| 00:22 | Mm. Okay. Ok folks, get going. So uh All |
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| 00:44 | Um so uh today, remember today the start of unit two. |
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| 00:52 | So what we're talking about today is is not on the exam tomorrow |
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| 00:58 | So um uh So of course again it starts tomorrow. There's no um |
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| 01:08 | blackboard quiz going on. Obviously there's uh smart work that to do. |
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| 01:15 | all your all that's going on is the uh exam. Okay. So |
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| 01:19 | due on monday. Okay. As usually is. So um so |
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| 01:26 | if there's I haven't seen the email , I'll do that after fast |
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| 01:31 | But it's I mean, no new . Okay? But regardless uh if |
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| 01:38 | have questions about, you know what thinking, what's gonna be on the |
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| 01:42 | , just download The reviews because I am looking at this to make sure |
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| 01:49 | matches up. But I don't have not asking me something that's not on |
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| 01:54 | . Okay. It doesn't you know . Yes, I may say in |
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| 02:00 | , Blah Blah, Blah, Right? It doesn't matter that you |
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| 02:04 | what happened in 1860 or not. don't care if it's your own. |
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| 02:07 | . So don't, you know, dates and things. Okay, so |
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| 02:12 | , um stick to what's happened. . So okay, so what we're |
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| 02:19 | do is like a typical flip Um So I'm gonna cover uh we're |
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| 02:29 | one thing that uh in your slides you downloaded look at the viral ecology |
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| 02:39 | pushed to the very end. So we're not going to start to |
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| 02:42 | with that we're not going to cover . Not getting covered until the very |
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| 02:46 | of next lecture. Right. So gonna push back everything else is more |
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| 02:50 | less than in that in that Um so it will. So today |
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| 02:55 | really about how you define the We know some somewhat about viruses |
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| 03:00 | We talked about some of this in very basics in Chapter one. |
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| 03:06 | so then what drug was the drugs the virus? Uh this can |
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| 03:10 | Look at some of the variations of basic life cycle that you can apply |
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| 03:16 | any virus though the part two of chapter is focused on viral life |
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| 03:24 | I will go through kind of here's basics of uh that applies to any |
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| 03:30 | our lifestyle. Well, of course gonna be different variations as we get |
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| 03:35 | the part too, as you'll Um, and then looking at different |
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| 03:39 | types, uh, classification. So a table uh, at the end |
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| 03:46 | the part one notes, I think gives you, here's the classification of |
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| 03:49 | . I'm not gonna, I expect to know what specific groups and this |
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| 03:54 | that and the other classified this as here they are. Uh just point |
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| 03:59 | some things and a little bit more most complicated. Um You get complicated |
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| 04:08 | uh typically the RNA viruses and typically you get into their life cycles, |
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| 04:12 | can be a little bit confusing. so again, we'll delve more into |
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| 04:19 | next time. But we will probably about a little bit about them toward |
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| 04:24 | end. Okay so um so hopefully today you go. Okay this is |
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| 04:29 | a virus is. This is kind structures structures viruses can have this kind |
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| 04:33 | life cycle. Um just having classified Those are the main things to get |
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| 04:39 | get from today. Okay so there's think there's 70 clicker questions. One |
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| 04:46 | them is repeated again. Um there's question that's not even a question. |
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| 04:52 | anyway, so that's that's and slides your notes are gonna be mixed in |
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| 04:57 | all this. Okay so let's um about this question. Okay so which |
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| 05:07 | the following should use just some statements viruses. So which of these? |
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| 05:12 | there is one is false. Okay. Timers Cullen Okay, counting |
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| 06:17 | from 10 each seven pause now. . Yeah um correct. So certainly |
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| 06:45 | almost probably every species on earth has that virus that infects them. |
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| 06:51 | so I'm not gonna say every living but probably most everything does. Okay |
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| 06:58 | Cell based life uh they their genome be DNA RNA side drains is in |
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| 07:06 | parameter 0.2 25 20 nm to um on my crime though there are pointed |
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| 07:19 | the end. There are types that a few types that can exceed one |
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| 07:27 | . Okay um the the giant viruses . Within that group. Okay and |
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| 07:41 | the minimum all viruses possess a genome with a protein called recovery. That's |
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| 07:48 | . Any virus, you know, kind of the basics. They all |
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| 07:52 | that. But of course that can very easy to this. Okay. |
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| 07:55 | sure. Alright. Um So the again they're not they're not, you |
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| 08:05 | , are they life or not like debate. Right. So viruses uh |
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| 08:11 | replicate outside of the post that kind struck against them in terms of being |
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| 08:16 | living thing. They're not really sells they can't do the functions of |
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| 08:21 | Some but just not most of Okay. They they're small because they |
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| 08:28 | have that much stuff. Right? So I don't have all of the |
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| 08:34 | if you will that living cells Okay. But again it varies some |
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| 08:40 | do have more components with them and viral types. Um Some are bigger |
