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00:03 Okay. Mhm. Yeah, Hey, welcome braving the cold weather
00:48 you believe in the whole ground hog thing, he saw his shadow.
00:53 more weeks of winter. Mm Oh, um so we're obviously in
01:02 red box here. Weeks day week . Um so we're gonna finish up
01:09 three finally and uh on the chapter . Okay, so uh send out
01:15 email again this morning. So usual is opens tomorrow. Smart work.
01:24 three do. And scheduling tie the opens I guess midnight tonight. So
01:32 you are meeting a certain time I presume you'll be up at
01:37 Um uh I don't know the exact sauce, but generally it's nine in
01:45 morning through six in the evening. on friday saturday is probably a little
01:52 timeframe. I think so, but , the point is you got lots
01:55 times. Lots to choose from. but remember you have to be registered
02:00 cost of site to sign up, ? So do do those things.
02:06 011 minor change. So the control microbial growth, Chapter five is one
02:12 those flip class things. It's not changed it since we're gonna be doing
02:17 right away afterwards. Black boards. just A minor thing, but just
02:26 make you aware of that. And we basically have four days to finish
02:31 four in chapter five. Okay, of time. Chapter five relatively
02:37 really focus on antimicrobial uh physical and methods of control. So just mainly
02:48 focus on that. So it's not not that extensive. So anyway,
02:54 let's uh Look at Chapter three. on the left is what we've
03:01 That's uh more or less in chronological . Um so we still have remaining
03:08 these on the right. And so of these and say these different kinds
03:14 structures, Granules, inclusions, that of different names. Uh collectively they
03:23 oh um buy products or parts of metabolism. It's kind of how they
03:30 to maybe related to metabolic features of cells that have them. Okay,
03:36 last two early focused on types of pill. I uh I can give
03:43 a type of motion Magellan certainly. So those would be the last couple
03:47 will cover everyone who went to Chapter . Is there anything about any of
03:52 stuff over here? Anybody have a question about anything? Okay, so
04:00 look at this first question. This these are all terms we're gonna cover
04:05 the first part here today. so let's see uh Mandy's ring a
04:12 and there is um there is a answer here. So there is a
04:19 answer. Right? Mhm. All , let's count down from 10,
05:02 ? I am. Yeah, I e. You are correct.
05:13 , so that is false. So zones aren't related to any kind of
05:19 or energy storage. It's uh basically compass, right? Compass helps you
05:25 magnetic north or south depending on what of the world you're in um We
05:31 cover all these three called these for terms here right now. So as
05:38 specialized structure. So these things are tied to a metabolism for these first
05:44 are seen in photo trophic bacteria and chemo autotrophs bacteria. So those are
05:53 of autotrophs. Okay so remember what means again. Okay so uh photo
06:02 through life absorption on both of these parts here is all about formation of
06:08 . Okay whether you're bringing light to energy or mineral observation minerals are inorganic
06:15 , ammonia, iron um hires and . Right these are being used as
06:22 sources and using that energy from both to fix C. 02. Right
06:30 they produce energy in the form of . T. P. And
06:34 A. D. P. And use that to fix C.
06:38 . So remember C. 02. build up C. 02. You
06:46 it into more complex organic material. takes a lot lot of energy.
06:52 ? And the energy comes in the of these two molecules. Lots of
06:57 are produced in the process. Okay you can produce that energy if you're
07:02 through life or by being a little . Okay so um so one of
07:10 structures that relate to that. Well this part photo trophy. Okay Phil
07:19 . Okay so they have that in um car boxy zones are both common
07:25 both of these. Okay. And can have car boxes. So first
07:35 cord. So I know you're probably okay it's not that that means
07:39 No pro carriers, they don't have , they don't have those kinds of
07:45 . But so dina chords are really a chloroplast records. Just folded up
07:51 . And so photo trophic bacteria that that just fold up their cytoplasmic
07:57 Right? And that's stuff it full uh photosynthetic pigments. Right? And
08:05 that serves as their okay again not . Not an organ L Okay um
08:13 of course by folding up the membrane ? You can create a lot of
08:17 area lots of room to stuff it of photosynthetic pigments and the like.
08:24 um car boxes owns our products uh products are used in both for and
08:39 because they fix CO. Two and you fix lots of CO two then
08:43 kind of have a structure that is of the enzyme that fixes C.
08:49 . Okay and that's this romesco this a shorthand name for it. It
08:55 means uh remember by phosphate is the it's the enzyme if you revolve the
09:05 cycle, that's the enzyme that actually C. 02 in from the atmosphere
09:10 combines it with a molecule. So you basically begin making larger organic
09:15 by fixing C. 02. Okay a that's very vigorous in this activity
09:23 can form these paradoxes which is basically protein and ethical stuffed full of that
09:30 . Right? So again not an l it's not surrounding it. It's
09:35 protein layer surrounding this this thing full enzymes. Okay Biscoe so um now
09:45 vac you als our uh typically a or a feature in photo troughs.
