| 00:15 | Yeah. Oh, yeah. Testing 12 Okay. Okay, |
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| 01:53 | let's get started. Uh, So since we last met, just |
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| 02:02 | screening fixed. So good. this is kind of not very |
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| 02:07 | but anyway, welcome back, Uh, your first day, |
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| 02:18 | and you go ahead by what If you do. Already got |
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| 02:24 | Um, but do not yet making couple days to some case send |
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| 02:36 | Oh, a couple things. So already uploaded the Mondays blackboard. Those |
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| 02:44 | you that those you had a thicker used it and I upload whatever points |
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| 02:53 | received. So tv. Uh, , if you use a functioning looking |
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| 03:00 | , you should see points, and should see a total points. Call |
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| 03:04 | thing for you. Um, that's what have to remember next week |
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| 03:10 | today. They started so on that the day? Yes. You ask |
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| 03:32 | , but not kind of the So, in the meantime, make |
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| 03:35 | the purpose really is to make sure working, getting your points if you're |
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| 03:39 | what you're supposed to see. So , uh So look, you look |
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| 03:43 | that. You get you also today have with maybe. Well, it's |
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| 03:59 | gonna be here next Monday, so want you. So you just makes |
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| 04:06 | get your points registering and everything's been . Okay? Yeah. With DVD |
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| 04:17 | help. Help fix it. Every you got. Um, Let's |
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| 04:25 | Uh, there was when I can . Is there any questions or |
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| 04:29 | Okay. Stuff way are gonna be . Took your questions today again. |
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| 04:35 | it's always gonna be child 41 all time. 41. And I usually |
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| 04:41 | . We'll start here in a couple with question to get the old brain |
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| 04:46 | working. Okay, um, thinking my grow, but it just kind |
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| 04:54 | recap those kind of weak end of one. So what do banks for |
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| 05:06 | on Wednesday? Um, is it just really isn't over you. What |
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| 05:19 | here is what they are. Where basic features, how do you define |
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| 05:23 | where they come from, where they , Um, all these kind of |
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| 05:28 | and so not going used super details these, cause that's what the rest |
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| 05:33 | the semester is about. But, know, basically is kind of getting |
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| 05:36 | here. This is what we're dealing Okay this semester. So, um |
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| 05:42 | , it really ended here with the and the bad writes. I'm talking |
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| 05:46 | microbes or good guys with bad but, you know, if there's |
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| 05:51 | thing to take away that I want to take away from this course Is |
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| 05:57 | at the India? You know Most of stuff I hear about the |
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| 06:01 | on what Not it's all disease causing that you know most. These things |
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| 06:07 | need we rely on. We must if we didn't have these certain by |
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| 06:13 | interiors, particularly in this category of and hear somebody, you know, |
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| 06:19 | literally would not exist on this planet the things they provide. Okay, |
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| 06:24 | , uh, indirectly tow us. the idea that you know, they |
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| 06:31 | good Most of these things are We need them. We must have |
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| 06:36 | despite the fact that we have to with infectious diseases, but regardless. |
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| 06:42 | , So good. Bad. And then we'll start with a |
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| 06:54 | we're starting with a clear question. , so here we go. So |
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| 06:58 | choices. So you want a missy up my answers? G through |
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| 07:05 | Um, but a through F or ? You're evaluating one of one's a |
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| 07:16 | B C D e a. Some these things. Uh, okay. |
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| 07:25 | this year. If anybody okay, can promote yourself, OK? If |
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| 07:36 | don't be guy I might do is thing you have to constantly remind me |
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| 07:44 | is open the stupid poll. I always forget to do that. |
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| 07:53 | , uh There. There we Okay. You can remind me just |
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| 08:03 | there. Okay. So Okay, it go. So 1 68 looks |
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| 10:04 | a head count. 69 70. , here we go. 12 |
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| 10:16 | g. All right. All So, G 71%. Uh, |
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| 10:21 | that. All right, so let's through the g d three are |
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| 10:27 | Okay. Uh, what's what's That's true. Be a uh, |
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| 10:39 | . That's so B B is the . See, a census, |
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| 10:51 | see is true. Uh, he Yeah. Those are the true |
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| 11:05 | Uh, but that's pretty good. , that's where you really know I'm |
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| 11:19 | . So what's what is what do call process B? As in |
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| 11:30 | Uh, no, no process is an actual fixation. Fixation uses in |
