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BIOL 3324 Human Physiology - 3324_lecture15_1021
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00:04 All right. Y'all? Today? going to do what I think is
00:08 the easiest lecture. Yeah. No, there's not exaggerate. I
00:15 do think this is. I think whole unit is uh as a whole
00:19 kind of one of the easiest to . It's not the nervous system where
00:23 like and just drop stuff on This is I think a little bit
00:29 simple to understand. Um So, gonna start here. And what we're
00:34 about is we're talking about the So, you can kind of see
00:37 did heart. We did blood. , we're moving the vasculature and it
00:40 of all works together. And on first lecture I said, we've got
00:45 different types of vessels. We have . Capillaries and veins. I said
00:48 coming back to them. So, we are. Coming back to
00:50 All right? So, just to you, arteries are are the vast
00:56 the vessels that carry blood away from heart? Uh They are going to
01:01 uh come down onto the capillaries. are very, very small. They
01:06 a role in exchange caterpillars. Whenever this is sometimes a concept that some
01:11 don't always grasp. It's like this the only place where exchanges taking
01:15 This is where blood is mixed in the interstitial fluid. All right.
01:20 at the level of capillaries outside of capillaries. You're just moving stuff.
01:24 . So highways versus neighborhoods. All . And then finally the veins.
01:29 is blood moving from You start from capital and you're moving back towards the
01:34 . All right. Um In terms their organization, we have different levels
01:39 organization. This is where it gets little bit deeper. All right.
01:43 , you have what are called elastic . The last card it would be
01:46 the aorta. Alright. These service reservoirs. And so I've highlighted this
01:51 kind of point out, you know you're thinking about these structures, this
01:55 what you should be thinking about. is the heart pumps. It creates
01:59 , pushes the blood into the The aorta because it's elastic expands and
02:05 it has uh energy that can then the pressure for the duration of
02:11 Alright, that's the pressure reservoir. we have the muscular arteries. This
02:16 moving down. These are really your arteries. Can someone give me a
02:20 artery? Yeah. Say it Yeah. There you go, femoral
02:25 . Alright. Any artery you can that has a kind of a name
02:28 an organ is the named artery. . So renal artery, that sort
02:32 stuff named arteries. And then they a little bit smaller than that.
02:35 right. What they serve as are distribute or distributing arteries. Right?
02:39 , they're the ones taking the blood moving into different organs. They play
02:43 role invades a constriction dilation. When talking about blood pressure and blood pressure
02:48 through the radi i of a This is what we're referring to.
02:53 the size is beyond that. And , So that's like the arterials.
02:57 arterials are like the Itsy bitsy It even says so in the
03:00 Alright. Itsy bitsy artery I O . E. Isn't it? Itsy
03:06 . Oh come on. Someone have with me today. They're the
03:10 tiny things right there, slightly bigger capillaries. We're going to see this
03:14 bit later. This plays a role regulating minute to minute blood flow into
03:17 capillaries. All right, we're going see this when we look deeper at
03:20 capillaries, capillaries, just vessels So, you can think of where
03:24 gonna find capillaries, Where are you to do any sort of exchange?
03:28 then, moving from the capillaries and , we're gonna spend a lot of
03:31 talking about those. All right. and then uh when we deal with
03:35 veins again, we're moving stuff. so while we have all these different
03:39 of organization, there's fewer levels of for the veins, vineyards are like
03:44 equivalent of arterials on the opposite there just a small veins that are
03:48 from the capillary beds. And then you become a vein we don't really
03:53 him any beyond that other than it's small vein or a big vein.
03:58 , so these veins, however, the key thing here is if this
04:03 a pressure reservoir up here in the artery. The veins serve as blood
04:08 . All right now. Again, , I want you to understand blood
04:13 in constant motion all the time. you hear a reservoir, you typically
04:17 a place where you contain something, ? And so when we talk about
04:22 veins, you'll hear me refer to the blood being held on this side
04:26 the body. First off, blood not held on one side of the
04:29 , it's all over the body. veins everywhere, everywhere. You have
04:32 artery of a vein right next to for the most part. And
04:36 the blood is still moving through the . It's just that when blood goes
04:40 a vein, it relaxes and so create more volume so blood moves slower
04:46 it. So, that's why it's reservoir. That's where the majority of
04:49 blood is going to be found in body. All right? And we're
04:53 to see why all this stuff comes this comes together. But those two
04:56 pressure reservoir and blood reservoir become very valuable. All right. All
05:08 vessels have different degrees of tissue associated them. All right. So,
05:17 off, all blood vessels have an depth helium. That's an epithelium.
05:20 That's the cell layer that makes up internal side. Alright, the loom
05:26 of the blood vessel. All You also have connective tissue. You
05:31 elastic connective tissue and you have connective tissue that are associated with these
05:35 vessels. And then you also have muscle, The smooth muscles, what
05:39 you to regulate the diameter. Now on where you're located and depending on
05:43 side of the vessel, you'll see the relative ratios of these four components
05:50 . All right. So the easiest to look at is the capillary capillary
05:55 zero elastic. Sure. Got zero zero fibrous and zero smooth muscle.
06:01 still part of the ratio. But basically what is a capillary?
06:06 empathy, legal rights, basically just layer of cells that makes the
06:10 All right. Which is why we have served as a vessel of
06:13 There's really nothing there other than that . Look out here over here at
06:18 aorta. Alright. The aorta has simple air. You can see everyone
06:23 that basic layer. But look at terms in terms of elastic fibers relative
06:27 the others. Lots and lots of . Right? So, can you
06:31 why this would be a pressure reservoir a lot of rubber bands involved in
06:37 structure, relatively speaking, in the of smooth muscles. There is a
06:41 lower relative to the arteries and the . Now, obviously the orders like
06:47 this big. Well not that but you know, it's like
06:51 Would you agree just nod your And of course I know my anatomy
06:55 well. So it's about this big arterial is like this. Alright.
07:00 size wise, they're very very But if you're doing a cross section
07:04 measure out the relative sizes based on vessel. You see that there's a
07:08 more muscle with the arterial. So can see how there's a great deal
07:12 resistance because I can contract and relax muscle so much more than I could
07:16 the aorta because there's much less do kind of makes sense. Yeah.
07:27 . This is also going to be over here in the venus side as
07:30 . So, the amount of Alaska the amount of fibers connective tissue,
07:34 amount of muscle is going to vary upon where you're located. Now,
07:37 purpose of the fibers, connective tissue simply there to resist stretch. All
07:43 . You can stretch elastin for quite distance and then if you keep stretching
07:47 far thinking rubber bands keep stretching the band. What's that rubber band gonna
07:51 ? Going to rip pop? So the fibers, connective tissue sits
07:55 the outside so that there's a point you can't take it any further.
07:59 right. And that's really the purpose that fiber is connected. All
08:03 So, arteries, two basic We've already learned the first one right
08:08 to the heart to the organs. from the heart to the organs.
08:12 always always always doesn't answer the question whether the blood is oxygenated.
08:16 It's from the heart to the That's the definition the big arteries serve
08:22 that pressure reservoir and this ensures blood to be continuous during the period of
08:28 . Alright, so, I've already this. I just kind of jumped
08:30 of my slides. All right. , that's the second function. Blood
08:35 the heart to the organs. But we have Sicily contraction diastolic relaxation,
08:40 we didn't have this pressure reservoir, the blood flow would be interrupted
08:45 Right? Would be like uh Uh . Mhm. So there'd be periods
08:50 time where you're not getting blood to capillaries, which means you're not getting
08:55 . Which would mean you're not getting and fluids and materials or like
09:00 I said oxygen. So uh say . And so your cells would
09:05 really be sad. You'd be really because you'd be dead. Okay.