09:56 . And so the autotrophs and of it would be a aquatic photo
10:01 And that's where many of them are . Fresh water, marine water.
10:06 That if you absorb light you absorb wavelengths of light right? Like plants
10:12 algae absorb blues, reds. Okay bacteria. There's something that do that
10:19 of bacteria from the same light. absorb. The point is where you're
10:27 in the water column to determine if are in the right level to absorb
10:33 energy. Your optimal for. Okay you can adjust in the water column
10:39 and down so it just gets back the airfield so it kind of just
10:43 some out or bring some more in kind of goes up and down
10:47 Okay so again that's gonna be a you'll see in photographs uh aquatic.
10:57 uh so again these all all of relate to in some way directly indirectly
11:03 auto trophy trophy. Okay um any about. Alright so yeah it's so
11:24 it's gonna be somewhere in the filled gas air typically. Um. Alright
11:33 on this slide all it's one are I wouldn't call the other one the
11:40 thing energy store food, food slack store. So monochromatic Granules gets the
11:47 kind of of their parents under a microscope. So Karen, a bacterium
11:53 you see over here is one of you stand with methylene blue and this
11:59 genus Is known to produce lots of um it's basically a phosphate polymer,
12:06 and just bring it together. And it's very thick with this
12:12 The dye will stain intensely purple like see here. Okay. And so
12:18 is basically just a quick store of . So you take 80 these phosphate
12:24 . You take one off and and and you for mating. That's all
12:29 is. So it's a quick way get some marriage right somewhat. Our
12:33 bodies have creatine, right? That of serves a similar function.
12:39 Um Now I actually have to go these types of storage Granules. They're
12:45 going to be an all bacteria. have some don't it? Kind of
12:49 varies also depends on their metabolism. Place background. So you're familiar with
12:55 like login, starch, starch and we contain glycogen is an animal storage
13:00 but bacteria you'll see both types like and um starts simply just glucose units
13:08 together in the parlor. Okay. And so if they need to use
13:13 they'll just cleave off of glucose and metabolize it. Get energy. Okay
13:19 sulfur Granules. So these uh depending bacterial type, the manual itself.
13:27 these are types that can um utilized than sulfide and inform oxidize that to
13:36 sulfur. Okay. Others can actually that and oxidize that further to other
13:42 compounds. Okay. But in this in the picture you see the yellow
13:48 inside the cell here. Okay these sulfur, sulfur Granules, elements of
13:54 . And so they have used The end products of their metabolism is
13:58 of just sits inside the cell. . Other cell types have the same
14:03 and they released the Granules. So can actually, it's a way to
14:06 of differentiate the two species here. Others can can use the S.
14:12 . And use it as a food . So you can have some
14:14 Um The limit inclusions. So these represented by poly hydroxybutyrate. There's also
14:29 . H. A. Which is hydroxy acetate, poly hydroxy acetate.
14:36 regardless. So it's a kind of limited form storage form the yellow,
14:42 higher than the yellow or the units are stuck together together. Um And
14:48 in bacillus you can see the white are all ph b. All these
14:55 . So it's known to be one produced lots of these storage components.
15:00 of course lipids are a good source energy very energy rich. And so
15:04 it needs to it can hide lies and then get energy from it um
15:10 , several years ago, this was this polymer was developed for use as
15:20 it was not to be the next make grocery bags, right,
15:28 Okay. By using by using this to make them make bags out of
15:34 . And they can certainly make the bags with that material. And they
15:38 it by taking I think they took anytime you have a micro, they
15:44 make some kind of a product for or protein of some sort like an
15:51 . What had lots of lots of bio bio technology developments that center on
15:59 . Okay, and so you've got basically to commercialize that you have to
16:04 the microbe, make lots of You're gonna commercialize something, you can't
16:08 with little quantities, you need so you're gonna make money.
16:13 And so you do that. This to Chapter Four. Growing up.
16:17 ways that will make it make lots the material genetically engineering. Right?
16:22 you do both grow it in a that makes that makes more of it
16:27 kind of genetically engineered to make it more of the genes. So,
16:31 ways you can tinker with it. it turned out that this was not
16:36 successful. Okay, So what might the obvious thing? Why the bag
16:41 work? Right, get your bag your stuff in it. It doesn't
16:46 . It's probably probably because walk you your car and get up on the
16:54 values. Hold up. Okay, it turns out this material was not
16:59 robust. Okay, couldn't hold up the stress. So they ended up
17:05 a variation which actually had plastic stuff it. So it kind of,
17:09 know the purpose of making something completely . But nonetheless I think they're still
17:14 on this to perfect it. Um you biotech majors out there, these
17:19 the kind of things you work Okay, if you're not in the
17:22 industry. Okay, so let's look this question. We're gonna cover these
17:29 . Okay. Um were there any about the storage? Um Yeah,
17:44 also be I think that so they uh Yeah, but yeah, you're
18:03 . It would be to be a kind of autotrophs. Okay.