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| 11:43 | . It's the process called You're familiar you. But you all learned in |
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| 11:48 | bio was aerobic respiration. Right. is all right. Okay. |
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| 11:56 | the, uh What's example of a procured it can used in that |
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| 12:06 | And you're getting an example of Do you know? Yes. I |
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| 12:17 | they had every news. Nothing we reduced organic compounds. It was on |
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| 12:35 | oxidation reduction in a three weeks, , uh, reduced. So produced |
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| 12:46 | has their heavy an electron. like h two s if he said |
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| 12:50 | gas, Um uh, connection compounds ammonia. Aziz. Well, |
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| 13:06 | I don't curie Archaea can can do kind of things. Um, he |
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| 13:17 | true that Zion obey What type of forest emphasized basically sent me as a |
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| 13:24 | does court Phil. Uh um put in our after up to Oh, |
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| 13:36 | ones at fault here just went He that spot because you want to |
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| 13:45 | millions to build two billions and three zeros there. Ok, to make |
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| 13:51 | a true statement. It's false. written. Wasn't the one that |
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| 13:56 | although we'll talk about that. It coke who did that in theory of |
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| 14:02 | on liver cells. Kind of 80 kind of first thing we're gonna touch |
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| 14:06 | that kind of idea of, of a microbe. Any questions about |
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| 14:14 | um so let's look at that. defining a microbe. Um, so |
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| 14:24 | it's and there could be theirs. that often the case in biology? |
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| 14:31 | sure you found out that not everything fits, is a black or a |
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| 14:37 | answer, right? It's always only course, always only that, but |
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| 14:41 | are gonna be some open happen Some kind of my cold grey areas |
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| 14:47 | would seem to be contradictions, but was just things you have to be |
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| 14:50 | off. But no, that following trend. But you can have some |
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| 14:54 | these oddballs here and there. The is true for defining micro, but |
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| 14:58 | know, most basis taking what you to find out what you need a |
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| 15:01 | to see super time. You can't what the naked eye. That's pretty |
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| 15:06 | one of the basic criteria, but lots of things that could fit into |
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| 15:11 | . But for our purposes, really about microchips, a micro something you |
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| 15:16 | throw out in the environment, you survive on its own. Um can |
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| 15:21 | the condition. Um uh, use and produce energy and replicate etcetera. |
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| 15:29 | , the But you can't have two type metas Owens and we were |
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| 15:35 | Case of medicines are multi sailor OK, but even those could be |
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| 15:40 | . And in some cases, you you see, you use a |
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| 15:44 | But generally that term microbes reserve from organisms that can't they can be have |
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| 15:52 | shapes and arrangements. Think of Ah Cox, I r Cox I in |
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| 15:57 | . Okay, They may have some these kinds of arrangements, but they're |
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| 16:03 | are kind of single units or they have arranged. They, uh |
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| 16:08 | basically sells for the most part. , But we do and began Something's |
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| 16:12 | his like viruses. Absolutely. The electron microscope to see them time. |
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| 16:20 | they But they have kindness, you , Are they live and they're not |
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| 16:26 | . They're alive in the context of When they're inside of the host |
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| 16:31 | they're alive because they're replicating themselves and copies of themselves. But when they're |
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| 16:38 | with, you don't really know that not really doing anything. They're kind |
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| 16:43 | in this suspended animation kind of right? I can almost be pretty |
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| 16:47 | there's probably some buyers is on that right there. Um, but they're |
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| 16:53 | not gonna do anything until they can the host cell and then replicated. |
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| 16:57 | , while they're there, are they alive when they're inside of cell? |
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| 17:03 | . Okay, so they kind of those battle over to kind of |
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| 17:07 | if you will. Okay, now, I mentioned a little bit |
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| 17:13 | just about sizes and the scale of . So viruses, um, of |
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| 17:19 | . Smaller store talking terms of tents hundreds of thousands of micrometers. They're |
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| 17:26 | arrows, bacteria, archaea. We're of in that 1 10 micron |
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| 17:32 | but you carry out of microbes another x increase 10 20 x increase in |
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| 17:39 | . Beyond that, so and this of scale of basically sailor and part |
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| 17:50 | and molecular particles from this little size course for you type yourself. |
