 51:24 | have here? Remember what I said said works with the pond. So |
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| 51:28 | working, padilla, padilla, work pond again. Blood pressure, heart |
|
| 51:31 | , digestion. This is through cranial number nine glass. Oh, for |
|
| 51:36 | . Glass to tongue. That's the of the tongue. You know the |
|
| 51:44 | is I mean, I know I'm you to think about books for a |
|
| 51:48 | . You know, glossary is it's list of words that you should |
|
| 51:52 | It actually refers back to the Just be able to pronounce and understand |
|
| 51:56 | they mean. Interesting. Huh? , wow. And actually it's really |
|
| 52:01 | . Weird actually. Where the you could actually so way back in |
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| 52:04 | middle ages when I'm not gonna go . All right. It's really interesting |
|
| 52:11 | . So, and then we have vagus nerve which just innovates all the |
|
| 52:16 | of the gut. So that's basically that's thoracic and downward, down to |
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| 52:21 | gut. Then we have the which is the muscles of the |
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| 52:25 | Is you want to remember, ladies necklaces and earrings and other stuff are |
|
| 52:30 | . Guys learn your structure. So and then the hippo glassell. What |
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| 52:38 | that be hypo is blow glass of All right below the tongue. That's |
|
| 52:44 | when you yawn. You know, get that little squirt. Okay, |
|
| 52:50 | . It's really the somatic control the . That allows me to do |
|
| 52:53 | But when you yawn and you get little squirt, that's extra salivary |
|
| 52:58 | particular formation. This is the confusing . This drives me nuts. I |
|
| 53:01 | this picture. I hate everything about . And what it stands for. |
|
| 53:07 | , the particular formation is a series nuclei and tracks within the brain stem |
|
| 53:14 | are in communication with each other that for the arousal of the brain, |
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| 53:20 | allows for information to be processed. right. So it plays an important |
|
| 53:25 | in arousal and sleep. There is a picture on this planet that does |
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| 53:29 | good job of showing what it It's like, oh look blue blob |
|
| 53:33 | . Oh, arrows going to all parts of the brain. Not |
|
| 53:38 | All right. So just think brain bunch of nuclei in chains where things |
|
| 53:44 | is being passed up and passed All right, here's an easy way |
|
| 53:48 | remember this. Have you ever fall in class? You're laughing like just |
|
| 53:54 | couple of minutes ago we got one back there. It's awesome when you're |
|
| 53:57 | here. All right. But I'm about the falling asleep in class like |
|
| 54:01 | . You put your hand on your . You just you're just closing your |
|
| 54:04 | for a second, right? And you feel that? Mm hmm. |
|
| 54:09 | . And then what do you do nap jerk? Right? You're |
|
| 54:12 | I'm like, yeah. All That would be the type of arousal |
|
| 54:20 | talking about. It's alerting your brain your body to action and activity and |
|
| 54:25 | like that. All right. Here's one is that one didn't work for |
|
| 54:28 | because you're a perfect student. You've fallen asleep in class, have ever |
|
| 54:32 | behind or beside an 18 wheeler in car that is actually rattling because of |
|
| 54:37 | force of wind beside you and you're to white knuckle it, right? |
|
| 54:41 | you can you're like, I don't . And then another semi gets on |
|
| 54:44 | other side here. Now, like is the day I die, but |
|
| 54:48 | going to focus. I'm gonna make it particular formation Alright. Muscle |
|
| 54:55 | stretch, reflexes, breathing, blood , pain modulation, whole nine |
|
| 54:59 | All of it being done in That's why it's going to all these |
|
| 55:02 | areas because it's basically taking sensory input sending sensory input and stuff like |
|
| 55:07 | So your body is responsive. So of profusely branching Spinal cord is still |
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| 55:15 | of the central nervous system. so it exits at the base of |
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| 55:18 | skull. It's a continuation of the , right? But it becomes a |
|
| 55:22 | structure. But you can imagine you your brain stem and brainstem just continues |
|
| 55:27 | becomes the spinal cord. And so are 31 segments each uh representing where |
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| 55:37 | nerve exits. And uh it's in with your vertebrae, right? So |
|
| 55:43 | matches that up, so you can of it as 31 little segments. |
|
| 55:47 | what's going to happen is these structures can kind of see them right |
|
| 55:50 | These are called route lets the let's come in to give converge, |
|
| 55:54 | routes and the routes converge and form spinal nerve. All right. So |
|
| 55:58 | my Mp class, I actually teach that. It's like you got to |
|
| 56:01 | you go spinal spinal cord route. two routes, routes to nerves, |
|
| 56:05 | nerves too. And then we get the next structure which I'll show you |
