| 00:06 | Alright, well we get things going . I don't want to spend a |
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| 00:08 | of time on this. I already you all about some philosophies about how |
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| 00:13 | look at, oh my God, so loud, how to look at |
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| 00:17 | , how to approach them. Uh so on. And so this is |
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| 00:21 | to give you a sense of what on the exam average was about a |
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| 00:25 | so that you can see that's pretty , right? But it's consistent with |
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| 00:29 | semesters. You know, it's a exam, It's tough material. We |
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| 00:33 | it's tough and so we just kind muscled through. I think I've told |
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| 00:36 | class before the story of organic chemistry . Have I ever told you the |
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| 00:41 | about more organic chemistry James? Look me like, I don't think |
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| 00:44 | I tell a lot of stories, I can't remember. I took organic |
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| 00:48 | in my junior little year, like people do, I think it was |
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| 00:50 | junior Um and I had a professor hated students at least. That's what |
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| 00:55 | thought because he didn't give partial And so you don't take an exam |
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| 00:59 | you draw your molecule and if it the way that he wanted you to |
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| 01:02 | it the first time, he just it off. So on our second |
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| 01:05 | , I think the average was a , you know, so if you |
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| 01:09 | a zero you have to see, , this is why we don't like |
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| 01:14 | chemists or I should say this is I don't like organic chemists alright. |
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| 01:19 | but you have to put everything in , right? They learn anything in |
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| 01:22 | class now because he sucks. But we do is we look at something |
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| 01:26 | this and we said all right. Everyone kind of didn't do well. |
|
| 01:31 | can kind of see that curve. looked at last semester's and there's wasn't |
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| 01:34 | as weird as you always were. It kind of does this up and |
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| 01:38 | thing, but it still had the kind of like everything is kind of |
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| 01:42 | over here towards the left. And what we do, we look at |
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| 01:46 | , we dust ourselves off and okay, this is when we go |
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| 01:49 | and we analyze and say, what we study? How did we |
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| 01:51 | What did I not know? What I know? What did I |
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| 01:54 | I know that sort of thing and we make adjustments. Alright. I |
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| 01:58 | think this was the hardest test for semester. It's just the material lends |
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| 02:03 | to that. That's that's the nature neuroscience. Alright. But what I |
|
| 02:08 | to show you here in this and is where the analytical stuff, you |
|
| 02:13 | , gets in. So this is each unit right with itself. And |
|
| 02:18 | can see part of the reason uh can see kind of there's this this |
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| 02:23 | as we go along, how people kind of dropping out of class and |
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| 02:27 | doing stuff and you can kind of their grades over there, the very |
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| 02:29 | end, right? And so it's of dragging each unit down. So |
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| 02:33 | first unit because like everyone kind of what's going on because this is stuff |
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| 02:36 | seen before. And second, he like, oh, this is kind |
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| 02:39 | new and kind of scary. Third is like holy crap. I don't |
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| 02:42 | what the hell I'm doing what I . I really even want to go |
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| 02:44 | nursing school, right? And but let me show you. So |
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| 02:48 | that's individual units. But let me you what happens if you look at |
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| 02:53 | , you're like cumulative. Alright, this is the first unit by |
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| 02:58 | then the 1st and 2nd unit then the 1st, 2nd, 3rd |
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| 03:02 | together. Do you see any Not really. You can use the |
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| 03:10 | line and basically the average is more less very consistent. And so what |
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| 03:15 | shows you and I want this to of sink into your brain because you're |
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| 03:19 | used to looking at individual numbers and out about individual numbers is that you're |
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| 03:23 | seeing the bigger picture. Is that time things don't really change all that |
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| 03:28 | . Now for an individual, it change a lot, right? You |
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| 03:30 | do really well in one examining the out on the second exam and then |
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| 03:33 | really well in the third exam in grand scheme of things as a |
|
| 03:37 | You guys are more or less being consistent and so what you don't do |
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| 03:41 | you don't panic. What you do you say All right. I didn't |
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| 03:45 | how I did. I just gotta what I did so I can do |
|
| 03:50 | because in the grand scheme of you know, there's not gonna be |
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| 03:53 | lot of change that's going to take kind of keep going. And so |
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| 03:59 | is kind of what your grades look and this is what I emailed you |
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| 04:02 | yesterday. So this is pulling out , you know, everything up to |
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| 04:07 | point. This is what your grade like. I said, all |
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| 04:10 | Most of you guys have been trained entire life to believe in death |
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| 04:14 | That's a fancy word for saying 90 70 60 50. You gotta gotta |
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| 04:17 | Right, so an asian 90 not in sciences. That's not how |
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| 04:21 | works. And science is this is we do, we do this big |
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| 04:24 | curve then we figure out where all grades belong. So right now and |
|
| 04:30 | is an a what really? Mine is that makes me a little |
|
| 04:34 | better. No, No. So you're now at 83, you're gonna |
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| 04:41 | there going, Oh poor poor Woe is me. Whoa. You |
|
| 04:46 | , I got a 67 do you I can get a b can I |
|
| 04:51 | up to now? Yeah. That's how science, that's what we |
|
| 04:56 | in science is we're asking the question how well are you doing relatively |
|
| 05:01 | I don't like hundreds because it doesn't me anything about whether or not you're |
|
| 05:05 | material, it just tells me you regurgitate simple knowledge stuff. Right |
|
| 05:10 | I've got boxes and circles over there the other side and part of this |
|
| 05:14 | there are things about this that drives nuts. I mean it shouldn't be |
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| 05:17 | far down but I know who to for that. Not y'all. |
|
| 05:22 | blaming some other people. I'm not me either. Alright. But this |
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| 05:27 | here that's that's really really small. that's your D range right now. |
|
| 05:31 | , So if you are over here the blue circle, look how easy |
|
| 05:35 | is to get over here in the . Range. Now, if you |
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| 05:39 | the math right though, if everyone bumping up over here, what could |
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| 05:42 | to these numbers? They're going to over a little bit this way |
|
| 05:45 | And that's what I'm saying is by third exam, what's going to happen |
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| 05:48 | by the fourth exam, that number ? There is probably gonna be about |
|
| 05:51 | 87. This number is probably gonna about a 71 or 72. This |
|
| 05:56 | be about a 55. But you , have you guys been doing the |
|
| 06:00 | credit? Do you think that extra gonna bump you up into the next |
|
| 06:06 | ? I got one head nodding because know how to do the math? |
|