18:14 Put the timer on here. So type of motion just talking about the
18:21 phone from point A. To point . Could it be possible? All
18:33 , counting down from 10 54 tie F. And G. Okay.
18:56 G. Okay F. Which which do that? Yes. Yeah,
19:11 G. Four S. G. all can so again just point
19:19 To point B. Certainly can I we can agree on that. Making
19:23 own compass. Right, So that can provide a kind of motion because
19:27 attracts magnetic attraction is gonna draw it go to magnetic north or south depending
19:33 where they're at in the world. The pilots can make this kind of
19:39 motion that's called twitching motility. We'll about that. And the gas background
19:43 kind of adjust it up and down waterfall photo so they can All
19:47 some kind of motion. Um Now Okay, magneto zone. So these
19:56 any kind of taxes is kind of . Like magneto taxes, Chemo taxes
20:02 photo taxes. Right. So these um these magnetite Granules. Okay.
20:10 literally makes it a compass and what is. Okay, so it
20:15 It orients itself in its environment. are aquatic organisms I think. Uh
20:23 found in freshwater environments too, but in marine environments. Um And so
20:28 movements toward the pole, but it's down. So it's down and toward
20:33 pole. North and south. It's the Northern and Southern Ministry.
20:38 so what does that mean? While does that it relates to its
20:43 Right, so anaerobic Or micro We'll talk about this in Chapter
20:49 But um so bacteria can have an have a wide range of responses to
20:59 presence of oxygen. Okay. It it can be toxic to them.
21:05 can be required for them to live be somewhere in between I can live
21:10 or without it. Um Or they have a requirement that's micro era.
21:16 actually, there's a lot more than that are like this that aren't micro
21:20 files kind of remember atmospheric levels of two are like 2021%. So a
21:26 era file can only handle about maybe 51%. Somewhere in that range because
21:33 high levels it's toxic to them. the point here is that um by
21:39 this magna magnetite and they organize them their environment such that they move down
21:46 the pole. They can move to level where the oxygen is either low
21:54 very low and that's where they will you because that's optimal for their
21:59 Okay, so they think that's why this helps them do. Okay.
22:05 So it's not again it's not something it's not a food storage thing.
22:08 really kind of a orient myself in environment so I can get my right
22:12 to go to kind of thing. , compass really think of it that
22:17 . Um Okay, friend brad collide stocks, we talked about stocks and
22:21 start with that. We talked about earlier in the context of pools of
22:27 cell. And so this is a driven stocks. So you can you
22:35 switch between the stock and the. , the stock enables us to um
22:44 two rocks or whatever in the environment keeps them stationary. So presumably in
22:50 nutrient rich environment they want to remain and then that's optimal for their
22:56 Um Once nutrients decline then it reverts a that swims away to find a
23:03 favorable environment. So that's kind of going on there. The difference there
23:10 may have the same material but the to be more numerous and more plentiful
23:19 the cell coming out of the Okay attachment is what it's for um
23:26 formers that do they have uh for to the surface to initiate the biofilm
23:34 ? Um pill I'm are tend to more specialized functions, less numerous and
23:42 specialized. Everything from what you see . A sex pilots for conjugation we'll
23:48 about the next unit. So in pill I pilots singular D.
23:54 A. Or segments of DNA can transferred between cells. Um There's other
24:00 that can be involved in um in , transformation is the uptake of DNA
24:07 in the environment. There's types that have a pill. I that bind
24:10 the fragments and bring them in Um Other types can do this twitching
24:16 we'll talk about. So again tend be more specialized functions and fewer of
24:23 . Okay so let's look at twitching . Okay so um so the movement
24:34 to the lengthening or the shortening of pilots. Okay and the lengthening occurs
24:42 just adding more units of pilot protein make it longer um politicization. Okay
24:51 rising, take units off. Makes shorter and so it just alternates between
24:57 two tops. Okay so the other twitching motility is all about surface.
25:06 ? It happens on a surface, like a flagellum were swimming around in
25:11 matrix in all dimensions. This is on along the surface. Okay?
25:18 the pill a attaches and so it to a surface. Right? And
25:21 if we look here here is our and you can see a diagram over
25:26 as well where the modern reform and we prelim arise to lengthen it.