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| 17:57 | Eggs, Chicken. A. so I think this question determines the |
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| 18:03 | size of a self house small. get so here's our other, |
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| 18:10 | question. Ok? And that's asked is just be a cookie one. |
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| 18:16 | a yes or no. Hypothetically. have cell exist. That is that |
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| 18:23 | 11 matter meter in size point. micron. Okay, Super tight. |
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| 18:34 | , I didn't want that. Sorry 10. It's in trying. I |
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| 18:39 | do some of the stupid suffering so get used to it. |
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| 19:01 | You okay? He stragglers out 1 52 All right, now let |
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| 19:22 | go. Okay. All right. majority says a, um Who's |
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| 19:33 | It said? No. Why do say no? Exactly Right. That's |
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| 19:43 | why that's the correct answer. He not could not be super time. |
|
| 19:48 | if you look at the diagram uh, you can see the the |
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| 19:59 | stuff down here. Rights of things small molecules. Lipids. Okay, |
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| 20:06 | really in this very small range. if you start combining lots of rival |
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| 20:11 | , gnomes are in a cellar. most abundance. Most abundant molecules |
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| 20:16 | Is that kind of big? when you start having hundreds of thousands |
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| 20:21 | you know, it will be hard fit that in the 19 meters. |
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| 20:25 | , so the chromosome is big, ? So you're limited by the stuff |
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| 20:32 | that cells need. Which is OK, that viruses have kind of |
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| 20:38 | . Uh, that's why they can so small, right? Because of |
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| 20:43 | . Um, a virus that doesn't a lot of stuff on its |
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| 20:47 | right? It needs a hope. that's why buyers can be super tiny |
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| 20:53 | they don't carry a lot of Right? Chromosome, which is very |
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| 20:58 | compared to other Satan life. and, uh, no truth about |
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| 21:09 | inside them so they can make a sizes for that reason. Um, |
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| 21:18 | right, so kind of great areas the right term, but, |
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| 21:25 | get this thing out the way it there are some kind of, |
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| 21:30 | contradictions in some cases, but certainly , write your own tissue. Your |
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| 21:35 | cells, your brain cells. What you Yes, you know way. |
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| 21:40 | at those times microscope, but we call them technical microbe. Really? |
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| 21:48 | the order tissue or getting have you are very well, uh, |
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| 21:56 | Slash taking care of in your body provides all the conditions of temperature and |
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| 22:02 | . Uh, e those cells making petition would not survive on its own |
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| 22:10 | . Um, the viruses, I t think microbes I would not |
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| 22:19 | So the kind of degree area he's or not. But, Jerry, |
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| 22:24 | Mr Microbes, Micro Animals a lot's his Owens. He settled types. |
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| 22:33 | a water bear. They call it , um can be super tiny. |
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| 22:39 | need a Mexican. See it? we don't jump. Refer the |
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| 22:47 | Yeah, I think so. Differentiated To who? Um, and this |
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| 22:55 | , this guy do consider of microbe it isn't. It's archaea, I |
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| 23:00 | . But it happens to be big this vesicles here filled with a |
|
| 23:08 | So this is a fruit fly for group like that? Yeah. Since |
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| 23:17 | way anaerobic respiration. Just briefly that guys to s, uh a zey |
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| 23:30 | north. I was there molecule to breeze with, right, Like we |
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| 23:39 | oxygen at the end. Garlic turned chain covered that the water these guys |
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| 23:44 | take trade, including to nitrite and then use H two s is |
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| 23:50 | So they are have this unique But what it does for them by |
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| 23:55 | in this sack three it's kind of , uh think you will and, |
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| 24:10 | , allows them to to survive in environment. Right. So they may |
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| 24:15 | in an area where there's no or little of this, but they have |
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| 24:17 | with them in that big sack. can survive in those areas, but |
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| 24:23 | think he really expand so big that becomes visible. Okay, um, |
|
| 24:31 | , uh Okay, so microbial So these are not microbes? I |
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| 24:36 | , they're made up of of excusing made up of individual microbes. Of |
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| 24:42 | . Right. Calling a company eight individual bacterial cell would not be visible |
|
| 24:48 | the naked eye. But if you combine it with a 1,000,010 million of |
|
| 24:54 | neighbors get you see the visible Okay, some attribute to me it's |
|
| 24:59 | bio. Films are very important boats . Ah, from a medical |
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| 25:07 | biofilms are all about surfaces. in about microbes sticking to a surface |
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| 25:14 | then producing kind of a glue, you will to keep everybody stuck together |
|
| 25:20 | they typically will will reside in areas are nutrient rich because it does feed |
|
| 25:27 | in that biofilm. Eso is very seeing in different types of pipes for |