| 06:10 | ? Because remember am I adding in extra, want to figure out this |
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| 06:16 | without extra credit? So when you your extra credit, what's it gonna |
|
| 06:23 | ? It's like getting your free fries your meal. Alright? You didn't |
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| 06:27 | it. You paid for all this and all of a sudden. Oh |
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| 06:30 | the way, here's some free That's what extra credits about for. |
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| 06:34 | that's why you don't panic. All now, if you're calculating everything, |
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| 06:37 | your extra credit in there, you're not going to be in for |
|
| 06:41 | surprise. You already know what's going happen. I like the surprise. |
|
| 06:45 | right, so, I don't want spend a lot of time on |
|
| 06:48 | Uh That big box probably represents students already dropped the class, but haven't |
|
| 06:51 | so. Right. The blue If you're if you're in that that |
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| 06:56 | right next to 50, you can mathematically it's possible to get up into |
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| 07:00 | the passing ranges. And if you know d is a passing grade, |
|
| 07:03 | just not a good passing grade. . We don't like these anymore than |
|
| 07:07 | do. Alright. Um That next over that 40-44, that's gonna be |
|
| 07:14 | of that edge area, but all gotta do is just figure out. |
|
| 07:16 | told you you have the formula, know how to do the math? |
|
| 07:19 | figure out do I want to be here in this passing if I |
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| 07:23 | can I get there? If I get there? What am I going |
|
| 07:27 | do to make that happen? The is not cheating of course. But |
|
| 07:31 | know what changes driving me because if keep doing what you're doing, you're |
|
| 07:34 | keep getting those grades. So stop , stop doing what you're doing, |
|
| 07:37 | how you study and you're gonna start material, which is what grades |
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| 07:42 | Do I know it? I know my grade is going to reflect what |
|
| 07:46 | know that makes sense. Yeah, like great For for for after the |
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| 07:55 | exam. But remember it's it's just , you know this is you're gonna |
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| 08:00 | what, six more homework assignments times 12 more homework assignment And then you're |
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| 08:05 | to have a test. So 25%% your grades still out there. So |
|
| 08:09 | number is going to change, it's to change now. Which way is |
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| 08:12 | going to change all the, all kids who are sitting there going, |
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| 08:18 | want to break the curve. We're drive it this way. People are |
|
| 08:21 | , I don't know what to We're going to push it that |
|
| 08:24 | All right. And so it just on the pushed in the pool and |
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| 08:28 | I've seen historically and that's what I to base everything on right historically. |
|
| 08:32 | will end up about an 87 That end up around 72. That will |
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| 08:37 | up around 55, will it? I guarantee that. And I wouldn't |
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| 08:43 | wouldn't bet on it. Right. I can estimate it. That's my |
|
| 08:48 | . All right. You guys ready learn a little bit of Mp or |
|
| 08:57 | you want to talk about this some ap? Yeah, sure. This |
|
| 09:02 | depressing. Who cares. Stop looking it. Right. Because that's what |
|
| 09:08 | guys want to do. You want focus on this? Let me I've |
|
| 09:11 | one more question. How important is homework assignment for your grade? You |
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| 09:16 | to tell me very important the grade not doing the assignment the grade. |
|
| 09:23 | . What percentage of your grade is , Huh? 10% for the |
|
| 09:29 | 10% for the little achieved thing. ? So, let's just say the |
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| 09:32 | thing is 20%. So, one is 1/20 of your grade. And |
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| 09:37 | let's say you have 30 questions and of your homework assignments. How important |
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| 09:41 | missing one question one. So, . So, that would be 1/30 |
|
| 09:49 | 1/20 or 1 600 of your Have you guys sweat every question. |
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| 10:00 | it. Put things in perspective. right. Take that step back. |
|
| 10:06 | at the big picture. Right. what I said, over here. |
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| 10:11 | picture. Not small pictures. Big . All right enough about that. |
|
| 10:20 | want you all to achieve. I to be able to be the person |
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| 10:22 | up from the table and see you over me while I'm lying there with |
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| 10:25 | chest open. Hopefully I won't open eyes during that period of time, |
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| 10:29 | when I'm going into that room, love you all to be there. |
|
| 10:32 | only if you know what you're it's the same thing, Right? |
|
| 10:37 | mean, do you want your nurses know what you don't want your nurses |
|
| 10:40 | know? Yeah, you're like, , you're right. Do you want |
|
| 10:43 | doctor's note or do you want them be the ones that skipped the kidney |
|
| 10:46 | ? You have kids, You have go in for the kidney stuff and |
|
| 10:48 | like, no, no. So of the part of the discipline here |
|
| 10:53 | stuff is because of who you're supposed be and what we're gonna do is |
|
| 10:57 | gonna look at, we're moving from central nervous system and we're moving into |
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| 11:02 | peripheral nervous system. We spend quite bit of time dealing with the special |
|
| 11:07 | . Alright, well, not just senses, but we'll be looking at |
|
| 11:10 | general census, but special censuses. lot of this, this unit, |
|
| 11:15 | think that's really the kind of the stuff like I heard something on the |
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| 11:19 | this morning when I was coming in this, I'm not going to say |
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| 11:22 | blew my mind, but you 7:00 AM. It's kind of |
|
| 11:26 | Do you realize you've never seen your face? You've looked in a |
|
| 11:32 | So you've seen a reflection and you've pictures which is a facsimile but you |
|
| 11:37 | never, ever, ever seen your face. Is that weird? That's |
|
| 11:44 | think that's weird. I can't you look and see your face. Can't |
|
| 11:50 | that. Right. Right. And special census of course are responsible. |
|
| 11:55 | of your special senses is to be to see. Alright, so what |
|
| 11:59 | gonna do is we're going to look senses. All right. So what |
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| 12:03 | sensations, what is what is our receptors? So simply put a sensation |
|
| 12:08 | a conscious awareness of incoming sensory data . Alright. You cannot experience something |
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| 12:19 | that sensory input doesn't read the cerebral . Alright, so right now, |
|
| 12:23 | body is being bombarded with a whole of sensory information and your your |
|
| 12:30 | your thalamus and all the structures within brain I should say are sitting there |
|
| 12:35 | what's important and what isn't important. right. And so the concept of |
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| 12:41 | a sensation or experiencing sensation is only once you reach that cortex. |
|
| 12:48 | So once the information is processed and , hey, this is kind of |
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| 12:52 | to know, a receptor is simply structure that responds to a particular |
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| 13:01 | In other words, it's they're detecting the things that are going on around |
|
| 13:06 | the body and inside the body? right, And it's what's gonna send |
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| 13:09 | information up to the central nervous system say, hey, do you think |
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| 13:12 | is important enough for you to be of it? All right. And |
|
| 13:16 | these receptors are gonna range in And this is where it kinda gets |
|
| 13:19 | when you're dealing with receptors because you've to kind of know what level you're |
|
| 13:23 | at or receptor we've already learned about be a molecule, right? Can |
|
| 13:27 | on can be that individual molecule and call that a receptor And that's |
|
| 13:31 | That is a receptor. But when dealing with the general receptors or sensory |
|
| 13:35 | , we may not be dealing with a molecule. We might be dealing |
|
| 13:38 | a cell. Alright. And we the cella receptor cell or we might |
|
| 13:43 | dealing with an organ. The for example, is an organ and |
|
| 13:50 | a receptor, right? It's a receptor And it's made up of a |
|
| 13:54 | of different cells that are receptor cells on those receptor cells are very specific |
|
| 13:59 | molecules that allow the receptor cells to its job. So, the term |
|
| 14:04 | is going to be dependent upon what you're looking at. All right. |
|
| 14:08 | you just have to kind of understand . So, in terms of |
|
| 14:12 | you can see it kind of falls any of those three categories. So |
|
| 14:15 | stimuli then is any change in any information that your body is receiving. |
|
| 14:20 | right now we can look around the and we can say the room is |
|
| 14:22 | . How do we know the room light because we understand like over there |