09:12 right. The arterials are the resistance . All right. So, if
09:17 go back and remember that graphic that showed and I'm just gonna just drop
09:21 because they left me big fat. never written with one of these.
09:27 a beast. Remember this graph? looks like this. It's like all
09:32 . Dude. Remember that one. all Mhm. It said over
09:38 Aorta and sit over here. Right . Remember this craft now had the
09:46 arterial pressure mean arterial pressure was like . And then what did it do
09:52 that? All right. Remember that and then. Of course they had
09:57 e showing Sicily and diocesan it slowly . All right. Reason system and
10:02 actually disappear resistance. Right. The between the system and di asti is
10:08 result of the difference in the resistance the length of that blood vessel.
10:13 . That's what the purpose of the are for is to create that resistance
10:18 that the blood pressure doesn't have that a tile activity instead. What it
10:23 is the pressure drops. It's still than in the area that it's going
10:28 . So blood flow becomes smoother and to flow into the areas that it's
10:34 that is supposed to go into. right. What we're doing here is
10:39 regulating blood pressure. All right. we talk about regulating and monitoring peripheral
10:46 pressure, we're talking about the work the arterials. All right. They
10:52 are responsible for directing the blood into capillaries. Now, here you can
10:58 here is an arterial you can see degree of smooth muscles very very
11:02 But it's there over here is the is so this would be a capillary
11:08 . Okay, so blood enters into capillary bed via the arterial. Except
11:15 have another structure in here. And this nice big fat structure right here
11:19 this side. This is referred to the met arterial. It's not quite
11:23 arterial. It's not quite a capillary kind of in between. Hence the
11:27 That arterial the purpose of this is kind of direct blood to where it
11:33 to go. When it needs to . You start. But anatomical differences
11:43 Yeah, we all have a moral that. Mhm. Yes, Probably
11:48 that arterial and capillary level. Even not a lot of variation. All
11:53 . I mean Yeah, I it's like okay, here's capital going
11:57 way for you might be going that . You know when the things stopped
12:03 named is I'm sitting. Thing is yeah, when I start naming
12:07 I just call it the capillary. right. Now notice and again,
12:14 is the artist doing all sorts of stuff. Notice here on the edges
12:18 the metal material. We have a of sphincters. Okay. And what
12:23 features do is they regulate the flow the capillary bed, depended upon
12:29 Alright. Now, pretend it wasn't pandemic. For moment. When do
12:33 eat? When do you eat? ? Right? Why? Why
12:41 Because you're hungry right? Your body's time to feed me. I need
12:46 . Now in the pandemic. We follow those rules. What do we
12:48 we eat? Because we're bored, ? We're eat because Yeah, come
12:54 . Is that how you ate? how I ate. Be sitting at
12:57 would be like I've been sit in chair long enough to go to go
13:00 the kitchen. Got to get some . Got to get those 10
13:05 Is it gotta do a couple No, that wasn't you lucky for
13:13 rest of humanity. The rest of , eight, whenever we felt like
13:19 . Now, obviously, if the just fed everybody all the time,
13:23 be burning through fuel far too And that might be a good thing
13:27 terms of fat. But that's not the body works. Body is
13:30 Body says I'm going to send energy energy is wanted. Actually, it's
13:35 where it's wanted, where it's Okay, so what these capillaries
13:39 It regulates the flow of blood into capillaries to feed the cells that are
13:48 around those capillaries based on metabolic All right, we're going to go
13:54 little bit further that when we start about the caterpillars. All right.
13:59 that our material very little elastic connective . If you went back and looked
14:03 slide, what we have is we that thick layer of smooth muscle.
14:06 the vessel. Constriction and dilation muscles for making those vessels big or
14:11 All your vessels have a certain degree tone to them. All right.
14:16 what that means is is that there's a signal going from the brain that
14:20 , hey, I want you to a certain amount of contraction there and
14:24 can then move from that. If always a certain amount of contraction.
14:28 I can always do less. But I can always do more if
14:32 was always at the most relaxed point then I can always do more.
14:35 then I could never do less. that's why we have this vascular tone
14:38 that we can dilate or constrict dependent need. All right now, how
14:44 we do this first? Self induced activity? Which is a very very
14:49 word. Self induced means Exactly. . Come on. What is self
15:01 me again. There's nothing is telling to do it. I'm doing it
15:06 I have an intrinsic ability to do . All right, Maya genic just
15:11 case you don't know my own whenever see Mile means muscle. So intrinsic
15:18 activity. Okay, so we don't some sort of external influence. In
15:24 . What happens is is when I up against the wall, when the
15:28 is traveling in that wall it's going create that pressure that's outward. You're
15:33 . That trans moral pressure was is and it's going to push on that
15:38 vessel. That blood vessel doesn't like be pushed around. Just like you
15:42 like to be pushed around. And what it does is it leans into
15:46 constrict in response to the pressure within . That makes sense. So the
15:51 the pressure, the more constricts, ? Just in response to maintain its
15:56 size. All right. The other of activity is just gonna be that
16:01 and that's going to be that constant that creates town. If I slow
16:07 sympathetic activity, I reduced the degree tone by increased sympathetic activity, increased
16:16 noticed? Is there any parasympathetic? on the slide. It's an on
16:22 slide. It doesn't exist. All now, that's not entirely true.
16:27 the truth is, is that your vessels are predominantly regulated through the sympathetic
16:32 system. It is not regulated at through the parasympathetic. All right,
16:43 . All right. Let's deal with pressure or this This blood reservoir.
16:49 , how much blood I see you in your body? About five liters
16:54 for males. About 4.5 on average females. And again, that's a
16:58 thing. All right. So, have a certain amount of blood in
17:02 body in circulation? In fact, 5l is in circulation. All
17:07 But let's say you start running. right. If you start running,
17:12 blood is gonna start moving faster and trying to provide the nutrients needed
17:18 glucose to allow those muscles to get they need. Right, So,
17:25 can imagine when the blood speeds there's got to be a source where
17:30 can actually draw more blood to make blood, or more glucose and more
17:35 to ride with those tissues. But have a finite amount of blood in
17:39 body. It's always in circulation. , what do I really have
17:43 Well, when you're at rest, are several organs that actually receive more
17:49 than they actually need. We call reconditioning organs. What are the reconditioning
17:53 ? Well, kidney, for reconditioning organ in the abdomen. Gut
17:58 are reconditioning organs. Um, let's if there's any other that kind of
18:03 out. Nothing really stands out. , So, basically organs in the
18:08 . So, they're getting more blood they normally should. All right,
18:12 ? Well, if I shift blood the kidney, all the kidney is
18:15 is just kind of going through oh, you don't need that.
18:18 do need this. You don't need . You do need this is just
18:20 of sorting through the stuff to figure what becomes your right digestive system.
18:26 goes through. It's like, all . You got anything to give me
18:28 you eat all day like you did ? You didn't Okay, well,
18:31 just keep going. All right. just kind of flowing through. But
18:35 you start exercising all of a now, your skeletal muscles need a
18:39 more oxygen. They need a lot glucose. Now. They can start
18:43 with what they started within the muscle . But they're going to start requesting
18:47 auction from the external environment. So, you need you're gonna start
18:52 harder. That auction needs to go . So, you need more blood
18:56 get that auction to where it needs go. That kind of makes
18:59 So, what's happening here is we where that blood is going.