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| 25:32 | , sewer pipes. Because you'll have heavy material liquid flowing through when that |
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| 25:37 | feed everybody. Uh, then they to stick there. You may even |
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| 25:42 | that you're if you haven't even cleaned shower curtain in a while. You |
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| 25:46 | a film on there as well. could be a biofilm. Um, |
|
| 25:50 | teeth, right. That kind of feeling that you wake up with in |
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| 25:54 | mouth. That's biofilms on your right? So I think of, |
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| 25:59 | know, they have a nutrient rich . They're getting fed, right food |
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| 26:03 | through there to your mouth. um, lots of places where biofilms |
|
| 26:09 | . Okay, I noticed different phenomenon will see there this semester. That |
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| 26:14 | of drives a lot of this microbial , if you will is is a |
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| 26:22 | won. The biggest drivers for that is a nutrient is nutrients. Is |
|
| 26:27 | rich in nutrients or is it nutrient ? And that could trigger different types |
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| 26:33 | behaviors. Nutrient rich biofilms conform, poor. Then you can see things |
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| 26:40 | spores forming stuff like this. So see different examples during a semester where |
|
| 26:45 | new trick conditions can bring about very types of microbial behaviors, depending on |
|
| 26:52 | you're dealing with. Um, so they found? Okay, well, |
|
| 26:58 | word you always see associated with this is that you are ubiquitous. They're |
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| 27:07 | all over the place. Extremes of . Cold, hot. Uh um |
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| 27:16 | your body anger body. Ah, of soil. A table food off |
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| 27:22 | student full of soil has bazillions of . Um, uh, in the |
|
| 27:29 | reaches of the atmosphere. Okay, even think that maybe they may payroll |
|
| 27:35 | some cases, information of rain Another weather for them. Okay, |
|
| 27:42 | , here is the Red Sea. is, like these air have, |
|
| 27:45 | , soul concentrations of, like, . Right? So imagine, |
|
| 27:50 | you know what? We an environment that. Which What's that physical property |
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| 27:56 | the cells are gonna be fighting with live that empire in. All |
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| 28:00 | What's the cell gonna be? Losing . It's in a super salty |
|
| 28:06 | So there's adaptations right there. All probes, of course, have various |
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| 28:12 | to survive and not to survive, thrive in these environments. So the |
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| 28:16 | you see here aren't just getting by eking out a living. I |
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| 28:22 | they need that 25% salt to grow quickly. Okay, so they're not |
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| 28:29 | surviving. They are, in many , thriving in east apartments. They're |
|
| 28:33 | for it. Okay, uh, here to Mars. And so I |
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| 28:38 | a question thrown in. Space evidence for life on Mars. I |
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| 28:45 | to find microbes rather than creatures like alien monsters often depicted in science |
|
| 28:50 | E T. This is very right? Our blonde hair with the |
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| 28:55 | eyeballs. You will see that as alien. Okay, Why? Why |
|
| 28:59 | they always point to micro? Why wise at what scientists look for |
|
| 29:04 | but bring Yes, yes. it goes to really goes to |
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| 29:14 | So if you look at back at diagram here, so Mars environment is |
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| 29:20 | , very cold. Okay, so like this, um ah, |
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| 29:27 | uh, bill, It's precisely for reason, because where the way we |
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| 29:32 | in extreme environments on Earth, Whether with 16 cold, salty |
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| 29:37 | very hot would have you is my . You don't see metas Owens like |
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| 29:42 | , right? You know, thriving and so effective, maybe something like |
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| 29:55 | , Um I certainly believe that. don't expect to see something like this |
|
| 30:00 | around up there, honey. So , so discovery. Just kind of |
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| 30:06 | here. I think we all heard story band laid with Hook. Of |
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| 30:10 | , we all I think are aware , um, the different intricacies to |
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| 30:17 | with hook is, uh and they contemporaries. 16 hundreds is hope was |
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| 30:26 | one in terms of using a looking at stuff with a microscope. |
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| 30:32 | he just looked at hit, looked , um, various types of tissues |
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| 30:37 | plant tissues, animal tissues he looked , like things like fleas and butterfly |
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| 30:44 | and stuff like that. Not really first to look at microorganisms. His |
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| 30:50 | microscope is actually rather puny in terms make magnification. 30 x is not |
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| 30:56 | , but you're going to see bacteria 30 X. Okay. Labour Hook |
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| 31:00 | had, uh, hand lenses. and I don't nothing about grinding lenders |
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| 31:07 | what that all entails. But apparently was some kind of a rain man |
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| 31:11 | it came. Toe lenses, running , um, some kind of a |
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| 31:17 | , apparently because it is also very . He didn't want to tell anybody |
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| 31:21 | he did it, Okay? But published all of his findings. |
|
| 31:25 | you know, look, if you at the drawings from way back then |
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| 31:29 | certainly a protease up here, these bacteria. So, um, I |
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| 31:36 | in his magnification, they thought was 202 maybe 300 x. So you |
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| 31:43 | see some real larger from corrodes with . Really? Well, um, |