|
| 56:08 | just a second. So the spinal actually grows a lot slower than your |
|
| 56:13 | do. And so in an adult you all, it actually ends around |
|
| 56:17 | . One or L. Two, in reference to where the vertebrae |
|
| 56:20 | So that's lumbar, one lumbar And so the rest of it is |
|
| 56:24 | spinal nerves continuing downward that will exit the appropriate point along the length of |
|
| 56:30 | body. And what happens is we at this stuff and it looks like |
|
| 56:34 | mess of horse tail and so that's we named it. It looks like |
|
| 56:37 | bunch of horse tail hairs. So why it's called the kata Aquafina, |
|
| 56:42 | equine equine horse kata, but rear whatever. That's the name. All |
|
| 56:50 | . So those nerves collectively referred to the cada quien. All right |
|
| 56:55 | these routes and the nerves. Once exit out of the spinal cord, |
|
| 56:59 | now in the peripheral nervous system. . Those those uh sorry, those |
|
| 57:05 | cranial nerves I showed you. Those peripheral nervous system. All right. |
|
| 57:11 | , here's a better representation of You can see here they've got a |
|
| 57:14 | tiny route. Let's they come together form roots, roots come together and |
|
| 57:19 | a larger structure called the nerve. , there's an order here, have |
|
| 57:24 | guys ever been to a restaurant and at you can see the kitchen, |
|
| 57:26 | the doors that go into the There's one door that's an indoor one |
|
| 57:29 | is an outdoor, Right? Why they not the same door? Why |
|
| 57:33 | you not go in through the out and out through the indoor? |
|
| 57:38 | You're going to run into somebody That who is carrying that tray for the |
|
| 57:42 | of 12, right? You don't to run into that person because then |
|
| 57:46 | gonna applaud and every you're gonna be , you're going to pay for their |
|
| 57:50 | . Alright, So, we have route and a dorsal root. The |
|
| 57:55 | route. The one that's closest to remember dorsal in the back if you |
|
| 57:59 | remember which think dorsal sharks have a dorsal sharks. Sharks have a dorsal |
|
| 58:04 | , right, dolphins? If you like sharks dolphins. Right? So |
|
| 58:10 | is back ventral is route. They used the term anterior post areas |
|
| 58:14 | But we're just going to stick with . So the ventral root is the |
|
| 58:19 | coming out. Those are signals that motor signals that are going on someplace |
|
| 58:24 | cause actions information coming up and entering the dorsal root is the indoor. |
|
| 58:33 | , So that is censoring input coming the cns. So all of a |
|
| 58:36 | now we have this this this organization becomes pretty simple information goes in through |
|
| 58:43 | dorsal root. Information gets processed in central nervous system. Information comes back |
|
| 58:48 | and the individual route and then continues down the nerve from whence it |
|
| 58:53 | Okay, do you see that kind organization? Yes, it was. |
|
| 59:02 | . Mhm. Love it. A and different. I love it. |
|
| 59:06 | got it. All right. a different information is going in. |
|
| 59:10 | different information is coming out. A would be traveling via the dorsal |
|
| 59:15 | Would be traveling via the ventral. got that since your information goes |
|
| 59:21 | So, since your information is a travels via the dorsal motor is |
|
| 59:27 | So, it's traveling via the See how are you? Yeah. |
|
| 59:35 | , you're making things complicated. But that's for me. You gotta do |
|
| 59:39 | very slowly. So, so saying same Dave. Okay, so, |
|
| 59:52 | first have to know a guy named . No, I'm not. I'm |
|
| 59:55 | making the truth is if you can up with new monarchs, abbreviations. |
|
| 60:02 | that's awesome. In fact, if go look up dirty new mom. |
|
| 60:06 | , sorry, dirty new monarchs for , you're going to find more new |
|
| 60:10 | then you're going to want because they're everywhere. All right. So, |
|
| 60:14 | day, I bet you there's a one, too. I guarantee there's |
|
| 60:17 | dirty one. All right. same. Dave. There you |
|
| 60:24 | Someone needs to buy her beer. right, organization. Same. Same |
|
| 60:32 | terms of gray matter and white gray matter nuclei, Dendrites processing white |
|
| 60:37 | tracks. Information is moving between Okay, So the gray matter has |
|
| 60:43 | specific organization in the spinal cord. , again, remember we're still central |
|
| 60:49 | system. All right. It kind looks like a butterfly. Do you |
|
| 60:52 | that butterfly shape kind of sort of , let me draw this for you |
|
| 60:57 | that they can't see it over on . All right. So, basically |
|
| 61:01 | you can do is you draw. just awful. All right. Just |
|
| 61:06 | that worse. All right. what you do is you can go |
|
| 61:09 | this, see butterfly for those on other side. I'll do it |
|
| 61:24 | All right. Kind of like a . All right. Now, the |
|
| 61:33 | we draw that like that, so you can see it is so that |
|
| 61:36 | can see the different horns. It of looks like a horn now, |
|
| 61:39 | it? As of course, as to some sort of amalgams blob on |
|
| 61:43 | side. All right. So there three horns, There's a dorsal |
|
| 61:47 | there's a ventral horn and there's a horn dorsal, ventral, lateral dorsal |