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| 08:46 | other viral types. So there's a of sizes and functions. Okay. |
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| 08:52 | of course they all they all despite variations, they all need a |
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| 08:59 | Okay, so they will go through process of viral replication that's very similar |
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| 09:06 | all of them. Okay, well at that. Okay, so um |
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| 09:12 | discovery so being so in this time this time frame here, Ivan honestly |
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| 09:20 | this is like 19 hundreds, early hundreds. Um So point you didn't |
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| 09:27 | ideas. It's known about germ theory disease has been well known for some |
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| 09:34 | at this time, by that So they're aware of microbes, bacteria |
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| 09:39 | disease and whatnot. So naturally, know, that's what they focused |
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| 09:43 | So in this tobacco mosaic virus which uh disease and tobacco plants basically infected |
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| 09:52 | , uh um disease leaves which are very uh yellowish colored and spots on |
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| 10:00 | . And so they don't function properly . And um of course during this |
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| 10:05 | right now, tobacco is big So it was an interest to figure |
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| 10:08 | what's killing its plants for economic certainly. So uh they basically thinking |
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| 10:16 | it's bacteria or something like that causing disease in these plants, They would |
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| 10:22 | up the leaves. Disease leaves, know, using cokes, right |
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| 10:28 | Right? In terms of disease, took healthy leaves, right of control |
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| 10:33 | leaves, and they crunch them each , right? And got the filtration |
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| 10:40 | filter, right? They delivered through filter. There is filters that could |
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| 10:45 | , you know, bacterial size Right? So I think, |
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| 10:48 | run it through the microbe causing this will be trapped on the filter. |
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| 10:53 | you got it right? And when took the stuff on top of the |
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| 10:59 | , okay, paste. And they it to healthy plant leaders. |
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| 11:04 | The plants never came down. So , okay, what's this about? |
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| 11:08 | ? Must be something super tiny. might be something that's going through the |
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| 11:13 | . Then they looked at that stuff , right, Stuff that went through |
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| 11:17 | they applied that to leave then they oh now I'm seeing this disease. |
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| 11:22 | is it? Must be something super . Right? What they call non |
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| 11:26 | trouble. Right. So of course didn't have electron microscopes at this |
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| 11:31 | So maybe 30 years later is when kind of are able to visualize this |
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| 11:36 | virus and that's what you see which is actually on the very small |
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| 11:39 | of the spectrum here. Right. no wonder it easily pass through this |
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| 11:43 | . So then of course, um after you've figured out the structure of |
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| 11:49 | virus and reputation of the virus So um the select bacteria, archaea |
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| 12:00 | ubiquitous. So too about they're they're . Right. If the cells they |
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| 12:06 | are everywhere then they must be Well because they need that host to |
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| 12:10 | . Okay. And so for the time. And I was starting about |
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| 12:16 | way back I thought that there was I didn't see anything redeeming virus. |
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| 12:24 | ? Or they have any use other causing disease. Right, of |
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| 12:28 | Since learned about viral ecology. In marine environments, terrestrial environments. |
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| 12:35 | they're very important in controlling populations. ? We'll talk about this at the |
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| 12:41 | of next lecture. But um viruses a way to control populations in new |
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| 12:48 | . Okay. So if you remember basic ecology, right? If you |
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| 12:55 | if you don't allow certain species to dominant and they're the main ones that |
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| 13:00 | diversity. Right? So by having , they can control populations and certain |
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| 13:05 | and that allows others to them to of be able to flourish so they |
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| 13:09 | impact diversity in ecosystems. So and course we have them in our |
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| 13:15 | right, viruses in our guts and that are that are affecting populations in |
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| 13:20 | gut. So and I think we last time with faith therapy, |
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| 13:26 | Using pages retroviruses as ways to uh control types. So, um so |
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| 13:33 | is no point is there is a of them that are that do good |
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| 13:37 | . Okay. Um, but of we're aware of mostly the bad things |
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| 13:43 | they're right having gone I guess. we technically still in the pandemic? |
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| 13:49 | don't think so. But it's So we're I think everybody knows probably |
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| 13:55 | by now, especially if it begins A. C. Right. So |
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| 14:00 | , so this is just to show this fan of science. Right. |
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| 14:03 | so the uh, on the larger tobacco mosaic virus, Small end. |
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| 14:12 | uh, you know, I just something. I don't know how to |
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| 14:17 | my greek letters. Right. See 2900. And you see this that's |
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| 14:30 | my being an idiot. Okay, it's not hard of micro motors actually |
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| 14:37 | nanometers. Right. Right. So right. So this is actually his |
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| 14:45 | as well. Okay. So, the size range is 20 should be |
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| 14:54 | point nine micrometers. So my Right. So both of both. |
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| 15:01 | uh certainly call me out on Right. If I'm doing something stupid |
