| 00:02 | Yeah, thanks. Ok. Let's, um, let's go and |
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| 00:15 | started. So, um, let's here. Uh, ok. |
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| 00:26 | uh, there we go. um, remember that, um, |
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| 00:31 | week exam, right? So you already signed up on the, on |
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| 00:35 | , on the CCS class site, ? Not the, not the old |
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| 00:39 | , right? Uh If you have questions about that, let me |
|
| 00:42 | Um, the, uh, uh, today we're gonna finish at |
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| 00:48 | and then start into 12 and, , we're gonna get through a decent |
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| 00:54 | of that. I think we'll get funguses and, um, and, |
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| 00:59 | , up through algae and then stopped . But, uh, so |
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| 01:04 | as you know, um, got email if you haven't got the |
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| 01:07 | um, there's no class Thursday because is gonna be late in the |
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| 01:12 | obviously and definitely gonna be impacted by going on Thursday, right? If |
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| 01:18 | don't know football game, all the before and after, right? |
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| 01:23 | uh, a parking garages are gonna closed here and there and so, |
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| 01:28 | know, especially, you know, to fourth. That'd be crazy, |
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| 01:31 | sure. So, um, um, first, so whatever we |
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| 01:37 | finish today. Video will be Um, and again, it shouldn't |
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| 01:43 | that much, but, uh, be posted, uh, after |
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| 01:47 | Actually, I'll post it tomorrow. , uh, um, so we |
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| 01:52 | the next unit next week. With viruses. And so, |
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| 01:59 | that, uh, all, all unit three, which is what that |
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| 02:03 | , all unit three stuff is already on campus. So there's a module |
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| 02:07 | says unit three stuffs. Ok? it's all there already. Ok. |
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| 02:13 | including, so we're gonna do 13 week at the beginning of viruses. |
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| 02:17 | basically it breaks down into part one kind of the, here's what a |
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| 02:20 | is. Here's how we define Here's the structure of viruses, that |
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| 02:26 | of stuff. So, uh and I posted the video, it's |
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| 02:29 | of those flip classes. So I the video today that covers that part |
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| 02:34 | Part two is kind of the life cycles of the viruses. And |
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| 02:38 | um, so obviously this stuff is on exam three, not exam |
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| 02:44 | Ok. Um But uh what what we can do at the start |
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| 02:50 | , right? Maybe the 1st 15 or so, uh, if you |
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| 02:53 | any questions or I can recap kind the stuff on the phone on, |
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| 02:57 | chapter 12. Uh, if you any questions about it, you |
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| 03:00 | you can certainly go over it So the, so the very, |
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| 03:04 | know, first part of of next can be some of that. And |
|
| 03:09 | but I'm not uh well before I that. So the other thing is |
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| 03:14 | so the this is in, I it's a unit, um Forget that |
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| 03:20 | a unit quiz. Unit two quiz this um Friday it opens. So |
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| 03:26 | gonna be more comprehensive. So it'll the stuff here in uh in these |
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| 03:33 | . Ok. So um let's see else The I I can give you |
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| 03:38 | details on that. Uh uh And send out an email probably tomorrow next |
|
| 03:43 | . So, um but it's gonna like probably 20 something questions, a |
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| 03:48 | , little bit of stuff from each those chapters. Um What else? |
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| 03:53 | else? Uh uh So the um , I think that was it, |
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| 04:00 | there any questions, questions, concerns anything? OK. So um all |
|
| 04:06 | . So what I want to start is kind of a recap of what |
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| 04:10 | did last time. OK. So All right. So get our heads |
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| 04:16 | this. Let's um OK. So these mechanisms of horizon transfer, |
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| 04:22 | You might look at a bacteria and , OK. It's just like a |
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| 04:24 | machine for the, you know, the number of copies you want and |
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| 04:28 | all gonna be identical. Well, know that's not true, right? |
|
| 04:31 | we have um mutations that occur that be passed on from a vertical transmission |
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| 04:38 | being distinguished as a parent to right. So for a bacterium that's |
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| 04:42 | cell to daughter cells, right? that's one way to transfer genes and |
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| 04:46 | most are transferred that way. But changes in the nucleotide sequence can |
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| 04:52 | , those changes will provide variation in population. OK? Um They may |
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| 04:58 | beneficial. They may not have any at all. Sometimes they're bad. |
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| 05:03 | nonetheless, it's a mechanism of creating . OK. So we learned uh |
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| 05:09 | know, kind of um uh these mechanisms are another way to get |
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| 05:16 | , right? And this is through this isn't, don't think parent to |
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| 05:20 | , this is like uh OK. the parent cell and here's a bunch |
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| 05:24 | neighbors around me. OK? And can exchange with them. OK? |
|
| 05:28 | they do it through, through these . Um You know, it doesn't |
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| 05:33 | what's the most common, you uh I, I'd say probably uh |
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| 05:39 | the top three over transposition uh is likely is the more common. |
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| 05:45 | But, you know, these are mechanisms that not only introduce variation, |
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| 05:49 | know, a s can acquire new . Um uh And, and, |
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| 05:55 | uh it's also a way in which like virulence factors. We're gonna get |
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| 05:59 | into the medical side of stuff here . So, valence factors can be |
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| 06:03 | this way. Um uh Antibiotic resistance can be passed this way. Uh |
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| 06:09 | common. In fact, uh mechanism how antibiotic resistance is transferred. |
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| 06:16 | um and so whatever uh the cell up. So I remember just |
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| 06:20 | very, really quickly. So you that you should be see this name |
