| 00:04 | All right, y'all Mhm. We've our long weekend. Yeah, |
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| 00:13 | We've got to watch the cubs It's never long enough. Yeah, |
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| 00:17 | mean, you can't win a game you're going to throw for three interceptions |
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| 00:20 | have a fumble. You just you do that. That's the other team |
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| 00:24 | like seven of them. But so , what we're going to do um |
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| 00:30 | we're going to finish up where we off on thursday. I don't remember |
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| 00:34 | day it is. It's always Even after a long weekend, Tuesday |
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| 00:37 | doesn't feel right. It feels like still um Oregon is we're gonna we're |
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| 00:42 | look at the central doctor. We get stuck in the weeds. Which |
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| 00:50 | something that I can do. Because find it all really interesting. |
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| 00:53 | what we're gonna is we're hopefully going kind of run through that. And |
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| 00:55 | what we're gonna do is we're gonna at how we move molecules across the |
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| 01:00 | . Alright, So, remember what said is that that plasma membrane serves |
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| 01:03 | a barrier. And so what we to do is we want to selectively |
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| 01:08 | what goes across that membrane so that cell can do the work that is |
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| 01:12 | to do kind of like you have door to your house and you get |
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| 01:15 | decide who gets to come in and doesn't Right. In fact, don't |
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| 01:19 | vampires in because once you do they're allowed to come in whenever they |
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| 01:24 | . Some of you know what I'm about. Yeah, I know it's |
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| 01:27 | in the morning. All right. starry. Try to be funny. |
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| 01:33 | . Wake you up. All So this is the central document. |
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| 01:35 | simple. It says D. A. Is transcribed keyword transcribed in |
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| 01:40 | . RNA has been translated into a and the protein does the work of |
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| 01:45 | self. So most of the transfer the transcription takes place the nucleus of |
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| 01:50 | cell. Uh The translation takes place here in the side of side is |
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| 01:56 | around in the cytoplasm and then the , depending upon what type of work |
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| 02:01 | you make is doing its work wherever is. All right. So what |
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| 02:04 | want to do is we just want first make some definitions. Just let's |
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| 02:08 | understand and have the same language that going through. So, first |
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| 02:12 | when you're talking about DNA remember N. A. Is all the |
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| 02:16 | click material. All of the all the genes of your body. It's |
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| 02:19 | your genome. All right. And only interested in a gene. And |
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| 02:23 | you go and look at a stretch DNA, if you take that DNA |
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| 02:26 | stretch it out, you're going to that it's not a continuous piece of |
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| 02:31 | that it's an information that gets interrupted and over again over a certain |
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| 02:36 | whatever the gene happens to be. you can say, okay this is |
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| 02:40 | it starts. This is where it . But there's some intervening material. |
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| 02:43 | this is where we get these two Exxon's entrance. An Exxon is the |
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| 02:49 | of the gene that you're using to the protein. The entrance is the |
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| 02:54 | of DNA that interrupts the Exxon's All . So, I know this isn't |
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| 02:59 | make a lot of sense to Makes a lot of sense if you |
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| 03:01 | Children, Alright, every time you down to read something, child's gonna |
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| 03:06 | up and interrupt you. And if you brain and what you're reading |
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| 03:11 | what they're saying is a continuous The Exxon is what you're reading. |
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| 03:16 | interest is what the kids are gathering you. I do love my |
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| 03:20 | but they interrupt I got four of . So they interrupt all the |
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| 03:23 | All right. So, we're gonna how how this does. Now |
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| 03:27 | Like I said, I can get in the weeds very, very |
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| 03:30 | Well, that's not our goal All right, well, I wanted |
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| 03:33 | show you is how we're going from DNA to that protein. Now, |
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| 03:36 | are lots of different our NHS And are not the limit. Okay, |
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| 03:41 | , we have what is called transfer . And you can see we have |
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| 03:44 | little abbreviations Tr N A R and M RNA. So transfer rebozo messenger |
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| 03:48 | RNA is the type of RNA. a carrier, what it does it |
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| 03:53 | to an amino acid and it moves amino acid to where we're making proteins |
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| 03:58 | zonal RNA are is that are in couple with a couple of proteins that |
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| 04:02 | those ribbons owes And the messenger RNA the actual message from the gene that |
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| 04:09 | looking at. Okay, so all of these are gonna be involved in |
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| 04:14 | synthesis. We're gonna put them all and show how it all works now |
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| 04:18 | you take an upper level class or you're learning other stuff and they start |
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| 04:21 | other types of our days and you're I've never heard of these things. |
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| 04:24 | because we're not bothering with them Okay. They're insignificant for what we're |
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| 04:29 | about now. If all you've ever is taken high school biology and all |
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| 04:37 | ever done is is really seen two of DNA. You've seen this picture |
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| 04:42 | it's kind of this X. Looking . What we call a chromosome or |
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| 04:46 | seen the double helix down here. in the nucleus only exists in this |
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| 04:53 | when the cell is divided. All . So that's not a good |
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| 04:58 | What we've done there is we've said have lots of D. N. |
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| 05:01 | . We need to pack it up that we can duplicate it and split |
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| 05:05 | into two cells. So packing it really really tight like that is like |
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| 05:10 | packing all your things into a suitcase go on a trip. All |
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| 05:14 | And then you go on your trip then you come back home and then |
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| 05:17 | goes back out on the floor and the into the drawers and stuff like |
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| 05:21 | . All right. DNA that looks this is just for us to see |
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| 05:27 | at its most basic molecular level. exists in the in the nucleus in |
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| 05:34 | form of what is called chroma Alright. Chromatic isn't just DNA. |
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| 05:38 | genes, proteins and RNA and And you can see here in terms |
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| 05:41 | ratios. I'm just kind of just that. Really, what we want |
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| 05:45 | look at is this right here, two things we have DNA and you |
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| 05:50 | see what we've done is words kind getting it nice and tight and small |
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| 05:53 | what it does, it wraps around proteins called his stones. And this |
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| 05:57 | how the nucleus and how the cell its D. N. A. |
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| 06:01 | know what it should be. Working , what genes are turned on, |
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| 06:05 | genes are not to be messed Their played with. All right. |
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| 06:09 | , the D. D. A. That's hidden away from the |
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| 06:13 | is kind of wrapped up really really around these headstones and something that's called |
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| 06:18 | chroma tim. And if you look in the cell, you'll see there's |
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| 06:21 | of darkness and there's areas of light the nucleus. The areas of darkness |
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| 06:26 | that DNA that's kind of packed in . The area that's kind of light |
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| 06:29 | where the DNA has loosened up. that the machinery that's responsible for reading |
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| 06:35 | DNA can actually go through and read . That would be you crow |
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| 06:39 | All right. So that's how it it. And you can see if |
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| 06:43 | keep going out and out and then you can get up into that |
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| 06:46 | . But for the most part, is how it exists. And it's |
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| 06:48 | tight or or it's loose. All . So, what we're focusing on |