|
| 14:26 | example, that we can see a bit of darkness and so we can |
|
| 14:29 | these relatives changes that we become aware . And that's that sensory perception or |
|
| 14:35 | sensation that we become aware of. , when I say sensation, I'm |
|
| 14:39 | talking about SmR for those of you are all into the HSM artist stuff |
|
| 14:44 | Tiktok, you know? Yeah, get it. All right. What |
|
| 14:48 | talking about is a sensation is just awareness of your environmental surroundings as a |
|
| 14:53 | of all that stimuli that you're Okay. Yeah. So with that |
|
| 15:00 | mind, what do receptors do? different types of receptors, right. |
|
| 15:06 | eyes are light receptors. Our noses chemical receptors, Right? We touch |
|
| 15:13 | . But can your brain smell, it detect voters? So, if |
|
| 15:19 | poured perfume on your brain, would be able to detect that? |
|
| 15:23 | All right. How about if I light on your brain was able to |
|
| 15:26 | drill a hole in your head? put that flashlight right on your |
|
| 15:29 | Would your brain be able to check ? Now? What language does the |
|
| 15:33 | use in order to communicate? electricity. So action potentials and then |
|
| 15:40 | chemicals. Right, small ion Right. So, what a trans |
|
| 15:45 | a receptor is is a transducer. changes the language of that stimulus into |
|
| 15:55 | language of the brain, which is action potential. Alright, so, |
|
| 15:58 | really kind of the goal here is gonna be converting that original energy energy |
|
| 16:04 | into a signal that the brain can understand. So when light hits your |
|
| 16:09 | , it's converting that into a greater , which is then converted into an |
|
| 16:13 | potential, which is then those action then travel up to the thalamus and |
|
| 16:18 | ultimately into the visual cortex and you are perceiving light from this particular |
|
| 16:26 | . Everybody says, okay, that's . So, all receptors as transducers |
|
| 16:33 | features one, they establish and maintain resting membrane potential. So, every |
|
| 16:39 | already has a membrane potential. And you do is you're gonna have channels |
|
| 16:44 | are responding to that specific modality, is the fancy word for saying the |
|
| 16:49 | type of stimulus to allow them to open those channels to then allow those |
|
| 16:55 | to flow in or out to create action potential. So, if you |
|
| 17:00 | wondering why we spend so much time about those stupid action potentials is because |
|
| 17:05 | keep coming up over and over and again. All right, So, |
|
| 17:10 | you smell flowers, right, what doing is you're not sending chemicals up |
|
| 17:16 | your brain, You're sending action right? You shine a light up |
|
| 17:20 | nose, you're not smelling flowers and not smelling light, light has no |
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| 17:25 | because you don't have a receptor in nose to detect light simple enough. |
|
| 17:34 | . So, what we do is break down the senses into what we |
|
| 17:37 | the general senses, or the special . Special senses are easy in the |
|
| 17:43 | of knowing which ones they are. . Gus station. That's a fancy |
|
| 17:46 | for taste. Alright. Olfaction, word for good smell. Audition something |
|
| 17:54 | do before performance. No, it's Hearing, right? Vision. |
|
| 18:00 | the easy one. That's what you . And then equilibrium, which we |
|
| 18:04 | say balance, but it's it's really to do with equilibrium. Being able |
|
| 18:09 | know the position of your head in . All right. The other |
|
| 18:14 | The general sense is really kind of to uh the type of reception that |
|
| 18:21 | gonna feel by touch or basically the of our muscles or our bones. |
|
| 18:29 | ? So we break it down into different classes. We call them somatic |
|
| 18:32 | visceral. Remember what we said when talk about somatic, we're talking about |
|
| 18:35 | , we're talking about muscles. Generally when you talk about visceral, you're |
|
| 18:38 | about your guts. Alright. whenever you see those two terms, |
|
| 18:41 | can kind of break it down into two areas. All right. |
|
| 18:44 | we're talking about somatic. We're talking tactile sensations in the skin, Things |
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| 18:49 | I touch and things that touch All right. When we're talking about |
|
| 18:54 | muscles and joints. We're just asking question, how much is the muscle |
|
| 18:57 | , stretched, stretched, It's gonna a long morning. Alright. How |
|
| 19:02 | the muscles stretch? Are they Those are the questions that the somatic |
|
| 19:06 | receptors are going to be asking. , so what I can do |
|
| 19:10 | I know I can do this because have somatic sensory receptors knowing the degree |
|
| 19:15 | stretch and my position of my arm the context of its movement. All |
|
| 19:22 | , we're talking about visceral again, looking at inside the viscera, the |
|
| 19:27 | of the body and we're gonna be different questions. We're not gonna be |
|
| 19:30 | questions whether or not food is touching inside of my digestive system. We |
|
| 19:35 | questions about temperature, the chemicals that there. We may have questions about |
|
| 19:41 | , right? If you eating so food that you're like, oh I'm |
|
| 19:45 | . Yeah, that's a stretch receptor you stop putting food in you, |
|
| 19:51 | ? And we have pain receptors. receptors are there to tell you when |
|
| 19:55 | are going wrong. Alright, so have their own types of receptors. |
|
| 20:01 | to tell you what's going on inside internal environment. The somatic primarily deals |
|
| 20:07 | the external environment what's touching me But can deal with the position of my |
|
| 20:15 | . Now, this is where Get all kind of wonky and they |
|
| 20:18 | say all right, well, I classify receptor in a multitude of different |
|
| 20:22 | . And one way that I can them? and I can just ask |
|
| 20:25 | question is where is the stimulus coming ? If the stimulus is coming from |
|
| 20:29 | outside then the type of receptor that going to use to detect that is |
|
| 20:33 | an Xterra or Xterra aceptar. And so that's kind of pretty |
|
| 20:38 | It's just telling you the direction if information coming from the inside of the |
|
| 20:42 | and use an entire receptor. so we're talking about on the external |
|
| 20:49 | so near the body surfaces. So receptors, these might also be things |
|
| 20:53 | mucous membranes. Right? So I have a receptor in my digestive system |
|
| 20:58 | outward. And what I'm doing is detecting things in the digestive track which |
|
| 21:03 | external to your body And A&P. . When I teach it when I'm |
|
| 21:09 | the digestive system. The first thing say is you are what you |
|
| 21:11 | You are a donut Are you a from a donut? C got a |
|
| 21:17 | on one side. I got a on the other side. I'm not |
|
| 21:21 | to show you that one. All . But it's a hole. It's |
|
| 21:25 | tunnel that goes all the way through . And so everything between that tube |
|
| 21:30 | the outside of my body is my . Right? That tube is literally |
|
| 21:36 | the outside because it's continuous with the of your body? Alright. So |
|
| 21:43 | saying in our mucous membranes, we those and those structures are lined by |
|
| 21:49 | mucous membranes and tara receptor deals. there's also that somatic that we talked |
|
| 21:55 | the ones that deal with the muscles the bones. All right. And |
|
| 22:00 | you need to think internal origins within donut part of my body. Not |
|
| 22:06 | whole part, not the outside part in that donating part. So Xterra |
|
| 22:12 | entero, another type of receptor that do. When we look at a |
|
| 22:17 | we might say we don't care about or interior. Oh we don't care |
|
| 22:21 | it's outside or inside. I want know what's it detecting? What's its |
|
| 22:26 | . Alright. And that's all modality just it's a fancy word for |
|
| 22:29 | What does it detect? What's the ? So these are examples of some |
|
| 22:34 | specific types of modalities. We have receptors, thermo receptors just detect changes |
|
| 22:40 | temperature. Alright. We have chemo , we've talked about these. They |
|
| 22:46 | chemicals Alright, so those chemicals can in the air, they can be |
|
| 22:50 | fluid. Right? So when we about for example um gas station we're |
|
| 22:57 | chemicals in liquid in you know in saliva and they're touching receptors in our |
|
| 23:04 | our tongue and in our throat. would be chemo receptors All right. |
|
| 23:10 | you can also have chemo receptors that in terror receptors that are detecting the |
|
| 23:14 | of solute that you have in your . All right. So it's not |
|
| 23:18 | on the surface this is just modality. What am I detecting? |
|
| 23:22 | have mechanical receptors. These are receptors that detect touch or pressure or |
|
| 23:28 | . They're looking at mechanical manipulation of cell in which they're located. There's |
|
| 23:33 | specialized ones you've heard of barrow receptors . Alright. Maybe not in this |
|
| 23:38 | but you've heard of them a barrel to text pressure. All right. |
|
| 23:44 | you heard of a barometer? that's to measure the atmospheric pressure. |
|
| 23:49 | the same thing. That's what a receptor does. Alright, looks for |
|
| 23:54 | osmo receptors. They're looking for solute Now it's a type of McCann a |
|
| 24:01 | but it's also a type of chemo . So, that's kind of one |
|
| 24:04 | those weird ones. We have appropriate . Alright, appropriate receptors are looking |
|
| 24:09 | the position of body space. So manipulating our arms or spinning around or |
|
| 24:14 | or whatnot. What we are doing we're looking at what is our |
|
| 24:18 | What where's my head's supposed to And where is it relative to where |
|
| 24:21 | supposed to be? Where's my arm's to be? Where is it |
|
| 24:25 | So that's the type of Macau Looking at the degree of stretch and |
|
| 24:30 | we have this weird one here called nazi scepter? No c comes from |
|
| 24:33 | word noxious. All right. And what it's looking for is painful stimuli |
|
| 24:38 | so, pain can come in a of different ways. And I'm not |