25:32 , so it will lengthen see here then attached to the surface.
25:39 So if you look at where it , so it starts here.
25:43 And actually moves this distance. And it does so by this then
25:53 rising. So it attaches then diploma and then lose towards that point of
25:59 . Okay. And so then it detach and then extend again. So
26:06 kind of like a stop start Right? It'll extend then like
26:18 So it's kind of a jerky. jerky motion which is what I call
26:22 , twitching motility. Okay, so , t is it's on the
26:27 Okay, I'm not free swimming. . And so you see this if
26:33 recall maybe lab you did a you at the plate called from an organism
26:41 proteus? I think I cannot So a normal colony looks something like
26:49 right on the plate. But this will do that. But then you
26:53 see like concentric rings around it like and that's because peter uses a
27:04 Okay. And sell to begin to okay along the surface and that's due
27:14 this twitching motility. Okay. Move the surface. Very big. It's
27:21 of hard to work with proteus and said it comes from a colony very
27:25 then you have this swarming motion kind all runs together. Okay, But
27:30 really due to this kind of motion can do okay on this again on
27:34 surface. Okay. Yeah. The retraction is cutting off the
27:49 The extension is the additional monitors. . Yes. It's going along.
27:56 even variations of this. There's some of something that like this and in
28:02 to the pill eye movement. So a lot of weird things that happen
28:06 the surface, sort of speaking their wise. Uh you know, it's
28:11 , I think it certainly has food had something to do with that moving
28:15 more and more food. So um questions with that? Uh let's
28:24 So now to them. So um just extensions inside of that contact each
28:31 so it can exchange through the general . Um I'm gonna say a relatively
28:38 phenomenon in the last five years. seen these um so not super well
28:43 although in some more than others. . Spoiler music look at earlier is
28:49 of these types that can do Um And so presumably, you
28:54 lots of things can pass between, know, you know materials in the
28:58 proteins salute. Um They even seen . R. N. A.
29:04 that means that you know if you an M. R. N.
29:07 . So can they months of the receiving? Can't express it?
29:12 Uh They've even seen anybody resistance in types uh is acquired this way.
29:19 it's still yet to be fully figured phenomenon but nonetheless um interesting. I've
29:28 heard of this when I was starting stuff so um but you know it
29:33 a lot of implications in terms of material and D. N.
29:36 And so forth. Okay. Um last is for jell O. Okay
29:49 remember this is emotional for for the gel. Um Okay e uh protozoan
30:00 cell right? It's gonna be kind this undulating mode. Okay. Like
30:07 whip almost. Okay. Um that's to the how the tubular,
30:13 The micro tubules works. The mechanism look like motion. Okay so bacterial
30:20 rotates. Okay, propeller propeller. , very different. And so the
30:29 of the is much simpler. Pro um basically just combining these flagellum proteins
30:37 . But um so the H engine the body can can if can stimulate
30:46 immune response in the body an So the H engine first the jell
30:53 . Jell o. The jell O remember was the Opie Sacha right in
30:58 in the gram negative. Right? LPS layer and so again both the
31:04 H engine. These things were developed ago as a way to when they
31:10 out that these structures could inducing a response. Among the gram negatives.
31:17 pathogens are foodborne pathogens like salmonella Coli, which are related during the
31:24 of the same group. Um and it's kind of developed for those types
31:28 so you know the 15 70 The always for there's also some they
31:34 the H designation are both designations, away. Uh we have antibodies to
31:42 and O engines. It's a way us to identify rather quickly. So
31:46 there is an outbreak of 157 we probably identify it fairly quickly to the
31:50 of these um oh NH antibodies to Rh engines. Okay, so um
31:59 . These, that's what these pictures you here. So you can have
32:03 arrangements of the flagellum, it's gonna this is what we call. And
32:08 worry about writing this down. This called Polar Polar someone pajama one
32:13 Um This is I remember right and trikus I think is the name.
32:21 We have several at one end. No this is para trikus trikus means
32:28 jell o. Perry trikus all Okay. And then um this this
32:36 the one this this is uh this is Cameron, this is Anthony
32:43 This 11 on both ends. Forget that one's called? Um Not
32:49 Anti trikus on both ends. now you can visualize that it's on
32:56 end or around the cell. They kind of all come together and swim
33:00 unison circular rise in unison. The track is one is a weirdo
33:05 It's not very common. Either either one or the other is functioning
33:10 any given time. Kind of alternate . Uh Not uncommon for the more
33:16 ones are like are these other But uh structure of the thing?