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| 06:53 | we're talking about making proteins is we're this type of D. N. |
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| 06:58 | . In the U. Chroma So in our little cartoons and every |
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| 07:03 | you see, remember it's us trying make it easy for us to |
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| 07:06 | So, if you're looking at I don't understand it, remember it's |
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| 07:09 | an attempt to make something that you really see visible. So, what |
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| 07:15 | trying to show you here, here's DNA in the nucleus in that alpha |
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| 07:19 | form. All right. And then here, what we're doing is we |
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| 07:22 | want to waste of time making the hillocks. We're just going to draw |
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| 07:24 | line to represent the actual sequence. , so, you can imagine what |
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| 07:30 | looking at here looks something like It's a sequence of nucleotides. There's |
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| 07:35 | place where the gene starts, which always represent with an arrow and then |
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| 07:40 | have an area where the gene ends always ends with the stop sign. |
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| 07:44 | how we make it easy for you understand arrows begin, stop signs |
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| 07:48 | And what this represents that shows you exxons and R. N. |
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| 07:53 | So what we're doing is we're saying between the start and the stop is |
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| 07:58 | gene whether we code with it or don't. And so the process of |
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| 08:03 | is making an exact copy of that with all the stuff that's there, |
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| 08:09 | it codes or it doesn't code. , when we copy that, there's |
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| 08:15 | stuff in there which we're not even to bother worrying about. Okay, |
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| 08:19 | what all this other junk is. worry about. So what it's basically |
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| 08:22 | is, look, I'm going to my jean and I'm going to make |
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| 08:26 | exact replica that we're going to call pre M R N. A. |
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| 08:31 | , when you see the prefix pre something, that means processing must take |
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| 08:37 | . So the gene has stuff in that I don't need and I'm gonna |
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| 08:41 | it so that I only have just stuff I need. And that's what |
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| 08:44 | next step is. It's called this . There's a lot of details |
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| 08:48 | You don't need to know them all than I am processing the MRNA to |
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| 08:53 | it usable. And basically what it here is my M. R |
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| 08:57 | A. I have intervening sequences. things that I don't need to have |
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| 09:01 | things that I do need. The thing I want are the things that |
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| 09:04 | that I do need. So what first thing you want to do is |
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| 09:07 | want to go through a process of splicing simply says get rid of the |
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| 09:12 | I don't need. That's what these is down here. You can see |
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| 09:15 | I have left are just the Exxon's , why do we have them instead |
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| 09:23 | just one? Because the methodology or process of translation is complex and one |
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| 09:30 | doesn't always mean one protein. There what is called alternative splicing and it |
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| 09:35 | complicates things. So don't look at picture go it's all confusing that |
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| 09:40 | just say all I'm doing is I'm from long message that has too much |
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| 09:44 | to a message. That makes sense the cell. And then I want |
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| 09:49 | keep that and protect that. So I'm gonna do is I'm gonna modify |
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| 09:52 | end. What is called capping and a poly a tail or probably |
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| 09:57 | And what that does is it protects . So that the message sticks around |
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| 10:00 | a long period of time. All . Just so you understand the half |
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| 10:06 | , you guys heard the term half before? Right? Half light is |
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| 10:09 | period of time in which something goes 100% down to 50%. The half |
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| 10:14 | on an RNA is incredibly short. other words, your body wants to |
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| 10:19 | there and chew things up so that doesn't exist. Okay, so by |
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| 10:25 | these two protective things on the it increases the half life. So |
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| 10:29 | message. The thing that you're trying build from sticks around for a long |
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| 10:34 | of time. The second thing I to point out here, alright, |
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| 10:38 | you look at these cartoons, they're to show you a straight line. |
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| 10:42 | . Mrna doesn't exist in a straight normally. Usually what happens is poly |
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| 10:47 | tail attaches itself to that cap. you have a rain and if you're |
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| 10:51 | something from the front to the back you're in a ring, are you |
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| 10:56 | to stop at the end? You're keep going around and around around. |
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| 11:00 | you can make lots and lots and and lots from that one reading |
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| 11:03 | Yes sir. What's the point So it's a really good question. |
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| 11:10 | that's and it's this is a question you kind of answer in genetics. |
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| 11:13 | the short answer is its evolution evolutionarily for the purposes of alternate splicing. |
|
| 11:20 | ? So if you look at pro outs and see this is where we're |
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| 11:24 | in the region. If you look like bacteria stuff, they don't have |
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| 11:26 | in trans. It's the you carry that started picking these things up. |
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| 11:30 | you can look at organisms that have and what they did was they were |
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| 11:35 | to expand the types of proteins they with keeping their genome roughly the same |
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| 11:42 | and the other thing that gets you even more confusing is you're not reading |
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| 11:45 | Only one direction. Remember have two of DNA. So you can read |
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| 11:48 | DNA in the opposite direction. You have two genes in the exact same |
|
| 11:53 | . All right. So, it's it's again it's a complicated thing that |
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| 11:57 | don't want to dive in. ma'am. And then yes, |
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| 12:00 | Yeah, from the term Mhm. All right. So you're diving into |
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| 12:11 | weeds which is scary because we can spend a lot of time. That's |
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| 12:15 | . You have a good question. , what the promoter region is is |
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| 12:18 | sequence of the nuclear kassid that basically this is where the gene begins. |
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| 12:24 | so what happens is is the promoter is where a whole bunch of proteins |
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| 12:27 | in land and then they start reading that location. The terminator is basically |
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| 12:32 | same thing. It's a sequence of . Because remember looking at a gene |
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| 12:36 | it says this is where you stopped . It's kind of like the period |
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| 12:41 | you go rest and then you go the next thing. All right. |
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| 12:45 | it tells the machinery that's responsible for this where it begins and where it |
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| 12:52 | for that particular gene? Yes. is the difference between gene and |
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| 12:58 | Okay, the question is what's difference gene and genome? A gene is |
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| 13:01 | single strand or a single piece of that encodes for a single protein. |
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| 13:07 | genome is all your genes in all DNA collective. All right. So |
|
| 13:13 | you hear the human genome project, are they looking for? Everything? |
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| 13:18 | are what are all our genes? . When they're talking about the viral |
|
| 13:22 | ? They're talking about the four genes make up that virus. Yeah, |
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| 13:26 | right. 40 four genes. Our RNA genome are viral genomes are |
|
| 13:32 | kind of cool. They're just like that and it's like oh I can |
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| 13:35 | that one that one now and then we're done, you know, very |
|
| 13:39 | . Alright. So genome is all genes. Alright. So what we're |
|
| 13:45 | as I said, just coming back to reiterate we're starting with something that |
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| 13:49 | useless that just needs to be So we end up with something that |
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| 13:54 | been modified and is now useful. right now just to reiterate to get |
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| 14:02 | DNA to protein. There are two we have to transcribe and we have |
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| 14:07 | translate. All right. And I the first time I heard is why |
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| 14:10 | they using words that are confusing It's real simple If I transcribe |