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| 31:48 | anyway, so that they will hook his animal cules. Okay, |
|
| 31:52 | of course, we're talking 16 Okay, if all kinds of what |
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| 31:57 | about that is where these things come their invisible to our eyes. And |
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| 32:01 | we're seeing this stuff. What that is it? OK, And so |
|
| 32:06 | where did they come from? So you get all these kind of crazy |
|
| 32:09 | which already been around for a This is actually something that bin Laden |
|
| 32:14 | a thought he saw because he examined . Okay? And he said he |
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| 32:19 | this in the head of a Okay, and that's closely enough. |
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| 32:24 | right? It's actually a fully formed . Okay, so I don't know |
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| 32:30 | he was smoking that day. but he this was part of it was |
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| 32:41 | cold. Apple eaten up for Okay, that the babys are |
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| 32:51 | And if deformed fetus was in a sperm woman didn't have a role other |
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| 32:59 | like being of it, right? 50 for nine months and out. |
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| 33:04 | , baby, that's her sole So I'm that that idea certainly fight |
|
| 33:11 | , but obviously it's ridiculous. So that I bring that up to illustrate |
|
| 33:18 | they're just kind of any viral or generation comes in OK, that life |
|
| 33:26 | just spring forth from spontaneously from Okay, um, you had to |
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| 33:33 | things like one thing you did have have to air. They really believed |
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| 33:37 | had to have air was part of process. You have to have that |
|
| 33:40 | their Teoh get these inanimate objects together make life. So I just Is |
|
| 33:45 | a picture that shows, you if you have, you know, |
|
| 33:49 | grain. Like if you have horses or cattle or something and you |
|
| 33:53 | your barn, you have your grain for your horses. Uh, if |
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| 33:57 | don't tidy it up and they use lid off or whatever, and it |
|
| 34:00 | get wet. Moldy stuff will grow fungus and get rot. Right. |
|
| 34:06 | you likely will see rats and mice around eating it. All right, |
|
| 34:10 | don't make the connection. Okay? that. The grain con's bring forth |
|
| 34:16 | and rats and stuff, right? not spontaneous. Generation is is, |
|
| 34:21 | we all know, ridiculous. so but people believe that for |
|
| 34:27 | Okay, if hundreds of meters. eso, of course, there were |
|
| 34:32 | people around. Okay, What? this really true? Or is this |
|
| 34:36 | , you know, mate made And so then came as a series |
|
| 34:40 | experiments during this time prior around 17 1800 trying to you know, this |
|
| 34:47 | real or not real. And so zanni one of these experiments where he |
|
| 34:52 | at. So the idea here is have brought us right and which basically |
|
| 34:57 | some kind of a soup beef soup . OK? And you eat it |
|
| 35:03 | ? You presumably kill anything in I need a flask open and you |
|
| 35:08 | a while on course stuff growing We all know that. OK, |
|
| 35:13 | you know, spontaneous generation people were This is life springing forth from non |
|
| 35:20 | . There is your evidence. so spelling Zanni goats. Okay, |
|
| 35:24 | just seal the flask. Okay, it, seal it. And nothing |
|
| 35:30 | grows. Unless I opened the Okay. And he goes, I |
|
| 35:38 | , um, and they go, , this is not that doesn't |
|
| 35:42 | All right? That's no good. right. So that the people that |
|
| 35:46 | a biogenesis no name for spontaneous generation ? No. Good, Because you're |
|
| 35:51 | letting air in there. All That's the vital ingredient, right? |
|
| 35:55 | to have Aaron there. Okay, and this brings in past George. |
|
| 36:03 | , So Pasteur was a chemist by . Um, but if you if |
|
| 36:11 | taken Tim, you he's someone. kind of threw it out. Left |
|
| 36:17 | lists Chire ality of molecules of the hand molecules. He's figured he he's |
|
| 36:22 | that figured that out, Among other . But even I was a |
|
| 36:27 | Is, obviously is he was famous stuff he didn't microbiology. So, |
|
| 36:35 | , and among those was about the capabilities of microbes. We'll make our |
|
| 36:41 | back, Teoh, but his generation in a second. So he the |
|
| 36:48 | French love their wine. Okay? so there was a period where the |
|
| 36:53 | being made had this weird taste to . OK, Basically tasted like |
|
| 36:59 | And they would make batches where this would happen. And so they cold |
|
| 37:04 | . And he, you know, a famous chemist. Of course, |
|
| 37:06 | figure this out, he looked at process. And so, you |
|
| 37:10 | I just really simplistically put up right? Grapes, Of course. |
|
| 37:14 | what? The sources of the sugar gets fermented. Okay, So in |
|
| 37:19 | absence of air, which we call way have the from a tape |
|
| 37:25 | too Alcohol. Okay, Which occurred my production? Okay, simple |
|
| 37:32 | So when he looks at that, more closely, uh, growing a |
|
| 37:38 | in the flag that there's cells attributed transformation making his alcohol right that we |
|
| 37:47 | the production of cells along with yeast in the east of making coming from |
|
| 37:52 | grapes themselves on the surface of the . Okay. And a zey use |
|
| 37:58 | . Get more plentiful, which you see by tracking from samples using a |
|
| 38:04 | . There's more, more. You not a question. More more |
|
| 38:07 | Seeing the link equating. Oh, cells are causing this metabolism is not |
|
| 38:13 | a strictly chemical, a biological It is a biological reaction occurring because |
|
| 38:19 | the growth of microbes. Okay. they're transforming these these sugar in the |
|
| 38:27 | to alcohol. Okay. And so , well, that's what's going |
|
| 38:32 | What's causing the the deviation where the doesn't taste right. What's that all |
|
| 38:40 | ? Well, of course not only yeast do this, but so too |
|
| 38:50 | bacterial contaminants. Okay, so bacteria take that and make things like acetic |
|
| 38:58 | , among other things. Right. various acetic gas. Appropriate onek |
|
| 39:04 | Um, re tear acid, generally acid. So during your c one |
|
| 39:11 | two c three c four, acids and alcohol jobs. Okay, |
|
| 39:18 | this is where he found that he see the oath. If certain bacteria |
|
| 39:25 | than that will make, um, asked if it was a different |
|
| 39:30 | It will make the city cast, he basically differentiated and associated various backdrop |
|
| 39:35 | different fermentation product. We call it this process. And so this is |
|
| 39:42 | the germ theory of fermentation comes out this. Okay, So number one |
|
| 39:47 | these reactions going on are due to . It's not just a strictly chemical |
|
| 39:53 | . It's cell based chemical reactions, you will. Okay, um, |
|