19:04 I'm just gonna use this example So, the kidney gets about 1100
19:07 per minute when you're exercising the amount goes to the kidney in a lot
19:12 , about half. Look what's getting lot more. 1100 when you're at
19:18 1250 or 12,500 when you're running So, what have I done?
19:24 shifted the direction in which blood is going. It's still going through the
19:29 . But if I reduce the diameter the blood vessels going to move faster
19:33 it. All right, The other that's going to happen, I think
19:36 is not on the next slide at . It's going to be a couple
19:40 . The second thing I'm gonna do I'm going to constrict the veins so
19:43 blood starts returning to the heart lot . All right. So, remember
19:48 we talked about. Pre load. , pre load, That horrible
19:53 Yeah. So, what we're going be a horrible word, what we're
19:56 do is we're going to not let blood hang out in the veins as
20:01 as they are right now while you're here listening to me, slowly falling
20:07 . There's blood slowing down in your . All right. Your veins are
20:12 this as my soothing voice echoes from stage. Your body slowly relaxes and
20:21 do your veins How many guys took ? All right, Great physics
20:30 Right. Was in physics to awesome and electronics. And you're going,
20:36 the hell do I need to know for the M cat? Right.
20:40 I reading your minds? This is you needed to know it. All
20:44 . Because the principle of electronics of and series and circuits in parallel is
20:51 to how the blood vessels work. right. So, picture your
20:57 It's the only big blood vessel that out of the heart on the systemic
21:01 . Right. And then from the that divides in a multiple named
21:08 Right? You just have to take word for this is an anatomy
21:13 All right, now, we're going pretend for a moment that each of
21:16 vessels are the exact same size. right. And if you're pumping to
21:21 up here, Yeah, about four per minute. And you have four
21:25 and they're all the same size. four leaders have to be equally divided
21:29 the four vessels that are exiting I mean, that are being divided
21:34 that aorta. Does that make They go this way? If I'm
21:38 the highway and there's four lanes, can carry four cars at the same
21:44 in the same space. Right? I've got four lanes, I can
21:47 one car in each of those four . If that highway splits into four
21:54 of equal size, each one of can carry one car. Right,
22:01 even changing speed. Right? Why traffic back up and become problematic
22:07 59 45 interchange. Why? Because take four lanes and we turn them
22:13 one lane. Right? So everyone's to jam into that. All
22:19 So, in your body, what have is we have arteries that are
22:25 of a larger artery that is moving at a certain rate. Actually,
22:30 is the flow, not the flow . four L per minute, for
22:35 . And if I have four they're all going to take that a
22:39 . So, four vessels. Four permitted divide by four. Each of
22:42 can receive a volume of basically one every minute. Okay, that's what
22:48 first example of saying All right, . But blood vessels are going to
22:54 sides dependent upon need. Right? just saw that the previous slide when
22:58 start exercising, I'm going to beso the kidney. All right. The
23:05 artery, but I'm going to open , say, the femoral artery so
23:09 can deliver blood to my blood to legs. Right? And so,
23:14 going to happen is that same? leaders is leaving the heart presuming our
23:18 doesn't change and our stroke volume doesn't . So, in other words,
23:21 our cardiac output stays the same compensation take place, and all the parallel
23:30 in that group. Right? So , I've restricted down to a
23:34 That means there's no longer three quarters a leader passing through here. That
23:38 the other vessels have to take that three quarters in this particular example,
23:43 all dilate enough to allow or basically another quarter leader to pass through.
23:51 when you learned about electronics and do you remember circuits in series and
23:56 in parallel? Right. So this an example of is it a
24:01 It's parallel. Yeah. Yeah. 1, 2, 3 4.
24:07 all next to each other. so as the resistance of one vessel
24:13 the flow through, the remaining vessel increase to accommodate the fluid going
24:19 Just like you learned, if I resistance in a circuit here, then
24:25 things have to compensate for that When you arrive in a capillary.
24:32 one of three types of capillaries. going to see the one that's most
24:37 is continuous. When you think about capital B. That's what you think
24:40 . All right. They're everywhere. you think about a capillary,
24:44 this is what you're thinking about. right. So here's a continuous
24:47 You can see here it's there's your E. Um it's surrounded by a
24:51 very thin basement membrane material is moving and out of that. Capital is
24:56 , very simple. It doesn't have junctions. It has leaky tight
25:00 One of the first oxymorons you ever about in biology. Right, leaky
25:04 tight. Do not go together. you want to envision this. What
25:07 can do is you can think about bucket filled with marbles and water.
25:12 you picture the bucket with marbles and ? Take your hands go in and
25:16 the marbles, pull out the marbles stay in your hand, the
25:22 leaks through your fingers. Okay? if your itsy bitsy teeny tiny small
25:27 to leak through those leaky tight that's how the capillary allows for exchange
25:33 take place. Big things are still in the capillaries. If I want
25:39 get them across the epithelial wall of capillary, I have to transport
25:44 So there has to be a mechanism transport for whatever I need that's still
25:47 in the capillary. Now there are tissues that are what are referred to
25:53 finished rated. And you can think administrative is simply this. It's
25:56 oh, instead of having a singular moving back and forth, instead vesicles
26:03 of merged together and create a poor allows for materials to pass back and
26:09 through. So in other words, can allow bigger things. Still not
26:12 blood vessel but a blood cell but bigger. Alright, you're typically gonna
26:18 this where you need incredibly active absorption place or incredibly active filtration taking
26:26 An example of this would be the or the kidney. Okay, and
26:32 really this is more the spleen. me. That would be more kidney
26:36 ? Here is the sinews. It looks like a wreck of a
26:41 , doesn't it? Alright, looks swiss cheese. That's a good way
26:46 think about it. Look, there's basement membrane, so nothing to hold
26:52 back. There are literal major holes the cell's All right. In other
26:58 , it allows for these large gaps things can actually leak out. These
27:02 so large that you can actually have blood cells and platelets and stuff leak
27:09 . All right now, you're probably , why would I want that to
27:11 ? That's what the job of the is. Spleen is an immunological organ
27:15 basically cleans up old and aging red cells and uh excuse me. And
27:22 as part of this job. And you go in there and it's kind
27:26 like this roller coaster where things are up and crashing around and so you
27:30 destroyed. And the material is kind just go out and then you have
27:33 cells that go look stuff that we recycle choo choo choo choo choo.
27:38 right, So discontinuous in terms of structure large uh allows the formed elements
27:47 the plasma proteins to leak out. when you think of capillaries, this
27:53 primarily what you're thinking about. primary side of material exchange. It
28:00 for a short duration or a short for substance travel between the blood and
28:04 surrounding cells and I think I mentioned couple of weeks ago. There's not
28:07 cell in your body. That is than 10 microns away from a
28:12 So basically You can provide nutrients to all your cells. Once you start
28:18 away further than about 10 microns cells to die off. Okay, so
28:24 why we haven't like that. Very thin walls. Like what we saw
28:28 the previous slide there it is very walls, single cell of epithelium,
28:33 very narrow. We saw pictures of when we looked at red blood
28:36 we saw the rule. Oh So they're kind of lined up and
28:39 the 10 microns. Alright, what we have here is we have
28:43 massive amount of surface area because of massive amount of capillaries. So remember
28:48 we're talking about pascal's law, we look, you know, one of
28:52 ways that we can regulate blood pressure we can adjust radius. That's a
28:56 easy thing to do. But if really want to regulate blood pressure for
29:00 periods of time, what do we to adjust? What's the thing that
29:05 want to get rid of length? want to work through length. And
29:09 reason is because we have so many , the more weight we gain,
29:13 more tissue we have, the more we have, the more capillaries we
29:16 to have to provide nutrients to all cells. So the larger we get
29:21 hire our blood pressure because we have much capillary. What this graph shows
29:29 is the cross sectional area. So are your capillaries here? Your
29:33 This is your aorta for example, the cross section. Take me or
29:39 slice through it four cm squared. ? Take all the capillaries. Everybody
29:44 a cross section. You're looking about cm squared. That's all the
29:50 So remember, your entire vasculature is structure in parallel. Right?