33:24 , this is a gram negative uh part is the rotational part. This
33:32 the rotation of the uh the other basil body etcetera. Are what anchored
33:38 the membrane. Okay uh grand positives of course too. So they're just
33:44 a picture of a gram negative Okay, It is obviously energy
33:48 So so then the motion itself. , the motion, so being a
33:56 motion, right? You can deduce you can move one of two
34:00 either clockwise or counterclockwise and that's exactly happened. So the movement comes down
34:07 the proportions of counterclockwise vs clockwise what's occurring more counterclockwise or clockwise,
34:16 determines kind of motion. Okay, let's look here. All right,
34:22 the counter clockwise. So if you're type that has multiple gel like this
34:30 they're all rotating in the same way um they kind of are in
34:37 Okay, and they produce basically straight motion or run. Okay, the
34:45 occur when you have you have um counterclockwise straight movements, clockwise,
34:57 basically spinning in place is kind of they do like. So and so
35:03 also have punitive. Okay so the is what influences whether you go one
35:09 or the other? Okay and that's these receptors come in. Okay so
35:14 have we're specifically looking here at chemo , Chemo taxes movement based on the
35:23 of specific chemicals, right? That's the kind of chemicals that bacteria archaea
35:29 be interested in, that would help move toward that chemical things that they
35:35 eat, right nutrients like amino uh carbohydrates of different kinds, these
35:41 things they can use as nutrients and would actually move for move for.
35:46 so um that's so it's the presence these kinds of chemo attractants. If
35:54 course they have the receptor form that will influence whether it's more clockwise motion
36:00 counter clockwise, which is more. so you know in the in the
36:06 where there is maybe not a lot chemo attractive around? Okay, it'll
36:11 do something like this. Okay which basically kind of random meandering movement right
36:18 , are there any purpose to so to speak? Okay so all
36:22 little points here, right, these be tumbles. So these will be
36:31 and the ones in between of course here here, so interspersed with tumbles
36:42 between. Okay so if you had brain you might think okay what's going
36:48 here? Well it's kind of by into a tumble it can kind of
36:54 randomly set it off in one Once it begins to run spin and
37:00 occurs it goes so perhaps the logic is let me kind of go in
37:08 direct there because maybe I'll run into chemo attractive talking. Okay And so
37:16 it does then that can influence and maybe increase the proportion of of um
37:25 rotation. So going from a completely walk, one that's bios towards
37:33 it's attracted to. Okay so then become less less meandering like this is
37:40 to a more of a purposeful motion ? And that movement we can see
37:45 towards something right? And this level attractive right is greater and greater and
37:52 as it goes in that direction. So it means it's filling up the
37:57 on its surface are finding more and attractive and that's creating more and more
38:05 rotation which means more straight runs Okay and so um so of course
38:14 a scenario like this on the on right you have a lower tumbling frequency
38:19 don't have as much this way that more straight run because it's binding that
38:27 and that's what influences the having more runs. Okay so um and it's
38:35 an accident that these pictures. What see a rod safe self rule of
38:42 is bacteria are that are more time . There are a few examples of
38:54 and motor but very few. Very and far between overwhelmingly rod shaped cells
39:00 motel types. Okay. Um Any about that Again it's all influenced by
39:10 the chemical attractant there and that's what . I'm gonna counter clockwise. That's
39:16 rotations. Okay that's really what drives whole thing. Okay. Okay um
39:24 closes out chapter three. Okay so flip to chapter four. Okay so
39:33 um it's about growth. I'm not go through these bullet by bullet but
39:41 in part one we discuss um here's here's what we grow we grow carry
39:50 here is what they need. Okay grow we can take those components and
39:57 them together in a growth medium. then we find out there can be
40:02 types of growth media and then I one. So before we get to
40:07 point it's okay here's the metabolic Here's the nutritional type it is.
40:15 let's put the components together that will us to grow right so we'll go
40:19 different nutritional types and then here's the medium. Here are the types of
40:25 media and then um kind of finish with the dynamics of growth. So
40:31 how we grow them. Here's how can measure growth. Here's how we
40:34 quantitative growth and then it becomes here what it looks like. Here's the
40:41 , what it looks like when we something medium and then we're gonna go
40:46 completion. Okay. You're gonna see particular type of growth curve.
40:53 And it has different features to You see the same general shape.
41:03 so the inflections maybe less or But you always see a lag a
41:10 phase uh death phase are stationary than , right? You see all four
41:15 those but it can vary depending on conditions, the prototype etcetera.