|
| 61:55 | sorry, ventral lateral. Each of horns houses to sell bodies of neurons |
|
| 62:02 | remember it's gray matter. All So information comes in via the dorsal |
|
| 62:08 | comes in and terminates on a neuron there in the dorsal horn. |
|
| 62:13 | the cell bodies of inter neurons receiving input are located in that dorsal |
|
| 62:22 | All right now, we're just going create a real simple reflex loop |
|
| 62:26 | That information is processing that interneuron it be then sent right back out if |
|
| 62:32 | part of the autonomic system, the neuron originates in the lateral horn. |
|
| 62:39 | it is a somatic neuron, meaning that does voluntary muscle, it's cell |
|
| 62:46 | is going to be located in the horn. So, lateral horn is |
|
| 62:51 | , ventral horn is somatic and they're um uh motor neurons moving out. |
|
| 63:01 | makes sense. So, it's a simple organization. All right. |
|
| 63:05 | these are both different. There's actually organization up here. But we're not |
|
| 63:10 | a bet that we're not dealing with slices. It's still sensory input. |
|
| 63:15 | ? But lateral horn is autonomic down ventral somatic now, in terms of |
|
| 63:22 | tracks. And this is the fun when you get into the anatomy of |
|
| 63:25 | . The tracks all have names names very simple. They tell you for |
|
| 63:29 | start and where they end. if they start up in the brain |
|
| 63:32 | ? They're gonna tell you where in brain and then they travel downward, |
|
| 63:37 | as an different track towards some sort destination. So the name will have |
|
| 63:42 | name in it. And if it's up to the brain and tell you |
|
| 63:45 | it originates and where it's going. the name will have that name as |
|
| 63:48 | . We don't have to worry about things. Thank goodness. All |
|
| 63:52 | But what you can see here is there's this organization is actually a mere |
|
| 63:55 | . So just pick a side that like and you can just kind of |
|
| 63:58 | on that. And so we have track that is a sending if it's |
|
| 64:01 | sending that's saying it's going from the cord up to the brain. So |
|
| 64:05 | be processed. This is carrying sensory , right? And so it is |
|
| 64:10 | to be found in the dorsal and portion. So there you can see |
|
| 64:14 | and lateral portions. If you're a track, that means you're coming from |
|
| 64:18 | brain downward. You're carrying motor information different information. And so you can |
|
| 64:24 | found in the eventual regions and then interior lateral portions as well. |
|
| 64:29 | the good news, we don't need know the names of those structures but |
|
| 64:32 | shows you again there's a tie degree organization. All right. Now, |
|
| 64:37 | the picture I want you to take this is is that the spinal cord |
|
| 64:41 | like a highway system. Alright? highly organized. You don't, I |
|
| 64:45 | you can look at a highway and , okay, this might seem a |
|
| 64:48 | bit confusing, but if I stay this particular lane and follow this |
|
| 64:52 | it's gonna take me in a very direction. Someplace. All right, |
|
| 64:56 | here live down in Sugar Land. all right. So I'm going to |
|
| 65:00 | from the university driving the Sugarland, rest of you just tell me if |
|
| 65:04 | wrong. All right, you get , I'm gonna ignore 45 for a |
|
| 65:07 | . We get on 59, starts as two lanes with two lanes coming |
|
| 65:12 | to 88, right becomes four So as long as you're staying in |
|
| 65:17 | left lane On 2 88 becoming you're now in the left lane on |
|
| 65:23 | . All right. And then some merge in from Louisiana street. How |
|
| 65:28 | too? I think it's too. now you're going 4-6, so no |
|
| 65:34 | are you just three lanes from the side, You're now five lanes from |
|
| 65:39 | right side, right? And then have entrances and exits moving along and |
|
| 65:44 | in mind, I don't live anywhere Sugarland. I've just driven enough that |
|
| 65:46 | can remember this little bit right, come up to 6, 10, |
|
| 65:50 | right, two lanes head off to , 10. So I'm going |
|
| 65:54 | some goes south. So you're now to four lanes again, right? |
|
| 65:57 | then it's going to widen up because get two lines coming from 6 |
|
| 66:01 | So if you are on the right side, you'd be seeing people adding |
|
| 66:05 | subtracting to your right and on the hand side would be staying static. |
|
| 66:09 | you're on the far left, you're to see all these lanes adding and |
|
| 66:12 | and that's kind of what's going on . The lower you are in the |
|
| 66:16 | , you first start off here, then what's going to happen is that |
|
| 66:19 | add things in, You start being inward. There's organization. These aren't |
|
| 66:24 | wires that are like crisscross like we do because human and you know, |
|
| 66:29 | just easier to just jam things in and let someone else deal with the |
|
| 66:32 | . Right? This is a highly system. So you can always point |
|
| 66:36 | where things are originating, where they they end because it's organized, ton |
|
| 66:42 | typically tona, typically in your body the word. I'm looking for |
|
| 66:47 | Typically basically in organization. All so, here's this picture. I |
|