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| 15:07 | that. Alright, so um Next push check. Let's see what |
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| 15:17 | got here. Okay. Which of following? Could not be used as |
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| 15:23 | criteria to identify viruses. Okay. Okay. The timer on here for |
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| 16:20 | singer. Okay, here we From 98. Okay. You |
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| 16:43 | Um You answered B you are So viruses don't have a metabolism not |
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| 17:01 | selling. Okay, they can't ferment can't give them sugar and hope they'll |
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| 17:08 | it. Right. Um They just work that way. But they don't |
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| 17:12 | a developed metabolic patterns and things like . Um So you can't identify |
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| 17:20 | Like you could have bacteria, you , doing different types of meta quality |
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| 17:24 | so forth. So, but certainly can use other features of the virus |
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| 17:32 | envelope. You take acid type Okay, so um Okay, so |
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| 17:40 | . Right, so let me kind touched on this previously in chapter one |
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| 17:45 | returning a sailor because they don't have features of all the other cells |
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| 17:51 | Okay, they have the basic structure protein code or genome DNA. Um |
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| 17:58 | coat. We call it caps it up of individual capsule mirrors and um |
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| 18:05 | course the main thing is must infect host cell. Okay. And so |
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| 18:13 | takes over that whole step at some . It makes it makes it a |
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| 18:19 | factory if you will right to pump viral particles. Okay, so a |
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| 18:25 | of terms. I use them Maybe somebody was a strict virologist might |
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| 18:31 | me around, but the term virus the term Okay, I use those |
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| 18:42 | need the same thing. So if hear me say it same thing. |
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| 18:48 | , right. Um okay, so look at this question. Yeah, |
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| 18:56 | you're not sure something or you want , just shout it out. |
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| 19:02 | Um Alright. Which of the following not necessarily a requirement for replication of |
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| 19:11 | viral types. So you take all and you can take this replication |
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| 19:17 | All of them are gonna hand something we're gonna be caught. We're all |
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| 19:21 | need certain things, but not everything to all. Okay, that's what's |
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| 19:28 | asked here. Okay, Not that this 1 timers on. Okay, |
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| 20:31 | pause. Okay, let's resume from 54. Okay. Um so who |
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| 20:55 | who thinks f is wrong? The said that? He thinks is it |
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| 21:06 | ? Okay, because you got Hmm. Well, question. |
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| 21:28 | let me ask you this. Do do you are you have you heard |
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| 21:32 | the covid virus? Okay. Being . Alright. Um is covid type |
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| 21:42 | a as much as you know about as everybody knows that Covid whether they |
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| 21:49 | to or not is covid the That's a no, no, it's |
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| 21:57 | to google it. That's right. know. Yeah, I think |
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| 22:05 | Yeah. So is is the correct . So things like what is a |
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| 22:12 | one? Well infamous. What's a one? That's that is uh that |
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| 22:19 | yeah. HIV Right. That's uh of people know that. So so |
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| 22:29 | , it's uh some are some are . Capital virus is one that can |
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| 22:35 | this. Okay. But the virus rabies, mumps measles. So there's |
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| 22:42 | a number that can just number. But certainly they all need to be |
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| 22:50 | a big right? Because basically if can't recognize the host, they're not |
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| 22:56 | they're not going to or if the is around that they can recognize, |
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| 22:59 | not gonna replicate. Um See it things like rival zones, transfer |
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| 23:07 | They generally don't carry those things around get them from the host. |
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| 23:11 | Uh nuclear ties. Right? So they're gonna copy their genomes, whether |
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| 23:15 | RNA or DNA or transcribe, They need nuclear types. And so |
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| 23:20 | get those from the host. Um certainly replicating genome, right? If |
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| 23:25 | virus is gonna replicate, well, not step one, step two is |
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| 23:30 | quickly make copies of the genome because it's gonna make lots of particles and |
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| 23:35 | they're going to escape the cell. . But again, not everything. |
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| 23:40 | all viral types use integration into the as part of the process. Some |
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| 23:45 | some don't. Okay, so um kind of just so we'll go through |
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| 23:51 | , the the basics of pretty much that you see here can apply to |
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| 23:59 | and I'll mention briefly some where there be variations. Okay. So of |
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| 24:07 | it kind of begins or ends with process. Right. We kind of |
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| 24:12 | thinking that the locking key kind of , right? It's the virus uh |
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| 24:18 | have the right key to fit into cell. Is that getting in |
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| 24:21 | Can't get in? They can't Okay. Now this is the whole |
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| 24:27 | is alive and not alive thing. , you know when they're certainly when |
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| 24:31 | in the cell replicating you can consider to be alive because they're reproducing reproducing |
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| 24:38 | viral partners when they're out here right to sell. Are they alive? |
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| 24:46 | can't really do anything. They can't . But you know the viability of |
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| 24:51 | in that extra same state outside their there. You know, it can |
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| 24:59 | obviously those viruses on the door handle there and and door knobs and countertop |