| 40:00 | , when you go from beginning to , you'll find that you have very |
|
| 40:05 | cells here, but lots of cells and lots of product. Right? |
|
| 40:08 | it's it's cells that are creating the products he could often you could |
|
| 40:15 | this today as well. Carrying out fermentation, those those have done this |
|
| 40:21 | lot. You can smell the test out of flask after the limitations on |
|
| 40:25 | kind of go. Oh, that's kind of this alcohol, that |
|
| 40:30 | kind of identify it by that, and so there's this huge right. |
|
| 40:37 | transformation of forgetting material occurring through the of micro organisms and their metabolism. |
|
| 40:44 | . And so so pasture then kind sets his sights on on this |
|
| 40:51 | it's generation argument, and you Okay, I'm gonna ingeniously find this |
|
| 40:58 | simple experience where he fulfills the requirements the spontaneous generation. People saying gotta |
|
| 41:06 | air in this system, right? doesn't work, so he makes a |
|
| 41:11 | here. It looks fairly normal, with broth in it, but he |
|
| 41:16 | this really long swan neck on Okay, so which is exposed? |
|
| 41:23 | , Air contaminants, contaminant. Something they're flying on dust particles, |
|
| 41:30 | Or totally under part clothes. And how they get into, uh, |
|
| 41:33 | containment. So with this system, can come in. But the dust |
|
| 41:37 | just by gravity in the neck, here, okay. And never gets |
|
| 41:43 | here unless he were to tip the of liquid, then goes down into |
|
| 41:49 | or breaks it off right there, it to directly to the air. |
|
| 41:55 | that case, it will get Okay, so he basically shows that |
|
| 42:02 | They claim that there are still flasks this sitting in his lab that have |
|
| 42:08 | been contaminated in 150 years of whatever is. But regardless, so he |
|
| 42:17 | , here's air, but I'm No growth. And, of |
|
| 42:22 | by, um, tipping the medium here sells appears the microscope and self |
|
| 42:29 | to appear in here if he does or explosive directly to air. So |
|
| 42:34 | other words, growing any life, we add life in the first |
|
| 42:39 | okay. And so it wasn't long the spontaneous generation people get up. |
|
| 42:47 | , But there is one side note , and that is Tyndall. |
|
| 42:53 | So he repeated Petrie's experiments, whereas sure didn't see that phenomenon he |
|
| 43:00 | And the phenomenon waas that in Sometimes when he did this, in |
|
| 43:06 | cases, he would get growth even the whole system was intact and he |
|
| 43:13 | carry over any liquid over here, would. This is the discovery of |
|
| 43:18 | Spore formers. Okay, so, , youth, you were spores in |
|
| 43:25 | contexts. Plants can have spores. can have spores. There's even other |
|
| 43:32 | types of that company's sports as But it's the and so we put |
|
| 43:37 | in front of it in those That's a very unique type of |
|
| 43:43 | Very resistant. Okay, they They have device, literally. I |
|
| 43:51 | . And those spores from material that's dated back 250 million years ago and |
|
| 43:57 | revived those bores and they've germinated. who sells? It's very resist, |
|
| 44:04 | , and that these two genera that those of those types of nothing else |
|
| 44:10 | than these two groups and this group trillium is one that, Um there's |
|
| 44:16 | lot of of pathogens in that group talks, informers and tetanus, for |
|
| 44:23 | . Botulism. Um, gangrene, you've heard of that, uh, |
|
| 44:31 | are members of this group and all a lot of most of all, |
|
| 44:35 | various toxins. Vasilis is the most one in that they're most most |
|
| 44:42 | but nine types in Vasilis. But one you've likely heard of is |
|
| 44:47 | Okay, that's in that group. the other ones are pretty much don't |
|
| 44:51 | cause aren't human averages. But both those types of roles, Missy. |
|
| 44:55 | organisms in soil, but very So what happened? What he did |
|
| 45:02 | um he would he would. Mr All crude flask. Here you |
|
| 45:09 | a flask, and you have won swan next on it. Okay. |
|
| 45:16 | very ugly Swan neck. Excuse and he would get growth, |
|
| 45:23 | And so he would look in and these forms that had kind of this |
|
| 45:28 | in a kind of very different. see, in those poor has a |
|
| 45:31 | unique, uh, depiction of So we get growth. And then |
|
| 45:36 | he would do is he would sterilise boil it. Okay, so what |
|
| 45:42 | happen is as as the boiled Okay, what initiates poor formation as |
|
| 45:52 | went down to temperature and cooled Then those some of those four foot |
|
| 45:58 | and grow. Okay, so then he boiled it again, he would |
|
| 46:02 | off those types. OK, so then there's still be a handful of |
|
| 46:07 | left and they would grow again. , so they have to keep repeating |
|
| 46:11 | cycle. Right? So at each , some of this force would Germany |
|
| 46:16 | the temperature came back down and you him, it boiling. And then |
|
| 46:20 | you keep doing at a few eventually the sterile broth and you would |
|
| 46:25 | maybe three or four cycles so but , tribute to the frankly, that's |
|
| 46:33 | we have an autoclave over in less Thio, make media for lab because |
|
| 46:38 | need the autoclave kill and those four place. Okay, that's that's what |
|
| 46:43 | kill them. Okay, um or extended boiling. But that's kind of |
|
| 46:49 | for making media. So there's this of important discovery there with that. |
|
| 46:55 | . Now, um Okay, so take a breath and look. It's |
|
| 47:02 | . OK, Ah, because we're Segway into the next part. So |
|
| 47:10 | does the germ theory of fermentation like germ theory of disease? It's kind |
|
| 47:15 | think about pasture and his work, germ theory of fermentation. Okay. |
|
| 47:25 | , so they both explain the infectious state. They both require animal |
|
| 47:33 | They both relate to changes in organic . Do the action microbes. They're |
|
| 47:38 | related at all. Oh, I say hey, idiot turned pulling on |
|
| 48:11 | . I think you're gonna figure this out pretty easy. Not what I |
|
| 48:18 | that one. Okay, so so, uh, let me show |
|
| 48:59 | , um, with this. so, um, germs to the |
|
| 49:06 | . So attributing my it's transforming. , uh, products for their |
|
| 49:16 | Healthy human. Uh, thank Excuse the gross picture. Okay to |
|
| 49:23 | connection, right? Exactly what you in the previous question, right? |
|
| 49:27 | It's really changes organic matter, So I mean, you just certainly |
|
| 49:33 | beating, right? We're organic matter well, So the idea wasn't |
|
| 49:38 | Pasture should showed that microbes can transform matter in the flask. Right? |
|
| 49:45 | toe sugar in grapes, toe Well, maybe that's you know now |
|
| 49:51 | just What happens when a person right that transformations are occurring to make |
|
| 49:56 | body on the well. Okay. that's kind of where coat takes |
|
| 50:03 | Uh, and it kind of really that down. Okay. And so |
|
| 50:09 | is the germ theory of disease. right. And so we called chan |
|
| 50:16 | . Establishing that microbe X causes Why, okay, and doing obviously |
|
| 50:23 | we're talking about here is infectious We're not talking about things like |
|
| 50:29 | disease or cancer, right? We're infectious diseases, which there is a |
|
| 50:34 | attributed to it. Okay, ideology kind of that fancy word for cause |
|