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| 24:41 | about heartbreak. I'm talking about physical can come from chemicals can come from |
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| 24:46 | or mechanical damage. All right. can be stabbed with a hot |
|
| 24:51 | covered in poison. How's that? get all three of them at the |
|
| 24:56 | time. Alright. But that's no another way to classify them as you |
|
| 25:08 | by structure. So, where are located? What's their modality where they |
|
| 25:13 | or what do they have? And , this is just trying to show |
|
| 25:16 | the different types. There's really two classes of of structures are are they |
|
| 25:22 | or the un encapsulated? And what doing when we're encapsulating, we're taking |
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| 25:26 | free end. So, when we of a nerve fiber, this is |
|
| 25:29 | of what we think about. We of this open ended thing. It's |
|
| 25:32 | a free nerve ending. And that's an un encapsulated basic nerve. |
|
| 25:38 | , basically, you know, that has that free end. And so |
|
| 25:41 | detects wherever those little ends are But what we can do is you |
|
| 25:46 | take and wrap those endings in connective and in doing so, what you've |
|
| 25:53 | is you've increased the area from which can detect things. All right. |
|
| 26:02 | , here would be un encapsulated. would be an example of encapsulated. |
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| 26:09 | other type where we can kind of at structure is what we're comparing |
|
| 26:14 | Alright here, we have a cell is a sensory cell. In other |
|
| 26:19 | , it's a receptor cell and it's associated with the neuron that will send |
|
| 26:24 | this detects. So, this will this detects something, it produces a |
|
| 26:29 | potential that then releases a neurotransmitter that the peripheral neuron. All right. |
|
| 26:35 | , that's one that is a sensory that's not part of the neuron. |
|
| 26:40 | here we have a neuron that has peripheral processes where the sensory receptors are |
|
| 26:48 | . And so this is the other . So, the neuron itself is |
|
| 26:50 | sensory cell. And so that's another you can classify them is between those |
|
| 26:55 | states. All right. But un versus caps elated or associated with the |
|
| 27:04 | cell or the neuron is the sensory all the different ways that you can |
|
| 27:08 | at. And what we're trying to with all of this is just trying |
|
| 27:11 | lay the groundwork. So, as start looking at these different structures, |
|
| 27:15 | can go, oh, I can here now this is one strategy. |
|
| 27:18 | is using encapsulated or over here it's encapsulated over here, choosing this over |
|
| 27:22 | , choosing that the third type, sorry, 4th, I guess is |
|
| 27:31 | one of these receptors respond to a . They could be tonic in nature |
|
| 27:35 | they can be physical in nature. right now, what tonic means. |
|
| 27:41 | trying to make sure I get Right, because I can screw this |
|
| 27:43 | really, really easily tonic is simply where the receptor stays constant once changes |
|
| 27:55 | place. All right? So, would be an example of tonic over |
|
| 28:00 | , this is gonna be the example physic. All right. Now, |
|
| 28:04 | way I've tried to explain this to classes as I want you to think |
|
| 28:09 | the close touch, touching your skin now. Can you feel it? |
|
| 28:13 | you feel your skin touching your touching you? When I told |
|
| 28:17 | right? When you when you started about it, when I said, |
|
| 28:20 | , start, you know, can think about it all of a |
|
| 28:22 | You're like, yeah, I can my clothes but before that moment you |
|
| 28:24 | no idea your clothes were touching your , right? And there's a reason |
|
| 28:28 | that, right? When you got this morning, you put on the |
|
| 28:31 | and you felt your clothes hit your , Your body said, hey, |
|
| 28:35 | on the skin, everything's good to . And your brain said, Jets |
|
| 28:37 | enough. Fine, we can keep moving and you kind of keep |
|
| 28:41 | right? It's only when changes hers it becomes really, really important. |
|
| 28:46 | for example? It's stupid. You're along and the bush grabs your clothes |
|
| 28:50 | tears off your shirt, right? becomes an important part of your life |
|
| 28:54 | that moment, doesn't it? It's like this is not good, |
|
| 28:58 | ? And so what we're dealing with is kind of how information is being |
|
| 29:02 | to the brain. When you're dealing tonic receptors, tonic receptors are sending |
|
| 29:09 | information about the state of self to brain, right? Whereas when you're |
|
| 29:16 | with phase sick, what they do they tell you when change occurs, |
|
| 29:21 | that kind of makes sense? So idea is here, you can see |
|
| 29:25 | all right. And what we're looking the top. So down here at |
|
| 29:27 | bottom, so you can think of as binary. This will be |
|
| 29:30 | This is on. So there's your . Right? So down here at |
|
| 29:35 | level, that's off up here at level, that's not. So what |
|
| 29:38 | is saying is some changes occurred. the receptors now being stimulated the stimulus |
|
| 29:43 | there? Alright, And then what says is only at the time when |
|
| 29:47 | turns on, am I going to a signal? So I create a |
|
| 29:51 | of action potentials. And then after nothing happens. It has rapidly adapted |
|
| 29:56 | in essence no signals being set In other words, need to send |
|
| 30:00 | signal. What changes occurred? I on the shirt, shirt is still |
|
| 30:04 | , shirt is still on, shirt still on, shirt is still |
|
| 30:06 | So you can imagine when the shirt off, right, when there's no |
|
| 30:10 | touching your skin, what do you ? What happened right there? It |
|
| 30:14 | be another action potential. Right? when the receptor potential changes and you |
|
| 30:18 | a series of action potentials over this is not what's happening in your |
|
| 30:23 | right now. Alright again here's off then this is all on and then |
|
| 30:28 | back and this is off. And what it's saying is I feel this |
|
| 30:32 | touching my skin and this would be still touching, it's still touching, |
|
| 30:36 | still touching, it's still touching, still touching. You can see all |
|
| 30:38 | a sudden how your brain was like is not really all that important. |
|
| 30:42 | quit bugging me. Right? So a series of action potential that's just |
|
| 30:47 | sending signals over and over again. where does this become important? What |
|
| 30:51 | important for example in posture? Write muscles need to know the degree of |
|
| 30:57 | , your brain needs to know how your muscles contract to make adjustments. |
|
| 31:01 | while you're sitting here in an upright , I really usually at this point |
|
| 31:05 | usually tell set sit up straight and of you are going to just do |
|
| 31:09 | because you're used to being told to that right? But you sit up |
|
| 31:12 | but you have muscles that are basically contracting all the time, right? |
|
| 31:18 | not in a relaxed state there once are contracting some relaxing, some are |
|
| 31:21 | contracting so now they're gonna under contract what you're doing is you're constantly shifting |
|
| 31:26 | degree of contraction of these muscles that your posture. So an example of |
|
| 31:33 | controls that would be tonic receptors looking the degree of stretch in those muscles |
|
| 31:40 | that your brain knows what to do ensure that you sit in the upright |
|
| 31:46 | , that kind of makes sense. they don't adapt all that quickly. |
|
| 31:51 | constantly sending signals. And so when has occurred and say there's a contraction |
|
| 31:56 | on, that signal is going to maintained until for example the contraction stops |
|
| 32:03 | that's why you stop sending signals at point. Now you can ask the |
|
| 32:09 | , why do I have more here there? Because that's more realistic. |
|
| 32:13 | they are slowly adapting so they slow the rate at which you're producing their |
|
| 32:17 | potentials. But let's think in terms simple absolutes and the phase sick you |
|
| 32:23 | on off in the tonic you have and sustained and then off you turn |
|
| 32:36 | so we can look at a receptor ask one of those questions, What |
|
| 32:39 | of receptor is it? Where is located? How does it respond? |
|
| 32:44 | does it detect? A term? will see often when talking about a |
|
| 32:51 | is what its receptive field is. field simply is the area over which |
|
| 32:58 | that particular receptor is able to detect stimulus. All right, this is |
|
| 33:04 | great example to understand. It's not tactile. Alright, we have receptive |
|
| 33:09 | for ghost station, we have receptive for olfaction. We have receptive fields |
|
| 33:14 | auditions. Right. In other words single receptor using audition can detect the |
|
| 33:19 | note and only a high note. ? If it's a low note, |
|
| 33:24 | particular receptor doesn't detect it. so there are receptive fields for all |
|
| 33:29 | of things. But tactile receptive fields really easy to kind of visualize because |
|
| 33:34 | can kind of perceived distance pretty Right? And that's what this is |
|
| 33:37 | to show. You says, the receptive field for this particular receptors |
|
| 33:43 | here for this particular receptor. It's and for this it's that. What |
|
| 33:49 | it represent? It basically says where extend my dendrites, that is the |
|
| 33:54 | over which I'm able to detect Right? And so there are some |
|
| 34:00 | with regard to detection within a receptive . Alright, so if a receptive |
|
| 34:06 | is large, right then we have when it's when it's large, basically |
|
| 34:14 | locality of detection becomes less understood. other words, it's it's harder to |
|
| 34:21 | exactly where the stimulus is occurring. . And the example they're using here |
|
| 34:25 | something that you probably did maybe when probably the third or fourth grade in |
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| 34:29 | science class, if not, this a really easy thing to do. |
|
| 34:33 | you do is you get your you say, hey friend, I'm |
|