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| 25:05 | sure. Okay. Um whether they're viable or not. I don't |
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| 25:11 | It varies from viral type of viral . Some are more more bust than |
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| 25:16 | . Right. Typically viruses that are stds like HIV PPV papilloma virus tend |
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| 25:26 | be less um uh viable on an like this. Okay, any tissues |
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| 25:38 | maintain the viability. So the point it depends, right, Depends on |
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| 25:42 | is actually kind of robust. They remain outside the host cell and be |
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| 25:47 | infectious. You know, for quite several days. Okay, linger in |
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| 25:51 | air. So um it just depends the viral type. Okay, so |
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| 25:58 | , so assume bars recognizes host What's it using from the host? |
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| 26:04 | . So the Astros are it depends the viral type. Right. Number |
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| 26:10 | . If it's already a virus, doesn't need any. Right? But |
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| 26:15 | it is a uh it's uh visiting virus, it may or may not |
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| 26:20 | this. Some viral viruses do DNA viruses. Some don't. |
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| 26:25 | And it commemorates that can vary. some RNA viruses are very specific and |
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| 26:32 | type of memories they use. so from the host that may not |
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| 26:38 | . But certainly live nucleotides that's not to do everything all they're all gonna |
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| 26:45 | that post. Right. Um remember there's there's really no kind of |
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| 26:51 | like respiration, fermentation. These things occur in viruses. Okay. Um |
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| 27:00 | the other thing to remember here well, let's go through this and |
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| 27:02 | mention it. So, so let start infection. So um the the |
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| 27:09 | of the genome into the host side plastic. Okay, that takes different |
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| 27:15 | . Right? Animal viruses, these of impact ourselves. Um pretty much |
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| 27:21 | of the whole thing. Typically this thing enters the cell ourselves. |
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| 27:29 | For bacterial viruses is typically just the comes in. Everything else stays |
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| 27:34 | So it varies Okay. But it to get inside. The genome has |
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| 27:40 | be somehow released inside the cells begin be able to replicate. Okay. |
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| 27:47 | once that genomes inside Okay. There can depending on the type, it |
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| 27:54 | integrate chromosome. Okay. Um even it does that right, that in |
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| 28:03 | is this in itself is not leading replication and making new viruses. |
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| 28:10 | So even if it does integrate it have to then kind of go back |
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| 28:15 | this state. Again make copies of . They hang out the integration to |
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| 28:20 | host chromosome. That's kind of a kind of just hanging out in the |
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| 28:24 | . Right cells unaffected, it can and growth. And the virus is |
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| 28:30 | kind of in there. Right. not really doing anything just hanging |
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| 28:35 | Okay. But of course as a divides, right, all those generations |
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| 28:40 | carrying that genome biology. Oh So um so at some point of |
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| 28:48 | the virus ultimately has to make new and then that's when it will then |
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| 28:53 | from that state and go into Okay. And there's bacterial viral types |
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| 28:58 | do that. There's an animal virus that do that. All right. |
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| 29:03 | that's kind of so we'll we'll when get into life cycles because that can |
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| 29:08 | kind of complicated. We start with viruses their their cycles that tend to |
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| 29:13 | a little bit less complex. And we shifted to animal virus samples. |
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| 29:18 | and really the complexity has to do what we have a virus life cycle |
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| 29:23 | more complex than a bacterial virus life . Why is that why is life |
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| 29:34 | typically more complicated when you compare it a bacterial life cycle, bacterial virus |
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| 29:39 | cycle. That was what the host type for analyze. Well you carry |
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| 29:51 | itself, you have more stuff before was more complex. And so a |
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| 29:59 | that infects it can have different options the UK area itself. Like you |
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| 30:04 | nucleus, maybe other structures. And bacterial virus simpler by comparison. |
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| 30:11 | Because the cell is infecting is by to you carry a lot less |
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| 30:16 | So that's why you can kind of kind of depends on the host cell |
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| 30:21 | . Right. What's the nature of host cell? So if you're making |
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| 30:24 | of genome and then of course we to. So then this is the |
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| 30:29 | of this, Right? This is factory making the cell virus factory. |
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| 30:34 | , so basically this takes it over uses the post resources to make viral |
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| 30:41 | which involves the process of transcription Right. Got to express those viral |
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| 30:49 | into proteins and then assemble. And then um exit. Right. |
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| 30:56 | they want to infect more cells. and again this process here. |
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| 31:01 | Can vary as well. Okay. rate the rate of viral production can |
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| 31:10 | . Okay. It just makes a uh time. Some can bacterial virus |
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| 31:18 | make upwards of 500 page particles in single cell. Right? They can |
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| 31:27 | make a few to a lot. . Um all of that. So |
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| 31:34 | these resources using the host to Because if it's doing this right, |
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| 31:41 | using host typically not always been host races. Um Using host life was |