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| 06:25 | transformation conjugation, transduction transposition and know basics of what differentiates each one. |
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| 06:32 | . So it's it's it's they they of have their own characteristic features. |
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| 06:37 | uh transformation part, the most basic in a different environment and bringing it |
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| 06:42 | . OK, conjugation is a little complicated involves more parts, right? |
|
| 06:47 | actually involves cell to cell contact. involves uh this this um a plasma |
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| 06:54 | has a um so remember plasmids, ? Plasmids are these uh they, |
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| 07:00 | exist outside the chromosome in the uh much smaller, right? Uh |
|
| 07:05 | kind of do their own thing, copy themselves. Um And uh but |
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| 07:10 | have, they can have sequences that them able to be transferred through |
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| 07:17 | OK. And um the uh and among those parts are things like a |
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| 07:25 | right to connect the cells and transfer um other other uh components in involved |
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| 07:31 | copying the password and transferring it. , um and so that's gonna be |
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| 07:38 | much more complicated than transformation, let's . OK. Uh transduction, the |
|
| 07:42 | there is virus, virus is the between, right. So a virus |
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| 07:47 | a viral infection which we have to about, you talk about that next |
|
| 07:51 | . But viruses uh have to have host. So they live in the |
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| 07:55 | cell OK. And part of the when they replicate themselves is to uh |
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| 08:03 | their DNA, uh assemble their proteins into bar particles. But sometimes when |
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| 08:08 | happens, they accidentally take host DNA of their own and then that gets |
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| 08:14 | . So this is a way for cell to acquire uh gene or genes |
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| 08:19 | a previous host. OK. key here, transduction virus. |
|
| 08:24 | Those the two go together and then a little bit different. Um We |
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| 08:30 | a, a thing called a which is basically a, they used |
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| 08:33 | call these things uh jumping genes because , they, they basically, |
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| 08:38 | they mostly just stay in the cell they live in and jump around from |
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| 08:45 | to spot in a chromosome. But occasionally they can hit your ride |
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| 08:51 | say a, a plasmid. Or, or maybe AAA viral chromosome |
|
| 08:57 | the viruses that has affected it. we'll talk about that in a little |
|
| 09:01 | . But um but the transposition of course, as part of its |
|
| 09:06 | is a transposon. OK? And that's kind of the key thing |
|
| 09:11 | to link the transposition, transpose the that allows it to be chopped out |
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| 09:18 | of a of where it's living and elsewhere. Uh So those two things |
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| 09:24 | and transpose, OK. Transduction virus two cells from the other, right |
|
| 09:32 | uh transformation, grabbing DNA from the . OK. So that distinguishes those |
|
| 09:36 | things. OK. So we're gonna through uh conjugation, what's here. |
|
| 09:42 | . So the other thing I didn't is in all these mechanisms at some |
|
| 09:49 | . OK. It's very likely that , right is gonna be an important |
|
| 09:55 | . So when you think of horizontally um uh a DNA fragment is taken |
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| 10:09 | , for example, that the bacteria think. So that's that, that's |
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| 10:14 | dangerous. That could be a virus infecting, right? And so |
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| 10:18 | one that gets to get rid of , so to make, make that |
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| 10:21 | more permanent part of the genome, gotta recombine, it has to become |
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| 10:26 | actual part of the chromosome by recombining it, right? The recount combination |
|
| 10:30 | simply just a G PC, it's complementary base pairing. So there has |
|
| 10:35 | be some level of similarity in here it to be able to become part |
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| 10:41 | that genome. Um And if it it can it that can happen uh |
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| 10:47 | circular pieces, they don't, they're necessarily seen always as a danger uh |
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| 10:54 | bacteria have plasmas. And so this one that can coexist with it out |
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| 11:00 | . OK. It's a a fragment this wouldn't be able to just live |
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| 11:04 | here on itself. OK? It have to become part of the genome |
|
| 11:09 | but a plasma can coexist out OK. But we also learned that |
|
| 11:13 | can also recombine, right. So can kind of some of these can |
|
| 11:16 | both. OK. So, um think I touched on all the major |
|
| 11:21 | we're gonna go through uh congregation kind of real quick and we ended |
|
| 11:25 | HFR but any questions by anything so ? So, um so, uh |
|
| 11:34 | look at uh OK. So here's . So let me just show you |
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| 11:40 | animations, right? These are available you in the, on the Pearson |
|
| 11:45 | . So let me just show one these real quick. OK? So |
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| 11:52 | all right. So here is so remember this is, this is |
|
| 11:55 | basic F plus F minus conjugation. . So remember the F plus, |
|
| 12:01 | makes it an F plus is it a plasmin and it contains the |
|
| 12:08 | Um uh it has a sequence that the parts to be able to |
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| 12:13 | let's just call them conjugation genes, ? So it has that in there |
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| 12:17 | that's what makes it an F right? So they'll mate with a |
|
| 12:29 | that. So an F plus only with an F minus. OK. |
|
| 12:33 | so you see the F minus is lacking this what they call F |
|
| 12:37 | . OK. And so um so we go here, we then |
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| 12:45 | I just gotta do it like OK. So here we go. |
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| 12:48 | here's our F factor. So remember the, the F factor contains that |
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| 12:53 | , the, the conjugation genes, it can contain other stuff as |
|
| 12:57 | OK. So uh one of one of those components is a sex |
|
| 13:00 | , right? So the codes for expresses it, right? And then |
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| 13:05 | it'll contact an F minus cell and are all specific molecule interactions occurring |
|
| 13:09 | So it's specific for specific molecules on F minus cell. And so then |
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| 13:14 | want to, you can't, you um carry out the process with them |
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| 13:18 | far apart. It's too fragile. you gotta bring them close together. |
|
| 13:21 | a more, that's a better stable . What the heck is that? |
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| 13:25 | on? Hm. OK. So now we come together and so |
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| 13:32 | what happens then is we're gonna copy F factor and it gets transferred and |
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| 13:40 | we copy it and now we can this PC FCF plus. Now it |
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| 13:45 | F minus. Now it's F And so they, it can then |
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| 13:49 | with a, with an F minus . So that's, that's the kind |
|
| 13:52 | the basic time. And so you what happened, right? It, |
|
| 13:54 | grew hair all of a sudden, ? So apparently that F factor not |