| 34:35 | play with you for a second here they're gonna look at your little cross |
|
| 34:39 | . See you guys are looking at like, am I gonna come over |
|
| 34:41 | now and what you do is you a stylist? Or sometimes they wanna |
|
| 34:44 | our style has a little pokey right? And what you're gonna do |
|
| 34:48 | you're gonna grab your friend and you're get one like this and you're gonna |
|
| 34:51 | it over here and get another stylist stick it over here and then walk |
|
| 34:55 | stylists up the arm and to ask they can feel just one stylist. |
|
| 35:02 | ? Because obviously if I'm poking here poking their, you're going to be |
|
| 35:04 | to fill both those, right? . But as you walk, that |
|
| 35:07 | is up, what you're gonna find that there'll be some distance away. |
|
| 35:11 | just making up the distance. I know like that. And they're |
|
| 35:13 | well, I just feel one, don't want them watching it because they're |
|
| 35:16 | be like, you know, But you have them looking away, you |
|
| 35:19 | actually go, oh, I feel one. And you look, you're |
|
| 35:22 | to see the two styles styles are . Our different distance apart. What |
|
| 35:25 | means is you have a large receptive , right? You have large receptive |
|
| 35:30 | , an area where localization of information stimuli is not particularly important. You |
|
| 35:36 | do it on the back of your is another one that's really, really |
|
| 35:38 | . You're gonna see the distances are in inches. But when you're talking |
|
| 35:43 | your hands, for example, and what this is trying to show |
|
| 35:47 | you're going to have very, very receptive fields? because now it becomes |
|
| 35:52 | to localized information if you're trying to something. Is it important to know |
|
| 35:57 | it is? Do you think to able to apply the pressure? |
|
| 36:01 | And so that receptive field is going be much much smaller. So the |
|
| 36:06 | rule is the more receptive you what you're going to be dealing with |
|
| 36:10 | very, very small receptive fields. gonna give you another example. That's |
|
| 36:14 | gonna make sense to you now. when we talk about the eye, |
|
| 36:16 | will all right, when you take eye and you imagine the back of |
|
| 36:21 | eye is covered with a bunch of like this. If you spread it |
|
| 36:24 | , what you're gonna see is that receptors on the periphery, on the |
|
| 36:28 | are more diffused. In other there's fewer receptors. They have much |
|
| 36:32 | receptive fields. All right. But focal point, the bull's eye of |
|
| 36:38 | eye where the light comes in. have concentrated receptors, right? And |
|
| 36:44 | they're very your vision becomes very, acute. And to test this, |
|
| 36:48 | is a real easy thing, I'm say it again. You don't have |
|
| 36:50 | do it right now is take a at a piece of paper and focus |
|
| 36:53 | the word right there in the middle don't let your eyes wander but just |
|
| 36:58 | of take in the rest of the and notice like the words around the |
|
| 37:02 | that you're looking at are kind of . You can see that they're there |
|
| 37:07 | they're not clear, right? It's you're dealing with a broad receptive field |
|
| 37:12 | there's not creating that type of acuity you would see right? It's |
|
| 37:18 | so you get this larger or more response, whereas when you're looking at |
|
| 37:24 | right smack in the middle, you all these uh receptive fields are very |
|
| 37:29 | small and densely packed. So everything really really acute sharp. All |
|
| 37:36 | like four K. It's actually better 4K. But so receptive fields are |
|
| 37:42 | the area where stimulus is being size determines the the degree of receptors |
|
| 37:52 | are located within that. So what gonna do is we're gonna switch gears |
|
| 37:57 | we're gonna deal with tactile receptors for little bit. This is stuff that |
|
| 38:00 | already seen if you recall way back the beginning of the semester, you |
|
| 38:04 | ? Back when you were younger, were younger, right? Yes, |
|
| 38:11 | definition we're talking about the skin, ? And we said there's receptors located |
|
| 38:16 | skin. You remember that? I we're gonna say we're gonna come back |
|
| 38:19 | these and you're like whatever I'll memorize . Yeah, so now we're back |
|
| 38:23 | them. Alright, so tactile receptors the most numerous type of receptor located |
|
| 38:27 | the body. Alright there, mechanic . So we now know what they're |
|
| 38:34 | be detecting tactile stimulation that's going to that particular receptor. Typically they're located |
|
| 38:40 | the uh the dermis. But they also be located in the cutaneous |
|
| 38:45 | Alright, so cutaneous refers to the . All right. They can be |
|
| 38:49 | in nature or they can be Their job is to detect three different |
|
| 38:55 | . Touch pressure and vibration. All now please say vibration. I want |
|
| 39:00 | to think in terms of like when trying to grip something and you roll |
|
| 39:03 | fingers across the table like so you're feel vibration, you can feel your |
|
| 39:08 | slipping and that's a function of the as you grip and release as you |
|
| 39:15 | by. And that's when we talked vibration, that's really kind of what |
|
| 39:18 | talking about. Not necessarily talking about . Alright, Although that is a |
|
| 39:23 | of vibration. Right? So touch information about all sorts of things, |
|
| 39:29 | , texture, size, shape, . Right? Again, you can |
|
| 39:34 | on a blindfold, have somebody hand stuff, see if you can identify |
|
| 39:39 | . Alright. Tennis ball feels different a baseball. It's roughly the same |
|
| 39:44 | . Baseball feels like a softball, a softball is bigger and a little |
|
| 39:47 | softer. You'll be able to detect basketball feels very very different than a |
|
| 39:54 | does. Right? I'm just using as examples. Snowball is very different |
|
| 39:59 | all those and a marble is But they're all balls right? So |
|
| 40:02 | all be able to recognize spherical And I hand you a football and |
|
| 40:06 | was like wait, what's this? , still ball. But you can |
|
| 40:12 | the shape is different. It feels of like a basketball. But it's |
|
| 40:15 | blown pressure is basically just deformation of deeper tissues. All right. So |
|
| 40:23 | going to first start here with the encapsulated ones. They're the easy |
|
| 40:27 | Alright. There's three different types. . The dendritic ends are just like |
|
| 40:32 | said, they have free ends. they detect a very, very small |
|
| 40:37 | . Alright. The receptive fields are extended to the point where that little |
|
| 40:43 | dendritic end is located. So three of free nerve endings. We have |
|
| 40:48 | root hair plexus and the tactile These are found all within the epithelium |
|
| 40:52 | well as some of the connective Many of these are annihilated. What |
|
| 40:55 | means is that the signals are very slow. We combine the Frene |
|
| 41:00 | and the root hair plexus because they're the same thing. It's just where |
|
| 41:04 | located. Alright, so with regard the free nerve ending, you can |
|
| 41:08 | the little cartoon this yellow stuff right , these yellow branches. Those are |
|
| 41:13 | free nerve endings and each of these a different fiber. You can see |
|
| 41:17 | here that one of those free ends wrapped itself around the root hair. |
|
| 41:23 | ? And so we call it a hair plexus at that point. But |
|
| 41:26 | still a free nerve ending. So I tug on the hair, I'm |
|
| 41:29 | to detect that pull on that hair ? That now these are very, |
|
| 41:38 | uncomplicated. They're very simple. I that's a correct term. So the |
|
| 41:43 | complex of all the receptors very slow uh to rapidly adapting. So there |
|
| 41:49 | those touch receptors that we described when feel something touching you, it's like |
|
| 41:53 | something's touching you and then it stops a signal and then I'll tell |
|
| 41:57 | hey, something's not touching you any . All right. They use different |
|
| 42:02 | of fibers to the cns. The is alpha deltas and sees. We'll |
|
| 42:06 | to those in just a minute. basically that just refers to the degree |
|
| 42:09 | speed. All right. And so you find them very very very close |
|
| 42:15 | the surface. So they'll be in granule awesome. And they can be |
|
| 42:21 | model. And when polly model, remember modality is they detect a specific |
|
| 42:27 | of stimulus. So poly means they lots of different types of stimulus. |
|
| 42:32 | it can be touch and pressure like just touched as well as stretch. |
|
| 42:36 | it also deals with temperature also deals cell damage. They can serve as |
|
| 42:41 | see sculptors. So free nerve endings root hair plexus is plexus plexi. |
|
| 42:48 | can do a lot of different types detection. The other un encapsulated, |
|
| 42:55 | in the skin is the merkel or cell. So here remember there's our |
|
| 43:02 | cell here is the neuron So it's separate structure right? The receptors are |
|
| 43:09 | of different cell and you're sending signals that neuron. Alright. These are |
|
| 43:15 | located. The Merkel cell is located the stratum based ali they're tonic in |
|
| 43:21 | and what they're doing is they allow to distinguish between texture and shape. |
|
| 43:27 | right. So, that's the extent the un encapsulated free nerve ending. |
|
| 43:36 | kind of your baseline, wrap it the hair. That's now a root |
|
| 43:40 | plexus. And then here's our third . The unique one. Merkel disk |
|
| 43:44 | the tactile disk. You have Merkel located in thessaly with the neuron associated |
|
| 43:51 | it. To text, texture and the encapsulated. These are the four |
|
| 43:57 | that you guys memorized back when we this in the skin. Four different |
|
| 44:02 | . All mechanic receptors wrapped in connective and can also have glial cells associated |
|
| 44:09 | them or wrapped within the connective Alongside those dendritic endings. They're named |
|
| 44:15 | the people that discovered them. New are using different names. But we're |
|
| 44:19 | to stick with these for right All right. One of these is |
|
| 44:24 | Weird one. I'm just gonna go to the weird one. I'm |
|