41:21 We'll talk about that next lecture but part two is actually relatively small really
41:28 two things. And that's biofilms and the sport. Okay so part one
41:36 a commodity. Here's what growth is media etcetera. Okay so uh of
41:43 the topics in this course I know about this one because I did this
41:49 like 12 years in biotech grew cells commercial purposes. So um so I've
41:55 some stuff that you that you won't to be tested on. But if
41:58 a biotech major you may you be familiar with, you will likely
42:03 these things when you're on the Okay. Anyway so let's start with
42:08 think a question. No, not . After this one. So why
42:13 grow microbes? Well there's lots of to do that campus here. It's
42:20 um Main purposes are likely let's uh isolate D. N. A uh
42:27 because I want to sequence it You know, see what the it's
42:33 to. Maybe I want to uh it up to isolate the protein of
42:37 sort that I'm studying. Um craft an enzyme or something like that and
42:43 measured enzyme activity these kind of Okay um lab these kind of lab
42:49 bros. We're talking small wire. And it could very well be especially
42:55 you're in a molecular biology lab where doing you know you may work in
43:01 genes and plasmas and you're using maybe health. I really care so much
43:07 the nuts and bolts and details of to be. Cool bro, you
43:11 inoculate it let it go overnight coming next day and bam bam. Do
43:14 thing. Okay But you may want know more about it. Okay.
43:20 so much. You can have it be something that you're growing your study
43:23 want to get a growth curve, it grow, what they grow?
43:25 go best on. Okay. Um you're doing something industrial scale right?
43:33 have got to know how it grows the very beginning from when you're on
43:37 bench and small volumes before you take up to 100,000 gallons. Okay You've
43:44 to know all the ins and outs heart grows and what makes it increasing
43:48 . Okay so can you know lots lots of stuff you use and buy
43:55 days when it's enzymes and laundry detergent we have these things are grown you
44:01 in these commercial scales. So anyway if you want to study uh effects
44:07 antibiotic or into my criminal agent you with a culture happens so growth knowing
44:16 to grow things bacteria is essential. so of course growth in nature versus
44:24 . Right? In the lab of things pretty much in pure culture,
44:29 ? That allows us the ability to everything. Um We can uh and
44:36 what allows us to get really high densities. Very very very thick with
44:42 in culture because we can control And they're not competing with anybody,
44:46 ? They're not in nature competing with of hundreds of thousands of other micro
44:52 impeding with right growth in nature is , right? Everybody's grabbing for the
44:57 stuff a lot of times nitrogen phosphorus . And so to limit growth you
45:02 have sports here and there but in and you control all the parameters that
45:08 growth. And you can really get of isil densities. Okay so it
45:13 boils down to this right C. . O. M. P.
45:17 . And of course we're talking about in the context. You as well
45:22 need C. H. O. . P. S. So uh
45:27 look at this question. All I think this will be an easy
45:32 for most bacteria increase the amount of nutrients to X. In a growth
45:41 typically to Not quite but almost a x increase in cell yield. Oh
45:49 pay attention to this yet, scratch out So which nutrient would this likely
46:24 ? Okay count down dramatic pause and pause and here we go. Okay
46:39 of course it's carbon. Absolutely it's about the carbon. Alright. Um
46:47 as we know right this served as framework making our molecules the fake acids
46:59 it's carbohydrates proteins right? Have that the core. Right? Then you
47:06 different atoms side groups et cetera to your various biomolecules types. Right?
47:13 it all starts with having that So um that's why we're carbon based
47:18 forms. Right? And so um of these is this isn't a clicker
47:24 . Which of these is an essential which of those is essential.
47:36 Although they're all essentially um Now the of those. Right So we add
47:45 of course too because the soul can't make these elements. Right? So
47:51 provide Fridays in different forms. Okay example sulfur is usually provided sulfate.
47:58 um nitrogen and something like ammonium phosphate something. But regardless. So um
48:07 a cell can't make it you have provide it and that makes it the
48:11 Okay so um macro micro I usually these by quantities I call macronutrients like
48:23 per liter micro nutrients. Micro grams less per liter. Right. Obviously
48:30 you know some things are needed in essential nutrients because they're they're used in
48:37 amounts of carbon essentially is going to oftentimes the most in terms of quantity
48:43 add, right, because the amount carbon pretty much dictates how much cells
48:47 gonna get now. Yeah, there a hierarchy, you know, carbons
48:53 in terms of influencing growth. What's number 2? Not really. But
49:01 get a long ways before you get limited, you get carbon limited pretty
49:07 quicker than you do nitrogen limited. there can be really high cell density
49:13 of things um that you might experience industrial scale. You certainly may get
49:18 point where you're gonna have to add more nitrogen. But um in any
49:24 . Okay, so, let's take look at some of these things
49:28 Okay, so we just talked about . So remember, of course
49:32 right. The form of the right? It's gonna be CO2 or
49:38 gonna be something like this. And depends on what's the what is the
49:42 type of cell you're dealing with, , that determines that. So,
49:47 the other things that you know, stuff, you know what you did
49:53 not acids. Right? Uh, is in uh take acid,
50:01 Um as sulfur is in a couple metal acids. So, um cat
50:08 . So these potassium magnesium are often of of enzymes, uh iron is
50:15 uh important elements. Lots of your transfer proteins have iron in them.