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| 31:49 | using host transfer are so certainly energy sapped from that host. The host |
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| 31:57 | not enjoying this. Okay. Because lot of their energy is being used |
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| 32:03 | the virus has taken it over. . And how much of this |
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| 32:09 | The viral reproduction activity and making new particles? How much of that's |
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| 32:14 | And at what rate that affects the hotel. So you'll see scenarios where |
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| 32:22 | virus can be doing this only making amounts of viral particles and the host |
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| 32:30 | live with that it can kind of and reproduce but has a much |
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| 32:37 | They normally would if you didn't. we see kind of respectful where virus |
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| 32:43 | suddenly fades are produced and the soldiers too. Like a retrovirus infection HIV |
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| 32:53 | can kind of hang out integrate. while it's doing that produced by the |
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| 33:00 | cell can actually still survives and reproduces little. Right But it still |
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| 33:06 | So you have the spectrum all the in the prototype the conditions etcetera. |
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| 33:12 | we'll get into more than variations uh time. Okay. But it's kind |
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| 33:17 | just I'm just kind of presenting to here's what's common among all these viral |
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| 33:24 | that replicate but pointing out we'll see . Okay. Yeah. Oh |
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| 33:32 | Yeah. Oh okay. So that . So bacteria viruses much faster than |
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| 33:43 | cells real fast. Uh There's not much in terms of how it it |
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| 33:53 | complicated. Okay. So a it be a matter of minutes but it |
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| 34:02 | kills the cell. It affects more . Right? Uh because typically grow |
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| 34:12 | viruses that animal viruses uh may have parts of the cell that goes |
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| 34:19 | So they may go to nucleus and they go outside and back and |
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| 34:22 | And so it's kind of tied to for ever verse. Oh I'm gonna |
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| 34:30 | it is ours for bacteria viruses. . So I kind of kind of |
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| 34:35 | the time difference there. Okay. other questions? Yeah. So bacteria |
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| 34:46 | are called page a factor of So bacteria viruses only affect factor. |
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| 34:59 | so every kind of life form on has its particular virus, viral types |
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| 35:06 | it affects? Okay. They don't they don't cross over. Okay. |
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| 35:12 | so uh okay so viral infectivity but does that relate to it is something |
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| 35:23 | what does it mean stopping activity? wasn't what you say. And so |
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| 35:43 | said the infected. Okay uh that host. Um And so what does |
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| 35:57 | entail? That's right. But what that, What is that what has |
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| 36:06 | happen for that to happen to affect particular host have? What has to |
|
| 36:12 | ? Right. Right. Right. viruses um recognize the things that are |
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| 36:22 | the surface of the set. Oh, typically they're often times um |
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| 36:31 | involved that maybe maybe something involves kind transport for the cell. So the |
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| 36:37 | specific for that or it could you know, animal cells and all |
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| 36:41 | of cells and tissues of all kinds molecules telling adherence to other cells and |
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| 36:48 | times like a cold virus attaches those of molecules. Okay. And so |
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| 36:53 | you know, it's molecules that are the surface because that's where the virus |
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| 36:57 | quote. See, right as it's toward a host cell, it's going |
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| 37:02 | see what's on the surface there. gonna have the specific for certain of |
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| 37:06 | molecules. Okay, so infectivity relates sort of particular host. Okay, |
|
| 37:14 | can A virus effect more than one type. Okay. So then host |
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| 37:27 | be host can be on two Okay. It can be me versus |
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| 37:39 | squirrel. Okay. two different Okay. It could be a skin |
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| 37:48 | and a liver cell within one Right. Technically two different host cell |
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| 37:56 | in a single bottom. And so so that's another kind of host. |
|
| 38:02 | . I mean in terms of Um uh so what's the example of |
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| 38:09 | and the squirrel? What's the bio of effect? Got rabies. |
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| 38:14 | So this is what we this has do with the broad narrow. |
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| 38:20 | So viral types and all relates to . What are the types of molecules |
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| 38:26 | recognizing on the surface of the So can be common. Commonality of |
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| 38:33 | Let me just go to this So infectivity. Alright. Effectivity. |
|
| 38:39 | me get erased this here real So infectivity. Right? Getting inside |
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| 38:45 | the viruses right? Getting inside and replicated. Right? So this this |
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| 38:52 | of the process recognition. Getting So um And so host range. |
|
| 38:59 | ? So host range refers to the of different species let's say species that |
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| 39:07 | be affected by rabies. Very Many different types of mammals are affected |
|
| 39:12 | this narrow is HIV infects humans. very specific. Um uh mumps, |
|
| 39:23 | , flu not flu but mumps and um uh infected humans. Um uh |
|
| 39:32 | is of course very broad. So one scope. Right, so the |
|
| 39:37 | one is tissue or the term for is trumpism refers to think about that |
|
| 39:45 | specificity. So now we're looking at one species if you will. |
|
| 39:51 | what are the what are the different types that it can affect in that |
|
| 39:56 | ? Right. I get infected with virus. How many different cell types |
|
| 39:59 | be affected? Okay. From most say for most it's relatively narrow. |
|
| 40:08 | , respiratory viruses like coronavirus um bind cells the respiratory system, respiratory tissues |
|
| 40:17 | lungs trachea. Right? Uh coronavirus affect these and it looks for this |
|
| 40:24 | of receptor. These are things they for. All right, So here's |
|
| 40:28 | um epithelial cells covering your lungs. . And it looks for these types |
|
| 40:36 | receptors that bind to it. Um some things can be deep within |