|
| 13:59 | had the conjugation genes on it and the gene for fibri, right? |
|
| 14:03 | that's what those are fibri and it that uh uh by inheriting that |
|
| 14:10 | Now it has, it can but all can express whatever genes are |
|
| 14:14 | it. And in this case, happen to be genes for um |
|
| 14:18 | OK. So that's what I You, you hear f fact and |
|
| 14:21 | go. Ok. Well, it conjugate. Ok. Well, big |
|
| 14:24 | . But, um, when it's passed to another cell, whatever else |
|
| 14:30 | on there, it could be, genes, could be antibiotic resistance gene |
|
| 14:33 | , it could be, um, , uh, gene on it. |
|
| 14:37 | it could be any number of things multiples of things on that class. |
|
| 14:41 | as long as it can conjugate then things go with it and the cell |
|
| 14:46 | inherits it can't express those. So um so that's the basic F |
|
| 14:52 | F minus conjugation transfer of plas. . So let's look at um the |
|
| 15:02 | , OK. So HFR one area there. So each of our |
|
| 15:13 | So you see um OK. So cell has integrated into it, the |
|
| 15:22 | factor. So the plasmids containing the genes have integra loops have integrated themselves |
|
| 15:30 | the chromosome now. OK. So don't see no longer see the little |
|
| 15:34 | here. It's been integrated into the . OK. And so uh but |
|
| 15:38 | , but, but doing that makes whole chromosome now able to be transferred |
|
| 15:46 | conjugation. OK. So kind of of it as being now it's |
|
| 15:49 | it's a huge F factor, The chromosome contains it now, it's |
|
| 15:54 | to, the whole thing can be . All right. So here's an |
|
| 15:58 | minus cell and um very similarly in of, so here's how we get |
|
| 16:05 | H of R formation, right? now um it will, it can |
|
| 16:12 | uh with a F minus. And so the same process occurs. |
|
| 16:17 | just now we're, we're moving the , we're not moving some little. |
|
| 16:22 | . So the same thing, sex brings the cells together and then um |
|
| 16:28 | . So, so we get transfer the chromosome that needs to be |
|
| 16:33 | But you see the whole thing wasn't here, only a part of it |
|
| 16:37 | OK. A good portion of it left behind. OK? Whereas in |
|
| 16:43 | , with the plasma, the whole got transferred, right? Because it's |
|
| 16:45 | smaller. And so, but the F, you see, the |
|
| 16:49 | minus has stayed as an FM. didn't change the F plus. |
|
| 16:57 | There's a reason for that. Um the part that makes it um F |
|
| 17:04 | are those conjugation genes that, that on that the F factor, |
|
| 17:09 | And not all of those or none it was transferred here. OK? |
|
| 17:13 | so now the F minus doesn't have conjugation genes as part of what it |
|
| 17:19 | . So it can't conjugate and, pass this on, but it, |
|
| 17:23 | , it itself can benefit by, know, it can express whatever genes |
|
| 17:27 | inherited from this other cell um and pass it on through vertical gene |
|
| 17:33 | right? Parent child, they can it that way. OK? So |
|
| 17:36 | still a benefit, of course to . OK? And so um |
|
| 17:43 | and so I wanna show real Um uh Let's see. Let me |
|
| 17:50 | here and then uh there we OK. So we just saw this |
|
| 17:58 | the basic F plus plus F minus of plasma. OK. So, |
|
| 18:04 | that's the question we looked at at the end last time, |
|
| 18:07 | So the answer was um integrated in chromosome or we just saw it. |
|
| 18:12 | . And so this mating, Here's our F plus cell. It |
|
| 18:20 | incorporated, the plastic F factor, gets incorporated into the chromosome. We |
|
| 18:24 | an HFR high frequency recombinant. So , if you have a lot of |
|
| 18:28 | in a population like that, they're to, to um recomm uh transfer |
|
| 18:33 | recombine uh what they transferred to an minus cell. Um And so we |
|
| 18:39 | at a mating between those two as just saw in the animation. So |
|
| 18:43 | , I just put this in there to kind of help you visualize why |
|
| 18:47 | F minus stays in F minus OK. So here's our, here's |
|
| 18:52 | chromosome, right? So we have HFR cell. There's the part that |
|
| 18:57 | integrated. OK? Right here, . So that's the, the part |
|
| 19:02 | makes able to conjugate. OK. so uh conjugates with the F minus |
|
| 19:08 | , OK. Here's its chromosome. . And so uh it starts copying |
|
| 19:13 | here. OK? And goes in direction, OK. And so as |
|
| 19:18 | copies, then uh this will be on into the cell, it's conjugating |
|
| 19:24 | right, uh donor recipient, And so how much of this gets |
|
| 19:30 | here is dependent on how far along gone around the chromosome copying it, |
|
| 19:37 | ? And that's a function of how they stick together. OK. So |
|
| 19:43 | connection is rather brief that maybe only little portion of it gets transferred, |
|
| 19:48 | longer than more of it gets right? Um And so you can |
|
| 19:52 | here, all right, this is much was transferred. Uh The X |
|
| 19:57 | , you know, we, when showed that, that means recombination is |
|
| 19:59 | on. OK? But recombination occurring now it can become part of that |
|
| 20:04 | . OK? And so whatever genes on here, it can express, |
|
| 20:08 | , it's now it now has that it didn't have before. OK? |
|
| 20:13 | it stays as an F minus because this never made it into the |
|
| 20:19 | OK? It, they didn't, didn't hang out long enough, |
|
| 20:23 | Connected to be able to transfer because would have to go all the way |
|
| 20:28 | , right? So this is the end that gets copied and to it |
|
| 20:33 | have to stay together for literally probably minutes to two hours, you |
|
| 20:40 | and that's, that just doesn't right? You have to think of |
|
| 20:44 | of, you know, cells that , that are in, in, |
|
| 20:47 | the, in the environment, They're getting bombarded by, you |
|
| 20:51 | other cells knocking into them, uh molecules bouncing off of them. |
|
| 20:56 | So, so it's not a um a quiet environment, right? There's |
|
| 21:01 | of, of a interactions going on can break the connection. So it's |
|
| 21:05 | rarest of rare events that they stay long enough that the entire chromosome is |
|
| 21:12 | that, that just never happens. . It's, it's some, some |
|
| 21:17 | of the chromosome gets transferred but never whole length, they just don't stay |
|
| 21:20 | long enough. OK. And so , uh whatever it inherits it can't |
|
| 21:26 | , right? It has gained new . And so, uh so that's |
|
| 21:30 | nature of these HFR crosses, they result in an F minus becoming an |
|
| 21:36 | plus that um any questions about right? So it's really just about |
|
| 21:44 | kind of the mechanics of it prevent it from the whole chromosome from |
|
| 21:48 | transferred. OK. Um All So this is what we just talked |
|
| 21:54 | . OK. And so you can of see here that the purplish part |
|
| 21:59 | is the conjugation genes and it remains the ancient Far cell but doesn't get |
|
| 22:04 | over to the FM. That's why stays in FM. OK. |
|
| 22:09 | um OK. So I think I all that. Um and that, |
|
| 22:17 | OK, so let's go to Listen, any question, that question |
|
| 22:21 | transduction. Uh So viruses, So uh that's, that's the name |
|
| 22:27 | use to describe AAA virus that infects , right? So, of |
|
| 22:33 | it's viruses that infect our ourselves. call those animal viruses. OK. |
|
| 22:38 | ps are specific to bacteria. And with transduction, the we're looking really |
|
| 22:43 | to generalize or two types, And OK. And so uh as |
|
| 22:49 | learn next week, right? Part the life of this kind of uh |
|
| 22:56 | basically in a nutshell. It's insect , um make lots of, take |
|
| 23:03 | the host, make lots of viruses kill cell. But this is where |
|
| 23:07 | can get sometimes an exception for OK? And so here's the |
|
| 23:13 | phage binds to the host bacterium. genome comes into the cell. |
|
| 23:19 | Part of the process is to kind is to break down the host |
|
| 23:23 | The virus will actually recycle those parts itself and then just take over |
|
| 23:28 | take over the host and, and viruses using it. OK? As |
|
| 23:33 | see here. Now, the thing , so here in, in the |
|
| 23:38 | color, that's the host bacterial DNA the pinkish color. That's the viral |
|
| 23:45 | . OK. So normally what should is only the viral bits are, |
|
| 23:50 | , are, are um inserted there's the word packaged into the viral |
|
| 23:56 | making a new virus. Uh But see here that it mistakenly added some |
|
| 24:01 | the purple host DNA into, into page particle. OK. So now |
|
| 24:08 | is the the entity that can transfer to another cell. OK? And |
|
| 24:14 | essentially what happens. So here's a cell, it's infected, but it's |
|
| 24:20 | , but it's not viral DNA going it. It's DNA from this previous |
|
| 24:25 | going into it. OK. And that's, uh of course, certainly |
|
| 24:29 | this is a single strand coming it better recombined to become part of |
|