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| 14:14 | what I'm doing is I'm taking something I'm looking at it and I'm rewriting |
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| 14:19 | . So what have I done? taken something that's in the form of |
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| 14:21 | . N. A. And I'm in the form of RNA. If |
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| 14:25 | makes sense in the context of I not want to expose my D. |
|
| 14:29 | . A. To all that What I want to do is I |
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| 14:32 | to give you a copy. So you wreck the copy. No |
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| 14:35 | I can go back to the original start and give you another copy so |
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| 14:39 | you can go back and work with . Right. That's kind of the |
|
| 14:43 | here and I can make lots of . So I can have lots of |
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| 14:46 | machinery making multiple proteins simultaneously. They have to just keep coming back to |
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| 14:52 | original. So that's what the transcription transcribing from DNA and RNA. |
|
| 15:00 | once I have RNA. Remember RNA in the form of nucleotides, proteins |
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| 15:04 | in the forms of amino acids. right. I have to convert from |
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| 15:09 | to form B. All right. those of you who are bilingual, |
|
| 15:13 | have to convert from one form of length and one language to another and |
|
| 15:18 | doing that, what have I done translated? Okay, that's what we're |
|
| 15:23 | . That's why it's called translation. translating the code of the R. |
|
| 15:28 | . A. Into the code of protein. All right. I guess |
|
| 15:35 | have a lot of stuff there. right. So there are specific things |
|
| 15:39 | need in order for this to happen . You need your Mrna. |
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| 15:43 | so after we process it. That's we're going to read secondly. You |
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| 15:48 | to have amino acids because that's what going to build with? All |
|
| 15:52 | Think of that box of legos that got a long time ago. You |
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| 15:55 | the plans right? That's your N. A. You have to |
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| 15:58 | the bricks to make the thing. on the plans. You don't have |
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| 16:01 | brics can't make the plan tr Well in order to get the amino |
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| 16:08 | to where you're building stuff, you to have something that moves one from |
|
| 16:12 | other. That's what the tiara is what they do is they read or |
|
| 16:18 | to read three nucleotides at a So basically three nucleotides which encode for |
|
| 16:25 | amino acid in other words, what do is they recognize a sequence and |
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| 16:30 | that sequence that's the amino acid they're along. And then lastly we have |
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| 16:34 | ribosomes of ribosomes are responsible for creating right frame. And what that means |
|
| 16:39 | it's like imagine reading a sentence without spaces, right? Take all the |
|
| 16:48 | out of a sentence and all of sudden now it's basically a jumble of |
|
| 16:51 | , right? It takes a little of time to figure out. |
|
| 16:54 | well this first word must be this next word must be that and so |
|
| 16:58 | and so forth. And so what ribosome does it figures out what the |
|
| 17:03 | frame is and then once you figure what the reading frame is then you |
|
| 17:07 | move down sequentially? Yes sir. of our undergoes. So the question |
|
| 17:15 | does the other forms of RNA go the same time to process the answer |
|
| 17:19 | be no. There's a there being by the genome to make that specific |
|
| 17:26 | . So that's why they kind of aside there. They are unique to |
|
| 17:30 | they do. So with regard to M R N. A. Remember |
|
| 17:34 | and again, this is an evolutionary . Selection pro carry out you're not |
|
| 17:38 | the processing. You just have to make it so that processing is unique |
|
| 17:44 | the eukaryotes so that you can you know, in theory, all |
|
| 17:48 | different genes. All right. this can be a confusing slide. |
|
| 17:54 | right. You do not need to this chart. Please do not When |
|
| 17:59 | take biochemistry. That's when you have memorize the chart. All right. |
|
| 18:03 | basically what it says, it look on one side. If you |
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| 18:06 | think of each of those codes. I said that if you look at |
|
| 18:11 | nucleotide, there's going to be three in a row that encode for specific |
|
| 18:16 | acid. What it says is this be the first base. This would |
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| 18:20 | the second base. This would be third base in that sequence. |
|
| 18:24 | And so, if you look at DNA we call it a triplet in |
|
| 18:27 | RNA. We call it a code because we're coding for the amino |
|
| 18:32 | All right. So the code on 123 nucleotides. And then this just |
|
| 18:38 | of breaks down and tells you for . I'll just look at top. |
|
| 18:42 | , if you have you're still you're yourself would be you're still you're still |
|
| 18:45 | So then what you end up in final alimony. So the T. |
|
| 18:50 | that recognizes you, you you always . And then what is going to |
|
| 18:55 | is when that sequence comes along in reading frame, then T. RNA |
|
| 19:00 | see it and it brings the phenylalanine that river zone. All right. |
|
| 19:06 | so this is just trying to show . So here is the code and |
|
| 19:08 | can see here is code on number , number two. Number three. |
|
| 19:12 | on # one is always gonna be methamphetamine just is that's the start code |
|
| 19:18 | always. It could be in the as well, but it's that's always |
|
| 19:21 | be the first one. But you see here, I got the fine |
|
| 19:24 | , he's veiling. And what you're is you're extending outward. So this |
|
| 19:28 | kind of what it looks like the has found the frame and it's starting |
|
| 19:32 | extend. Moving from the five prime the three prime. And and what |
|
| 19:37 | doing is it's shifting three bases at time. The first one right here |
|
| 19:43 | this a slot again. These are weeds, right, is where the |
|
| 19:48 | is. So the right sequence comes and goes, oh I combined to |
|
| 19:52 | And so the T. R. . A. Comes in and recognizes |
|
| 19:55 | it brings with it its amino Then it shifts over and it comes |
|
| 19:59 | the peace lot. The piece lot what you're expanding on. And so |
|
| 20:03 | happens is whatever is over in the slot gets moved over to the peace |
|
| 20:06 | and it's attached to that. And when you slide over then what's in |
|
| 20:10 | piece lot is now in the east . And once you attach to what |
|
| 20:14 | in the piece lot, that one left over here, the east lot |
|
| 20:17 | longer has its amino acid gets kicked and it goes and finds another amino |
|
| 20:21 | and brings it back over to the side. And so what you're doing |
|
| 20:24 | you're literally reading three code ons per . And so you're expanding the protein |
|
| 20:32 | amino acid at a time, basically the tail longer and longer and longer |
|
| 20:37 | you go. And then eventually what happen is you'll come up to a |
|
| 20:40 | code on. Stop code on doesn't a T. RNA that binds to |
|
| 20:44 | . And so that's determination sequence. comes in and says, okay out |
|
| 20:47 | go and you break off the amino from that last T. RNA and |
|
| 20:52 | you have your protein. And this kind of what it looks like |
|
| 20:57 | it's a cartoon flatline. Here's our . Then there's our first amino acid |
|
| 21:02 | along now has 33 amino acids now has five so on and so on |
|
| 21:06 | so on. Finally gets down to end off, it goes kicks off |
|
| 21:11 | thing. Have we seen this Yes, we've seen this picture. |
|
| 21:14 | seen that picture. All right. the take home in all of |
|
| 21:20 | I think I have another picture. . No. Well, come this |
|
| 21:26 | . The take home from this is DNA must be transcribed in the RNA |
|
| 21:34 | in a must be translated into All right. That's the central |
|
| 21:45 | So, in order for yourselves to , it needs proteins. All |
|
| 21:50 | And it's all encoded by the DNA gets transcribed into RNA message which gets |
|
| 21:58 | so that it can be read so you can make your proteins. You |
|
| 22:03 | how it works now, all that stuff. All the details not so |
|
| 22:09 | for this class. But I wanted point out it's not just a function |
|
| 22:14 | oh, if I got the DNA get the proteins because there's just one |
|
| 22:18 | is a process and it's even more than what I just showed you. |
|
| 22:23 | is always fun. Now, proteins not just strings of amino acids. |
|
| 22:29 | , they are at the very basic . But proteins not only have sequence |
|
| 22:34 | have shaped to them. In the shape of a protein becomes incredibly |
|
| 22:39 | because when you change the shape of protein, you're changing its activity. |
|
| 22:44 | when we talk about enzymes, enzymes there, the substrate comes to binds |
|
| 22:49 | it. It changes the shape so changes the shape of the substrate, |
|
| 22:53 | makes it easier to turn it into . All right. How do we |
|
| 22:57 | there? Well, believe in that chaperones. All right. So this |
|
| 23:02 | just trying to show you an example they do. It helps to achieve |
|
| 23:05 | right shape. And so as you're your peptide or your protein, these |
|
| 23:11 | you chaperone molecules come along and you know what? Um I want |
|
| 23:14 | to twist and bend this way. right. Have you ever played |
|
| 23:19 | All right. I mean, twister usually fairly easy because it's like, |
|
| 23:23 | , I'll do my own thing. sometimes you need a little bit of |
|
| 23:26 | because you have your legs like over and your arms back here and you |
|
| 23:29 | to do some sort of weird you can say, okay, |
|
| 23:33 | let me let me get a get little bit of help here. Can |
|
| 23:36 | just you know? And so you of find that shape and twist yourself |
|
| 23:40 | the right position. That's what this doing. Its twisting the protein in |
|
| 23:44 | right position. All right. So add or create the desired folding. |
|
| 23:51 | need All right in order to be . Now there are structural levels of |
|
| 23:59 | . All right, So the first is called the primary structure. This |
|
| 24:03 | the sequence. So, this is just looking at the sequence of the |
|
| 24:07 | acids as you go through. I'd be like, okay, |
|
| 24:11 | Argentine, Blah Blah Blah. When case would be 16 Syrian lucy |
|
| 24:16 | Presuming this is the internal region usually terminals over there. All right. |
|
| 24:20 | you're just reading it along. That's primary. All right. But like |
|
| 24:24 | said, if you're just looking at sequence that doesn't help you, The |
|
| 24:30 | level of organization is when we start shape to the structure. Now, |
|
| 24:36 | isn't the entire shape. This is within the protein that gives it |
|
| 24:44 | All right. So, they have sort of of changing. It creates |
|
| 24:50 | . And so what we refer. , you can see here here's primary |
|
| 24:53 | . This will be the sequence like protein, second or first to be |
|
| 24:57 | asset. 2nd, 3rd, whatever are. So, here we're going |
|
| 25:00 | get these secondary things. And so two real common ones. I'll just |
|
| 25:03 | to the next slide. So one the alpha helix. All right. |
|
| 25:07 | , you can see it creates these and so it creates a region that |
|
| 25:12 | an important role in binding other All right. In some cases it |
|
| 25:17 | provide elasticity because it's kind of like spring it's being held in place by |