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| 40:42 | your respiratory tissues in your body. . So it can it can affect |
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| 40:47 | affect deep in your lungs and and this cause this kind of thing when |
|
| 40:53 | occurs. Cause as well learn this in the semester, inflammation inflammatory |
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| 40:58 | And that leads to fluid build up the lungs. So people that have |
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| 41:02 | serious cases of covid get built up of inflammation when they're biting into these |
|
| 41:08 | deep in the deep tissue. so uh but you can have some |
|
| 41:16 | are brought in again. Not But here uh Ebola is 11 of |
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| 41:22 | reasons bowl is so deadly. It like a At minimum I think minimum |
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| 41:28 | 50-60% mortality rate. So you have chance of dying catching right? But |
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| 41:33 | it's higher than that 89% mortality. a lot of that goes to the |
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| 41:39 | that it can infect many different cells a person's body, right from uh |
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| 41:46 | those cells line blood vessels. So those cells and blood begins to leak |
|
| 41:52 | . People at that Ebola is pretty because basically fluids are coming out of |
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| 41:57 | with the person's body and it has do with the multiple cell types that |
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| 42:01 | infect. And so that's a big why it's so lethal. Okay. |
|
| 42:08 | And so again uh narrow in terms host ranges HIV but also in terms |
|
| 42:17 | tissue type taking effect. Very one type. This is a type of |
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| 42:22 | cell. These are immune system selves among T helper cells are different types |
|
| 42:30 | one type of it. And we'll later that t help ourselves of certain |
|
| 42:38 | are instrumental in um kind of organizing whole what's called adaptive immune response that |
|
| 42:46 | need a lot of form antibodies um deal with infected cells. And so |
|
| 42:53 | you knock these guys out really uh your immune system altogether. And so |
|
| 43:04 | no wonder somebody that has that dies HIV. They die not from the |
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| 43:11 | virus but from like pneumonia or some of other respiratory ailment because they just |
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| 43:18 | fight it, can't fight the our immune system is shot. |
|
| 43:22 | so anyway um any questions about Mhm. So let's look at this |
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| 43:31 | . So when you get a little into structure here, viral structure um |
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| 43:37 | a naked virus is lacking or missing maybe. Hey Captain Down. |
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| 44:43 | 13. 12. Okay. Alright. Um Your choices. |
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| 45:03 | Um So who picked? Mhm. why is it e. Right |
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| 45:16 | Right. So I thought more people have picked. Yes This one. |
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| 45:25 | . I mean this is correct. envelope but I thought more people would |
|
| 45:30 | picked that. That's that's not a people to pick that. But it |
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| 45:37 | it is absolutely lacking envelope. So viral structure. Right. You're |
|
| 45:42 | have you're gonna have a cap sid . You're gonna have a genome muslim |
|
| 45:47 | . You may not have these. so for that I mean you're going |
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| 45:53 | have some kind of surface molecules other that captured protein but they may just |
|
| 45:59 | be visible as prominent spikes. Um But uh but spike is is |
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| 46:09 | other whether it's naked virus or They're both gonna have spikes. |
|
| 46:13 | Um So shape. Why? So um Fila mentis asymmetrical shapes. |
|
| 46:21 | You can have these geometric 20 sided shapes here. Um The But but |
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| 46:31 | you know, captured proteins here are be like don't think of it as |
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| 46:36 | gonna have a bazillion Different Catholic proteins come together and infrastructure specifically on your |
|
| 46:44 | maybe 3-5 different proteins that come I can remember that barges are |
|
| 46:50 | They have small genomes which means they have a lot of genes period. |
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| 46:55 | they have to kind of be different way. So they'll have maybe 3-4 |
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| 46:59 | five different capsule proteins that will then to form the capsule. Okay the |
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| 47:07 | viruses so they will have different The this is acquired from the |
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| 47:13 | So when the virus exits the host that requires that envelope. Okay. |
|
| 47:22 | so the outlook can have virus specific in. Okay. The different various |
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| 47:31 | . Okay. Many times they're typically for attacks or attachments. Some of |
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| 47:36 | are for attachment recognition of the host some and some can be also be |
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| 47:41 | helping them exit the virus as Okay. The it's something happened with |
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| 47:48 | that affect your system. Remember these are are affect your body um are |
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| 47:55 | trying to get around your new So they may have proteins out here |
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| 48:00 | help them do that interact with the system cells and kind of make them |
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| 48:07 | in different ways. Okay so um you see a glycoprotein spikes. Okay |
|
| 48:15 | again it's just sugar protein combinations components can be kind of a long which |
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| 48:23 | them very prominent visually. So they them spikes. Okay, uh |
|
| 48:29 | Okay so again it can be on a naked virus or a envelope |
|
| 48:39 | Okay now um filament viruses. Ebola an example of that is just a |
|
| 48:46 | . Uh they can be as you here they can be wrapped up contained |
|
| 48:52 | an envelope. You can see there a captain that services need to be |
|
| 48:58 | here and then um here is that virus that so it just kind of |
|
| 49:06 | longer type of viral structure tailed These are also sometimes called complex viruses |
|
| 49:14 | they have multiple parts to them. so this is typical for a bacterial |
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| 49:21 | type of specific for affecting bacterial cells . Uh these other parts. And |
|
| 49:39 | this actually will sit on top of cell. So these will be for |
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| 49:43 | for recognition these tail fibers. And then um then this genome in |
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| 49:51 | actually is this will compress okay, part compresses down to like this. |
|
| 49:58 | here's the caps it head. So it compresses down and as it |
|
| 50:05 | the the genome gets shot into the the Okay so it's kind of flexible |
|
| 50:14 | . So kind of uh not not kind of typical actually for bacterial |
|
| 50:21 | So uh in those types of infections actually all of this actually stays outside |
|
| 50:29 | cell only genomes. Everything else stays . That's that's very typical for bacterial |
|
| 50:37 | . Okay, now, asymmetric. you're looking at that and you're gonna |
|
| 50:42 | , okay, that is symmetrical. around. Okay, so if we |
|
| 50:50 | uh so looking at this flu Okay let's call it roundish. |
|