| 44:29 | Um It's this house is Alright and It's the weird one is because this |
|
| 44:35 | the one that's found in mucus Okay. So when you see Kraus |
|
| 44:41 | you can just presume. Alright. cavity, nasal cavity. Ah vagina |
|
| 44:48 | , those are the locations where this found. All right. Um They |
|
| 44:53 | deal with light pressure and temperature. , so, this is kind of |
|
| 44:57 | weird one of the But because it's only one that we have associate with |
|
| 45:02 | mucus membranes. Now, I'm just show right now, because they all |
|
| 45:06 | this, all the cartoons are just be kind of like this. But |
|
| 45:09 | can see here's the capsule. So can see those are those nerve |
|
| 45:14 | And what's happened is we've wrapped this in connective tissue. Alright, |
|
| 45:20 | Crouse's the mucus membranes, light pressure temperature going back there. It is |
|
| 45:29 | listeners. All right. So, rest of these are gonna be located |
|
| 45:34 | in uh your regular skin. We're gonna see ones in hairless skin |
|
| 45:40 | . But anyway, here, what done is we take the dendrites. |
|
| 45:43 | start wrapping them and weaving them over other, like so. Okay. |
|
| 45:46 | so, that's kind of that that's that is supposed to be represented. |
|
| 45:49 | then so, what we end up our layers or pancakes, la |
|
| 45:54 | All right. So, you can think I've got connective tissue and I |
|
| 45:57 | my fiber and then more connective wrapped the fiber around it. And |
|
| 46:01 | kind of build on top of itself a series of pancakes and wrap that |
|
| 46:05 | in connective tissue? Now, what done here by doing so, he |
|
| 46:09 | like, well, how does this surface area? Well, if I |
|
| 46:12 | over here, that's going to create on this side. It basically pushes |
|
| 46:19 | one side. It pushes on the side, wherever the pressure comes |
|
| 46:22 | It will have an effect. Instead just stimulating that little tiny tip |
|
| 46:28 | So now I can detect those pressures those changes in touch from almost any |
|
| 46:37 | . All right. So, these going to be found in the papillary |
|
| 46:40 | layer. So remember these were the , right? And they kind of |
|
| 46:45 | up and down like. So, that's where my sister's core puzzle is |
|
| 46:49 | phase IQ All right. They're not . So quick adapting and return back |
|
| 46:56 | that state. Waiting for change. detect light touch and vibrations in |
|
| 47:02 | This is what helps you identify things grip them. Also find them in |
|
| 47:09 | lips. Okay, so things that like to touch. Alright, |
|
| 47:18 | these are much much deeper. I'm to go back to slides just so |
|
| 47:21 | can see where so Ruffini as you see is deep inside the dermal |
|
| 47:26 | right? They're trying to show you down here the same as uh Pacini |
|
| 47:30 | . But remember this is mucus Alright, so rude, Finis. |
|
| 47:36 | here you can see we have this structure on which it's basically collagen on |
|
| 47:42 | the democrats have been wrapped. And what we do is we encapsulate that |
|
| 47:46 | thing. So, if I the , right? I pulled what that's |
|
| 47:53 | do is it's gonna stretch that fiber and then I can detect the stretch |
|
| 47:58 | the fiber. So that's the nature these. Alright, so these around |
|
| 48:03 | fingernails and this helps you to identify for example. So when you grip |
|
| 48:08 | you're kind of like I can recognize holding onto it. So it's the |
|
| 48:13 | pressure. It's tonic in nature so don't exhibit adaptation. So when you |
|
| 48:18 | you stimulate one, you continue to it until the pressure is removed from |
|
| 48:27 | . Trying to see if there's anything about that. So, yet tonic |
|
| 48:30 | the key thing there. We've already Crouse's and then we get to the |
|
| 48:35 | in And so here's the nerve And you see it's just multiple layers |
|
| 48:39 | connective tissue wrapped over and over and again. So a series of concentric |
|
| 48:44 | of connective tissue that again, increases detection area for roof finis. And |
|
| 48:50 | are gonna be located deep inside the . Alright. Typically found in hairless |
|
| 48:56 | . Where's your hairless skin? Normal soles of your hands. Okay. |
|
| 49:03 | rapidly adapting. So because they're deep really easy to remember. Press |
|
| 49:09 | High frequency vibrations. Low frequency vibrations very, very slow. Like this |
|
| 49:15 | wavelength high frequency would be like And so they're going to detect that |
|
| 49:20 | well. So palms soles also. are the breasts and external genitalia as |
|
| 49:27 | . All right. Deep, deep inside the dermal layers. |
|
| 49:33 | there's a four. All right, have one that's tonic the rest or |
|
| 49:38 | . We have one that's in the membranes, rest or not. We've |
|
| 49:41 | one that's in the hairless skin. rest or not. So, you |
|
| 49:45 | kind of look for those individual features help highlight what's different or unique about |
|
| 49:57 | . Thermal receptors are real simple. think temperature. The rest of this |
|
| 50:01 | is just interesting. So, I it up there. Alright, so |
|
| 50:05 | are six times more colder. We'll the question. I'm not gonna ask |
|
| 50:09 | . So, your body is looking , what is it looking for? |
|
| 50:11 | ? Is it looking for cold, ? What's the likelihood that you're gonna |
|
| 50:19 | across something that's so hot that it's be damaging to you? Let's see |
|
| 50:23 | most organisms. Can most organisms create ? No. Are you gonna walk |
|
| 50:29 | to a volcano if you you can you're going up to something hot like |
|
| 50:32 | hot springs or a volcano. You feel the heat. You don't need |
|
| 50:35 | lot of things to tell you. hot right now. Let's just think |
|
| 50:39 | everywhere except for Houston. Houston is . Right? So like right |
|
| 50:44 | I have friends who are moving up Michigan and we're just kind of laughing |
|
| 50:48 | right now a day in Michigan, this is springtime for us, it's |
|
| 50:51 | 80° in Michigan right now, it's about 50 or 40° In June. |
|
| 50:59 | will wake up to 30° weather And will get up to about 60° in |
|
| 51:05 | . And so you're gonna like I wish. Right, that sounds |
|
| 51:08 | I'm a little bit, a little . Okay. Yeah. So most |
|
| 51:12 | , most of the world, most everything is cold and so understand things |
|
| 51:17 | are cold is probably more important for bodies in terms of survival. And |
|
| 51:21 | that's what these receptors do is primarily for cold with some things that deal |
|
| 51:27 | heat. All right now, at certain point you don't need it. |
|
| 51:31 | just once it's cold, it's really cold. So snow is |
|
| 51:35 | You don't know that. It's like you know, it's just cold. |
|
| 51:41 | these are transient receptors. They respond different temperatures. They belong to a |
|
| 51:47 | called the transient receptor potential cat island or terp channels. You do not |
|
| 51:51 | to know that. I'm not gonna you what's the terp channel. |
|
| 51:54 | What's interesting about them? So their on channels they use primarily calcium. |
|
| 51:58 | is what's interesting is they also respond chemicals and you've experienced this right? |
|
| 52:03 | guys like spicy food? Oh give me the spicy food. |
|
| 52:08 | Ghost peppers. No, I'm the one. Alright, We Got |
|
| 52:14 | You're not working party? Get a old thing of chips and just |
|
| 52:19 | All right. What is the primary that goes into peppers? That makes |
|
| 52:26 | spicy. There it is right capsaicin binds both those two receptors right |
|
| 52:33 | . You perceive hot. You don't get hot. All right. Cap |
|
| 52:39 | isn't hot. It's a perception of . Right? Remember what we |
|
| 52:44 | sensation perception. It gets up here it says by the way, um |
|
| 52:47 | receptor has been activated and you're gonna soon, sort of That's kind of |
|
| 52:54 | that is. All right. So text, It also detects heat above |
|
| 53:00 | C You want to do the You can figure that out is it's |
|
| 53:04 | hot And then above 52. So you eat something with lots of cap |
|
| 53:09 | in your body is basically saying I'm ridiculously hot temperatures. My mouth is |
|
| 53:17 | . Alright, how about mental. guys like menthol not necessarily talking about |
|
| 53:21 | , just talking about like peppermint Yeah. Where we have that, |
|
| 53:25 | have mint down there, there's camper there. You know, if you |
|
| 53:29 | garlic, they detect these receptors detect those things and this is kind of |
|
| 53:35 | us those unique sensations in our It's like you get that cool sensation |
|
| 53:41 | you're breathing in after a york. patty, I don't know. But |
|
| 53:45 | , that's mental. So thermal receptors temperatures but also detect some chemicals. |
|
| 53:55 | sir receptors the last little bit we're to talk about today? I don't |
|
| 53:59 | know what time how much time we've doing it, So I don't know |
|
| 54:03 | long this is gonna go, I this could be like three slides, |
|
| 54:05 | could be seven, it could be , I don't know. Alright knows |
|
| 54:08 | is where we're going to stop we're going to stop with pain. |
|
| 54:12 | , so no c receptors detect they adapt very close to their tonic |
|
| 54:18 | , right? They're concentrated areas more to injury, which areas are most |
|
| 54:23 | to injury, injury for you Good, Alright. Anyone here ever |
|
| 54:30 | your toe in the middle of the while walking to the bathroom, if |
|
| 54:33 | are shaking there's like no. have stepped on a lego Yeah, |
|
| 54:41 | guess where those receptors are located, is where they are. We live |
|
| 54:47 | a really safe society. I'm just you know we live in like a |
|
| 54:52 | safe society. I don't know what was. I was clicking on Youtube |
|
| 54:54 | I saw this video of like making in Pakistan, right? Like cooking |
|
| 55:00 | , you know? And so the thing you see with these guys, |
|
| 55:04 | just pointing out, you know how the world is, they're working with |
|
| 55:08 | sharp metal and they're all wearing right? And they're carrying the sharp |
|
| 55:14 | to the smelter, the furnace, is on the ground and they're just |
|
| 55:18 | there throwing it and then you look they take the hot metal out of |