29:58 Their series there you're going aorta arteries smaller arteries, arterials to capillaries.
30:06 You can think of it as One becomes two becomes four becomes eight
30:11 16 becomes 64. To get right , becomes 2 56. No 1
30:18 to 56 5, 12. My was testing me on this the other
30:21 and it was really embarrassing that I forgot. Do you see this?
30:26 , it's good. Yeah. People who are really, really in
30:35 of Westboro church. Well, so musculature. So the question is,
30:41 if they if you gain weight, have lots of muscles, do you
30:44 the same issues? And the answer no. What happens when you work
30:47 and have large muscles? I think answering your think I'm answering the question
30:52 asking right. Yeah. So when work out what you do is you
30:56 more tone? That tone is also in the tone of the blood
31:01 So they are able to regulate blood a lot better. Right. What's
31:05 heart rate of someone who's is in health fairly low, what's their blood
31:10 ? It's usually fairly low as It's like 1 20/80 but it's prettier
31:15 nicer. And the and the nurses the doctors come in singing praises and
31:21 flowers at them, not like me they start wondering why I'm still
31:29 So, see that's funny, isn't ? Just It's a miracle of modern
31:38 . All right. Now, what also translates into when you have this
31:43 area. It's again, it's like example is trying to use on Tuesday
31:46 I would say think about a right in the area where the bayou
31:51 thin, the water moves quickly. when it spreads out, what happens
31:55 the flow, what happens to the at which things move? It's
32:00 very slow. Right? Think about this. All right. Yeah.
32:05 see if I can think about it this. Trying to get an example
32:13 really easy to understand. I was to do cars here for a
32:16 but that's not going to be Um You can imagine cars going single
32:22 right in like the express lane. we're doing what 75 in Houston in
32:26 express line. I don't know. I don't I don't pay to drive
32:30 highways already. Do I pay my ? I'm not going to pay for
32:34 toll roads. But if you look those two roads, there's one lane
32:38 the cars going fast. Yeah, fast. It depends. All
32:45 I presume there isn't an accident and not Yeah, About 80 mph.
32:52 ? 60. You're never gonna get at 60 mph. You're you're you're
32:58 . That's probably the speed. They be going all right. They're going
33:02 . But then when you get out the open road, you don't have
33:05 person in front of your trying to in front of, right, you
33:07 of slow down a little bit. don't feel that competition. There's space
33:12 you to move right now. That's terrible analogy. It says why didn't
33:16 to use it? Right. But idea is if I'm gonna shoot
33:21 things go very, very quickly. when it expands that we're having more
33:24 , more space. So that same spreads out over that I'm gonna have
33:30 draw this. I'm not gonna explain . Well, just Yeah. All
33:41 . If I have a unit of specific size, so that's a
33:46 right? There's there's this way and that way, right? There's a
33:51 understand there's a volume. So we'll call that unit one, right?
33:55 I go out to a bigger That same volume has that. But
34:04 is a lot smaller. All So that volume still fills up
34:09 but to move this volume in that , I have to go faster here
34:14 I go there. You want me do the opposite. Which is probably
34:17 to understand. Think about the chemistry you've been in right? Remember the
34:23 lab, It has that sink in middle between everybody, the one that
34:27 not supposed to turn on, but all do you know what I'm talking
34:31 ? Right? It's like this has little thing. Here's the thing.
34:35 not supposed to turn that because what they put on there? They put
34:39 little nozzle on the top, recognize nozzle. How fast did the water
34:45 out of that nozzle fast, But if I took that nozzle
34:49 I'd have a specific rate at which flowing out. Right? But because
34:53 put a nozzle, that same volume fluid that's coming out over here has
34:58 get out of that space because the bottom is behind it. So,
35:02 has to move faster so smaller volume moves faster than in bigger
35:10 Is that helpful? Going backwards to forwards? Yeah. Mhm. I
35:20 know when it's going to rain I really don't. It's not going
35:24 be before the next exam. It be nice if it were because then
35:28 say your homework is to go out the bio and watch the water in
35:31 body value where it's thin water goes when it expands out over there by
35:38 airport. Right? That's when you'll it goes. It slows down water
35:43 rivers go fast. Water as it into a bay slows down wider
35:50 All right. So, this is of flow. This is millimeters per
35:56 . Not the flow that we've been about, which is leaders per
35:59 All right, Well, you can about this again. This is the
36:04 of the car. This is the of cars. Right? You can
36:08 to the highway. You can look on the highway. You can say
36:11 are a lot of cars out You don't care about how fast they're
36:14 . But you can see I'm going count this many cars that are passing
36:18 me in a certain number of Right? Say 50 cars in a
36:23 . But then you can go out and you can put a radar gun
36:25 one of those cars and you can how fast is that car going?
36:31 . That would be the rate. right. So velocity of flow,
36:38 you cross off rate here, just it versus flow. Well, we've
36:42 talking about all this time has been flow. We're just adding in this
36:46 little component here. Flow rate. speed at which the blood is moving
36:52 where blood flows into capillaries depended As I said, the degree of
36:56 and dependent upon which capillaries are open where we're going to have metabolic
37:02 All right. Let's see if I a toy in here to play
37:07 I don't think I do. Mhm. I guess I'll do it
37:15 this. You want to have a band on him by chance?
37:20 you're gonna give me your hair. man, this is gonna be a
37:22 of fun. All right, Try do this. Well, if I
37:28 this, I'll bring you 20 of . All right, here's my
37:34 It's a capillary bed. Doesn't it like a capillary bed to you?
37:38 I got one capillary over here. they're they're they're each going to different
37:41 . All right. The way that flow works. It basically says,
37:44 , I'm going to send blood to it's needed. So I'm going to
37:47 blood, for example, over here I'm gonna supply nutrients and stuff.
37:50 by the way, all those cells there, you're fine. Just let
37:53 know when you're thirsty or hungry or . So basically blood is going in
37:57 particular direction. Okay, after these getting nutrients, you might get a
38:02 that says, hey, I need over here. So what's going to
38:06 is you're going to include the flow blood through the capillary, just as
38:09 included the flow through those and then gonna open up this blood vessel.
38:13 capillary. So blood flows into this until it gets its nutrients and so
38:17 and so on and so on and just kind of rotate. So the
38:20 of blood flowing into the capillary bed dependent solely upon need. And that's
38:24 basically all this stuff says At any time. Only about 10% of your
38:28 are open. All right. Doesn't you don't get blood to everything you
38:33 eventually. It's only when you have change in your metabolic need to increase
38:39 factor. All right. Now, are local factors as well as sympathetic
38:43 that can actually have an effect. don't need this right this second,
38:46 I will need it about a couple lines. All right. So,
38:50 during activity of course, where you be burning through more fuel. More
38:55 need stuff. And so that's when start seeing more capillaries open. Can
38:59 think of a time when your skin flush exercise? Thank you. That's
39:05 word I was looking for. I very nervous there after I said that
39:09 right, when you exercise, Why? Because all the cells are
39:15 nutrients. Plus what's the other We need to burn off heat.