| 24:35 | . OK. And that's what you happening here. So, um uh |
|
| 24:41 | inherent and so it can divide and , then, and then it's passed |
|
| 24:44 | throughout the population. OK. But thing here uh is theoretically any gene |
|
| 24:51 | this previous host can end up in new one, right? Because it's |
|
| 24:56 | about because uh all the entire chromosomes chopped up here. And so it |
|
| 25:01 | depends on what piece gets, gets accidentally by the virus into a, |
|
| 25:06 | a viral particle, right? theoretically, any of them can, |
|
| 25:10 | ? That's why almost any gene in previous host can be transferred. |
|
| 25:16 | Now, we don't, there's another , we're not gonna go into any |
|
| 25:20 | about it and it's called specialized OK. This is a mechanism |
|
| 25:27 | that uh unlike generalized or any host can be transferred. It's this is |
|
| 25:33 | restrictive. Only a few genes can passage this way. OK. Um |
|
| 25:40 | without going into details, it has do with the fact that um it's |
|
| 25:44 | different kind of a bacterial virus that this out compared to this one. |
|
| 25:48 | . And so, um but the point is is that um that |
|
| 25:53 | other bacterial virus type actually inserts itself the chromosome and then when it |
|
| 25:58 | it takes a couple of the genes are around it with it. So |
|
| 26:03 | why it's, it's only, it's restrictive compared to generalized. OK. |
|
| 26:08 | only one or two type of transfer way, not theoretically energy, which |
|
| 26:15 | it just, this is, this a difference in how the mechanics haven't |
|
| 26:18 | . That's all which I um so key here, transduction virus, |
|
| 26:23 | Transduction virus is the key. Um questions about that? OK. All |
|
| 26:30 | . So uh OK. So the one of these is transposon. |
|
| 26:36 | So these um um are typically this is a phenomenon. This, |
|
| 26:43 | just occurs in the cell. All . It's not one that is very |
|
| 26:49 | DNA is transferred outside the cell. ? But it can on occasion. |
|
| 26:54 | . And so you're thinking, And, and our, our chromosomes |
|
| 26:58 | these as well. OK. I it's across, it's across the whole |
|
| 27:02 | of life that life has these transposon their, in their chromosome. And |
|
| 27:08 | um so you're thinking, OK, these things jump around their chromosomes, |
|
| 27:11 | must be causing all kinds of Yeah, they could because they can |
|
| 27:15 | themselves in places that are probably not like in the middle of a gene |
|
| 27:19 | something and disrupt it, right? so that can on rare occasion |
|
| 27:25 | But we've got mechanisms to kind of control of this. OK. But |
|
| 27:31 | but nonetheless, uh it's a, a piece of segment of DNA, |
|
| 27:38 | . That has some characteristic parts to . OK. And so OK. |
|
| 27:52 | the transposon transposon uh all have what called these inverted repeat sequences. |
|
| 27:59 | So we just look at say over , right? We have AC TT |
|
| 28:06 | CD GAT and we simply go up this side. It's the same |
|
| 28:11 | it's just reversed what we call OK. And so that's characteristic for |
|
| 28:17 | transposon to have these, what we inverted repeats. So that's one feature |
|
| 28:22 | all have. The other feature is have this thing called a transpose |
|
| 28:27 | That's the scissors that helps it cuts out and then inserts it uh |
|
| 28:33 | OK. So um so all transposon that those two things OK? An |
|
| 28:45 | are like what you see here is we call staggered kind of cuts. |
|
| 28:50 | ? That occur uh on both OK? And that's what kind of |
|
| 28:54 | that, so it's kind of like cut and paste, right? If |
|
| 28:58 | will. And so uh so the simplest of these, what you're seeing |
|
| 29:02 | the screen right now, that's what call an insertion sequence. That's why |
|
| 29:06 | see is one insurgency. That's all is. It's just that OK. |
|
| 29:11 | so a more a complex one which called complex transposon, OK? Has |
|
| 29:18 | elements OK? That the insertion sequence , but it's got other genes in |
|
| 29:24 | with it, OK. So you actually see the and TN is shorthand |
|
| 29:30 | transposon. OK. And so you that uh we have the, actually |
|
| 29:35 | insertion of sequence is on both sides it. So the whole thing we |
|
| 29:39 | a complex uh transpo. So, here we have k resistance type of |
|
| 29:46 | . And um so now uh this one to transfer different genes, |
|
| 29:52 | This, this um this complex OK. And so then the question |
|
| 29:57 | OK, these things typically just reside the cell that has it. And |
|
| 30:02 | do they get transferred? Well, a couple of ways this happens. |
|
| 30:07 | . So they can move uh by plasmid. So here is transposes will |
|
| 30:13 | expressed and they'll cut, right? uh So sticky ends are simply meaning |
|
| 30:19 | , these staggered ends, they're not , they're stagger, that's what sticky |
|
| 30:24 | to. OK. And so they then uh once they're cut, they |
|
| 30:29 | insert themselves in the target DNA. . And become one with it right |
|
| 30:36 | , the thing is what is. here is TN it's transposon. So |
|
| 30:40 | in a chromosome. Now, it jump to a plasma that's in the |
|
| 30:46 | , right? It can jump that . And now that plasma, if |
|
| 30:51 | an F factor, if there's, there's an F plus in there, |
|
| 30:55 | ? It can conjugate and you can it on OK to other cells. |
|
| 31:00 | that's, that's one mechanism OK? could be, and So here's the |
|
| 31:06 | process, right? We're already familiar that, that it gets uh transferred |
|
| 31:09 | another cell. It could be a infects it and the viral genome, |
|
| 31:15 | the transposon jumps into it. And then that is transferred, it's |
|
| 31:21 | a almost like a combination transpo transposition if you will. OK. Uh |
|
| 31:26 | would say this is, this is , is the more common uh mechanism |
|
| 31:31 | using a plan that they hit your on. OK. And uh there's |
|
| 31:36 | few uh antibiotic resistances among bacteria that passed this way. Not a |
|
| 31:42 | but there's, there's, there are that are known to happen this |
|
| 31:45 | OK. Um So with the then it's having the transpo sequence, |
|
| 31:52 | a transposon that has a transpose a it has these inverted repeats. So |
|
| 31:57 | kind of the, the iden identifier it. OK. Um Let's see |
|
| 32:06 | . OK. So let's look at isn't a quicker question. It's kind |
|
| 32:10 | just kind of match these up if can different various features that go with |
|
| 32:14 | one? So uh any questions about transpose on? Yeah. All |
|
| 32:21 | So uh let's look at uh so . So what fits with conjugation? |
|
| 32:29 | . Anybody can shout out anything which ? Conjugation six, of course. |
|
| 32:40 | . 66. Anything else, anything ? There you go uh transformation |
|
| 32:56 | Seven naked DNA competence. Yeah. and seven transduction on, of |
|
| 33:05 | a transposition is gonna be mhm inverted sequences. So when I see matching |
|
| 33:15 | um let's see, I think I three. I got 36271 four. |
|
| 33:24 | . Where does that fit in? Fits in all of them. |
|
| 33:29 | Uh At at some point it can in all of them. Um |
|
| 33:35 | Uh Any questions? I think that's horrible. All right. Um So |
|
| 33:45 | kind of a a 1 80 here . Um, and so pretty |
|
| 33:52 | yeah, I'd say this because we're focus mostly on me, the medically |
|
| 33:59 | ones or ones that cause disease because basically is gonna be the start of |
|
| 34:03 | we're gonna be in the rest of semester. Right? So after this |
|
| 34:07 | , you know, 13, 14 certainly cause many types of disease as |
|
| 34:12 | know. Um, uh, but much everything else from now on next |
|
| 34:18 | and onward is pretty much devoted to medical microbiology. So, um, |
|
| 34:24 | so with, uh, this group figured, ok, well, you |
|
| 34:29 | , the focus of this course is pretty much and viruses. Ok. |
|
| 34:36 | what kind of, what kind of carry out medically important times might you |
|
| 34:43 | um, here in, in a somewhere? Um, so that's kind |
|
| 34:48 | , you know, pretty much the time we talk about Eu Caros in |
|
| 34:52 | quarter. So I said, well, let's just do that. |
|
| 34:54 | . So, well, actually the common types of these infections you'll see |
|
| 35:01 | here will be fungal types, fungal infections. You see the occasional, |
|
| 35:07 | , parasitic type of infection. I mean, um, uh, |
|
| 35:13 | infection by a, well, the thing we're infected by, by the |
|
| 35:16 | , uh, would the algae, toxins, toxins. So, red |
|
| 35:21 | , you know, that's happening gal the coast of Gallus and here and |
|
| 35:25 | , um, uh, affecting So if like to eat, uh |
|
| 35:30 | mussels, that kind of thing. They, they're the ones that uh |
|
| 35:35 | are the, how you get sick eating contaminated of these types of mollusks |
|
| 35:40 | call them. Ok. So, but worldwide certainly parasitic diseases, uh |
|