|
| 55:22 | furnace and one guy is not even sandals, I'm just sitting there |
|
| 55:27 | oh sure, you know, we OSHA, OSHA would be like this |
|
| 55:29 | shutting down, You know, this why you can get a $10 pot |
|
| 55:32 | because they don't have all these rules regulations. But you can imagine, |
|
| 55:36 | sitting there thinking like you're probably thinking I would step on a piece of |
|
| 55:38 | and that'll be the end of it there. These guys are probably jamming |
|
| 55:42 | feet into it and all sorts of and I have all these receptors here |
|
| 55:46 | are probably dead. So they respond all sorts of things. No |
|
| 55:54 | cellular damage. Alright, Alright. all learned, what is pain? |
|
| 56:01 | is it looking at the guys who at what is pain? It's weakness |
|
| 56:05 | your body, right? No, basic. Your body telling you stop |
|
| 56:09 | that because you're killing yourself. That's what it is right now, we |
|
| 56:14 | to say it's what you can sleep the road, but that's what it |
|
| 56:16 | . So, we're looking for What are the things that are gonna |
|
| 56:18 | us? All right, when we killing off ourselves, when you damage |
|
| 56:20 | , you're gonna kill yourself, stop what you're doing? Noxious chemicals. |
|
| 56:25 | . Don't put that pepper in your . You're killing yourself, right? |
|
| 56:29 | signals. Alright, So there's other that are basically telling you damage has |
|
| 56:34 | in this area. So I'm just let you know that there's a wound |
|
| 56:38 | that you need to avoid stimulating. that's what all these little tiny chemicals |
|
| 56:42 | not memorize these. Please, I not going to ask you because this |
|
| 56:47 | not even a complete list. But I do want to point |
|
| 56:50 | have you have you seen histamine? know you've heard of histamine? Are |
|
| 56:54 | guys suffering from histamine right now? ? Because every oak tree has decided |
|
| 56:59 | , you know, seek out it's mate, which probably was like 40 |
|
| 57:03 | away from it. You know You're getting your cards like yellow, |
|
| 57:10 | ? Histamine. And basically your body sitting there going all right, protect |
|
| 57:17 | like, no, give me anti , prostaglandins. These are another signaling |
|
| 57:24 | , but you can see there's just signaling molecules and they're basically there to |
|
| 57:28 | or to tell your your system about damage has occurred. So as I |
|
| 57:36 | , it's not pain leaving your I'd like to think it is because |
|
| 57:40 | I'd feel a lot better about You know, I've got a lot |
|
| 57:43 | weakness and it's all leaving my body now, but no more. It's |
|
| 57:46 | this for me it's a protective mechanism prevent tissue damage. Alright, So |
|
| 57:53 | as an example, I'll use myself um I have severe tendonitis right now |
|
| 57:59 | my elbow, not from playing tennis every time I lift weights, I'll |
|
| 58:05 | them up and twist my arms like and I'm straining that tendon. And |
|
| 58:10 | you work out all the time, know, like on a regular |
|
| 58:14 | you never have an opportunity to give rest. And so my tendon, |
|
| 58:17 | is in pain, keeps telling you keep doing this, you're gonna |
|
| 58:20 | damaging the tissue and it's never gonna itself. So every day I wake |
|
| 58:25 | and every day my elbow still and then every day I keep doing |
|
| 58:28 | same thing and then my wife asks , but I'm like, no, |
|
| 58:31 | gotta go do this or I'm gonna . You know, so fast pain |
|
| 58:36 | what you feel like when I you, you know, shipping is |
|
| 58:40 | , okay, get stabbed fast right short, sharp, localized, |
|
| 58:45 | , very quick, slow pain. the dull pain that you get um |
|
| 58:51 | it's like after you've been hit it just kind of stays around, |
|
| 58:57 | kind of diffuse, it's not easily . Example. I like to |
|
| 59:00 | if you, if you haven't ever hit by a baseball, like, |
|
| 59:05 | know, like you're trying to catch , you had your hand up |
|
| 59:08 | hit you in the face, whatever , you're smiling, like that's happened |
|
| 59:11 | you here, you happen anyone over that happened to you. Yeah, |
|
| 59:17 | everyone hit you with a stick on or accident doesn't matter which, |
|
| 59:22 | And immediately get that first pain, that fast pain, then you have |
|
| 59:26 | , that kind of, that after ? That throb throb throb throb slow |
|
| 59:31 | ? There you go. Alright, pain, sudden onset. I love |
|
| 59:36 | , but declines when the stimulus is . So when I stab you, |
|
| 59:41 | a cute, but when I take knife away, it's no longer a |
|
| 59:45 | right? The chronic pain is what . Alright, So depending on where |
|
| 59:52 | source is, chronic pain can be for uh you know, an incredibly |
|
| 59:58 | time. Visceral pain just refers to from the abdominal organ usually fairly poorly |
|
| 60:05 | . So kind of radio to anyone besides me had appendicitis. He did |
|
| 60:10 | it awesome. Yeah. Anyone else there appendicitis? Everyone wanted to claim |
|
| 60:16 | I see the smiles, it's yeah, Yeah. I had appendicitis |
|
| 60:20 | grade, I was at summer you know, we always say in |
|
| 60:24 | family, I was lucky that it at summer camp because my mom thought |
|
| 60:27 | was a hypochondriac and she was just , just walk it off, you |
|
| 60:32 | ? But it was like this horrid that existed from about here to I |
|
| 60:36 | know right about there, right? was all this side and just like |
|
| 60:40 | just just all the time and then touch you and you just want to |
|
| 60:44 | bloody murder visceral pain. It's actually they touch you right around here, |
|
| 60:49 | where does mine came with nausea and couple of other fun things, we're |
|
| 60:54 | going to call them unpleasant experiences. ever heard of referred pain? |
|
| 61:02 | when you're having a heart attack, do you grab, grab your |
|
| 61:08 | I mean you're young, you're not have heart attacks. Well we don't |
|
| 61:11 | vaccines. I've got a laugh out you guys. Finally good. |
|
| 61:23 | right. I grew up watching Sanford Son. You know every, every |
|
| 61:28 | Redd Foxx would grab his chest and Elizabeth, I'm coming home, I'm |
|
| 61:31 | home and he'd grab here. That's when you have a heart attack, |
|
| 61:35 | not where you feel it, feel here, right? Feeling the |
|
| 61:39 | And so if you favorite movie ever see the movie office space one person |
|
| 61:46 | you not in your head office Yeah, no. Yeah. Watch |
|
| 61:52 | annually to remind you what a horrible the world is and what you're getting |
|
| 61:57 | into. Just stay in college. scene, he's at a hypnotist and |
|
| 62:04 | hypnotist has a heart attack just after puts the main character under. So |
|
| 62:09 | so the main character is hypnotized for majority of the movie and it's just |
|
| 62:13 | kind of the running gag and he his work. And so the guy |
|
| 62:18 | , you know, you can't hypnotize to make him enjoy the time at |
|
| 62:22 | and he's just it's it's it's hilarious but he's having a heart attack and |
|
| 62:26 | he's putting him under, you can the guy, the guy who's acting |
|
| 62:29 | the hypnotist, he starts doing he starts pulls his arm up |
|
| 62:33 | he starts grabbing his arm the right , the right way because it's a |
|
| 62:40 | pain. And you can see here marked off referred pain is simply the |
|
| 62:49 | of visceral stimulus on the surface of skin, right? In other |
|
| 62:54 | you feel it going, wow, is where it hurts, but it's |
|
| 62:58 | referring to a different part and no really sure why this happens. It's |
|
| 63:02 | is a false sense of origin, it's believed because to be that as |
|
| 63:09 | are moving or as neurons are moving the arm or the leg or |
|
| 63:12 | that they join in with these visceral . And so the brain doesn't know |
|
| 63:17 | to separate which neuron is coming which location. Alright. It's one |
|
| 63:22 | those, those things where it's well, it's kind of from this |
|
| 63:25 | , so that that must be where from. Alright, so it's kind |
|
| 63:28 | this idea of being a shared track , why do we care about |
|
| 63:32 | Well, because it's useful for medical , right? So, for |
|
| 63:37 | when I had the appendicitis, when start poking around my belly right there |
|
| 63:41 | I'm screaming bloody murder, like, , you know what, that might |
|
| 63:43 | appendicitis? They're not going to oh, there must be something wrong |
|
| 63:46 | your liver, which also sits it's just a quick and easy way |
|
| 63:50 | do diagnosis. If you look at , I mean, you can kind |
|
| 63:53 | look at some of them just for and just kind of like, |
|
| 63:56 | you're not don't don't remember just what referred pain. It's basically pain that's |
|
| 64:02 | , That's perceived coming from an external or a surface location. All |
|
| 64:11 | So this is where things start turning little bit differently for us and become |
|
| 64:15 | little bit more. I'm not gonna difficult, but where we start diving |
|
| 64:21 | a little bit deeper. Alright, , with regard to pain pathways and |
|
| 64:25 | can be perceived as being difficult. is why I kind of warned |
|
| 64:29 | But you'll see a little bit later they're not you in understanding the order |
|
| 64:35 | the pain pathway. In all they're all gonna have first order second |
|
| 64:38 | and may have a third order It just refers to the the neuron |
|
| 64:42 | from where it locates and where it to. So with regard to the |
|
| 64:45 | order neuron. So, you can down here, right, we have |
|
| 64:49 | is about to touch attack and so purple structure right there. That's the |
|
| 64:55 | order neuron. Alright. And so it's sending the information from the stimulus |
|
| 65:01 | the central nervous system. Alright, notice where do we go? We |
|
| 65:04 | into the spinal cord? From the cord? What we're gonna do is |
|
| 65:07 | got a second order neuron that's going then project to the thalamus. |
|
| 65:12 | what do we say the thalamus It's the sorting center for the |
|
| 65:17 | Right. So the question is is right. What do we where does |
|
| 65:20 | information need to go? And it's to follow one of two tracks which |