|
| 25:21 | series of unique types of bonds called bonds that are fairly small or weak |
|
| 25:27 | . But put a bunch of them and they become very strong as a |
|
| 25:30 | and it holds things into into All right. And then the other |
|
| 25:34 | is like a beta sheet. So can see basically turns on itself and |
|
| 25:38 | held in the position by a series bonds and it provides this kind of |
|
| 25:43 | . And so just coming back at picture, you can see here, |
|
| 25:46 | can see the alpha helix, alpha is kind of represented. You can |
|
| 25:50 | beta sheets represents what kind of this region inside the pep talk or excuse |
|
| 25:54 | inside the protein. And then if take those alcohol policies and the beta |
|
| 26:01 | and all the other types of twists turns inside the protein and put them |
|
| 26:06 | together. You end up with what the tertiary structure. It's the sun |
|
| 26:12 | all those secondary structures. So, is the actual molecule shape. |
|
| 26:18 | most of molecules in your body are , that's the term we use. |
|
| 26:22 | basically means it looks like a glob think, real clever name. All |
|
| 26:27 | . And so you can imagine has sees it has these beta sheets. |
|
| 26:30 | has other things in it and it it a unique shape. So this |
|
| 26:34 | here is trying to show you an of a tertiary structure. Does that |
|
| 26:38 | like a glove, do you? . All right. You don't have |
|
| 26:42 | be clever. Yeah, it looks a bunch of stuff jammed in |
|
| 26:46 | but it has outside it has inside on the outside must be doing something |
|
| 26:51 | they're pointed outward. Things on the are probably holding the shape together. |
|
| 26:57 | right. And these are a whole of different bonds that basically can be |
|
| 27:01 | that hold everything into place. So outside is doing stuff. It's functional |
|
| 27:10 | those side chains. I said don't , you know, they're pointing in |
|
| 27:13 | particular direction because they have certain Those that interact with other proteins are |
|
| 27:19 | be pointing out were those that hold in the place via bonds or attractions |
|
| 27:25 | going to be found internally. The level, which is a little |
|
| 27:32 | It's like, wait a second secondary is three dimensional or creates three dimensional |
|
| 27:37 | to it, tertiary structure seems to three dimensional. Now, you're telling |
|
| 27:40 | there's a there's one is just like , like what you know, it's |
|
| 27:45 | it's basically taking a series of molecules work together and stay together. And |
|
| 27:52 | they form what is called a larger molecule and it's that is the quaternary |
|
| 27:58 | . So not all molecules are not peptides or proteins have quaternary structure, |
|
| 28:03 | this is one that we show almost student. Either A and P. |
|
| 28:08 | in biology. One and two. is hemoglobin. All right. |
|
| 28:13 | it's the one that everyone gets to because it's a real simple one. |
|
| 28:17 | has four molecules here. All There's one there's two. There's three |
|
| 28:22 | all right. They're not 100% but they're very close. We have |
|
| 28:26 | different subunits. See the term their unit means the things are making the |
|
| 28:30 | unit two pair Of two different All right. So, that's what |
|
| 28:39 | have here. All right. There on and interacting with each other with |
|
| 28:44 | series of other types of bonds. , we're not going to go into |
|
| 28:47 | types of bonds. There's some classes we're going to teach you the chemistry |
|
| 28:51 | bore you to tears. Things are it together, bonds are like molecular |
|
| 28:56 | . All right. So, there's lot of different types of bonds. |
|
| 28:58 | then you might have stuff that's attached it. So, this is what |
|
| 29:00 | called a prosthetic group. This in particular case this is a pigment. |
|
| 29:05 | pigment in the case of hemoglobin, responsible for binding up oxygen. |
|
| 29:11 | this molecule is what your red blood have. That allows you to carry |
|
| 29:15 | from a place of high oxygen concentration an area of low concentrated low oxygen |
|
| 29:21 | . And this is its basic structures have two alpha to beta subunits. |
|
| 29:26 | , sir. Uh huh. Unit example of group clean The question is |
|
| 29:34 | human unit. An example of a group in the Aunts turn in this |
|
| 29:37 | case. Yes. It is an because notice it's not a protein |
|
| 29:41 | It's not an amino acid. It's else. All right. We're not |
|
| 29:47 | go into what a pigment is. just a complex molecule that's jams in |
|
| 29:52 | middle there. All right. those heem units in this particular case |
|
| 29:57 | the prosthetic. All right. When you think of a prosthetic |
|
| 30:04 | prosthetic limb is not made from the material that your actual body is made |
|
| 30:09 | ? Right. So, that's an way to think of it. It's |
|
| 30:12 | that's not the same as what we're . All right. So, our |
|
| 30:19 | , excuse me, are proteins in bodies are going to usually be found |
|
| 30:23 | the quaternary or in the tertiary That would be the functional shape. |
|
| 30:28 | secondary structure is what allows you to that tertiary structure. All right. |
|
| 30:34 | tertiary structures allows you to get the structures that just levels of organization. |
|
| 30:41 | , we're coming back to where we , remember on thursday. We said |
|
| 30:44 | are the organelles and we started the we went from the nucleus to the |
|
| 30:48 | , particularly from the end of particularly the Golgi Golgi we said goes |
|
| 30:52 | the plasma membrane and in between all things there's vesicles that are moving |
|
| 30:56 | Do you guys remember that slightly sort ? All right. Collectively, all |
|
| 31:00 | things together is what is referred to the indo membrane system. I should |
|
| 31:05 | that in the deep the indo membrane doesn't work in the membrane. |
|
| 31:16 | Basically what this is is simply a that begins here at the nucleus and |
|
| 31:23 | you're watching is you're watching the plasma along with the processing of materials to |
|
| 31:29 | those proteins. So that that membrane be formed the plasma membrane, you |
|
| 31:36 | make the peptides and proteins that are to be secreted from the cell stored |
|
| 31:41 | into vesicles and act in those That's basically what it boils down |
|
| 31:47 | So it's basically everything that has those . So it starts at the end |
|
| 31:51 | plasma particular really begins with that But we're going to just kind of |
|
| 31:56 | to see if the nuclear memory. nuclear membrane goes to the end of |
|
| 31:59 | particular um vesicles move from the deployment um that's what those represent to the |
|
| 32:06 | Goldie does all that sorting and then form vesicles that will do stuff or |
|
| 32:11 | merge up with the plasma membrane. , grand scheme of things, metabolism |
|
| 32:17 | transport. We have these compartments to things and to deliver things protein synthesis |
|
| 32:25 | the plaza particular transport vesicles, you know, that's smooth and pliant |
|
| 32:32 | detoxification license. Um Did you want watch the video that I said go |
|
| 32:41 | the inside itself? Yeah, you have to. I mean, it's |
|
| 32:44 | required. All right. Since you your hand. Did was I right |
|
| 32:49 | the Tennesseans do the connections. It's . Disney designed them. Said Disney |
|
| 32:56 | this is what I think Pep types should look like. And so they |
|
| 33:01 | this thing with these little funny legs walk around just carrying the big old |
|
| 33:06 | all the time. That's like braces built. Yeah. And this doesn't |
|
| 33:12 | doesn't do justice. Right. I , I want you to picture something |
|
| 33:17 | looks like mickey mouse carrying this room its back. All right. That's |
|
| 33:22 | it's like inside the cell walking Right, A tube fiber, So |
|
| 33:28 | tubular. Right? So how do move things? So, what I'm |
|
| 33:33 | to get here is it's really easy envision in your mind that vesicles are |
|
| 33:39 | floating and they all they do is just once you make and they're just |
|
| 33:42 | , you know, very, very . They're going in a very specific |
|
| 33:48 | and they're being directed by the machinery the cell. All right. That's |
|
| 33:53 | key thing. And so whenever I'm things, anything that I'm using, |
|
| 33:58 | to move or manipulate is going to energy. So it's ATP dependent. |
|
| 34:02 | are the names of these types of proteins, connections and dining things. |
|
| 34:09 | , it's even says in their they have movement, right? And |
|
| 34:12 | we're just trying to send them to specific location and then we get them |
|
| 34:16 | a specific location. We dock them place. All right. It's just |
|
| 34:21 | tying a boat to a dock. right. They're not just randomly floating |
|
| 34:25 | just stopping. This looks like a place to go again. So what |
|
| 34:30 | snare protein is beyond. It gets , really complicated. Really complicated. |
|
| 34:36 | What it basically says is, there's a place for me to |
|
| 34:39 | This is where the target is. , that's a T. Snare target |
|
| 34:43 | . The vessel itself has these proteins the snares. That's the vesicles |
|
| 34:48 | So the T snaring the V snare complementary. And what happens is is |
|
| 34:53 | that vest ical is sent to where T stairs are and they interact and |
|
| 34:58 | stay there and nothing happens. They just are being held until some signal |
|
| 35:03 | along. That says okay, time open up. And so then the |
|
| 35:08 | basically cause it to open up and all the stuff is being released out |
|
| 35:11 | this would be like outside the All right. So for example, |
|
| 35:17 | going to give an example. So makes sense. Right? Right |
|
| 35:21 | my arms are not moving, But to make my arms move, |
|
| 35:24 | got to send a signal that is be a chemical signal that tells the |
|
| 35:28 | to contract. Right? So, just did that contract, right, |
|
| 35:32 | . Like I could do this all long until I just need the chicken |
|
| 35:36 | music. Now. All right. guys don't know the chicken dance. |
|
| 35:42 | we should do it. I'm gonna it in some day and we're all |
|
| 35:45 | gonna get up and we're gonna do chicken dance. I mean it is |
|
| 35:49 | don't know it separately. Yeah, Octoberfest begins in september and continues on |
|
| 35:55 | we run out of here. That's . It would be a day. |
|
| 36:03 | right. So in order for that happen that the chemical signal to make |
|
| 36:09 | arms move has to already be in . I don't want it 10,000 |
|
| 36:14 | I needed to be ready to go what to do it. And that's |
|
| 36:18 | this stuff allows it to do. other specific beast, their protein expertise |
|
| 36:25 | proteins Or is it the Mhm. proteins directly. So, the answer |
|
| 36:34 | question. I don't know the answer I suspect that there are specific |
|
| 36:38 | Snares and T snares for specific types vesicles, depending upon where they're intended |
|
| 36:43 | go. Alright, because again, specificity becomes a very valuable tool for |
|
| 36:49 | cell. Right? So the V is sitting there going, okay, |
|
| 36:53 | I have this purely snare, that I'm going to this plasma membrane. |
|
| 36:56 | I have this type of the I'm meant to go over here to |
|
| 37:00 | region or whatever it is. That's suspicion. Now, do I know |
|
| 37:03 | answer to that specifically? No, just how I know biology works. |
|
| 37:09 | . All right. Now, I'm going to show you the slide. |
|
| 37:13 | small enough that you can't read So, you know that you're not |
|
| 37:15 | to learn it. Okay, this the process and associates like, |
|
| 37:21 | there's all these little proteins in What they do is you get the |
|
| 37:24 | gets all together, then action and them and then it starts all over |
|
| 37:30 | . See the pool on the Yeah, the boom in the |
|
| 37:35 | right. Basically, just says, here I am, I'm docking. |
|
| 37:38 | being held in place. I'm in opposition. The signal that comes along |
|
| 37:43 | of the time, that signal is to be calcium. You ever wonder |
|
| 37:45 | you drink your milk? Because calcium strong bones and a lot of your |