| 50:41 | of disease, and so co kind did this in two parts, if |
|
| 50:45 | will. And he was kind of out of the gate. Um, |
|
| 50:49 | establishing the cause and effect by looking anthrax, anthrax is a time he |
|
| 50:59 | looking at. It was kind of doctor out in the country. So |
|
| 51:05 | he could see the effects of anthrax Earth, life around him. So |
|
| 51:10 | was, like, this outbreak of . Cattle were dying. It becomes |
|
| 51:15 | what we call a a septicemia. sets in and a cow or |
|
| 51:20 | You're betting flowing to the blood. , and so all they really didn't |
|
| 51:27 | looked at. Okay, here's diseased . Healthy cows. I only he |
|
| 51:33 | blood samples, looks under the he goes, I'm only seeing this |
|
| 51:38 | . That's the the what they look Bacillus anthracis. Looks like, |
|
| 51:43 | I'm always seeing this in the blood sick cows, not healthy cows. |
|
| 51:48 | now it begins to make the Right. So So that's, uh |
|
| 51:53 | he took took blood samples containing this put in a healthy animal, the |
|
| 52:00 | would get sick. So this is we were fairly easy to establish |
|
| 52:04 | When you can find out the cause disease, we're looking at a blood |
|
| 52:10 | . You don't have to do a of work, but they're off |
|
| 52:14 | Those kind of that. That's really . But they're sensing, you |
|
| 52:19 | trying to figure out cause of Okay, because now involved get a |
|
| 52:26 | that isolate and culture. And so actually was huge. Figure out these |
|
| 52:33 | and waited ways because once it figured this had application across the board in |
|
| 52:41 | areas of microbiology, right? you to study a bacterium in the soil |
|
| 52:48 | you have a way to do take samples, grow the plate them |
|
| 52:53 | and then studied. Okay, so gonna apply it all areas of |
|
| 52:58 | So this is, like, 18 . So the seventies, eighties and |
|
| 53:03 | , they call the golden age of because of this and allowed, you |
|
| 53:10 | , scientists that look at microbes and all types and have ways to study |
|
| 53:17 | . And so the development and you'll it's a lab starting week after |
|
| 53:24 | but developing aseptic, pure coach aseptic work without introduction of contamination. |
|
| 53:32 | why we have to worry about Remember pasture, right then the flask |
|
| 53:36 | exposed to air stuff comes in and , right, so microbes are |
|
| 53:41 | right? So if you want to of certain microbe, you want to |
|
| 53:45 | so in the pure way. You're looking at it and nothing else. |
|
| 53:50 | you have to do things in a to minimize contamination of the air wherever |
|
| 53:55 | . Okay, that's what all the universal techniques that allow you to do |
|
| 54:00 | the time And, of course, basic types liquid growth growth of laboured |
|
| 54:06 | both in solid medium to two different for those things but essential purposes. |
|
| 54:13 | you want to grow up lots of time for purposes of I say |
|
| 54:21 | I saying proteins would have you use . Okay, um, if you |
|
| 54:27 | can be a part of attaining appear , but only a part because you |
|
| 54:34 | . You can't. You gotta make of themselves in here. Um and |
|
| 54:39 | can look under a microscope, take sample and see that. Okay. |
|
| 54:43 | may see different types from a around what have you, but you cannot |
|
| 54:48 | , right? You can't. You to get a something you can work |
|
| 54:52 | . Okay. On a plate and . Right. So here's a mixed |
|
| 54:56 | Might see yellow types and more pig . Right. So you take it |
|
| 55:01 | of here, put it on the so you can see visible colonies can |
|
| 55:07 | . You can take this guy. him, put another plate pure |
|
| 55:12 | right. Take this guy here. cultures not get pure cultures of |
|
| 55:19 | Only by going through this step because you can't do that. We're |
|
| 55:24 | a little culture. Lets you have pair of tweezers and pull ourselves, |
|
| 55:28 | , of course you can't, That's why it's solid museum in that |
|
| 55:33 | . Um, so again, eso excludes was being in terms of all |
|
| 55:39 | microbiology. Really? Now you Now you can study these things. |
|
| 55:44 | , I'll skip that question. I'll that one next time. So here's |
|
| 55:47 | question that relates to the next thing talk about. Uh, yeah. |
|
| 56:01 | this is about which the false statement and again to the young of pathogens |
|
| 56:13 | what they can do you could eat That's okay. Alright, folks, |
|
| 57:55 | make a choice on. Okay, e and f Okay, um, |
|
| 58:11 | see here. All right. uh, which is the false |
|
| 58:17 | Um, healthy persons can carry pathogens becoming diseased. Is that true? |
|
| 58:27 | , so which is what the example that I'm so really okay. Are |
|
| 58:39 | persons that have the h of HIV not showing symptoms, can they? |
|
| 58:45 | , you will eventually succumb to the . Okay. Okay. Um, |
|
| 58:53 | am going to say that that's not best example. Ok, Does anybody |
|
| 58:58 | another example? Um, no, don't think no That's a tick borne |
|
| 59:06 | . Yeah, later. What? , uh, no. Because I'm |
|
| 59:18 | say that that person can still succumb tuberculosis. I'm not aware of healthy |
|
| 59:25 | with T B. I think that's of gray area looking for a little |
|
| 59:30 | better. Example away? Um, , its gonna be We're talking about |
|
| 59:38 | a, um, people that have , I will be called carriers, |
|
| 59:44 | they shall never show any symptoms of at all. Never succumb to |
|
| 59:49 | but are the ones that hand it to other people. So certain disease |
|
| 59:54 | that occur? Yeah. That's not disease. Uh, yes, it |
|
| 60:03 | be. I think that's not Maybe may fit, but don't. |
|
| 60:24 | right. Because that could happen. along those lines, like ico |
|
| 60:34 | Coli 0157 words that chipotle e. Let us let us that one. |
|
| 60:41 | one's actually in cattle and Keller show signs of don't come down with the |
|
| 60:45 | , but they spread that through their into crops that are maybe nearby. |
|
| 60:51 | that's how we end up with with . Lettuce. Yeah. Which |
|
| 61:00 | Um, yeah. Herpes virus. , the one I'm really thinking about |
|
| 61:05 | you all got vaccinated for this for to school. Meningitis? Meningitis? |
|
| 61:13 | that what you're gonna say? uh, meningitis, Um, you |
|
| 61:20 | , I don't want toe because you tuberculosis. Somebody else said, |
|
| 61:25 | HIV. Um, typically, when look those books, when you looked |
|
| 61:31 | what diseases up in the book textbook is generally it's ah, Is it |
|
| 61:35 | infection? Um, there's a term Reservoir Reservoir of infection. That's kind |
|
| 61:42 | that's the source of the of the room. If you want to find |
|
| 61:46 | pathogen, where would you go? look at the reservoir where it naturally |
|
| 61:50 | . Of course, there has to from that reservoir to you. And |
|
| 61:53 | are different modes of transmission. Through the air, through water through |
|
| 61:58 | and eating contaminated food. Um, , uh, is jury night? |
|
| 62:04 | . Anybody who is sick with disease technically path of somebody else, but |
|
| 62:08 | talking about Carrier is unique in that they show no symptoms of disease and |
|
| 62:13 | had the disease. They just caring organism. Okay, Meningitis is ones |
|
| 62:18 | , I think 40% could be even of just the normal healthy population carries |