| 35:45 | involving, you know, uh protozoal . Um uh certainly worldwide, you |
|
| 35:52 | , are very, let's, let's this, let's do this question. |
|
| 35:56 | me pull up um, this Ok. So this relates to |
|
| 36:06 | one of the things we'll talk about . Ok. So if you're diagnosed |
|
| 36:10 | a cutaneous mycosis, you or Yeah. Yeah. Just take your |
|
| 36:40 | shot. No. Hey, I'm predict 99%. Correct. Pretty |
|
| 37:09 | Ok. Um Yeah, my is about fun. The fungi, |
|
| 37:14 | Ok. Um, and talking uh um, you know how it |
|
| 37:24 | us humans. Um, certainly worldwide like malaria, um, very common |
|
| 37:30 | parts of the world. Uh uh sickness, getting bitten by a fly |
|
| 37:35 | that carries the, the, it's protozoal disease. Um, are common |
|
| 37:41 | of these are common, certainly in parts of the world. Uh, |
|
| 37:45 | as much here but, you there's pockets here and there or where |
|
| 37:48 | have this, um, uh, is a fungus that causes meningitis, |
|
| 37:55 | , that there's several causes of meningitis this is the fungal one. Tramon |
|
| 38:01 | a STV. Um, uh, actually it's, it's, it's semi |
|
| 38:08 | here in the States as well. , the, uh intestinal parasites. |
|
| 38:12 | , things like a tape worm. . Uh, are not that common |
|
| 38:17 | . Although tape worms used to be maybe still as a weight loss |
|
| 38:21 | right? I've actually seen a little . It was like a jar. |
|
| 38:25 | , they market it with a fancy , of course, they wanna say |
|
| 38:28 | . But, um, but that's people do take that it, it |
|
| 38:32 | work. I assume I wouldn't want tapeworm in my gut. But |
|
| 38:36 | um, uh those of you that , um, horses, uh other |
|
| 38:42 | , you, you add uh deworming , right? That's to get rid |
|
| 38:45 | these kinds of, of parasites as . Ok. Uh Because of course |
|
| 38:51 | , uh you're feeding, feeding these and the food's going to the |
|
| 38:55 | not to the animal. So, but anyway, so, you |
|
| 38:58 | there's, it's not just humans but a impact on animals for sure. |
|
| 39:04 | So, uh in terms of, uh microorganisms, right? So certainly |
|
| 39:09 | the fungi, uh ease certain moles in the microbe category. Uh proo |
|
| 39:14 | algae microbes all. Uh although algae be multi cellular types, as we'll |
|
| 39:21 | . Um, the, uh, algae generally are not, it's not |
|
| 39:26 | the algae cells that make you It's the toxin they produce. |
|
| 39:31 | And you eat, typically it's the contaminated food uh, that eat the |
|
| 39:36 | and then they produce toxin that makes sick. Ok. Um, the |
|
| 39:41 | arthropods, so, arthropods and the weird name. These are uh helmets |
|
| 39:48 | like worms. So they're multicellular Ok. So they're, they're not |
|
| 39:54 | . Uh But there are like I , tape worms, uh heart |
|
| 39:58 | you know those who have pets, , you protect against that. Um |
|
| 40:02 | other types, um pinworms and things that. Uh arthropods. Now, |
|
| 40:09 | only reason I bring them up here of course, they're an animal, |
|
| 40:13 | sailor, but they're often the mechanism which many of these get transmitted. |
|
| 40:18 | things like TC fly and malaria through , um um ticks and things can |
|
| 40:24 | a very common uh but certain mosquitoes various types transmit many of these. |
|
| 40:30 | And so uh also is, is strictly with um fungi and um |
|
| 40:39 | Uh they can have complex life right? That's not something you see |
|
| 40:45 | a bacteria or viruses but uh involving hosts and things in some cases. |
|
| 40:49 | it can get a little hairy, . Ok. So, um |
|
| 40:55 | uh ok, so we're gonna start fungi and, you know, like |
|
| 41:00 | said, more likely here in the the fungal diseases that aside from viral |
|
| 41:06 | bacterial, you know, fungal these diseases are probably gonna be third |
|
| 41:11 | line to what you see. there's, there's the most, you |
|
| 41:15 | , might say benign types like a foot and, uh, you |
|
| 41:18 | nail fungus and uh kind of skin by various fungi are, are, |
|
| 41:24 | what you see, certain dermatologists right? But um it can be |
|
| 41:29 | serious than that as, as we'll see. So we talk about |
|
| 41:34 | right? So remember, ok, we're talking about today, they're all |
|
| 41:38 | Caros, right? So they're gonna the features that Eu Caros have, |
|
| 41:42 | ? Big bigger cells in the bacteria lots of organ animals and things like |
|
| 41:46 | , right? And so the fungi really um similar similar to us in |
|
| 41:51 | of, of the type of right? So, remember we're |
|
| 41:55 | right? And that's what fungi Uh fungi, of course, |
|
| 41:59 | don't ingest like we do. they typically secrete enzymes, break down |
|
| 42:06 | material then take it in. So kind of more absorption rather than ingestion |
|
| 42:10 | the fungus. Ok. Um They're , of course, they're prevalent in |
|
| 42:15 | soil, right? That's, that's thing is in soil and the they |
|
| 42:20 | and bacteria are the major ones that uh decompose, right? Uh break |
|
| 42:27 | organic material, that organic material. they're also because their thing is being |
|
| 42:32 | the soil, they have evolved many them relationships with plants and so plant |
|
| 42:39 | in the ground, right? And specific fungi that work with them to |
|
| 42:43 | plants take in nutrients and water. we collectively call that uh micro the |
|
| 42:50 | around these plant foods and the interactions fungi in the soil, um food |
|
| 42:56 | . So, um yeast used for of bread and other uh similar |
|
| 43:02 | Uh um also uh things like penicillin other drugs come from this group. |
|
| 43:09 | So they, they definitely have a benefit that way. Now, |
|
| 43:13 | terms of metabolism, they're mostly, , there's one thing. So when |
|
| 43:18 | look at fungi, um there's moles there's yeast. Ok. Um Does |
|
| 43:27 | know the difference between molds and Generally speaking? Right. Have more |
|
| 43:33 | more in a singular cell form, ? Think of them as being more |
|
| 43:38 | like if you will, they're, , they're more in the classic, |
|
| 43:41 | made up of individual cells. That's yeasts are. OK. Molds have |
|
| 43:46 | more of that. Uh the filamentous growth. OK? And we'll break |
|
| 43:53 | down as we go. But um are facultative anaerobes. Think of yeast |
|
| 43:58 | produce beer, they make alcohol, ? Fermentation. Uh moles are generally |
|
| 44:03 | , they have to have air. right. That's how they live. |
|
| 44:08 | sacrifice. That's the word we use describe those that decompose. That's why |
|
| 44:13 | both are asterisks, right? So , decompose that organic material. |
|
| 44:20 | So um the thing about fungi is you cultivate fungi in the lab, |
|
| 44:26 | you you get bacteria out of there growing them on a slightly acidic |
|
| 44:33 | So like ph five ish and that a lot of the bacteria that can't |
|
| 44:38 | that. So fungi grow and they that. Um If you look in |
|
| 44:43 | , in your uh food in your , right? Or pantry, um |
|
| 44:49 | things that get mold on it or like bread, right? So they |
|
| 44:52 | handle like low moisture bread is actually of acidic. So they kind of |
|
| 44:56 | that. Um If you, if had jelly in the fridge, it's |
|
| 45:00 | sitting there for like months, It's not bacteria that contaminated, it's |
|
| 45:04 | fungous on top because jelly is very , right? So hypertonic draws the |
|
| 45:09 | out uh but it's also acidic and fungi and they like that. So |
|
| 45:15 | so they can grow like on a a shower curtain, on your, |
|
| 45:17 | your bathroom wall, right? Places this. Of course, we're, |
|
| 45:21 | we're aware of um uh with the mold, right? That you can |
|
| 45:25 | on your sheet rock in your right? That's a little moisture. |
|
| 45:30 | but uh those things produce toxins that , that can harm you. So |
|
| 45:34 | so that you can have kind you know, nutritional uh rather habitat |
|
| 45:40 | habitats they grow in that that uh necessarily favor bacterium fungi like it. |
|
| 45:47 | . So, um so we talk molds and fleshy fungi. I guess |
|
| 45:51 | way to describe fleshy fungi is that more to it. All right. |
|
| 45:56 | more meat to it, uh to structure of it. OK. And |
|
| 46:03 | , um the body, so the , whether we talk about the body |
|
| 46:08 | a, of a uh of of a fungus or a, um |
|
| 46:12 | a lichen, we'll talk about here a second or even uh some |
|
| 46:17 | multicellular algae that have like a central . That kind of is the, |
|
| 46:22 | the, is the, is the base for it. And that's what |
|
| 46:25 | call a thus. OK. And uh the OK, are uh basically |
|
| 46:33 | , the, the filamentous growth of the mold. OK. And |
|
| 46:37 | the vegetative part. So when you that term vegetative, whether it's in |
|
| 46:41 | context of bacterial cells or whatever type life form, the vegetative form is |
|
| 46:45 | of the active growing form of the . OK. And so uh these |
|