| 66:55 | this makes sense. This is that arctic, I just described. So |
|
| 67:00 | we are stepping on an electric How do we know it's electric? |
|
| 67:05 | lightning bolts. Okay. No, pain. That's what it's representing, |
|
| 67:09 | pain, but I'm just trying to you awake. Alright. Signal travels |
|
| 67:16 | via the somatic sensory pathway. This an a different pathway which goes up |
|
| 67:21 | the dorsal root. You can see interneuron, where is that? |
|
| 67:24 | Cell body dorsal root right. Information sent right back down to the ventral |
|
| 67:34 | ? Because this is a skeletal All right. Do not confuse autonomic |
|
| 67:39 | automatic autonomic means things that I can't . All right. A reflex. |
|
| 67:45 | a reflex requires an integration center, can still be somatic and then down |
|
| 67:51 | goes to the muscles to cause it contract. So, I left my |
|
| 67:54 | up so I won't be stepping on electric nail. Right now. There |
|
| 68:01 | different levels of of reflexes, segmental it's at the same level. |
|
| 68:04 | basically goes up, stays in the level, comes back down. Inter |
|
| 68:08 | , inter segmental means that it's just to a different spinal segments. So |
|
| 68:12 | could be above or below. Uh segmental means that travels to the brain |
|
| 68:16 | . So information goes up, travels to the brain. Stand synapses process |
|
| 68:20 | then sent back down again. All . So, what this is basically |
|
| 68:24 | to tell you is that processing can place in the spinal cord. For |
|
| 68:30 | things like this type of reflex. on nail, you're going to respond |
|
| 68:36 | lifting your photo. But then there more complex reflexes that require more complex |
|
| 68:42 | . So information can be moved up it can also go to different |
|
| 68:46 | depending on what the reflexes. 10 minutes to explain. I don't |
|
| 68:54 | how much. Alright, peripheral nervous . This is where the information is |
|
| 69:00 | going in or going out. All . It's basically in contact with the |
|
| 69:05 | . So we're trying to get the from our environment and let R. |
|
| 69:09 | . N. S know. So censoring input so information goes in and |
|
| 69:14 | information needs to come out. So that information is processed, Cns sends |
|
| 69:18 | down to the proper effect. Er right. You guys like sugary |
|
| 69:26 | Okay Eminem's Okay. Can I work Eminem's today? We're all good with |
|
| 69:30 | and M's. Some people I say and M's are like uh and I |
|
| 69:34 | what's wrong with you But Eminem put M. And M in your |
|
| 69:39 | What is your response? Mm You make a noise sometimes like mm |
|
| 69:48 | right. So the sugar in your , Alright, detected by receptor information |
|
| 69:56 | up to the gustatory centers of the gets sent around other places. For |
|
| 70:02 | , the limbic system put that emotional to it right? And then information |
|
| 70:08 | back out to for example the vocal for them sound right? For the |
|
| 70:15 | muscles to create that smile and then hoarding look where you take those Eminem |
|
| 70:19 | home from people you know that's the . Alright, so that's in information |
|
| 70:25 | information out. All right. What doing is this is taking signals and |
|
| 70:32 | them into a chemical signal? That's the whole point is where we're |
|
| 70:37 | things of different modalities and turning it the language of the central nervous system |
|
| 70:41 | are action potentials and chemicals. All . That's what we're doing here. |
|
| 70:46 | parts to it. There's a somatic . Somatic deals with skeletal muscles. |
|
| 70:51 | we're talking about joints and skin and and basically movement. That's what somatic |
|
| 70:56 | . So it primarily is concerned with external environment. If I throw a |
|
| 71:00 | at your face, I'd be But if I did that, you're |
|
| 71:04 | to respond, Right? You're going see get hit. You'll say, |
|
| 71:08 | , you put your hand up, can dodge all the way, there's |
|
| 71:11 | there's movement. It's a responsiveness through . Okay, so I'd be |
|
| 71:16 | So it has a voluntary aspect to . Conscious control of the movement. |
|
| 71:21 | right. If I'm gonna throw rocks your face. But I say every |
|
| 71:25 | I throw at you, you get that hits you. Would you sit |
|
| 71:30 | still? Oh, if I'm not to match you, I'm just |
|
| 71:35 | sure. Of course you're right. , So, right, I |
|
| 71:37 | you can control whether or not you're to get hit by the rock. |
|
| 71:41 | point autonomic, on the other hand involuntary control. You have no conscious |
|
| 71:47 | ? All right. An example of ? Everyone's heart beating right now, |
|
| 71:51 | it? Is it? Are you ? Okay. Yeah, start |
|
| 71:56 | All right. I want you to up your heart right now go |
|
| 72:02 | well, alright, that's probably little easier. Try to slow it |
|
| 72:06 | Right? Can you do that? . Now you can you can respond |
|
| 72:12 | the conditions around you, right? can say okay, I'm gonna be |
|
| 72:16 | . I'm gonna put in my ear and not listen to you because you |
|
| 72:19 | me and you bring my blood pressure and make my heart beat faster. |
|
| 72:21 | different things that you can do to your environment different so that your body |
|