|
| 37:50 | for yourselves uses calcium. That's a of reason why. All right. |
|
| 37:55 | the calcium comes along and says, , now you're allowed to merge and |
|
| 37:58 | when this stuff and then it causes the materials to fall off and then |
|
| 38:03 | recycle it and just start the whole all over again. All right. |
|
| 38:07 | good news. We don't need to all the parts. Yeah, that's |
|
| 38:14 | biochemistry. So, here I Golgi apparatus, What we say? |
|
| 38:25 | apparatus forms the vesicles the vesicles then and do stuff. What do the |
|
| 38:31 | things. What are the three things vesicles can do? Vehicle number one |
|
| 38:35 | I am going to transport things that going to be secreted to the |
|
| 38:41 | So, what I'm doing is I'm merge and I'm gonna form with and |
|
| 38:45 | and so remember I'm closed, this not gonna be able I'm not gonna |
|
| 38:49 | able to do this in my All right. What happens is, |
|
| 38:52 | going up and I open up. anything that was inside that vehicle is |
|
| 38:57 | on the outside. So the inside the vesicles like the outside of the |
|
| 39:02 | , right? So if I'm creating , the stuff that I'm secretive is |
|
| 39:05 | to be inside the vessel. If adding a receptor, that's number two |
|
| 39:10 | the membrane, it's pointing into the . So when it joins up then |
|
| 39:15 | thing is now pointing out towards the cellular fluid and now that that receptor |
|
| 39:22 | then interact with the external environment. other thing I can do is I |
|
| 39:28 | form license signs, right? We've talked about the license and here it |
|
| 39:32 | . Just this is the same slide showed you previously and basically says, |
|
| 39:36 | here, I have a license. mean what is the license I'm |
|
| 39:39 | it acts kind of like the stomach the cell. Kind of like I |
|
| 39:43 | , similarly, that's the wrong I know it is. I even |
|
| 39:48 | of the right word this weekend. said, I'll remember that. Remember |
|
| 39:53 | . All right. And so what says is, look, it's |
|
| 39:56 | okay, something foreign. We're gonna and grab that sucker and bring it |
|
| 39:59 | the lives of the oh, I damage or now chop chop chop chop |
|
| 40:03 | I'm going to break it down, ? That's the autopsy G Oh, |
|
| 40:08 | brought something in through into the cell vesicular transport. I'm basically bringing it |
|
| 40:13 | and what I'm doing is I'm recognizing are the things I want to |
|
| 40:17 | So I merged that with the Um, I save the stuff that |
|
| 40:20 | don't want to say. Which is , that's kind of cool that the |
|
| 40:23 | can, you know, sequester what wants to save and then but the |
|
| 40:28 | I want to destroy just merge with license zone chop chop chop chop. |
|
| 40:32 | I have amino acids or whatever it I want to work with. |
|
| 40:34 | ma'am one. So, the question , is a delicious occur only when |
|
| 40:42 | cell is unhealthy. The answer is . So, when you damage a |
|
| 40:47 | zone. All right. So, is really what is when you damage |
|
| 40:50 | Zone, the contents of that license we're now being released into the side |
|
| 40:54 | all right. And remember the enzymes the body, What does it matter |
|
| 40:58 | you're talking inside a cell or just speaking, don't recognize self versus non |
|
| 41:04 | . They're just I recognize a sequence the proteins. All right. |
|
| 41:09 | for example, we have a enzyme our bodies called trip. I want |
|
| 41:15 | say trip to fan, but I'm trips in is the word I'm looking |
|
| 41:20 | . It's bad when your brain just confusing. Right? So trips in |
|
| 41:23 | looks for license in an amino acid protein sequence. So it just reads |
|
| 41:28 | that says here's a listen and it's a pair of scissors goes clip and |
|
| 41:31 | goes listen, clip listen clip. that's all. So, it doesn't |
|
| 41:35 | where the protein came from. If all it's doing is like just give |
|
| 41:38 | something. I'm looking for license. right. So atoll Asus is the |
|
| 41:43 | process. It's like there's an enzyme that recognizes something very specific. And |
|
| 41:48 | what it's doing is just going along clip clip clip and there are enzymes |
|
| 41:52 | clip just from the internally in your clip clip clip clip clip clip clip |
|
| 41:56 | clip clip clip and some that are like the trips and all right. |
|
| 42:01 | , they don't care. And so you see a Talese's bad there. |
|
| 42:07 | hope I answered the question. If you're a time where the hell |
|
| 42:11 | too many things certain thing. And so so the question is is so |
|
| 42:17 | too much of just say a peptide protein or something. So, they |
|
| 42:22 | go through a process of atoll This would be a process of |
|
| 42:26 | All right. So one of the regulation, remember I talked about half |
|
| 42:31 | . Right? I use that So half life is the natural length |
|
| 42:35 | time that something is I mean, know, It's it's natural decay |
|
| 42:41 | Right? So if you go from to 5%. That's how it |
|
| 42:45 | Well, how do I speed that ? Well, I've got enzymes are |
|
| 42:48 | there going I don't like this Let me check. And so it |
|
| 42:53 | basically speeds up the rate at which breaks down. All right. So |
|
| 42:58 | is for our NHS it's for it's for D. N. |
|
| 43:00 | All sorts of things. So we all these mechanisms in our body to |
|
| 43:05 | what's actually going on. And I yes, the next slide is an |
|
| 43:09 | of one of these. All right , not everyone has one of these |
|
| 43:12 | their homes, not a proteus. you have rheumatism, but some of |
|
| 43:18 | grew up with garbage disposals, And if you grew up with the |
|
| 43:22 | disposal, you don't know how to around sinks that don't have them. |
|
| 43:26 | you cause all sorts of issues because just start shoving things in the |
|
| 43:30 | But if you don't know, garbage is simply basically a bunch of blades |
|
| 43:34 | basically grind things down so that it smaller and easier to work with to |
|
| 43:38 | right down the scene. This is a protozoan is like. See here |
|
| 43:43 | it basically says, I've got this and I don't want the protein anymore |
|
| 43:48 | whatever reason, whether it's damaged or folded correctly or you know, were |
|
| 43:52 | using this one. We've used it . And so what we do is |
|
| 43:55 | go and tag it first, Like I don't want this anymore. |
|
| 43:59 | , I'm gonna put a tag on . So we tag it and this |
|
| 44:02 | what ubiquity. That's what the little is. You don't even know the |
|
| 44:06 | . And again, there's because this really active, it requires energy. |
|
| 44:10 | then what you do is you just it to the produce and the proteus |
|
| 44:13 | says, oh, I recognize that tagged this. So just go ahead |
|
| 44:16 | shove it on in and I'll chew up and it basically grinds it down |
|
| 44:21 | a bunch of amino acids. And can you do with the amino |
|
| 44:23 | You can use them all over that's what the produce elephants. It's |
|
| 44:29 | of those types of organelles that doesn't into the membrane bound, it's the |
|
| 44:36 | complex type of organism. So, answered your question and it was in |
|
| 44:44 | slide, awesome. Oh yeah. what we're gonna do is we're going |
|
| 44:51 | move away from the cell and we're to deal with the process. Because |
|
| 44:55 | what we're doing now is we want deal with the question of the plasma |
|
| 44:59 | . See in my brain, this flows. I recognize that in your |
|
| 45:03 | it doesn't necessarily flow. But what done is we've moved from nucleus through |
|
| 45:08 | those organelles. We've formed these vesicles now we're getting to the plasma |
|
| 45:13 | So there's the flow for you. right. And so what I want |
|
| 45:16 | do is I want to review very quickly a concept you've learned a |
|
| 45:20 | time ago, fusion and basically what says is you take something and you |
|
| 45:26 | and things that are concentrated and close . Don't want to be concentrated and |
|
| 45:30 | together. Everyone wants their elbow Right? When you walked in |
|
| 45:33 | you're like the first person you're yes, no one's here. I |
|
| 45:36 | sit wherever I want. You sat and you're like, no one's gonna |
|
| 45:39 | next to me. And then people coming in. Yeah. And you |
|
| 45:42 | looking around going, Yeah, there's 500 other seats. Why don't you |
|
| 45:47 | sit right next to me And if the intra virtual like please don't talk |
|
| 45:51 | me, please don't talk to Please don't talk to me in person |
|
| 45:53 | to you. The extra Hi, are you doing in there? A |
|
| 45:55 | person? Hi. How are you ? Did you have a good |
|
| 45:59 | Mhm molecules are like introverts right there like just get away from me and |
|
| 46:04 | like, we're all getting away from other and really, what's happening is |
|
| 46:07 | molecules are running into each other and bumping into each other. And so |
|
| 46:12 | they're doing is they're spreading out as apart from each other so that everything |
|
| 46:16 | equal distance and equally district. That's diffusion allows. And so what you're |
|
| 46:22 | is you're moving from an area of concentration to a point of low |
|
| 46:27 | So that equilibrium is being met. right, that's the idea behind the |
|
| 46:33 | . Yeah, rates of diffusion are by two big things. The steepness |
|
| 46:38 | the gradient. Alright. This floor down here has a small If I |
|
| 46:43 | on a skateboard, I wouldn't move that much, especially cause there's |
|
| 46:47 | But imagine it was smooth. I right at the edge of that step |
|
| 46:51 | got on a skateboard. I would move down the slope. All |
|
| 46:56 | Now, if the steps were actual and not steps, if I got |
|
| 47:00 | a skateboard at the top of the , would I go faster than I |
|
| 47:03 | down here? At the bottom? . So you already know this |
|
| 47:07 | The steeper the slope, the faster go. All right. And this |
|
| 47:11 | true for all gradients. It doesn't whether you're talking about skateboards, if |
|
| 47:15 | talking about molecules, it doesn't matter you're talking about uh pressure gradients, |
|
| 47:19 | is something else that we're going to across a little bit later. And |
|
| 47:21 | fact, the physiology of the body dependent heavily on gradients. So, |
|
| 47:26 | you learn the concept once, steepness of slope faster I go. |
|
| 47:31 | a simple concept to then apply over over and over again with regard to |
|
| 47:37 | . The second thing is temperature and is kinetic energy. A lot of |
|
| 47:40 | forget temperature represents kinetic energy is the of energy that you're pumping into the |
|
| 47:45 | . All right. And so if have, for example. T |
|
| 47:52 | And I take team dump sugar in . If it's ice T What's the |
|
| 47:57 | gonna do? It's going to go to the bottom in order to get |
|
| 48:00 | sugar to defuse what we would call because we don't see it anymore. |
|
| 48:05 | ? What do we need to stir it? We have to add |
|
| 48:09 | to the system. Right? But you grew up in the deep |
|
| 48:12 | you know how to make hot right? You take how to make |
|
| 48:15 | tea. You take hot boiling You take your cup of sugar. |
|
| 48:19 | dump it in there. And what is the heat is already there. |
|
| 48:24 | energy it's going to be imparted on sugar molecules that sugar diffuses so that |
|
| 48:29 | can't see it any further. All . So, if you add temperature |
|
| 48:34 | or kinetic energy into the system, molecules diffuse faster. So far so |
|
| 48:42 | . All right. Now, we a membrane and there are different ways |
|
| 48:50 | pass through that membrane or across that , I should say, not threw |
|
| 48:55 | across it. All right. first is simple diffusion. Using that |
|
| 48:59 | diffusion. Simple diffusion simply says If have a membrane and I am |
|
| 49:04 | In other words, I am lipid . If that membrane is not designed |
|
| 49:10 | stop me, I can pass on it. And that would be the |
|
| 49:13 | . Simple diffusion. I don't require help to do so. All |
|
| 49:17 | And there are very few molecules that do it. The only thing that's |
|
| 49:22 | you which way you're gonna move is your concentration gradient. So, if |