| 46:52 | can fragment. So these, these dots, if you can see them |
|
| 46:56 | here are nuclei, nuclei of the throughout these filaments. And so it |
|
| 47:03 | be have little compartments. So you have divisions between the compartments and that's |
|
| 47:09 | we call sep septum septate hyphy are in little compartments. OK? Sino |
|
| 47:15 | means that's all together, right? no compartmentalization. OK. And So |
|
| 47:22 | , most mold are of this The type, that's the most common |
|
| 47:27 | see. OK. There are a that are like this but by and |
|
| 47:31 | , most during that septate form little . OK? And these can break |
|
| 47:37 | fragment and then they can grow a mycelium. So that's a way for |
|
| 47:42 | thing to grow as well. It's that's what we call fragmentation. Bits |
|
| 47:45 | the end come off and then they grow on their own. OK. |
|
| 47:52 | Now, OK. So vegetative versus my so the vegetative mycelium is the |
|
| 47:59 | that's anchored on the surface. It's throughout the surface. Think of a |
|
| 48:04 | mold, right? The bread you know, there's a part that's |
|
| 48:07 | embedded in the bread on top and , in ingrained in it, then |
|
| 48:12 | kind of like a fuzzy part on , right? The fuzzy part is |
|
| 48:16 | aerial mycelium. OK. So these , this is where like a spores |
|
| 48:21 | form. OK. And so I fungal spores that that's also an how |
|
| 48:26 | you know, you see the weather and so how many mold spores are |
|
| 48:29 | there, right? And they can allergies and things like that. So |
|
| 48:34 | so the vegetative mycelium is in, is on, on and in that |
|
| 48:39 | , right? That's what submerge OK. And aerial my above. |
|
| 48:43 | there's 22 a differentiation there between the . OK. And so here you |
|
| 48:49 | red mold and you see how this embedded into here because the vegetative mycelium |
|
| 48:55 | top, little white fuzzy things That's the aerial MYC, ok? |
|
| 49:00 | a powdery just got powdery kind of to it and feel to it, |
|
| 49:05 | . Um And so kind of a of it shown here. So here |
|
| 49:10 | Aerial MYC on top, that's the powdery stuff here and then uh the |
|
| 49:16 | vegetative mycelium kind of on the surface embedded. And these can be |
|
| 49:22 | OK. Um And that's just a of, of a a sack containing |
|
| 49:30 | bunch of spores. OK. And uh they can be released. So |
|
| 49:34 | , that's your basic mold structure. . And so um the uh uh |
|
| 49:43 | . So reproduction. So being a , of course, they can uh |
|
| 49:49 | through mitosis, right? They can through mitosis, which would be |
|
| 49:54 | OK. And of course, they be, there can be mating types |
|
| 49:58 | with fungi, the male and female referred to as plus minus. I'm |
|
| 50:03 | say the females or the plus male of negatives, right? OK. |
|
| 50:10 | OK. Um And uh and so had that ability, of course, |
|
| 50:15 | ? You can do me meiosis and gametes and make his eye go et |
|
| 50:19 | , but they can do asexuals reproduction , right? So, and so |
|
| 50:24 | having just mentioned the fragmentation phenomenon, ? Let me just go up |
|
| 50:29 | I thought I had a picture here here. Right. So these can |
|
| 50:35 | off and form new, a new mycelium or it can grow from a |
|
| 50:39 | , right? And it can be asexuals where you, you see this |
|
| 50:43 | mitosis, my visions and, and grows that way. Um So, |
|
| 50:50 | and so in terms of spore so whether it's enclosed, you can |
|
| 50:55 | of see how these are kind of free, these stocks are kind of |
|
| 50:58 | free flowing here. Um There's nothing it, whereas here, it's kind |
|
| 51:02 | in a tight bundle, there's actually covering over. That's, that's the |
|
| 51:06 | between Corio spor, not, not in a covering versus Spio sp |
|
| 51:13 | , in a covering. OK. and you know these kind of |
|
| 51:18 | So in actuality for fungi that are important, OK. It's really these |
|
| 51:28 | spores that they look at to help , the uh when you bring, |
|
| 51:38 | these into the lab to identify, kind of only do the asexuals formation |
|
| 51:46 | , they won't even go into the mode. This is kind of what |
|
| 51:49 | do, you know in nature, you can put them in a lab |
|
| 51:52 | throw them on artificial medium, then kind of only do do the asexuals |
|
| 51:56 | formation. And that's why that's why , that's the for clinical identification. |
|
| 52:02 | what they use is they have a in the score forms and things like |
|
| 52:07 | . OK. I don't know why difference is I it's but that's, |
|
| 52:10 | how it is. Um So so, so again, with |
|
| 52:16 | we didn't want that. So let me get out of this. |
|
| 52:23 | . Um So the, the area my, they just talk about that |
|
| 52:28 | a second. So the area of is where spores will form. So |
|
| 52:31 | , that's different from the my, the area of mycelium where the actual |
|
| 52:36 | will form. OK. That's how , that's how they're different from the |
|
| 52:39 | part. OK. So don't memorize cycle. OK. I'm just kind |
|
| 52:44 | show you example, rhizopus is a mold, right? It's your typical |
|
| 52:48 | mold. And uh you know, is a very common fungus. Uh |
|
| 52:53 | see it on, on bread that's on fruits, vegetables, et |
|
| 52:57 | Uh very common one. not necessarily by any means. But uh I |
|
| 53:04 | , I wouldn't want to eat right mold on it, but it's not |
|
| 53:07 | kill you nonetheless. Um So you the two cycles are asexuals and |
|
| 53:14 | Um the so again, the point the aerial hye produces spores. |
|
| 53:21 | This one just happens to be an hence for a right? Um The |
|
| 53:27 | and so this is completely asexuals, divisions, right? So, |
|
| 53:31 | in the sexual mode, how that is you'll have the mating types. |
|
| 53:37 | so if they um uh games right? So games are a product |
|
| 53:42 | meiosis, right? And so if have two different mating types, they |
|
| 53:46 | uh undergo what's called plasmogamy. And all that means is the haploid |
|
| 53:55 | nucleus is entering the cytoplasm of the the recipient. OK. Then in |
|
| 54:04 | stage, more of those nuclei infect respective donor cytoplasm. OK. And |
|
| 54:12 | what the Zygo for is. Then cary part is where the actual, |
|
| 54:18 | plus haploid nucleus and the minus haploid actually come together. OK. That's |
|
| 54:24 | car is forming A I basically And then that's diploid, right? |
|
| 54:31 | haploid when it gets inside the cytoplasm then they finally fuse now you got |
|
| 54:37 | diploid. OK. And then this diploid. Um uh then these produce |
|
| 54:45 | um that diploid entity will then undergo . OK? And you form alo |
|
| 54:53 | that are not that are genetically right? We know meiosis is all |
|
| 54:57 | producing genetically different games, right? so, so of course, this |
|
| 55:03 | what introduces the variation there. Lots variation occurs in the species because of |
|
| 55:09 | . OK. So that's this is nature of of what a mold |
|
| 55:13 | right? Everything up to this point this is how molds operate. |
|
| 55:17 | We haven't gotten the East yet. . Um Any questions about this, |
|
| 55:23 | , you need to memorize these but just if you differentiate between |
|
| 55:27 | area mycelium, all right, versus mycelium, you're pretty much good. |
|
| 55:33 | . Um All right. So uh again, yeast do not grow like |
|
| 55:43 | mold with the and et cetera, much like singular cells. Um And |
|
| 55:55 | you see here where, you they're pretty much producing, you |
|
| 56:00 | even this even cell, OK, much reduced uniform cells. OK. |
|
| 56:07 | budding types, right? Will um a, like a little what they |
|
| 56:14 | a, a protuberance at one end the cell and that will go larger |
|
| 56:20 | it comes off. OK? Like bud. OK. And so uh |
|
| 56:26 | single cell can actually produce like somewhere the neighborhood of 20 to 24 daughter |
|
| 56:34 | through this budding process. OK. And this is, I think |
|
| 56:41 | there can be both, this can be um just mitosis asexuals, but |
|
| 56:47 | even are among yeast. There, can be these plus and minus mating |
|
| 56:51 | as well. So they, they do that too. OK. A |
|
| 56:54 | sexual reproduction I'm saying, OK. Now, among the, just among |
|
| 57:01 | yeasts, OK. So um facultative where they can ferment, right? |
|
| 57:08 | we obviously know we use yeast for production, uh other types like bread |
|
| 57:14 | , things like this. Um And are certain disease causing types we mentioned |
|
| 57:20 | shortly. Um So, diamorphine pathogen in uh pathogens. Uh well, |
|
| 57:33 | have like two forms. And so nature, uh there'll be more of |
|
| 57:38 | a mold like with a high fee et cetera that we just talked |
|
| 57:42 | OK. But when they infect the , OK, they revert to more |
|
| 57:46 | a yeast like growth like you see , the singular cell type form over |
|
| 57:53 | . So you can kind of have types. I think um a a |
|