39:20 ? And have heat leave. that's when you're gonna start seeing capillaries
39:24 up so that we can move more closer to the surface. And that's
39:27 you flush. All right, Meeting needs. Now, moving around the
39:34 from capillaries were going down in the and the vineyards vineyards are basically slightly
39:39 than capillaries. They look like arterials they don't have a lot of
39:43 They don't have a lot of But they do communicate across the capillary
39:47 with the arterial to match need with , right? So if the arterials
39:52 then visuals are going to dilate. can strict than vineyards constrict so that
39:58 blood that's going in can be met the vessel on the, on the
40:03 so that blood doesn't get backed up the capillary veins have very, very
40:09 radi I and they have very little to flow. And this is what
40:13 was referring to earlier when blood goes a blood vessel and you press up
40:17 those walls instead of acting like an , which says no, I'm going
40:21 resist you. And the pressure inside . What I'm gonna do is I'm
40:25 relax. Uh All right there like shorts that you've had for a long
40:32 . Alright, waistband doesn't work quite well, You should put them
40:35 And she's like, oh you want keep eating, eating, relax with
40:40 And that's what a blood vessel does this is what serves as the blood
40:44 . So if blood returns from from the capillary system faster than
40:49 what will happen is is the reservoir ? The venus side will go mm
40:55 it slows down the flow of blood to the heart. Is the blood
41:00 . No, it's still moving, just slowing down because we've gone from
41:05 to wider. So that same volume moving. It's just moving a lot
41:11 . So blood ends up spending more in the vein. And the transit
41:15 is going to be reduced actually. going to be lengthened. It spent
41:22 time there Now. If we look the pressure, I don't think that
41:27 doesn't have it. If we look the pressure inside the veins, there's
41:30 a lot. My graph is terrible here, especially since I did that
41:33 instead of coming down like this. down over here on the veins we
41:38 have a lot of pressure to drive forward, right? And we talked
41:43 say the skeletal pump. We talked the respiratory pump and those are aids
41:46 mechanism to help move the blood back the heart. But still there's still
41:51 slope there. All right. If was on a skateboard, would the
41:54 still move on a slope like Yeah. Just wouldn't move that
41:59 What if it was like this would move Yeah, just not that
42:06 All right. We like to think absolutes we like binary systems,
42:10 We like things that are on and . So we want this.
42:12 it's like I move fast or I move at all. All right.
42:16 the truth is is if I'm in vain I have more pressure inside that
42:20 than I do in the atrium. blood will be moving towards the atrium
42:26 not very fast. And of course also has to overcome gravity. Gravity
42:31 very helpful. What's gravity doing? it down? Right. So I
42:36 to use the example of the vein from my foot up to my heart
42:40 you can imagine I've got almost four a blood vessel holding blood over the
42:47 that's sitting in my foot. Would agree? It's almost four ft.
42:52 ? So you can imagine that's a of downward pressure to prevent blood
42:56 So to help that along and to up the weight of the blood,
43:00 why we have valves, right? are ugly, aren't they? One
43:11 valve basically prevent retrograde flow there about 2 to 4 centimeters are there to
43:16 the effect of gravity and to ensure of that low blood pressure, that
43:22 difference in pressure that blood is flowing towards the heart. Now, I
43:27 this up here, one because it's to show you gross pictures. Something
43:31 look forward to. Alright, varicose . What is varicose veins, varicose
43:36 is simply when that valve fails. here you can see here is a
43:39 valve there's a normal valve. So volume of blood right here would be
43:44 from that volume of blood below it so on and so on, and
43:46 on. Right. But if this fails right here or this valve fails
43:51 that volume of blood will then now joined with that one it becomes a
43:56 mass. That means these valves down have to not only hold that blood
44:00 have to hold the blood on top it. They're not designed to do
44:03 . So what's going to happen It's going to fail and so on
44:07 so forth. And remember what is purpose of a blood vessel is to
44:10 as a blood reservoir. So when gets greater force or resistance on the
44:15 it's going to relax and then you permanent distension and then you get the
44:21 vein. Now most of your veins not most of you but many of
44:25 veins are superficial there on the So if you have varicose studies like
44:30 this is why you get these appearances varicose veins. Are they dangerous,
44:35 bad. No it just makes it for your blood to return back to
44:40 heart. But it's still doing so That's where you get those happening.
44:46 right and I just looked for the pictures I could find. Yes thanks
44:54 look forward to as you age. by the way pregnancy is where many
44:58 get those. Yeah you're you Yeah you can cut it out.
45:07 it cut them out. You also the spider veins. What they can
45:10 is spider veins they can go in and inject like silicon and clog up
45:13 capillary or arterial and basically it gets of that too. They're just kind
45:19 ugly looking look if you exercise this the main issue. If you sit
45:25 all day zooming you know watching youtube's instagram things, we'll catch up with
45:37 you're young. You don't worry about stuff yet. About 10 years.
45:45 , aging is fun. All Now we get to the difficult
45:52 Not hard. Just relative the stuff we saw. It's like a little
45:57 higher. All right. When we're with the question of capillary exchange materials
46:04 gonna move in between the cells or going to move through the cells.
46:07 you're moving through the cell. This would be the trans cellular
46:11 So you can imagine basically I'm moving this direction. Right. Or I
46:16 do Transito Sis which is moving in the cells. Right. That might
46:21 , that's particular transport. So moving between the cells is yes. Say
46:29 again. Yes. Yeah. Thank . Para it's para celular is what
46:35 looking for this parasite. Asus so where have a leaky junctions?
46:40 where most stuff is going to go but I can also move things
46:46 So here's an example of Transito sis that are big. They can't pass
46:50 between the cells. So I'm gonna it up with the vesicles and I
46:53 that stuff across. So if I'm in with the vesicles. What do
46:56 need do I need to be able recognize this material? Probably All
47:04 So, that's one way. All . Gasses. They can move easily
47:10 the plant. I mean through the membrane, they can move easily through
47:13 cell to the other side. They're to be simply following uh there.
47:17 Uh huh. They're partial pressure gradient his word I'm looking for here and
47:23 with regard to lipids. Well, membranes can't stop them so, they'll
47:27 go again moving down there. Uh concentration gradient. All right. But
47:34 I have pores or whatnot, there's be some rules that we follow
47:38 This is for those water soluble fixed law of diffusion. What we've
47:41 already before. The size of the , which is going to bury from
47:45 to tissue to the bigger the The more that can move and um
47:49 can adjust the size of those pores factors that are extrinsic to the capillary
47:56 . So, we talked a little about histamine from what does histamine do
48:03 ? Oh, did you see Dilation? Right. Vaso dilation increase
48:08 the pore fluid flows in to the . So, you get localized
48:13 All right. So, that's why using the example of histamine. All
48:19 . When we're thinking about exchange in blood or exchange with the blood.
48:24 ? It's not the stele exchanging with blood? What we're doing is we're
48:27 material between the plasma and the interstitial that's in the surrounding area? If
48:32 talking about the sell the sell is with the interstitial fluid. So we
48:36 a three member process here. plasma interstitial fluid cell. So,
48:42 I want to get something from the to the cell, it has to
48:45 that intermediary of the interest of the fluid. Generally speaking, two different
48:53 . Right. Is we're gonna use or we're going to use something active
48:56 vesicular transport. That should be pretty . But we basically can do it
49:01 one of two ways. We can at individual substances, right?
49:04 I can look here at glucose and , alright, glucose will need to
49:08 transported across the membrane to get Or it can diffuse between between the
49:14 . So I can look at the oxygen going to diffuse because it's able
49:19 go through plasma membranes just fine. doesn't have any sort of carries.