50:22 , among others. And so certainly your own bodies. Right, iron
50:27 him a little bit. So anyway these are all considered macronutrients. So
50:36 . So these and so I should the macronutrients you definitely or off the
50:45 compounds you add to make your media down here like cobalt, copper,
50:54 . I've even seen where w anybody what w is. Right,
51:02 So these aren't even very small amounts so you don't even bother adding them
51:08 as an off the shelf thing into medium. You can find them as
51:12 in the water. Micro contaminants in . So I've I've never added these
51:18 unless I was doing some kind of study to see what how much copper
51:23 it need. Right. Uh It's how long you have to let the
51:27 grow before it actually runs out of . It's insane. But again it's
51:32 contains the contains these things and trace which is enough, particularly for most
51:37 these things. So in a lot these micronutrients you see are parts of
51:42 or co factor. All right um factors. So growth factors. Um
51:57 you may find that uh the organism deficient in a pathway or something to
52:05 make something. So maybe you have add vitamins to help it. Maybe
52:10 have to add new assets or certain um blood and serum but very common
52:15 pathogens. Um there are factors and lots of stuff in blood. And
52:24 different types of proteins and things. so oftentimes you don't bother figuring out
52:29 it is actually blood or steer that's growth or providing growth. You just
52:35 it works. So you just add whole thing. Right. Um so
52:40 that's in that category is called growth have to supply that for these particular
52:45 because they're deficient typically. And so types. So that speaking of that
52:52 oxygen. Okay, so that's um are no any division in some kind
52:59 pathway. Right? Very often it's acid pathway. So allen een but
53:05 know, just think of it as you see something says blank. Oxy
53:11 . What it means is whatever is that blank, you have to add
53:18 right here from you can add it part of the meat as a growth
53:24 . Uh, so that's an awful . Must add for the growth.
53:29 , now, the prototype Total Excuse me. So, I'm sure
53:33 probably heard of wild type. you've been through genetics lab and dealt
53:39 the food lives already have wild type supplies. Right, mutant types.
53:44 so wild type is typically the the one that has all the features of
53:50 species right there in the wild type coli. Right. Um and then
53:55 can have things have variations of that may be deficient or have different
54:00 Okay so so proto trophy is another for that. More prototype was more
54:07 specific? Um Okay so let's look this question. Alright and let me
54:15 by saying first read start here. yet. Start here and read
54:26 Okay. So you're gonna see different , right? There's energy source.
54:35 there's carbon source, right? And some other descriptors. Right? Electronic
54:44 doesn't use water or C. To reduce CO. Two. So
54:48 the point is reading from the top . Okay. And so A.
54:52 G. Are your choices? So look at that one. Which box
54:58 chemo Auto trophy. Top down from top down. Yeah. Yeah.
55:36 choice is gonna be A. C. D. E.
55:38 G. Bye. Look at the chemo autotrophs and ego. Okay.
55:46 might it fit? Alright Let's count from five. Alright, I'll remember
56:08 . So let's go back. Let's at the next one then we'll kind
56:11 do it all together here. Okay one box represents a plant or
56:21 Okay. AA 10 seconds. So the consensus here was D.
57:19 this was F. And both of are correct. So introduce your
57:24 water trove. Right? So first is chemo trophy. We're gonna go
57:29 this side. Alright, autotrophs. to bang right there. Okay uh
57:36 allergy. Well you know it's a water trove. Right so we're gonna
57:40 this route and then autotrophs this Right? And then hopefully remember
57:48 Plants algae and cyanobacteria use water. . And so f. All
57:55 So um so this next one is a clicker question. So just somebody
58:00 me an answer to this one. ? Which box represents an aerobic
58:06 You which boxes you you put yourself in? See are you a big
58:24 , anybody agree with that? I with that. It is a right
58:31 all A's grenade. Okay. Um of course we are chemo autotrophs.
58:39 ? And we do we were not . We do eat organic complex organic
58:45 . And we of course reduction. electronics sector. Okay. So um
58:52 just if you didn't already know. that was the boxes of chemo headed
58:58 . So these are the metabolic Right? So if you know
59:05 then you can kind of go here I have to make my growth medium
59:08 satisfy their requirements. Okay, so have to summarize this. So you
59:14 you can base this on carbon. ? Which I've tried to hammer in
59:19 heads. Right? So the hetero autotrophs thing defines the carbon source
59:23 02 autotrophs. Something more complex. carbohydrate? Fat behavior. Okay.