| 57:57 | human fungal pathogen is uh candida that yeast infections. Uh these they can |
|
| 58:04 | outside the body. It will look of like this when you cultivate it |
|
| 58:08 | the growth medium. But in the is annoying, um it will, |
|
| 58:13 | will assume this kind of yeast form , in the body. OK. |
|
| 58:19 | Now, OK. So here are of the pathogen types. Uh you |
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| 58:26 | , the cryptococcus uh meningitis. I it's um it's like causes something like |
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| 58:34 | of the meningitis cases in uh in country are caused by this type. |
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| 58:39 | saw. Uh II I know you know the CDC Center for Disease |
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| 58:44 | they put out all kinds, they all kinds of information about uh infectious |
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| 58:48 | , et cetera. And there's actually outbreak of this in uh in Mexico |
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| 58:54 | traced to a health care clinic, care clinic. And I forget what |
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| 59:00 | of Mexico, but a number of have emerged from this. I thought |
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| 59:03 | was, I thought that, it's kind of strange. But uh |
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| 59:07 | , so uh Pneumocystis. So most these uh if they don't cause a |
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| 59:12 | infection, usually your respiratory type of . Inhaling the even inhale the |
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| 59:16 | they can kind of germinate in your and they uh produce disease. You |
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| 59:20 | pneumonia types. Uh I'd say candida probably the most common of these uh |
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| 59:26 | of infections that fungus causes. Um is a respiratory illness, uh infecting |
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| 59:33 | and the lungs. Uh But then so if you look at so |
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| 59:37 | remember uh mycosis Myco although I know talked about mycobacterium and mycoplasma before. |
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| 59:43 | but aside from that, when you my usually related to a fungus, |
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| 59:49 | . So mycosis are diseases caused by . And so you can have different |
|
| 59:55 | , hold on. Um the uh , right? These are uh on |
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| 60:02 | skin Subbu under the skin, So say something like um yeast infection |
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| 60:08 | to other parts of the body. we call systemic um it soys. |
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| 60:14 | are types that really are cutaneous, inhabit the skin surface or um uh |
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| 60:22 | , hair on your skin, um , toenails, fingernails, uh they |
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| 60:29 | have an enzyme to break down the that makes up your toenails, |
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| 60:33 | a a as well as your Um They're very often cause different types |
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| 60:39 | dermatitis um which are basically kind of rash things, ok? And fungi |
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| 60:47 | often a a uh cause of Ok. So nothing that's necessarily |
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| 60:53 | but more just annoying, right? I actually have one of those two |
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| 60:56 | always pops up like in when, a cold, cooler months and it's |
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| 61:00 | like right at the right here with hair and skin need. So that's |
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| 61:04 | for a fungus. I guess. . Anyway, fortunately there's medication for |
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| 61:09 | . Um, but, um, , you know, like I |
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| 61:13 | you know, anthletes food also due a fungus. Ok. Um, |
|
| 61:19 | thing about it is it, you, you, you can, |
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| 61:22 | can treat them with the antibiotics. , but man, they are, |
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| 61:26 | takes a while. It could be with it because of their, you |
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| 61:30 | , I guess because of the of structure and, and how they infect |
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| 61:34 | the skin and whatnot. And i not easy for antibiotics to penetrate and |
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| 61:39 | , and they grow slow. So of all that together kind of makes |
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| 61:42 | you have to be persistent with whatever you're using there. Ok? Um |
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| 61:49 | , so again, you know, you go through this, you |
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| 61:51 | don't get in the weeds, Just kind of stay with her. |
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| 61:55 | . Here are the basic features of fungus and you know, your, |
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| 61:59 | , your moles and your yeast and , blah, blah. So, |
|
| 62:01 | know, if you just stick to , you know, I'm not gonna |
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| 62:03 | super detailed here. Ok. But questions. Yeah. So that means |
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| 62:12 | so typically it, it, that from, it usually results from an |
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| 62:17 | that begins like in a local part the body but then spreads um and |
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| 62:22 | obviously it becomes systemic, that's much serious. So it can happen through |
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| 62:27 | through your blood system, I affecting various organs or whatnot. |
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| 62:31 | there's different ways. Uh When we to chapter 14, there's a warning |
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| 62:35 | just full, it's full of full of terms. So you're gonna |
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| 62:39 | systemic again and I'll use some of terms again. Um So, um |
|
| 62:47 | , so lichen, so likens are much, they're, they're not nothing |
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| 62:50 | there's, they're not really one that , is a pathogen type. |
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| 62:55 | But it's interesting because it's kind of , it's a symbiotic relationship between a |
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| 63:01 | and a algae or santa bacteria. . Now, if you ever walk |
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| 63:06 | the woods, you've probably seen these right on a tree typically like |
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| 63:10 | Um These terms here, you you don't need to know, but |
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| 63:13 | relates to one way you describe a , uh how they look, |
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| 63:18 | The crust dose is like what you think crusty on the surface, |
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| 63:23 | Uh Folios, they look kind of a leaf. Ok. Uh Fruit |
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| 63:29 | kind of like a appendages that are out. So it's kind of how |
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| 63:33 | one way to identify these types. But there are quite a number of |
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| 63:38 | , but again, it's, it's relationship between um an allergy, |
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| 63:44 | Photosynthetic, right? And uh a fungus. Ok. And so the |
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| 63:52 | of course, provides protection, It's basically covering the allergy, um |
|
| 63:58 | kind of a, a way to them in through these. Um um |
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| 64:04 | well, these these extensions, the fee kind of help wrap around them |
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| 64:08 | kind of hold them in. Uh fungus benefits of course through the photosynthetic |