|
| 65:24 | not going to even know today but come to in about three or four |
|
| 65:28 | the lateral or the anterior spinal thalamic . Now this is where I'm gonna |
|
| 65:32 | for a second and I'm gonna show something when you see lateral or |
|
| 65:36 | what does that tell you location? . So it's gonna refer to where |
|
| 65:41 | located on the spinal cord. So what the laterally interior does. And |
|
| 65:45 | the second is the name spinal Alright. And that's where everyone kind |
|
| 65:49 | goes. Like spinal tells you it's from the spinal cord and it's going |
|
| 65:54 | the Phil and mix it with the . So all the tracks are named |
|
| 66:01 | where they start and where they go . So now all you gotta do |
|
| 66:04 | just make sure you know what the mean. So spinal thalamic is telling |
|
| 66:08 | it's going from the the in this case it's the anterior lateral. So |
|
| 66:12 | would be anterior that would be That would be posterior. Alright. |
|
| 66:18 | this would be the lateral spinal thalamic up and there you go to the |
|
| 66:22 | . Now here the thalamus is going start integrating information. Right. It |
|
| 66:27 | says all right. What do we to do with this? Right. |
|
| 66:31 | some things that will project to the cortex and basically tells you what type |
|
| 66:35 | pain you're trying to to you Right? It's distinguishing different types of |
|
| 66:41 | . So is this like an itch is this like nausea or by being |
|
| 66:45 | ? What is it that I'm So that would be one thing that |
|
| 66:48 | does. Another. It's going to and try to determine what your response |
|
| 66:53 | to that pain. Right, motivational . All right. If I touch |
|
| 67:00 | hot stove, what's my motivation? your hand. If you're Chris Rock |
|
| 67:05 | front of 50 million people and just slapped, what is your response? |
|
| 67:09 | and pretend it didn't happen. That's what he did. Right? |
|
| 67:14 | mean he looked and he was just I don't know what to do. |
|
| 67:18 | know I'm in front of 50 million . Do I deck him? Did |
|
| 67:21 | deserve it? I don't know. didn't know. He just kind of |
|
| 67:26 | . So there's a motivational notice this in the process of the cortex or |
|
| 67:31 | information to determine response and then finally sort of So this will be a |
|
| 67:36 | sensory remember spanish sensory cortex is What I perceiving? All right. |
|
| 67:41 | I just got stabbed. I should my body away from what just stabbed |
|
| 67:46 | that hurts. Right. Oh, just got stabbed. You know that |
|
| 67:52 | would be kind of what's going on . So you see here the thalamus |
|
| 67:55 | directing information to the different parts of brain so that you understand what is |
|
| 68:02 | happening now, how that information moves . It's going to be one across |
|
| 68:09 | different types of fibers. Now again very easy to get lost over here |
|
| 68:14 | terms of absolute diameters and conduction rates stuff like that. Don't do |
|
| 68:20 | Alright. I want you to think relative to the other. These are |
|
| 68:24 | fastest. These are the slowest. a alphas. What makes them very |
|
| 68:28 | fast? They're thick. Right, we said diameter matters. The thicker |
|
| 68:34 | thicker the wire, the faster things . So the thicker than your |
|
| 68:37 | The faster the conduction rate there. eliminated when you're violated versus non |
|
| 68:43 | You're going to be much faster. thick fibers are faster than thin |
|
| 68:47 | They're both my eliminated. So these going to be faster than those. |
|
| 68:52 | thin fibers are so roughly the same terms of diameter but these are my |
|
| 68:56 | . These are not and what you look at in terms of what are |
|
| 69:00 | conducting. It's what sort of information being conducted here. The faster the |
|
| 69:05 | , probably the more important the the slower the wire probably not so |
|
| 69:11 | . Right? So sharply localized pain your foot against the door handle or |
|
| 69:18 | door jam in the middle of the . What are you gonna do? |
|
| 69:22 | your foot back and start screaming. sorts of horrible bad words? |
|
| 69:28 | This, for example, you lean your hands. So the other day |
|
| 69:33 | had some friends over, I had cooler of ice and I started pulling |
|
| 69:36 | ice. My hands started getting Was it like me kicking the door |
|
| 69:43 | ? No, it took a little of time before my hands started feeling |
|
| 69:46 | and then I started swearing and then dump the whole thing over and |
|
| 69:49 | screw it. All right. it's different speeds because different types of |
|
| 69:54 | are being are being moved forward. right, so sharp, localized pains |
|
| 69:59 | by dull pain followed by, you , kind of this generic stimuli go |
|
| 70:07 | to the baseball example, you get in the face of the baseball. |
|
| 70:11 | initial pop is going to be conducted the alphas and then that dull thud |
|
| 70:18 | from the damaged tissue is going to from the C fibers. Right? |
|
| 70:24 | throbbing pain that you have afterwards. had to throw this slide up here |
|
| 70:31 | because how do we modulate all this modulation refers to again. How do |
|
| 70:37 | manage or adapt to? All So, pain fibers can produce either |
|
| 70:44 | exciting target or an inhibitory response. right. In other words, you're |
|
| 70:49 | can be stimulating a something to to away or you can stimulate something to |
|
| 70:56 | react our response. So, you , you can change how responsiveness |
|
| 71:02 | All right now with regard to spinal fibers. These are gonna be modulated |
|
| 71:10 | inhibitory neurons coming down. So what means is as as the information is |
|
| 71:14 | up and moving into the spinal you're going to have fibers that are |
|
| 71:18 | down. They basically terminate and say fire. So then the signal doesn't |
|
| 71:23 | up. Alright, that kind of sense. In other words, you're |
|
| 71:27 | the brake before the signal ever reaches brain, so you don't perceive the |
|
| 71:33 | that kind of makes sense, You ? All right, let's use it |
|
| 71:38 | an example of the analgesics so that can perceive this. If I step |
|
| 71:45 | my legos here and I really hurt , How do I stop paying while |
|
| 71:50 | go and take ibuprofen? Right. receptors where I stepped on legos are |
|
| 71:56 | sending signals up to the brain. the analgesic is basically serving to block |
|
| 72:01 | signal so I no longer perceive So, analgesics modify the perception of |
|
| 72:09 | because they're dealing with the signal before ever gets up. All right. |
|
| 72:15 | aesthetics kind of do the same thing of All right, They block the |
|
| 72:23 | so that the signal is no longer to progress further and then we deal |
|
| 72:31 | the opiates. The opiates are the ones. We have opiates that our |
|
| 72:38 | produce and then we have opiates that can go and uh find in |
|
| 72:44 | For example. OPM is an That should be pretty obvious. But |
|
| 72:51 | a whole bunch of natural opiates. is an opiate. I think it's |
|
| 72:55 | opiate. Maybe I shouldn't say that I don't really know. Okay, |
|
| 73:00 | the opiates are the ways your body pain. So the endogenous once your |
|
| 73:07 | produces it. Alright, so let's , let's go to our favorite thing |
|
| 73:10 | . How many of you guys like food? It doesn't matter. |
|
| 73:14 | oriental, indian or asian, you ? Yeah. Alright. We're we're |
|
| 73:20 | good for that. Right? Why do we eat that food if |
|
| 73:24 | burns our mouth? Because it's Right? It makes me feel |
|
| 73:29 | doesn't it? Well, the reason makes you feel good is because your |
|
| 73:33 | responds to that pain and it says going to release endorphins for example. |
|
| 73:40 | those endorphins are then going to go soothe the pain and gives me a |
|
| 73:46 | of euphoria now. It's not like euphoria, But it's a sense of |
|
| 73:53 | . I'm going to look at some you guys who like to work |
|
| 73:56 | I don't like working out if I not work out, I'd be a |
|
| 73:59 | man. But I have to work because I'm old and I'm falling |
|
| 74:04 | All right. But there are people love to get up and go, |
|
| 74:07 | going running. I'm going running five miles just for giggles. |
|
| 74:14 | What is the thing that they get they go and run endorphins. It's |
|
| 74:18 | runner's high. Right? Because your is screaming at you going stop doing |
|
| 74:22 | pain. Pain ! Pain ! Remember what is what is pain? |
|
| 74:25 | is not weakness. Leaving the Pain is your body telling you stop |
|
| 74:28 | it? You're killing me and your going you're killing me And then it |
|
| 74:31 | all right, because you're killing I just if I'm gonna go I'm |
|
| 74:34 | go out with a smile, releases beta endorphins, your body goes, |
|
| 74:38 | ! And you're like, I'm just keep doing this because if I keep |
|
| 74:41 | I'm gonna keep getting these endorphins. . There's other ones besides endorphins. |
|
| 74:47 | a group called NKF Salons. There's group called the divine orphans. They're |
|
| 74:52 | over the place and their job is deal with the inhibition of that signal |
|
| 74:58 | going up. So you're still receiving receptors are still responding but they're not |
|
| 75:04 | to send the brain to that signal to the brain. So there's no |
|
| 75:07 | of pain. All right. They also act on those descending inhibitory |
|
| 75:15 | The natural occurring opiates do the same as the endogenous ones. Do the |
|
| 75:19 | , is there out in nature? right, That's that's the only |
|
| 75:24 | Same receptor, same chemical makeup. they it's not our body making |
|
| 75:28 | We're getting it from some external So that's where we're gonna stop today |
|
| 75:33 | we come back. We're going to with the special senses. Special senses |
|
| 75:37 | awesome. They're fun. I think . Alright. I'll be in my |
|
| 75:43 | until about 11, 10 or so I've got to go give an |
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| 75:47 | but if you want to come, visit. I'm just gonna be hanging |
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| 75:54 | . Mhm mm |
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