| 72:26 | to how the environment is. But can't make your heart beat faster, |
|
| 72:32 | ? If I'm in your face yelling you telling you what a horrible person |
|
| 72:36 | are. Your heart's gonna go Your heart rate is just going to |
|
| 72:38 | higher and higher and higher, And you can see I'm not |
|
| 72:41 | I'm not listening, but it's going do it because your body is responding |
|
| 72:44 | the fear and the frustration and the and all the other things that go |
|
| 72:48 | that. All right. So lacks control. It's concerned primarily with internal |
|
| 72:57 | . We're talking about cardiac muscle, muscle and glands. All right. |
|
| 73:02 | want to go back to the Eminem's a second. Okay, Take an |
|
| 73:07 | and M. Put it in your , starts sucking on it. What's |
|
| 73:09 | to happen? Start salivating, aren't ? All right? That's easy. |
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| 73:16 | . I want you to start Go, can you make yourself salivate |
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| 73:23 | ? You can think about Eminem's But that's not actually. You can't |
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| 73:28 | , okay, glands, you can't it. Right? So again, |
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| 73:33 | no conscious control of it. You change the situation the circumstances, but |
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| 73:39 | only that's the internal environment is responding your your perception of the environment. |
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| 73:46 | right. Um, So this is , periphery is cranial nerves and spinal |
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| 73:50 | . What is a nerve and nervous a bundle of neurons traveling together for |
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| 73:55 | purposes of convenience. I'm watching the here and I know I'm running out |
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| 73:59 | time. So I'm gonna give this here. I think. Um, |
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| 74:04 | see what we got here. we'll stop with nerves here. I |
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| 74:08 | , nerve classification will be easy. right. So, I understand that |
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| 74:12 | guys are a different generation than That you all have phones that don't |
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| 74:16 | cords write your entire life. You've up with funds without courts for the |
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| 74:22 | part. I mean, you probably in your home before the you had |
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| 74:25 | cordless phone, but I want you I grew up in a house that |
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| 74:29 | one line. Right? There was call waiting show you how old I |
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| 74:36 | . Right call waiting came out. was like amazing. All right. |
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| 74:39 | was one line and it was attached the wall. Okay. That's that's |
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| 74:45 | it used to be. Now. you've ever been over by Buffalo |
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| 74:49 | right? Where the uh central Markets , there's this big ugly brick |
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| 74:55 | It's like four or five stories It's brown, big brown brick, |
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| 74:59 | windows. And it's like this cube some aliens just like dropped it there |
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| 75:03 | we just kind of pretending like it's there. Maybe it's the C. |
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| 75:06 | . A. Maybe it isn't. don't know right? Actually, the |
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| 75:09 | is it's not the CIA well, is. But um, it's owned |
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| 75:13 | A T. And T. All . And so what I want you |
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| 75:15 | imagine is all the fiber optics are out of that building, One big |
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| 75:19 | bundle of fiber optic probably about this , but there was a time when |
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| 75:22 | was like this bit and what it's is going out from that building to |
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| 75:25 | neighborhoods and in your neighbourhood. If looked around carefully enough, you're going |
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| 75:29 | see these little tiny green boxes that about this tall. And the fiber |
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| 75:34 | are going to each of those little inside those towers are connected to other |
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| 75:40 | optics that are going into each of own homes. Right? And then |
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| 75:44 | can imagine if you have more than line, then you have several of |