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| 64:15 | , right? So something like 60% the photosynthetic products, the products made |
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| 64:23 | photosynthesis is goes to the fungus. the fungus is definitely be benefiting from |
|
| 64:29 | . OK. Um And so these of the projections that kind of hold |
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| 64:35 | all together, um It has a called the cortex. OK. But |
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| 64:42 | , the what they both are getting this relationship uh is what is what |
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| 64:48 | makes it persist. And so where , um you know, you find |
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| 64:52 | things in various, you know, in the woods and trees and |
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| 64:55 | you also see them on some of green growth you see on like, |
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| 64:58 | know, statues, I've seen this the side of the SDL building kind |
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| 65:03 | a greenish uh that's that is, are likens growing there. Um uh |
|
| 65:10 | terms of, you know, what they provide us or something to look |
|
| 65:13 | is um they used to be used a source of, I think still |
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| 65:17 | today to some degree the source of , they, they produce these dyes |
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| 65:22 | um are used in clothing. Um , and also for different chemical chemicals |
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| 65:29 | products. Um they can, they this ability, I don't know why |
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| 65:34 | absorb uh cady positively charged ions. able to absorb these and and concentrate |
|
| 65:42 | and so you can use them as way to check air quality, |
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| 65:47 | You go because obviously they're getting it the air and you know, different |
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| 65:51 | types that they are, the types ions that they're holding on to or |
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| 65:56 | , that, that are penetrating them be an indicator of, OK. |
|
| 66:00 | is coming from the air is, is really a good thing or |
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| 66:02 | right? So you can be a of air quality as well. Uh |
|
| 66:06 | not only just these um with other can also be uh taken in and |
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| 66:12 | can, can show you uh via, again, a metric for |
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| 66:15 | quality as well. OK. Because prevalence in nature, that's why |
|
| 66:21 | Um Some do produce antimicrobial products but a lot of them. So, |
|
| 66:27 | you know, the main thing here unique relationship between a fungus, santa |
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| 66:31 | all OK? Or santa bacteria. . So, um OK. So |
|
| 66:39 | , the allergy we already know are , right? Um They produce oxygen |
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| 66:47 | a result of their photosynthesis. We that. And so like other Caros |
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| 66:52 | been talking about today, they can sexually asexuality, they can be mating |
|
| 66:58 | . Um The multicellular types, brown . So kelp um can be |
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| 67:06 | they can be like 50 100 m in the ocean, right? Super |
|
| 67:11 | , um very common uh red These are types you typically see in |
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| 67:17 | picture here here's a red allergy And so that, you know, |
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| 67:21 | can have, you know, certainly plantlike appearance, right? With |
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| 67:25 | uh in some case, so this structure here kind of the base |
|
| 67:29 | . That's again, we call that a thus we call that kind of |
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| 67:33 | base structure. OK. That holds all together, there's a green |
|
| 67:37 | So green ally, um in terms evolution, green algae, the ancestors |
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| 67:44 | green algae were the ones that evolved the plants that we know what we |
|
| 67:50 | . Kingdom plants. Kingdom plan. . Um Radio all typically live at |
|
| 67:55 | can live in the depths of the , of oceans uh or in deeper |
|
| 68:00 | , certainly because uh they absorb so absorb blue light reflects red, |
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| 68:07 | ? And blue light is actually higher light. So we can penetrate through |
|
| 68:12 | and that's why they can, they uh live in, in deeper waters |
|
| 68:16 | these others can. OK. Um what you get from algae are things |
|
| 68:22 | , well, the that you use certify the plates for lab that comes |
|
| 68:26 | them. Um Things like um if look on a food label, you'll |
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| 68:32 | them uh things like Carine. Uh these are victors are in foods to |
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| 68:39 | with the consistency of foods. Ice has it. Um So you get |
|
| 68:43 | from allergy, different types of Um So in terms of more the |
|
| 68:48 | are used too, right? So and diet. Ok. So um |
|
| 68:55 | similar in that they have actually silica , in them. So it kind |
|
| 68:59 | makes them a, a hard Ok. Um And it's from these |
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| 69:06 | that you form toxins. Ok. this is what affects humans. So |
|
| 69:11 | not, not ingesting these, it's the animals in the food chain that |
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| 69:17 | eaten them and then we eat So like a uh so what happens |
|
| 69:21 | remember, you know, your food , um if you go up up |
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| 69:26 | chain, right, in terms of of species, right? The bottom |
|
| 69:31 | is lots, lots of them, ? You progressively go up to fewer |
|
| 69:35 | fewer, right? And you go bottom to top, right? And |
|
| 69:39 | as you do, you can right? So you have these serve |
|
| 69:43 | a food source. OK? And things like uh clams and mussels and |
|
| 69:49 | eat them and they can get, can get concentrated in these, in |
|
| 69:53 | , in these sources. So then eat them and then we come down |
|
| 69:56 | the sickness, right? So a called Saxo to this is the one |
|
| 70:01 | is due to the um and the tide. So off of off the |
|
| 70:06 | of Galveston, that's happened a few . So things like uh Mussels |
|
| 70:10 | I think oysters may be affected by . So if there's been a red |
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| 70:15 | uh occurrence, you don't wanna, should, you shouldn't be harvesting, |
|
| 70:21 | the shellfish in those waters. because obviously they can potentially be, |
|
| 70:26 | you sick. Uh Sliter to, found in concentrations of fish. |
|
| 70:32 | again, uh another type of dinoflagellate these and diatoms. Um, as |
|
| 70:39 | have a toxin they produce. again, these all happen to concentrate |
|
| 70:45 | things like clams, mussels, those of mollusks. Ok. And of |
|
| 70:50 | , we eat them, we get . Ok. So again, |
|
| 70:53 | it's not getting sick from ingest us these things. It's getting sick from |
|
| 70:59 | the toxin. Ok. So a bit different. And so of |
|
| 71:03 | it's not gonna be, it's not , right? It's not like floating |
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| 71:07 | the air and you catch it. it's gonna be strictly like a |
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| 71:11 | it's not passed that way at It just from ingesting contaminated food. |
|
| 71:17 | . So, um the, the thing I'm gonna say, which we |
|
| 71:21 | talked about, we talked about earlier chapter 27 right? These album |
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| 71:25 | That's how these toxins can really have effect when the algae that produced them |
|
| 71:31 | up in numbers, right? We know this process before, right? |
|
| 71:35 | so, uh and it's happened in Gulf and so that's how you get |
|
| 71:40 | of these toxins produced, right? . Folks. Uh we'll end it |
|
| 71:45 | and so no class Thursday, I'll a video tomorrow to finish up the |
|
| 71:49 | of this and we can go over , any next Tuesday, we can |
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| 71:54 | over if you have any questions. . Um, |
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