|
| 49:26 | have lots of stuff out here and little here, I can If I |
|
| 49:29 | use simple diffusion, I can pass through. So, an example of |
|
| 49:33 | using simple diffusion would be oxygen. dioxide plasma membranes don't stop the flow |
|
| 49:39 | oxygen or carbon dioxide. So, you have high carbon or high oxygen |
|
| 49:42 | the outside of selling little oxygen on inside of cells, oxygen is going |
|
| 49:46 | diffuse across the membrane without any Okay. Now, most of the |
|
| 49:52 | in our body are water soluble. right. Which means that that plasma |
|
| 49:58 | which is fossil lipids aren't going to it pass through. And so you |
|
| 50:03 | some sort of mechanism to get past wall. Alright, So, just |
|
| 50:07 | this is a wall. The way get through the walls. You have |
|
| 50:10 | go through the door. Right. so that's what facilitated diffusion deals with |
|
| 50:16 | right. It's creating a doorway through . Alright. So facilitated. I'm |
|
| 50:23 | I'm helping the process of diffusion. notice we're still using diffusion. |
|
| 50:28 | we're not going to use energy. we're doing is we're moving from an |
|
| 50:30 | of high concentration to an area of concentration. So, we have lots |
|
| 50:34 | students in the room. We have few students outside the room. All |
|
| 50:38 | . Given that you're being held here because you all want to learn this |
|
| 50:42 | , Right? But once we are longer held captive, where are you |
|
| 50:45 | to flow naturally door? You want get away from all these people sitting |
|
| 50:50 | to you, Right. Because they to ask how your weekend was and |
|
| 50:53 | just want to have your coffee so exercise equipment in front of me. |
|
| 50:59 | , I'm an introvert want to hide the desk from all of you. |
|
| 51:03 | right. That's actually not true. not how introverts work. Right? |
|
| 51:08 | just prefer not to talk to Mhm. So there are different |
|
| 51:14 | We can form a channel. A is where you have a water filled |
|
| 51:19 | that allows you to pass on through mediated diffusion is where you have a |
|
| 51:25 | system that is never open completely to sides. All right. So, |
|
| 51:30 | imagery I want you to see So, this is an example of |
|
| 51:33 | channel because we have the door The door can open and close. |
|
| 51:37 | when I opened the door, there's channel that flows all the way |
|
| 51:40 | right? With a carrier. It's the doors that are rotating doors at |
|
| 51:47 | or at airports, right? There's point where you're neither inside nor |
|
| 51:52 | You're just stuck in between. And so that's the that's akin to |
|
| 51:56 | the carriers are like, they're either , I mean, you're either on |
|
| 52:00 | outside or you're kind of going in or you're finally on the inside. |
|
| 52:05 | right, you're literally carrying the molecule the carrier, get to the other |
|
| 52:13 | . Now, there's also types of that causes Yes, sir, you |
|
| 52:17 | to be you're gonna have to be out because of the room carriers. |
|
| 52:24 | , So that's a that's a really question. So, these types of |
|
| 52:27 | that all that we're looking at. , the ones that we just looked |
|
| 52:30 | um here, the channels and the and these active transport ones are always |
|
| 52:35 | to be permanently embedded in the, me, in the membrane there. |
|
| 52:40 | we refer to as the trans membrane because they're completely embedded there and they're |
|
| 52:46 | proteins. They're embedded there to serve function. Right? So, that's |
|
| 52:50 | good question. Now, with active . So, in the last two |
|
| 52:56 | were said. Effusions were going from area of high concentration through an heir |
|
| 53:00 | an area of low concentration with active , it's the opposite. All |
|
| 53:05 | we're going to move from an area low concentration to an area of high |
|
| 53:10 | , but things don't naturally wanna move direction. So we have to input |
|
| 53:14 | into the system to make that right? So that's why we refer |
|
| 53:19 | as active transport, these are your , right? So, if I'm |
|
| 53:24 | water out of a boat into the the lake, there's a pump that's |
|
| 53:29 | energy to suck the water in and it out into the lake. And |
|
| 53:34 | whole is what's allowing the water to back in. So you're always pumping |
|
| 53:39 | the gradient. Alright, now, are two different types were going to |
|
| 53:43 | to these in greater detail in just bit, but I just want one |
|
| 53:46 | where I'm using energy directly. All . So, it's his primary active |
|
| 53:51 | . This is where I have like ATP molecule that comes and binds to |
|
| 53:55 | pump and imparts the energy directly. active transport is I'm using energy from |
|
| 54:02 | system like that pump to create a that then allows for the movement of |
|
| 54:09 | against the gradient. It'll make a bit more sense when I show you |
|
| 54:12 | as opposed to just give you that . But it's an indirect use of |
|
| 54:16 | . That's why it's secondary active. right. So indirect use. |
|
| 54:21 | there are some rules. If you're real nerd, you can go look |
|
| 54:27 | thick the law of diffusion And you see all the experiments that this guy |
|
| 54:34 | back in the 1800s under these incredibly circumstances to come up with all these |
|
| 54:39 | that have remained true with regard to . It's kind of cool when you |
|
| 54:43 | about it, that he's using tubes stuff and going, let me see |
|
| 54:46 | I can make this happen. And actually like 18ft long so that he |
|
| 54:50 | visualize what was occurring. But basically is what boils down to diffusion has |
|
| 54:55 | couple of factors. And these all sense when you look at it like |
|
| 54:57 | yeah, that makes sense. Um matters. All right. So the |
|
| 55:02 | the salute, the easier it is diffuse larger the salute, the harder |
|
| 55:05 | is. All right now, here's easy way to think about this. |
|
| 55:12 | had a sporting event or concert. of people. Everyone's roughly the same |
|
| 55:18 | . Hard to move around, isn't ? Everyone just has to move together |
|
| 55:21 | bumping into each other and everything is , really grumpy and so on. |
|
| 55:24 | forth. Now take a child and him in that crowd. That child |
|
| 55:28 | they let go of your hand is a gas molecule just escaping through everyone's |
|
| 55:33 | . Right? Small moves easier. right. In that particular context, |
|
| 55:40 | you ever had four kids all in same place to parents, all four |
|
| 55:46 | scatter to the four winds northeast southwest can catch two of them, but |
|
| 55:51 | other two have broken for freedom. ? So we know what it's |
|
| 55:57 | I can't get through these people. matters thickness of the membrane. Um |
|
| 56:03 | is that bottom picture. Right down . You can see all the membranes |
|
| 56:06 | have the same thickness. But if make that membrane really, really |
|
| 56:09 | that distance that that molecule has to is easier. Right? So, |
|
| 56:15 | thinner the membrane, the faster I to travel. That should make |
|
| 56:18 | There's less distance for me to travel in the body. We don't see |
|
| 56:22 | all that often. But I want just envision for a moment Um |
|
| 56:27 | pneumonia is an infection of the Alright. That causes your the distance |
|
| 56:33 | the inside of the lung and the is roughly about uh can't remember. |
|
| 56:38 | like 10 microns. It's very, small. All right. And if |
|
| 56:40 | don't know microns, that's okay. very small. But when I get |
|
| 56:45 | infection, my lungs start producing water fluid. And so I increase the |
|
| 56:50 | of that, You know, 10 to say, 11 microns or even |
|
| 56:54 | microns. That's not a big 10 or 20% difference. But that's |
|
| 57:00 | to make it harder to breathe because I have to cross those extra two |
|
| 57:04 | . So, that would be an of where I'm making it thicker. |
|
| 57:08 | it takes longer for oxygen to diffuse that membrane surface area. The bigger |
|
| 57:14 | surface area. The greater diffusion. many people you think can fit through |
|
| 57:18 | door? Two, two At a ? Right to shoulder to shoulder. |
|
| 57:22 | ? If we took that door and , could we get more people through |
|
| 57:26 | ? So there you go. That's simple concept. So, like back |
|
| 57:29 | , you can see there's a double four of you can sneak through that |
|
| 57:32 | versus really the one at a time if you're playing playing the three stooges |
|
| 57:37 | right magnitude of concentration gradient. We've mentioned steeper the slope fast remove. |
|
| 57:43 | then there's two others that are just of this that we don't really talk |
|
| 57:46 | all that much temperature. So increased , that's increasing motions. So it |
|
| 57:52 | the rate of diffusion just because molecules bumping into each other with greater frequency |
|
| 57:56 | then the viscosity of solution viscosity deals the thickness. Right. And so |
|
| 58:01 | your solution is thicker and and molecules to move much slower through greater |
|
| 58:08 | All right. So those are And so we're just going to kind |
|
| 58:13 | walk through once again. Uh some here with regard to diffusion, |
|
| 58:17 | the first term is flux. If see flux, that's the rate of |
|
| 58:21 | across the membrane. So, we're creating a fancy term. All |
|
| 58:26 | net flux is the difference between you know, directional flux is moving |
|
| 58:32 | opposite directions. So, you can here, I've got one going this |
|
| 58:34 | , one going that way. So at the top, I'm moving in |
|
| 58:37 | direction. Net flux in opposite directions is when the flux is moving equally |
|
| 58:47 | both directions. So in other the point where the movement of molecule |
|
| 58:51 | this side is the same as the of molecule in that direction. So |
|
| 58:55 | are always moving. There's just no in that net flux. Alright, |
|
| 59:01 | even here, there is a net that we don't see, right? |
|
| 59:05 | have flux going this direction. We a preference. But this molecule may |
|
| 59:09 | into this. I want to go opposite direction. The odds are though |
|
| 59:12 | going to bounce into more molecules coming it. So, there's more this |
|
| 59:17 | . There is in that there's more this direction than there isn't that |
|
| 59:21 | Try to make sure I'm right point the right direction when I'm looking |
|
| 59:23 | All right, So equilibrium is when is equal in both directions. And |
|
| 59:30 | when you look at your like, , I don't see any net |
|
| 59:33 | All right, that's equilibrium. Bulk is the non random movement of a |
|
| 59:40 | from a region of high pressure to region of low pressure. So, |
|
| 59:44 | we are with the gradients, When I breathe in I'm breathing in |
|
| 59:49 | , right? But what's the thing my body wants in the air |
|
| 59:56 | Right. Am I breathing in Yes, a lot of nitrogen. |
|
| 60:00 | breathing in carbon dioxide. Yes, little carbon dioxide, but it's coming |
|
| 60:05 | air is a mixture of gases. so bolt flow is an example of |
|
| 60:09 | area of high pressure when I expand chest that creates an area of low |
|
| 60:14 | that draws the area. All When I breathe out the opposite is |
|
| 60:20 | , I'm creating a high pressure in chest. There's lower pressure out |
|
| 60:23 | So air flows out. I'm breathing nitrogen. I'm breathing out oxygen. |
|
| 60:28 | breathing out. Carbon dioxide just happens be a little bit more carbon |
|
| 60:32 | And then when I started, All , and a little bit less oxygen |
|
| 60:36 | when I started. But bulk flow say oh, wait a second, |
|
| 60:40 | , no, no. I don't that nitrogen. It doesn't say that |
|
| 60:44 | all of the gases. All So here we go. We're coming |
|
| 60:50 | to some terminology. Permeability and And selective permeability. Alright. Permeability |
|
| 60:56 | says, look, the membrane allows to pass through. So, this |
|
| 61:00 | permissible to uh carbon dioxide, oxygen Benzene to these small polar molecules. |
|
| 61:06 | impermeable, meaning it doesn't allow the of two large polar molecules and charged |
|