| 50:58 | it actually will kind of it's kind blob ish. Okay, it's not |
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| 51:04 | sphere. Okay so it kind of like I said brownish oval ish. |
|
| 51:10 | . And so that gives us the cemetery. Okay. And so um |
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| 51:15 | has it has captured Okay, here's RNA genome um these little things out |
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| 51:25 | again, these micro protein spikes. the N. And H. |
|
| 51:33 | May be familiar with the flu virus , right? Like H one |
|
| 51:38 | One. There is one type H and one and different age and numbers |
|
| 51:45 | attached to a box of flu Okay. And that relates to these |
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| 51:50 | components here. We called hemagglutinin neuraminidase okay, your minute basis kind of |
|
| 51:58 | in um and exit the virus from host. The gluten helps in |
|
| 52:06 | Okay, So they can be different uh in terms of composition of both |
|
| 52:12 | these types would be called H one 22 etcetera. Given numbers for different |
|
| 52:19 | . Okay, um now the So No. one this is not |
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| 52:34 | your book is already going to this all. I don't think that |
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| 52:39 | And so at least I will be . And so this is um so |
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| 52:46 | me set this up this way. if you look at an envelope virus |
|
| 52:50 | ? Like before we just saw, , here's your typical capsule. |
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| 52:55 | right here, the caps it if label it or not? No. |
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| 53:00 | , So here's the caps it. , right there covering the you |
|
| 53:06 | then we have the all the roads it. Right. And so here's |
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| 53:11 | over here. Right here that has envelope. Of course right there. |
|
| 53:17 | then the genome, but you don't a visible capsule structure around it. |
|
| 53:24 | still hasn't But it has it in different form. Right. So look |
|
| 53:28 | the coronavirus over here, can And it has It has uh doesn't |
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| 53:36 | a visible capsule. You see the . You see the genome. Where's |
|
| 53:40 | capsule? The capsule isn't a So, here's the genome in |
|
| 53:43 | Right. And so what it it has proteins but two the |
|
| 53:56 | Okay, covering it. So, can see it right here. |
|
| 54:01 | so, the red So there's a thin blue line. Right? That's |
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| 54:07 | actual genome. Okay. Then it looks like a testament. Right? |
|
| 54:13 | the red are taking for reddish. you see that's the nuclear capsule proteins |
|
| 54:20 | the genome. So this essentially It's proteins stuck to that genome that |
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| 54:29 | serving the purpose of the capsule coding . I think that's covering the |
|
| 54:35 | Right. Which is what a captain . It's just that the proteins are |
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| 54:40 | bound to the genome rather than rather covering it like a house, so |
|
| 54:45 | speak, or or some kind of . It's stuck to the genome |
|
| 54:49 | Right. That's what we call that capsule. Right. So it's it's |
|
| 54:54 | version of the capsule. Right? that's something you'll see not, not |
|
| 54:59 | in coronavirus, but another some of viral types as well. Okay. |
|
| 55:06 | that makes sense. Any questions about . Yeah. What was the first |
|
| 55:19 | of that? Yeah, influences That's Yeah, but um but the |
|
| 55:45 | . Here. this is also just . Um many questions about that. |
|
| 56:02 | right. Um Okay, I just this in here just to kind of |
|
| 56:08 | you an idea of sizes and you know. So this is somewhat |
|
| 56:12 | . Uh here you see 10,008 10 nuclear ties. This kind of people |
|
| 56:19 | the average size. Which is which about 10 years. So we can |
|
| 56:26 | large viruses. Like polio viruses are large or larger virus, larger, |
|
| 56:31 | know, can accommodate more genes. , what kind of jeans that viruses |
|
| 56:37 | ? Right. There's gonna be things to infectivity. Right? Um proteins |
|
| 56:44 | are involved in recognizing host proteins that maybe involved in like exit from the |
|
| 56:51 | . Um enzymes like like certain types races depending on the viral type. |
|
| 56:58 | So there are there are some things will have with virus specific. |
|
| 57:03 | Um now this term here said non . Right. So that means it's |
|
| 57:11 | complete um complete in this case, strand. Right? It can be |
|
| 57:23 | up like you see here in the virus. Right. Different segments. |
|
| 57:28 | , Eight different segments of the flu . Right? Again, if you |
|
| 57:33 | them all together, approximately the same as this virus here. Okay, |
|
| 57:38 | again, just in second tonight goes long ways to how flu viruses can |
|
| 57:45 | viruses. I think I think typically virus. RNA viruses compared to DNA |
|
| 57:53 | . RNA viruses mutate more quickly compared viruses. Okay. There's no there's |
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| 57:59 | mechanism to repair mistakes really. In virus, DNA virus may be able |
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| 58:04 | use host functions for that. But RNA virus, no, so viruses |
|
| 58:10 | to retain more quickly and um because make a mistake, there's nothing in |
|
| 58:16 | and it may be a variation that enables it to be hidden from the |
|
| 58:22 | system. Okay. Um and so virus and so other things kind of |
|
| 58:29 | that virus virus that infects a cell than one. So let's say a |
|
| 58:36 | buyers and facts. Okay. The of few viruses more necessarily be genetically |
|
| 58:43 | same identical. There'll be variations and can have types that will infect the |
|
| 58:49 | cell. Okay. And viruses that the cell won't necessarily be absolutely genetically |
|
| 58:57 | leader because of the way that can picked quickly and so forth. And |
|
| 59:02 | um now with the flu virus in , these kind of originated in in |
|
| 59:11 | birds, um ducks uh and the uh they then migrated to domestic |
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| 59:21 | chickens, um domestic ducks, uh and then into certain livestock like |
|
| 59:28 | and swine flu, bird flu. and uh and then variations kind of |
|
| 59:35 | . That's what you see here. , so here's the avian virus |
|
| 59:40 | showing it all the segments all in yellow right here and then here and |
|
| 59:48 | the H two into human virus. you see some parts are read some |
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| 59:53 | are green. Right? That translates the origins like the red I think |
|
| 59:58 | from swine flu varieties. Green maybe uh bird or whatever. And so |
|
| 60:06 | can re assort right. In fact cell and then they can re assort |
|
| 60:12 | those segments of different origins combining with other. And the virus replicates creating |
|
| 60:19 | . Okay, now because you mutates variations don't think that there's like |
|
| 60:25 | bazillion variations are all infections. No . Has to be the right. |
|
| 60:30 | every mutation leads to something that's going be successful. We all know |
|
| 60:33 | Right. But there can be combinations may slightly make it slightly vary because |
|
| 60:39 | every season there's a different vaccine because does change from year to year. |
|
| 60:46 | , vaccines, vaccines that can be against this year's version. Sometimes we |
|
| 60:51 | even get get it right. It's it's all predictions. We don't know |
|
| 60:55 | certain. We do have mounds of from sequencing, you know, flu |
|
| 61:00 | , each flu season and using that to say, okay, Maybe this |
|
| 61:05 | kind of a trend. It's evolving this season and maybe we can, |
|
| 61:10 | know, this is how we construct vaccine. Right? But it's never |
|
| 61:13 | to be 100% correct guess. So you make a mixture, |
|
| 61:19 | mixture of vaccine is a mixture of uh virus antigens to kind of be |
|
| 61:26 | that will one of those who will . So I have a shotgun |
|
| 61:30 | Okay, there's some years. It's good. Some not so good. |
|