49:23 , it's completely passive. It's just be moving down its partial pressure
49:27 This will be moving down its concentration . But generally speaking, when we're
49:33 about exchange of capillary exchange. We're looking at the individual salutes. We
49:38 ask that question. But generally we're looking at everything. What's the
49:44 of flow? Right. Which direction the fluid going? And what's it
49:49 with it? All right. do you always have carbon dioxide in
49:52 blood? Thank you for nodding your . Yes. Yes. It's always
49:59 ? It's more on which side of body. The arterial side or the
50:03 side, venus side? All But it's always there. Right.
50:08 is always in your blood. Where is it more arterial side of
50:12 venus site? Arterial side. Is glucose always in your blood?
50:17 . Alright. On which side would expect to see more of it on
50:20 venus side? Or the arterial Our serial side. Right.
50:24 you see what we're looking at here we're looking at all the factors,
50:27 the materials that are gonna be in . And we're gonna be asking the
50:30 of which direction does movement of all this material occur? Does it occur
50:37 the blood to the interstitial fluid? plan into the interstitial fluid? Or
50:42 it occur from the interstitial fluid to plasma? All right. This is
50:45 we refer to as both flow. , there are four forces. This
50:50 the part that I said. That's to be a little bit more
50:53 Kind of hard sometimes it's hard to your mind around this stuff, but
50:56 want you to understand that once you this, you're gonna understand the kidneys
50:59 basically everything else that we're going to about from here on out. All
51:03 . So, when we're looking at capillary? Yeah. Speak to
51:10 This just isn't gonna get any is it? I think I'm gonna
51:13 blew up there just to make it worse. Yeah. Yes. Flow
51:32 blood is in this direction. What is this? Arterial side? What
51:41 is this then? Manual side so ? We're good with the capital of
51:47 dry. All right. There are different pressures we have to contend
51:57 There is pressure inside the capillary. . The fluid inside the capillary in
52:04 of pressure. Which direction does that work? Do the work to push
52:09 out or to the pull fluid in . C I'm going with the easy
52:12 right now. Alright. Just gotta sure how we abbreviated them up
52:15 because every book does it differently. right. So, this is the
52:20 of the capillary. Right. And pushing fluid out. Okay, out
52:27 , we have a pressure. All . That's fluid as well. That's
52:32 interstitial fluid. All right. Which does this pressure to push out of
52:40 interstitial space? Or does it pull the interstitial space? It pushes out
52:45 out of the interstitial space is what trying to say. All right.
52:49 , it's it's pushing fluid away from interstitial space into the capillaries.
52:56 then we have osmotic pressures that we to contend with. We call them
53:00 osmotic pressures. You're usually abbreviated with . Okay. There's one for the
53:07 fluid. There's one for the capillary ? Remember with automatic pressure. These
53:11 the result of the presence of plasma . All right, Where do we
53:15 plasma proteins? Not a trick Say again. And I did.
53:25 , it's plasma proteins are present in plasma. Okay. Now remember,
53:32 are attractive to what water? So direction does the colloidal osmotic pressure direct
53:44 the caterpillar? So do we have proteins out here in the is
53:53 very little to the point that it's . If there's no proteins out
54:00 then we're not going to see a of pressure. But if there were
54:02 proteins, which direction would it would water to it or push water away
54:06 it? Draw water to it. , when we are considering the movement
54:13 fluid in a capillary into the interstitial or from the interstitial base to the
54:18 . We have to consider all four those pressures. All right. And
54:22 we can do is we can do in one of two different ways.
54:24 I have numbers up here. on the Venus side. Uh this
54:28 right here is about 35. I'm gonna put it over here. PC
54:32 about 15. Um the the college pressure is a constant. It really
54:39 . But for our purposes it is you say about 25 Roughly. About
54:48 . Making sure I got all my . Right. I'm just taking them
54:50 your book. Alright, the uh fluid pressure. So, remember those
54:56 mm of mercury. And so uh regard to the interstitial fluid of pressure
55:02 here. It's roughly zero. I -2. But I'm just gonna call
55:05 zero because zero's easier math. And then because there's so few plasma
55:13 osmotic pressure or plasma proteins out in interstitial fluid, this is roughly equal
55:18 zero as well. Okay, now isn't zero. All right. It's
55:25 of mercury. But what's atmospheric Come on you guys? What's happening
55:31 pressure? One atmosphere. But what's atmospheric co two of Mercury.
55:40 All right. Easy way to remember . All right. Take a needle
55:45 it in your arm, avoiding all vessels, pull it out. Does
55:50 come squirting out of your body like cartoon? No. So, atmospheric
55:58 , interstitial fluid pressure have to be if they weren't equal, water would
56:03 squirting out like a cartoon. All . That's not happen. So,
56:09 how we can kind of remember zero. All right. Ready for
56:15 horrible slide. Yes, sir. . It says close to 0
56:22 It's approximately equal to one atmosphere. it actually 760 of mercury today?
56:28 don't know. We don't have a . Anyone here. A barometer on
56:32 . You do. I'd be Atmospheric pressure goes up and down a
56:38 bit. But so does the pressure our body goes up and down a
56:41 bit. I'm just it's very Be really interesting if you actually imploded
56:47 yourself. All right. Lots of words. Very scary picture. A
56:54 of it doesn't make sense. Two ways to calculate the net exchange pressure
56:59 exchange pressure is what helps us to which direction the flow is.
57:04 one way we can do is we ask the question. What's the pressure
57:07 versus pressure in? So what's the in the hydrostatic pressure? So just
57:11 these two Right. Or and then can do the absorption. Alright.
57:18 don't think that's always the easiest way do things. All right. I
57:22 the easiest thing is just to do what's going on here versus what's going
57:28 there? All right. Not necessarily this. Which is what that's showing
57:33 . Okay so let me show you this works over here at the arterial
57:40 . Oh we have a pressure that's out So we have an outward pressure
57:47 ? And we also have a pressure and that's an inward pressure. But
57:50 have to take into consider consideration all those things. So what's pressure
57:56 That's pc Plus the pressure out You know the mask? I used
58:11 teach math have to show all the long time ago. Talk what's the
58:16 in that one and that one. so we've got P. I.
58:24 . Plus pissy pf zero. That 25. Does two together. And
58:36 we're doing is taking one from the . So 35 -25 is 10.
58:41 , what we have here over on side Is a pressure of 10 of
58:48 . Driving the pressure out because it's positive number. Right? So on
58:55 arterial side you expect pressure to drive away from the capillary. Now.
59:02 here, if fluid is leaving the , what's happening to the capillary pressure
59:07 the inside? What's happened? That getting lower. It's getting lower is
59:12 lower and getting low and getting lower get lower as more water leaves pressure
59:15 here gets lower technically the pressure out is getting bigger but we're ignoring
59:20 Right? But over here we know the measure is. So we can
59:24 the same exact thing. We go minus in. Right, do the
59:29 pc. All the same thing. just not gonna rewrite it all.
59:32 over here is 15 plus zero minus in zero plus 25. We got
59:42 -25. We have negative 10 millimeters mercury. Sorry. So what is
59:49 telling you? Over here? Pressure the inside is lower. So,
59:54 from the interstitial fluid flows to the . All right, you're sitting there
60:00 , why did you waste my time wayne. Why are you thinking
60:06 Oh, don't lie to me. thinking it. People in the back
60:09 thinking it? No, I like . Thank you. I'm not wasting
60:15 time. All right, So why this important? Well, because what
60:19 kind of shows us is the forces are driving fluid. So what happens
60:25 I increase here if I open up capital? What's going to happen is
60:31 this pressure goes up and so fluid out faster out of the capital?