| 61:13 | . All right, So, we those terms that this interminable membrane impermeable |
|
| 61:20 | . But because our membranes are permeable certain things and impermeable to other |
|
| 61:25 | we say that it is selectively That makes sense. So, what |
|
| 61:29 | doing is we're when we're saying we'd say it's permissible to a a |
|
| 61:35 | molecule. Alright. A non charged , for example. So, I'm |
|
| 61:40 | it specifically for this particular molecule. it selectively permeable. Generally speaking because |
|
| 61:46 | allows certain things through and other No. So, it's just a |
|
| 61:51 | thing. The dreaded osmosis. How guys dread seeing this word. |
|
| 61:57 | it's okay. You can dread And I'll tell you why you can |
|
| 62:00 | it. All right. It's because teach it to you very poorly. |
|
| 62:03 | right. I even did I look this, You know, I always |
|
| 62:06 | and say, okay, did I a good job and look at the |
|
| 62:08 | ? I'm like, nope. Did do a good job. All |
|
| 62:12 | So here's the definition osmosis is the of water through a selectively permeable |
|
| 62:17 | Okay, so in our little cartoons , the red dots represents salutes the |
|
| 62:22 | portion represents the water. Okay, you can see over here there is |
|
| 62:29 | or sorry, there's more salute here over there. And currently there is |
|
| 62:35 | water on this side than on that . You're gonna wait a second. |
|
| 62:39 | looking at and I see equilibrium asian you're not drawing the water molecules, |
|
| 62:43 | you? All right? Volume they're exactly the same, but more |
|
| 62:47 | the volume over here is taken up the salyut. So there's less |
|
| 62:54 | So what's osmosis of now? Here the easy part because they'll give you |
|
| 62:58 | definition. Water moves down to an of higher solute concentration and that just |
|
| 63:03 | everybody all all osmosis is is the of water. Water moving down from |
|
| 63:09 | an area of high water concentration in area of low water concentration until equilibrium |
|
| 63:14 | met. Right. So, if have more water on this side than |
|
| 63:18 | that side, water is going to in this direction until I reach |
|
| 63:22 | Or I'm trying to reach equilibrium, may not reach equilibrium. Okay, |
|
| 63:27 | that's what I'm doing is I'm moving an area of high water concentration to |
|
| 63:30 | area of low water concentration. if you're writing this on the slide |
|
| 63:34 | you're going to get confused later, remember put a little note yourself, |
|
| 63:37 | dots equal salutes water. Not Water is the blue stuff or great |
|
| 63:45 | or whatever that color is. All now water moves back and forth in |
|
| 63:50 | body across the membrane in one of ways it can pass through aqua porn's |
|
| 63:55 | are special water channels. Alright. they follow this really strange rule of |
|
| 64:02 | , you know, possible lipids. tiny. I can sneak in between |
|
| 64:06 | so sometimes they can do that. right now, these two terms confuse |
|
| 64:17 | hell out of most students. Hydrostatic is simply the pressure of water in |
|
| 64:22 | container. All right, so, going to steal yours for a |
|
| 64:26 | So, she has her coffee. is primarily water with stuff in |
|
| 64:34 | If this container wasn't there, where the water want to go all over |
|
| 64:41 | . Right, basically, there's a that's driving it outward so that it |
|
| 64:46 | a molecule thick. Right? Just the table. Right? But the |
|
| 64:51 | creates a greater pressure than the fluid . So the fluid stays on the |
|
| 64:56 | so far with big So there's a in the fluid called the hydrostatic pressure |
|
| 65:02 | says I want the water to All right. And this is true |
|
| 65:06 | both sides. There's pressure water pressure and there's water pressure. Their water |
|
| 65:10 | on this side is pushing that Water pressure on that side is trying |
|
| 65:13 | go that direction, but there's more on this side than on that |
|
| 65:18 | So, the pressure on where there's water is going to drive is going |
|
| 65:22 | serve as a driving force so Everybody is with me. Right, |
|
| 65:28 | . Picture a smart car. Can picture a smart car? All |
|
| 65:32 | How many people can you fit in smart car? You're not trying keep |
|
| 65:36 | . four. I think you can a little bit more in there |
|
| 65:44 | He's gone for 10. I I you all right. At some |
|
| 65:49 | I'm not asking comfortably at that we're talking maybe one maybe. All |
|
| 65:58 | . Right, So inside a small , there's a specific volume. |
|
| 66:04 | And you can shove people into that until there's one point where you shove |
|
| 66:09 | person in and someone's gonna pop out other side. Right? So, |
|
| 66:15 | create a pressure. You had one in the pressure inside the car |
|
| 66:18 | You put more person in there. pressure so on and so on and |
|
| 66:21 | on. Until eventually the pressure inside car becomes greater than the pressure on |
|
| 66:25 | outside of the car. So the going in cause the person to pop |
|
| 66:29 | time in. All right, You pressure in both of these sides. |
|
| 66:34 | ? That's hydrostatic pressure. I'm adding . What's happening to the hydrostatic pressure |
|
| 66:38 | I'm adding water. It's going up at a certain point that next molecule |
|
| 66:44 | water comes in and that system says . And it kicks another water molecule |
|
| 66:49 | other direction. That's the osmotic It's the point where the hydrostatic pressure |
|
| 66:56 | reaches equilibrium than the driving pressure. , so in these two systems, |
|
| 67:02 | we have war water on this side on that side. So the hydrostatic |
|
| 67:06 | on side A on your left side greater than side B. All |
|
| 67:10 | you're right side, water moves down concentration gradient. So this pressure, |
|
| 67:16 | just my hands are pressure. Now pressure on B rises and eventually reach |
|
| 67:22 | . So the osmotic pressure is the pressure to the driving hydro. That |
|
| 67:27 | driving hydrostatic pressure. All right, stops when equilibrium is met where those |
|
| 67:35 | pressures meat. All right. So the osmotic pressure equals the driving |
|
| 67:41 | osmosis ceases to occur. Water ceases flow. Okay, Does that kind |
|
| 67:50 | makes better sense than the salute Okay, Sometimes it does. Sometimes |
|
| 67:59 | doesn't And if it doesn't this is time to ask the question. Not |
|
| 68:04 | that you don't understand. But go . I just had expression on. |
|
| 68:08 | here are No. Right. So the question is when hydrostatic pressure |
|
| 68:13 | osmotic pressure. So remember the osmotic is the pressure on the receiving |
|
| 68:19 | The hydrostatic pressure on the receiving And so when that pressure equals the |
|
| 68:26 | pressure on the driving side than osmosis to occur. All right. And |
|
| 68:32 | is osmosis? The diffusion of water its concentration gradient. All right. |
|
| 68:39 | really cool that it's Yeah. All right. Now, many of |
|
| 68:48 | guys are planning on going into health . And so we have another term |
|
| 68:51 | city Tennessee is the ability of a to sell to gain or lose |
|
| 68:56 | All right. And so it has terms hippo is so hyper tonic. |
|
| 69:01 | , tonic refers to the salute. right. It's asked The question doesn't |
|
| 69:05 | about what the water concentration asked what solute concentration is. And so it's |
|
| 69:11 | easy to confuse these terms because we think of hyper tonic and isotonic and |
|
| 69:16 | tonic with regard to the water. right. So, if you're given |
|
| 69:19 | hip a tonic solution, what it's is you're giving water plus stuff. |
|
| 69:24 | the water is more than the cell that you're putting that water around is |
|
| 69:31 | kind of the idea. All So, I'm just going to kind |
|
| 69:34 | make this really simple hippo is less I. So is same as hyper |
|
| 69:39 | more than right, tonic refers to . So hyper tonic is more |
|
| 69:45 | isotonic. More to our more salute a tonic less salute. And what |
|
| 69:53 | doing is it refers to the And what really their cases saying if |
|
| 69:57 | put a cell in that liquid, going to happen to the south? |
|
| 70:00 | so when you have a hype a solution, you have less salyut. |
|
| 70:05 | means you have this is where it confusing, more water. And so |
|
| 70:09 | I have higher water, water moves to concentration grading. So water flows |
|
| 70:13 | the cell cause of the cell to . And if there's too much water |
|
| 70:17 | burst. Isotonic is just happiest. amount of solute and water as the |
|
| 70:24 | . And hyper tonic would be more . So, water is going to |
|
| 70:27 | dragged out of the cell to try reach equilibrium for the cells shrinks. |
|
| 70:32 | right now, why do we care this? All right. You're working |
|
| 70:35 | the er patient comes in dehydrated because Mhm Mhm. Right. What do |
|
| 70:43 | give them? You give them pure ? No, you give them a |
|
| 70:48 | solution. Right. And the reason that is if you gave them pure |
|
| 70:52 | water is basically that would be So, it'll be a hip a |
|
| 70:57 | solution. Water on the body. would start rushing into all the red |
|
| 71:00 | cells causing the red blood cells to equals bad. All right. So |
|
| 71:06 | do we do We give them salt in essence. Right. And that |
|
| 71:11 | the rate at which the water enters the cell. You're you're dealing with |
|
| 71:15 | dehydration. You're just not basically turning on the fire house and killing all |
|
| 71:19 | cells off. Mhm. All So, that's why these types of |
|
| 71:23 | become important is to understand how the of water and the movement of salutes |
|
| 71:29 | the body are used by the body that you don't kill people when you're |
|
| 71:34 | . Yeah. And put it in context, it's a little bit more |
|
| 71:38 | . Huh? It's like, Oh , I don't want to kill the |
|
| 71:43 | . Yeah. Yeah, sometimes. right. Well, actually, with |
|
| 71:51 | to like cancers, you're trying to the cells. Not necessarily the |
|
| 71:56 | you're poisoning them. You're just controlling poisoning. Yeah. Kind of paints |
|
| 72:03 | different picture. What you're getting yourself . Actually had lunch with my pharmacist |
|
| 72:07 | on monday last week. He you know, everything is a |
|
| 72:11 | It just depends on the dose. like uh Yeah, that was an |
|
| 72:17 | quote. So, it's like write down everything's a poisoned just the |
|
| 72:22 | Alright, So, transport proteins to the question came from back. These |
|
| 72:28 | trans membrane proteins. Alright, So exist in either an open or closed |
|
| 72:34 | . So, if it's a channel can be open or you can be |
|
| 72:38 | with the gate so that it opens closes carry proteins. As I |
|
| 72:43 | they are open or closed to one at a time. All right. |
|
| 72:48 | , a channel will allow for the flow of whatever that channel allows to |
|
| 72:52 | through it as long as it's So the door is open, people |
|
| 72:56 | go through. It doesn't matter if male, female. If you're a |
|
| 72:59 | or a raccoon, you can just right on through. Right. A |
|
| 73:04 | , on the other hand, is to what it allows to pass back |
|
| 73:08 | forth across the membrane. It binds whatever it carries. So, if |
|
| 73:12 | can't recognize the molecule, then that can't be the carried. So, |
|
| 73:16 | a very specific form of transport. , looking at the different types of |
|
| 73:23 | . These are gated channels. All . So, what they're saying is |
|
| 73:26 | there is a door. It's that is going to be open and closed |
|
| 73:30 | something. All right. What are different Because these are what are referred |
|
| 73:33 | as modalities. What modalities can open close the door or a channel? |
|
| 73:38 | , depending upon the channel, it be different things. You can have |
|
| 73:41 | voltage gated channel, which means you're at membrane potentials the the charge around |
|
| 73:47 | membrane. So, that's what this trying to show you. So, |
|
| 73:50 | is one charge here is a different . You can see at the different |
|
| 73:54 | open. That's what that's supposed to . All right. Listen, this |
|
| 73:57 | the one that's easiest to understand the is simply a molecule that binds something |