| 61:35 | , it's gonna be the same thing the Covid Covid vaccine produced every |
|
| 61:41 | because we're gonna go through the same like it does with the food. |
|
| 61:45 | , so that's the nature of dealing viruses. Okay. And trying to |
|
| 61:52 | because of course they evolve. We back and forth. Right, |
|
| 61:57 | um any questions about that? in this example? Yeah, but |
|
| 62:15 | not uncommon. So, if you a virus infection, you know, |
|
| 62:21 | it's not not I don't know what percentages are, but I don't think |
|
| 62:28 | a certain uncommon thing. Okay. right. Alright, so viral versus |
|
| 62:42 | . Okay, so, um statement completely underlying. Okay, which statement |
|
| 62:57 | completely true. Okay, let's be Not just one house all the |
|
| 63:08 | Let me turn this on. There go. Yeah. Okay, timer's |
|
| 64:10 | . It's gonna be one of those before and afters. So, we're |
|
| 64:14 | see this question again. Alright, 10. Okay, let's see what |
|
| 64:35 | get that. We get a Let's take a all right, let's |
|
| 64:49 | on. We'll revisit this here. , let's go through Thyroids. |
|
| 64:54 | so number one Vai roids and crayons not viruses. No one. |
|
| 65:03 | they're not considered viruses uh because they have the viral features of a tax |
|
| 65:12 | etcetera, what we've been talking Okay, so their virus like. |
|
| 65:19 | , but they're not viruses. Okay what that's what that's what viral means |
|
| 65:23 | means virus like but they're not getting virus is okay so one is infectious |
|
| 65:31 | . One infectious protein. So viruses infectious RNA is they? And that's |
|
| 65:37 | they are is an RNA. So molecules there are examples of those that |
|
| 65:43 | have catholic activity ends up. Okay um the RNA in can't there's one |
|
| 65:54 | catalyze is the so there's precedent for . Okay so um and that's how |
|
| 66:03 | would replicate. The hopes the only no human diseases caused by viruses. |
|
| 66:10 | I'm not even aware of virus that anything other than plants. Um Although |
|
| 66:16 | haven't kept up with it but I not been aware may have been made |
|
| 66:20 | of that is not what I've Um But being an RNA molecule they |
|
| 66:25 | have specific secondary structure as you see they'll have these little loop structures. |
|
| 66:32 | and that's gonna be a shape. shape is gonna be essential to their |
|
| 66:37 | sure their infectivity and ability to cause and what they do is they interfere |
|
| 66:43 | gene expression in the plant. Okay think the best known one is because |
|
| 66:49 | disease and potato plants and uh from unseen can be quite significant in terms |
|
| 66:56 | them and crops. So looking for to to counteract these viral particles so |
|
| 67:04 | that's you know relatively small. Okay how they're transmitted from plant to |
|
| 67:13 | I'm not sure. I wouldn't be there would be some kind of insect |
|
| 67:17 | I don't know that for sure. , because plants generally aren't easy to |
|
| 67:22 | . Right? Most that's why most diseases I think, or due to |
|
| 67:27 | um being kind of the vector to cause of the disease. So but |
|
| 67:32 | , I'm not don't hold me to . That that's how virus thyroids |
|
| 67:37 | Okay. Um That's really all I'm say about thyroids now in terms of |
|
| 67:43 | so take away here is infectious RNA . There's nothing more to it other |
|
| 67:49 | that. Okay. Um primes prion uh became came to prominence in |
|
| 67:59 | eighties. Okay. And this um picking in great Britain of cattle that |
|
| 68:09 | this what they call man cattle. you heard of us? Um This |
|
| 68:15 | uh this term spongiform encephalopathy and that's of the guys um It's a clicker |
|
| 68:25 | , collaborating. No problem. But just all right. Um the so |
|
| 68:32 | refers to this term, right, refers to what happens to the affected |
|
| 68:38 | . Brain. Okay, so um affected animal or human uh these proteins |
|
| 68:47 | . Okay. And cause death of cells basically ok in the brain and |
|
| 68:55 | nerve cells die and disappear right behind , those photos. Guys, |
|
| 69:03 | I'm hearing the talking to me. can't concentrate. Right? So it's |
|
| 69:06 | clicker question collaborate all you want, not while I'm talking. Okay. |
|
| 69:12 | right, so um so this this whole swiss cheese brain and tissue |
|
| 69:20 | right, becomes very spongy, literally spongy. And so obviously that's not |
|
| 69:25 | for the animal or human witness because you're gonna get neurological dysfunction and |
|
| 69:32 | Okay, so um Creutzfeld Jacob is they call this, the humans |
|
| 69:37 | I think it was what was first . This isn't sheep. Okay. |
|
| 69:42 | so um and so I mean us here in the United States is rare |
|
| 69:52 | I think the last case that has in this country. Okay, um |
|
| 69:58 | less around the world, it's not that's super common. Um the you |
|
| 70:04 | get it from eating meat from an animal of course. Okay. And |
|
| 70:10 | protein itself is actually quite resistant in of trying to get rid of it |
|
| 70:15 | through disinfection or what have you requires cooking the meat to very well |
|
| 70:21 | Okay, but best to avoid it obviously, but again, very resistant |
|
| 70:28 | different chemical and physical treatments as Now, so again, it's an |
|
| 70:34 | protein. Okay, and so how a so it's easy to visualize how |
|
| 70:39 | viral replicate right, on a would copy so protein. How is that |
|
| 70:48 | ? Right, so it goes to to its shape. Okay, so |
|
| 70:54 | have uh normal forms of this prion in ourselves, particularly in our in |
|
| 71:02 | brain cells. Okay. And um not still not really known what the |
|
| 71:08 | function of this protein is. I've everything from having a copper metabolism of |
|
| 71:13 | things to to other functions. And it's still not really well known what |
|
| 71:19 | function is, but we do know happens when it becomes misfolded misfolded form |
|
| 71:26 | the infectious form. Okay, so kind of like a chain reaction where |
|
| 71:33 | normal a and there's also I should they've seen that there could be a |
|
| 71:39 | pocket to this, a heritable component this in some cases. Okay. |
|
| 71:45 | so so then technically you could acquire eating uh attended me or I guess |
|
| 71:51 | is a genetic component to it. acquiring a defective gene that creates this |
|
| 71:58 | protein. So there is some evidence that too. Uh regardless number |
|
| 72:03 | it's a very slow progressing condition that overnight. Week happens over years. |
|
| 72:11 | . And so um you accumulate more more misfolded forms of the protein that's |
|
| 72:18 | what happened. So when you have misfolded form of the final form, |
|
| 72:22 | combined with a normal form and that it to become a misfolded form. |
|
| 72:28 | you see the binding here occurs. . And then creates that then becomes |
|
| 72:35 | misfolded form. Okay, so this on over months and years where you |
|
| 72:42 | these misfolded thoughts. Okay, and what leads to the ultimately death of |
|
| 72:47 | cell. Okay. And so um so when the cell dies it leaves |
|
| 72:56 | , they sometimes call these plaques, can be you think there's a hole |
|
| 72:59 | the brain, right? Of course accumulate obviously it's gonna affect neurological function |
|
| 73:05 | some sort. Okay. But again happens over is slowly progressing. |
|
| 73:11 | so accumulation of damage. And so just a different way to show |
|
| 73:16 | Here's a neuron and um the red the misfolded forms, the green or |
|
| 73:23 | normal forms of protein. And as accumulate more moms folded forms, these |
|
| 73:28 | actually I've seen where these things can of almost like memorize. So they |
|
| 73:34 | uh polymers of this almost and can of really distort the cell as they |
|
| 73:42 | , ultimately killing itself. Alright. creating these plaques in the brain. |
|
| 73:48 | , so uh so that's how this actually replicates by binding to a normal |
|
| 73:53 | , changes into a misfolded form. and that's quote reproduction of this. |
|
| 74:00 | . Um So let's look at this again. Okay, revisit and while |
|
| 74:08 | looking at it, any questions Right, okay. Put the timer |
|
| 74:36 | . Mhm. Alright, Countdown 9 seven and yes d is correct |
|
| 75:06 | Um Let's see what was the previous was. So I went from 84 |
|
| 75:24 | And 130. So that's all we'll you next time. See you next |
|
| 75:30 | . Thank you. |
|