60:37 ? What if I squeeze here, going to build up, It's going
60:42 slow down the rate at which interstitial flows out of the interstitial space and
60:49 into the plasma, basically by modifying values, I can change the direction
60:56 flow or at least how much how fluid is actually moving. That kind
61:02 makes sense. What we're going to when we look at the kidneys were
61:07 to see the exact same values in of how the kidney regulates itself and
61:12 fluid to pass into the kidneys so it can be processed. So,
61:18 this is showing you is how the uses pressures to drive materials from the
61:26 into the interstitial space on this side that you can deliver oxygen and glucose
61:32 other fun stuff to the cells. because pressure gradients swap on the other
61:38 , it allows me to take up fluid with the carbon dioxide and water
61:43 the other waste and take it I don't have to do anything active
61:49 do that. That kind of It's all about pressure gradients.
61:58 the problem is, is if you at a capillary, you'll see that
62:02 fluid leaves and actually returns. You five L of blood and a small
62:08 of it gets stuck behind. And the way, this picture is the
62:13 same thing. All right. With things being equal. If water is
62:21 leaving the blood and not coming what's gonna end up happening to your
62:28 ? It's going to get really isn't it? Is it going to
62:30 ? It's gonna be like ketchup. , you guys didn't grow up with
62:34 commercial where they turn the bottle of over and it's like slowly moving
62:42 basically, your blood would turn into right as water leaves and you'd have
62:46 DM all over your body because water be stuck. So, to counter
62:53 problem, we have another system that responsible for returning water that has escaped
63:00 of the blood back to the So, Here's the first loop.
63:05 is the easy one right? That's cardiac loop. That's what we've been
63:10 about. Five liters of blood pumped minute. How much blood you have
63:14 body, five liters? So your blood is pumped through your body every
63:21 . Yeah, That's about 7200 L day. The trans vascular loop is
63:27 we just talked about basically. That's all your capillaries, that's about 20
63:31 filtered per day. All right, of the 70 200. Oh,
63:38 . Out of this. Right, that's 20 liters. And basically you
63:41 back 16 or 18. All so moving out, you get 20
63:47 per day and then 16-18 come back . So that means you're leaving behind
63:53 in the neighborhood of 02 - four . How much blood you have anybody
63:58 five liters? It's kind of doesn't it? It sounds this is
64:02 problem that needs to be solved in for me to survive the rest of
64:05 day. I've got to figure this . And this is where the third
64:08 . Is this your lymphatic system? system is there to pick up that
64:14 fluid and return it back to the . All right. It takes that
64:20 cellular fluid that gets lost and returns back every day. Yeah, I've
64:27 talking an awful lot today. Not in this class, That's why I'm
64:31 to get All Yes. All So this is the lymphatic sol
64:34 Lymphatic are have the same kind of that we saw when we talk about
64:39 vasculature. You have small vessels like . Alright. We refer to these
64:44 the initial M. Fanatics. They're kind of interesting because while they're
64:49 to capillaries, they're not entirely the . So, they basically started capillary
64:54 . So they're blunt ended. Like fingers blunt ended. So, you
64:57 imagine this is a capillary bed. ? I still haven't forgot about your
65:02 thing. I'm going to use I promise. All right.
65:06 they're found in the capillary beds and just blunt ended. And so they're
65:10 to receive all that extra fluid. what they do is they joined larger
65:14 and larger vessels and larger vessels. , you have collecting lymphatic, ultimately
65:18 large lymphatic that then re enter into larger blood vessels near the heart.
65:25 , with regard to the initial And this is why they're kind of
65:29 . We talked about the capillaries, said the end of thallium is kind
65:33 like holding your hands together, And you can see in between the
65:36 holes and stuff. Alright, with initial emphatic, the cells are not
65:41 by side like this. They overlap this. Okay. It's easier if
65:45 do it like that kind of like . All right? So, if
65:49 press on this shingle, what happens on that? Nothing. Right?
65:54 see, I'm actually forcing the to space in between close so the pressure
66:00 this side forces it close. But happens if you push on the other
66:04 ? Not that one shingle. it opens. So as pressure
66:09 what happens is I create my own create a door fluid flows in and
66:16 it gets trapped inside the initial All right. Let's say you scrape
66:20 knee for example, we're going to a lot of things that the initial
66:24 does. But I'm just gonna say scrape your knee. We've all scraped
66:26 knee, right? They were scraped knee on the playground. Like at
66:31 where all the horrible nasty tarmac where all the bums hang out and
66:37 on the ground and drink their No, I I went to school
66:42 a in an urban area when I young And there are always empty MD
66:48 bottles, You know, Mad 2020, right? The proper name
66:54 Magen David 2020. It's a fortified . It's basically welch's grape fruit or
66:59 grape juice with rubbing alcohol in I swear that's that's all it is
67:04 , love it because it's really, cheap. All right. And then
67:08 pee all over the thing and then fall scrape your knee and then now
67:10 have sepsis. No, we don't sepsis. Why don't we have
67:17 What have you guys all been doing what immune systems, immune systems,
67:24 everything, bum, urine to Little bacteria finds its way into your
67:32 from scraping on one of these horrible tarmacs, right? It gets into
67:37 interstitial space. It's like, I like this space. The space
67:41 awesome. It's warm. There's water there's food everywhere and it's like,
67:47 just gonna hang out and I'm just go with the flow and it's kind
67:50 cruising along, we're going with the and all of a sudden here comes
67:54 little emphatic and you open the gate who it's kind of like a water
67:59 and now you're stuck in the lymphatic where every immune cell is sitting there
68:04 I surveil you, I surveil I surveil you you're not supposed to
68:07 here nuke it from orbit. Just be sure lymphatic system is very,
68:14 valuable. So one thing that it returns fluid to where it needs to
68:20 right. The second thing that it is it plays a role in
68:25 So with the lymphatic pressures driving its right? So the interstitial fluid is
68:31 fluid in there. You have valves prevent backflow. So fluid is gonna
68:36 in the right direction. We have that surround these things as well as
68:43 vessels like arteries that are have that of that pulse of tile. Uh
68:48 already raised the chart but basically have pulse pressure and that's going to be
68:53 the fluid back towards the heart. it basically and also respiratory pump as
69:01 . So all this stuff is promoting and making sure that the flow is
69:06 towards the heart. Now, like said, turns the excess fluid basically
69:12 against disease. This thing doesn't show . But this is where your lymphatic
69:15 your lymph nodes are ever gotten sick you felt your glands, right?
69:20 call it your glands. Yeah, not a glance other lymph nodes.
69:25 lymph nodes are located in very specific . And massive clumps all over your
69:30 . But there's some massive clumps there , right here underneath the jaw,
69:34 there in your armpit there in your area. Why would they be in
69:39 particular areas in particular all around your ? Why those areas? What do
69:44 think those four things have in common , mouth, armpit gut. This
69:53 bacteria gloves. What did I Lots of blood? What else?
70:00 , bacterial growth obviously armpits and groin that kind of works right gut.
70:05 got stuff in your gut but that's necessarily but you're you're on the right
70:10 . All right. Let me ask question. You don't hear. Live
70:13 the 5 2nd rule. Yeah. your oreo on the ground. Just
70:18 it up, pop it in. blow on it because that always makes
70:21 better. You've done that. The one way to get toxins in your
70:27 is consumption. Right? What do have? Living under armpits bacteria why
70:37 live in under the armpits 2nd dark moist. I like that. You
70:44 dark and moist. And our sweat in our pitch produced tons and tons
70:50 proteins which the bacteria grow food and consume it but it's very very close
70:55 the surface where these these glands And so bacteria can work their way
71:00 the uh into your body through the . What about growing? No you're
71:08 enough to say it in the physiology , are you? Yeah. All
71:13 . We have our digestive track We have our reproductive structures and we
71:19 our renal system exit. I'm being . There are those three mechanisms.