|
| 74:01 | . So, this is like a . Put it into the lock, |
|
| 74:03 | the handle the door opens. All . So, here binding because of |
|
| 74:07 | channel open, you can have both extra cellular McCann is sensitive. This |
|
| 74:13 | like what would happen when you feel pin prick. What you're doing is |
|
| 74:17 | manipulating the cell or the skin. the change in the shape of the |
|
| 74:22 | or the cell causes the channel to shape to open and close thermal. |
|
| 74:27 | is with regard to temperature, the changes causes the molecule to change |
|
| 74:32 | which causes the gates to open and . So, these are just some |
|
| 74:36 | . These are not the limit of of gated channels. These are the |
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| 74:40 | common ones. The ones that we most need to be most familiar |
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| 74:46 | Primary active transporters that I'd be coming to this stuff. All right. |
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| 74:50 | where we're going to be taking energy . So, here is an example |
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| 74:54 | a pump. It's called the sodium exchange pump. What that means is |
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| 74:58 | pumping sodium in one direction pumping potassium the other direction. This is not |
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| 75:03 | only pump on the body. This just one that we tend to use |
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| 75:06 | an example. So, you can there is a place where ATP binds |
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| 75:11 | . There's a place where sodium binds So what happens on the inside the |
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| 75:15 | , sodium binds to an ATP binds site. But when it gets all |
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| 75:20 | sodium that ATP breaks. In other , the molecule is an ATP. |
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| 75:26 | an enzyme that breaks and releases the and it uses that energy to change |
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| 75:31 | shape of the molecule. When it shape, it no longer binds to |
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| 75:37 | . So sodium gets kicked out and you go that way and said I |
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| 75:40 | no choice. I'm going to get the wrong direction. I'm going against |
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| 75:45 | gradient. So I have to go my gradients and being kicked out and |
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| 75:49 | and by the way, at the time I form binding sites for |
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| 75:53 | So, when I kick those three and buying two potassium that causes the |
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| 75:57 | change again. So, potassium is creating the binding sites for sodium and |
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| 76:01 | binding site for new ATP. at the expense of one ATP, |
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| 76:07 | the energy I can move three sodium its gradient. I can move to |
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| 76:12 | against its gradient. It's a Right? So, I'm moving a |
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| 76:16 | of molecules. Yes, sir. , all right, so that would |
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| 76:25 | an example. But here's a simple . Is a proton pump. All |
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| 76:28 | , a proton pump is what you'd in listens um So, you have |
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| 76:32 | environment that you want to really really low ph So you put that |
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| 76:36 | in there and what you do is start pumping tons and tons of protons |
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| 76:40 | there? So you concentrate your so you drop your ph so it |
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| 76:43 | do its job. That's an easy , right? So you can imagine |
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| 76:47 | like shoving ping pong balls into a , more ping pong balls, you |
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| 76:51 | in the harder it is to shove next one in, right, and |
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| 76:54 | keep shoving them in open door shoveling , open door shoveling in, and |
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| 76:58 | what it's doing. In essence, basically moving something in a direction, |
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| 77:01 | if you open that door where the pong balls want to go out on |
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| 77:05 | floor and everywhere, so that's what a pump is in essence trying to |
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| 77:10 | . Mhm. Excellent. Let's see we got here. Oh, |
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| 77:12 | there's a proton pump. See, come up with examples, I've already |
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| 77:17 | the slides. Mhm. Yeah, is probably our last slide actually. |
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| 77:25 | two other slides. I'm just going show you just examples of like, |
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| 77:28 | lots of these different types of So, secondary active transport. Remember |
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| 77:31 | we said is not using energy So, here is that sodium https |
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| 77:37 | , That's the one on the left here. So you can see I'm |
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| 77:41 | energy, right? And what am doing? I'm pumping sodium out and |
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| 77:44 | potassium in. So I'm getting this , really high concentration of sodium sodium |
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| 77:48 | to come back into the cell, it? Yeah, but it's not |
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| 77:52 | to be allowed to what secondary active says is look, I have a |
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| 77:56 | that wants to go into the right? Has its concentration gradient favoring |
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| 78:01 | . But we're not gonna let it unless it brings something along with it |
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| 78:05 | is moving against its concentration. All . I'm gonna give you guys an |
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| 78:10 | that sometimes lands well sometimes lands All right. I went to school |
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| 78:16 | New Orleans. There are 1000 bars around two lane. All right. |
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| 78:21 | these bars every night. One of bars has a ladies night. All |
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| 78:26 | . So, usually what they're doing they're charging a cover. Alright? |
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| 78:29 | guy has to go in. He's to pay a cover unless he brings |
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| 78:33 | a woman with her him All A girl with him girl gets in |
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| 78:37 | , but she doesn't want to pay drinks. Right? So, we |
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| 78:40 | a mutually exclusive ideal situation, Guy wants to go and meet |
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| 78:46 | All right, But he can't get without paying a cover girl can get |
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| 78:49 | free, but she doesn't want to for drinks. So, all you |
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| 78:52 | do is stand outside the bar. , hey, um if you go |
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| 78:56 | with me, I'll buy you a and then I can get in, |
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| 79:00 | ? And you're like, okay, . I get my drink. I |
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| 79:02 | in free. We're both happy. what secondary active transport is like, |
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| 79:08 | wants to come in. All But it can't It's not being allowed |
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| 79:12 | it brings in the glucose which wants get in but can't because it's moving |
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| 79:16 | its gradient. So I don't have use energy directly. I'm using the |
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| 79:22 | that was created as a secondary mechanism drive the movement of another material that |
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| 79:29 | couldn't get in without the expense of . In other words, glucose to |
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| 79:35 | it inside a cell. We don't to spend energy to do that movement |
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| 79:39 | energy, glucose is energy, I don't want to spend energy to |
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| 79:43 | energy. I just want to get energy in. And so I'm taking |
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| 79:48 | of a system that's being created by else. Now, I know you |
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| 79:52 | are desperate to get out of but let me just show you the |
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| 79:53 | real quick. All right, So to memorize on this slide for |
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| 79:59 | Like, Okay, all this is you is look at these systems. |
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| 80:06 | , here's a pump channel channel They're all the same. There's a |
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| 80:10 | transporter that's secondary active transport pump which is a form of secondary active |
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| 80:18 | . This is a mechanism that is over and over and over and over |
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| 80:23 | over and over and over and You learn at once. You learn |
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| 80:27 | . All right. You learn what pump is. You know how primary |
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| 80:32 | transport is then If you saw something this would be like, Oh, |
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| 80:36 | , that makes sense, calcium That's the same thing as that 1st |
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| 80:40 | you know? Oh, that exchanger is that sodium glucose transporter you |
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| 80:46 | Oh yeah, there's an exchanger there does the same thing. Okay, |
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| 80:50 | . Just moving things against the gradients than memorizing stuff. If you learn |
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| 80:56 | things work, you'll see patterns and makes life so understandable. So |
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| 81:02 | So when you get back there's actually slides here about exocet doses. We |
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| 81:05 | do those on thursday. So you have a great day. Welcome back |
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| 81:10 | The next break is in november. . You have a good day. |
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| 81:20 | . Yeah. |
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