|
| 62:25 | in their throat. Okay, But it when it passes from them to |
|
| 62:30 | susceptible host, then that's when outbreaks . So meningitis is commonly occurs |
|
| 62:36 | So you got back sand because many you live in dorms and close |
|
| 62:40 | and that's where engineers can spread. healthy person just carries it in his |
|
| 62:45 | . But then a susceptible person picks it up, then spreads it |
|
| 62:50 | X Y z. Yeah, that again, Um, uh, |
|
| 63:02 | gonna be that's that's passed on That's a genetic mutation. You're gonna |
|
| 63:08 | that on that? That really isn't the infectious disease mode. OK, |
|
| 63:15 | they think it's like meningitis. Typhoid said, Yeah, it could be |
|
| 63:31 | , uh, a lot of there's lot of actually human infectious diseases that |
|
| 63:40 | are actually the reservoir change staph infections the reservoirs for that as well, |
|
| 63:46 | , um okay. I need to the B, c and D. |
|
| 63:49 | could be a single passenger may cause than one disease. Uh, what's |
|
| 63:54 | that Okay, well, they cause cancer. That comes other kinds of |
|
| 64:07 | . Okay, But anybody else example that? Yeah, singles. |
|
| 64:15 | we have chicken pox. That's called . Duracell exhausted. Fire to |
|
| 64:22 | Causes chickenpox and causes shingles later. . Um, streptococcus pi. |
|
| 64:29 | Ginny's throat causes, um, can , um uh, uh from the |
|
| 64:40 | one. Three or four different things you can cause with that media is |
|
| 64:44 | true. 80. It's true. true. Ceased in 24 years. |
|
| 64:49 | disease, Curtis Air to be HIV is one of those. |
|
| 64:55 | which one? That would be Wouldn't I have an upset to the |
|
| 65:09 | microbes in your gut when you when get upset that that piece out will |
|
| 65:16 | because it's juicy, held in check your normal microbes. When they kind |
|
| 65:19 | go away, you're on and after , maybe they will pop up. |
|
| 65:23 | that's what causes problems you got. , uh, multiple patterns could cause |
|
| 65:31 | same disease, but I haven't Something else puts their hand up |
|
| 65:40 | What do you say? Uh, . Ah, true. I'm thinking |
|
| 65:50 | things like pneumonia, all right? when it caused by various bacteria because |
|
| 65:55 | come because even by I think certain , um uh so your example as |
|
| 66:03 | , so basically, A, C and D are all true. |
|
| 66:07 | of these are false statements. So don't mention this at all because of |
|
| 66:16 | . Coax, Postural. It's Um, and don't take it to |
|
| 66:23 | . Know that this that this is about it, because there are these |
|
| 66:27 | to it. Okay, we just quickly, um, So what is |
|
| 66:32 | is this? And so it's uh, way to established cause and |
|
| 66:38 | . Is microbe causing particular microbe causing ? So it's based, of |
|
| 66:43 | of having an animal model to do . And, um, you find |
|
| 66:48 | in all cases of disease, my is not fat, healthy individuals, |
|
| 66:53 | we know there except that it's But , like that pathogen time, um |
|
| 67:08 | then we can grow it up in culture. And then we can take |
|
| 67:13 | pure culture and inject a healthy It becomes sick. Okay on. |
|
| 67:21 | then, of course, we can that. Say morninto. This matches |
|
| 67:26 | you see here and here. So cast have a built in repetition to |
|
| 67:32 | make sure that you are indeed citing same microbe each time. And you're |
|
| 67:37 | the same disease symptoms. Okay, the model itself is still Ballad the |
|
| 67:42 | our country. It's CDC Center for Control in Atlanta that, um, |
|
| 67:48 | know, they follow this model, of course, we have 100 |
|
| 67:53 | Okay, um, knowing about carriers , you can have healthy people that |
|
| 67:59 | that. My pathogens, that the disease one pathogen doesn't necessarily apply in |
|
| 68:04 | cases. Okay. Or even one in one disease you get multiple. |
|
| 68:11 | these culture ability of patents. He lucky that he could culture the diseases |
|
| 68:17 | he looked at. You could actually the pathogen. That's not always the |
|
| 68:21 | . Most most. Most of the on planet Earth no out there, |
|
| 68:29 | can coach them. We don't know what they need to grow on. |
|
| 68:34 | true for pathogens as well. We haven't. They have to grow in |
|
| 68:38 | lab. The bacterium that causes syphilis Buckman known for 120 years. We |
|
| 68:44 | yet the culture in a lab. , viruses. Of course. There |
|
| 68:50 | nothing was known in his time about . He had picked HIV at first |
|
| 68:55 | . He was he would have been . Okay, No, way Teoh |
|
| 69:00 | virus at that time. Okay, So, like a lot of things |
|
| 69:05 | science, you know, sometimes Sometimes it's just not work, but |
|
| 69:09 | the point here is you don't still , But we just kind of do |
|
| 69:12 | steps nowadays with with the knowledge that gain right are aware of these exceptions |
|
| 69:18 | because they still do this process. , yeah, right. Or it |
|
| 69:34 | be. But it's gonna take a more work to figure it out. |
|
| 69:38 | . So But but But because we about things like viruses and what |
|
| 69:46 | it's not gonna stop. We just to We have a lot more in |
|
| 69:52 | in our arsenal to figure these things . Researcher wise that we did 100 |
|
| 69:59 | . I'm and just modify if things going as you would expect, Just |
|
| 70:05 | . OK, well, maybe maybe, sister, That so you |
|
| 70:08 | of just I'll be what was carried , Michael, keep cutlet infectious |
|
| 70:23 | Okay, how do we kill Right. So then, of |
|
| 70:27 | the focus is on that really? things that are causing suffering humans and |
|
| 70:33 | facts come to play and a vaccination basis of immunity. So here we |
|
| 70:40 | a human, and, uh, putting some microbe into that human and |
|
| 70:45 | body has ways of fighting this OK, And so one of the |
|
| 70:51 | ways, here's our pathogen. What the What are the things you can |
|
| 70:57 | to attack that pathogens? One of main things they look like one of |
|
| 71:05 | things they look like this, So antibodies your body produces in a |
|
| 71:14 | to so antibodies, um, recognize bind to what? It's another A |
|
| 71:26 | and agents, Right. So antibody . So an engine is literally any |
|
| 71:32 | of agent that will that will induce numerous spots. Okay. And that |
|
| 71:38 | be anything on the periphery of, , a bacterial cell or virus. |
|
| 71:45 | . There was various types of proteins , like etcetera, structures that your |
|
| 71:50 | can't see and recognize and produce antibodies . And you know, the basis |
|
| 71:55 | vaccinations really about introducing a agent gin to your body, either in |
|
| 72:04 | form of a whole cell or virus been that's been attenuated, attenuated means |
|
| 72:10 | limited or two to render it on causing on. That's what todo back |
|
| 72:18 | are those that are like that. can activate the agent, but our |
|
| 72:25 | enough to induce an immune response. that's your immune system that reacts to |
|
| 72:30 | , then produces antibodies. Okay, what vaccination is all about. And |
|
| 72:36 | Jenner and others developed these things. I think, uh, yes. |
|
| 72:44 | good place to stop, folks. thanks for hanging in. Have a |
|
| 72:47 | weekend. Three day weekend. See next Wednesday. And look, look |
|
| 72:54 | your thicker |
|