71:25 places where bacteria can find their way your body. Oh heck.
71:30 All right. So I've just pointed these are basically entrances for the
71:35 So what do you have? You lymph nodes in these areas where you
71:38 collect bacteria very very easily. I that. You have your thing there
71:42 tell me how much time I Okay we also have them around the
71:49 . All right. And why? basically the lymphatic are are localized as
71:54 mechanism to move fats from the digestive into the body. So weigh the
71:59 . Work. We're going to do when you talk about digestion. But
72:02 you take fat. You package them a couple of proteins. You create
72:05 structures called kyla microns far too big transport across the digestive epithelium. So
72:11 you do is you release them into and then they are too big to
72:13 into the bloodstream. So you have lymphatic that serve as the mechanism to
72:18 them into the lymph and then from lymph they go to the blood.
72:22 it's kind of a kind of back way to get things there. Um
72:26 then anything that escapes through the process filtration over here is going to be
72:33 through this mechanism. All right. do we influence arterial resistance?
72:40 that was the extent That's the other of the immune system. I just
72:44 just spent cells in the last lecture six minutes and then far too long
72:50 lymphatic to me in talks that you good. All right. Local
72:57 We've already kind of mentioned this match blood flow metabolic needs. All
73:01 Pero cranes as well. Mediagenic All which we talked about sympathetic reflex is
73:07 allow the sympathetic system to regulate And finally, hormones which is going
73:11 carry. We're gonna introduce it but really deal with the topic when
73:14 get to the kidneys now we get play with a rubber band. All
73:28 . I want you to bear Since this is your reprimand. I
73:30 you to bear witness. Okay, do you think of that figure?
73:36 color is that turning turning purple? , just making sure active hyperthermia is
73:45 we increase blood flow in response to need. What are the signals that
73:51 active hyperthermia? Well, basically, presence of oxygen when it goes down
73:55 increase in carbon dioxide is the primary as well as the increase of
73:59 These are indicators of metabolic activity. right. And so when the cells
74:05 too little oxygen or too much carbon than what they're going to do is
74:09 going to release perricone factors that cause dilation so far so good. All
74:19 , reactive hyperthermia is a little bit . All right. Now, what
74:24 is my finger now still purple? a little darker, still purple.
74:30 . Usually do this for about five , but we're running towards in the
74:33 so, it's gonna be a little slower. But would you all agree
74:35 maybe I'm not getting the blood to finger? Does that make anyone
74:40 Some people makes nervous? All I'm gonna wait a little bit so
74:45 can use a little bit more All right, So, I'm burning
74:49 some oxygen here. Those cells are of starting to get a little
74:52 All right. And so you can it going um Austin dropping carbon dioxide
74:56 open up. Vaso dilator, basil occurs. Blood still not flowing
75:02 Why? Because I've included my blood . All right there. Getting a
75:06 bit more nervous. They start releasing perricone factors. More Visa dilation.
75:11 blood flow. Oh, what are going to do? We're starving to
75:14 . Oh, noes. Oh, . Help. Help. Help.
75:17 . Alright, we remove the All right, come on. This
75:26 why the class is fun. all right, now, my
75:32 These blood vessels Arvizo dilated. Is are those cells being washing oxygen
75:37 glucose And are they happy now? answer is yes. Of course they
75:41 . But because they don't know when gonna get occluded again, they're going
75:44 maintain and keep those blood vessels open longer periods of time. It's a
75:50 response to the occlusion of blood So it's no longer just a function
75:55 oxygen. Carbon dioxide and all those things. It's like, oh
75:59 we may not be able to get again. So we're going to maintain
76:03 wash ourselves in excessive blood flow so we can ensure that we get all
76:09 nutrients we need in order to survive a longer period of time. That
76:12 be reactive high premium here. Cryogenic regulations we've already mentioned. We basically
76:17 a constrictor beso dilate depending upon That's all based on metabolic needs.
76:26 , what are these peregrine factors? , we have nitric oxide. We
76:30 into filling, for example. Nitric is a Visa dilator. In the
76:35 is a vase of constrictor, basically using through calcium and all you're doing
76:40 basically you're causing the vessel to widen constrict depending upon that metabolic need.
76:45 right, other factors, temperature, is an incredibly good indicator of increased
76:52 activity, shear stresses. Another basically, if you increase shear
76:56 you're gonna start releasing nitric ossified. going to cause you a Visa
76:59 So you have left resistance. All terms of autonomic controls only two more
77:07 . All right. The neuro reflex basically the release of norepinephrine to act
77:14 smooth muscles and what they do is act on the agin ergic receptors.
77:18 right. So, if I increase activity, I'm going to beso
77:25 Right. We talked about this If I drop norepinephrine, I'm going
77:30 beso dilate. In other words, decreasing sympathetic activity. All right
77:39 this is in response to circulate But you're capable of overriding sympathetic activity
77:48 on metabolic needs. In other your cells are not going to die
77:53 because sympathetic nervous system says this must if your cells are saying I need
77:59 , they get they get to get fuel. All right. So,
78:03 you're besar constricting to prevent blood flow locally it says no, no,
78:07 need you to Visa dilate. Then dilation is going to occur. All
78:11 . There's no suicide packs in the . Last slide. I think it's
78:16 last slide. Yes, it Generally speaking when we're dealing with uh
78:27 adrenal glands and producing epi and nor . What they're doing is they're acting
78:31 these um, a genetic receptors. , alpha one is generally vessel constriction
78:36 typically localized in the organs of the . Whereas beta tools are typically reinforcing
78:41 Visa dilation. Alright, So, this is hormonal, This is not
78:46 innovation? This is a hormone in . And so what are we doing
78:51 you release epinephrine and norepinephrine. When you releasing? Those under what circumstances
78:56 as a hormone, what circumstances would be doing that exercise? That's the
79:02 one. You can always say exercise the easy answer. So, when
79:05 exercising your blood pressure is rising, ? And you're trying to put uh
79:13 blood to your muscles, Do you blood to go to your stomach so
79:16 can continue digesting? No. what do you expect to do you
79:20 ? Constriction? There's an easy way remember that alpha one's there's a constriction
79:26 response to sympathetic activity. What about muscles? I want a Visa
79:31 Right. So, what am I ? I'm opening up the blood vessels
79:34 so that I can get more More nutrients to what I need.
79:39 , Vice President Angiotensin two. We're to talk about these a lot when
79:42 get to the kidneys, these are hormones that are responsible for water
79:48 All right. And what they do they are trying to increase blood
79:53 All right, says so, in name viso his blood vessel pressing
79:59 All right. So, what I'm is I'm increasing blood pressure by Visa
80:05 . All right, Angiotensin two. a vase. A constrictor.
80:11 there's other aspects of this that we're covering right now. That will do
80:14 the kidney that deals with the water part. All right. But I
80:19 to point out here that these two of water in your body also play
80:23 role in regulating the size of the vessels. All right, here's the
80:28 news. Respiratory system is even easier this. Yeah. So when we
80:36 back to lectures respiratory system, Oh , reminder what to do tonight?
80:41 reviews. What happens if you don't your peer reviews? Little. Tiny
80:46 will haunt you for the rest of days and poke you with sharp
80:51 Plus you'll get a zero on the . Oh, thank you. Thank
80:57 . I'm glad you played with. . Mhm.
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