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| 75:48 | going in there and they're splitting off the different lines in the home. |
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| 75:52 | right, That's like the nerve system we're talking about here, nerves are |
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| 75:56 | things bundled together traveling out and it's , okay, well I'm going to |
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| 76:00 | neighborhood, you're going to that neighborhood you're moving there and then okay, |
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| 76:04 | we're going to the different homes and the home were going into different rooms |
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| 76:08 | so on and so on and so . Again, harder to visualize when |
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| 76:12 | entire life is on cell phones. I think the wiring kind of makes |
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| 76:17 | there. Now, what this is you is just kind of this |
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| 76:20 | There's connective tissue that surrounds these You're going to see Schwann cells that |
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| 76:24 | speed of transmission for some cells or neurons. And so what this is |
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| 76:29 | showing is like look, each individual has its own connective tissue because it's |
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| 76:35 | a wire being insulated from all the . You don't want to cross wiring |
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| 76:39 | place, right? And then what gonna do is you're gonna take a |
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| 76:42 | of these and then you're gonna wrap together. And so there's just an |
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| 76:46 | . So the closest one is basically is the individual neuron the inventory um |
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| 76:52 | you get a bunch of neurons rolled . The fast cycle that would be |
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| 76:55 | reum connective tissue, epicurean is taking whole nerve and everything wrapped together like |
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| 77:01 | . Um So in the periphery you see cell battery bodies of neurons bundled |
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| 77:08 | in an area. This is what called a ganglia. So the one |
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| 77:11 | really obviously is the dorsal root If you go look and look at |
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| 77:15 | picture before I think. Sorry, there's that dorsal root ganglia, that |
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| 77:21 | fat thing right there. So that's cell bodies of sensory neurons are |
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| 77:26 | And then the last thing is so do we name them? They're classified |
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| 77:31 | they're located. So if you originate the region of the brain then you're |
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| 77:37 | a cranial nerves. See how clever is. Ha And then the ones |
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| 77:41 | originate from the spinal cord, spinal . It's so easy. And then |
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| 77:48 | terms of functionality, a nerve, single nerve will carry one or a |
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| 77:53 | neuron carries one type of information. either sensory or his motor. |
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| 77:58 | So neuron is one or the Right? But you can take sensory |
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| 78:03 | bundled together and travel together and can a sensory nerve. Right? You |
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| 78:07 | take a motor and bowling with other and motors and it becomes a motor |
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| 78:12 | and then you can take sensory and bundle them together and it's basically |
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| 78:17 | But each of the individual neurons are carrying one type of information. It's |
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| 78:22 | sensory or motor. It can't be . I still had a minute. |
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| 78:28 | right, So, I'm gonna stop when we come back. We will |
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| 78:32 | . So, I had to How easy. Okay, well, |
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| 78:34 | fine. I'm not that far I've got answers. Lots of |
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| 78:40 | Hopefully for the questions that you Let me let me pause and stop |
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| 5999:59 | |
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