59:31 . Right, relying on light energy chemical energy or are you sure you
59:37 use light and you rely on chemical of material. Okay um electron
59:44 Right. Okay. So um the didn't I did for my prop.
59:53 had an apple for the first Right. I've got all I see
59:55 somebody left behind these uh off cop . Okay. Um It was a
60:05 . I I would write a whole of nutrients, right? My thoughts
60:10 pretty good, but that's about But nonetheless it was likely sugar in
60:16 for sure. Okay. But what I what can you look at this
60:22 and what? And get some atomic me? Oh yeah, You have
60:44 and ease and ends. Right. the E electrons source of electrons?
60:51 , That's what it is, Um, so, you know,
60:56 not sexy. Okay. Right. of uh if you're a if you're
61:03 carnivore if you're more carnival than okay. You think of a baked
61:10 , steak and all? You put baked potato, right, butter and
61:14 cream and onions and maybe like sauce something on your steak, right?
61:19 my God, you're already getting Right? Everybody says give me my
61:26 . That's basically how it looks Okay. Because that ultimately is what
61:29 carbon and electrons. Okay, so fortunate in that we can um,
61:37 this and this and this from one , most of the stuff we can
61:47 all three of those, right? can't make potato, you're gonna get
61:53 energy. The electrons All right, not the auto trolls. Alright,
62:00 has to have those separate, Because it relies on c. 0
62:06 . Can't you see? Oh as a Well as a carbon
62:09 we can use it as a as energy source or a torch of
62:14 Okay. Um although there's something can let's not worry about those yet.
62:20 the point is the autotrophs has to a wedding and energy and using energy
62:24 62, so that's quite separated. . But hetero tropes like us,
62:29 can get a lot of bang for buck. Right, So the terms
62:35 , right, these terms are also , right? Chemo autotrophs, Chemo
62:39 synonymous. Chemo autotrophs. Chemo Same thing. I can I can
62:45 you an organic trophy. There's nothing with that. That's correct.
62:50 I can call you ahead of Right, so in these terms there's
62:53 lot of similarity between these terms. are are different. Okay, Photo
62:58 photo auto trophy. And the question about Canada photo trove use carbon
63:06 Got it. And a foot ahead you feel too. He says
63:18 Yes, come on people, you . 0 2. What's the operative
63:29 that overrules anything cannot cannot use. , that's why it's a header
63:37 Right? If it could what would call it? So and we'll look
63:46 next unit but it can it can light light to produce energy, but
63:52 doesn't use the energy to fix 02 because it can't It uses complex
63:57 materials. Okay, so um Alright now we've got a medium but we
64:04 the constituents. Let's put together a . And then when we do that
64:09 on how you we can call it things. Okay so here we've got
64:16 choices defined complex selective differential. Their own. Alright let's see.
65:20 got. Okay. So who answered why be we have what? Yeah
65:42 this is a complex medium because of appearance of of Pepitone and beef
65:51 Okay. If you were only to and the constituents above here and nothing
66:00 that would be defined. Okay because could take a calculator and a periodic
66:08 , we would know all the amounts each element in here. Okay that's
66:17 essence of a defined meeting. You every single thing that's in there,
66:21 atom that's to learn how much, ? But when you by adding something
66:28 these complex nutrients we call it. these guys we know that they have
66:39 okay I was thinking of the which basically a beef extract comes from
66:45 It's meat. What's in me, , fats, proteins, lipids,
66:53 . So it's gonna handle that Okay but we just don't know the
66:58 quantities of everything. Okay? Hence medium. Okay so um so here's
67:08 example of some more media. Okay and so just to define these terms
67:16 we're putting together the things we talked C. H. O.
67:19 P. S. Right? Micronutrients make a medium. Okay.
67:23 can be solid, it can be and even semi solid. Generally solid
67:29 or choice is usually the complex or media. Right? That's rich is
67:36 term we use for it. Um these things like beef extract casing is
67:42 protein. Right? You can have so it can be added soy
67:47 Um You got things like East extract you want to give it a boost
67:51 B vitamins and B vitamins used in . Um growth factors of course.
67:59 so these are providing preform. So if you're providing beef extract you're
68:08 providing amino acids and many kind of nutrients. Okay um nutrients if you're
68:16 lab. Right we use this all time. Right. That's a complex
68:21 . Right? And it will supply needs of you know many it's what
68:26 call a general hetero media support grows every type of bacteria. Okay.
68:35 . No one medium supplies the needs ending of every of every bacteria.
68:41 for sure. But this will supply needs for many head across like
68:45 Okay. Nonetheless the defined medium or or minimal medium used interchangeably. Okay
68:55 you know everything that's in there. . But it um it requires the
69:02 growing on it to synthesize their own . Okay so here's an example of
69:09 defined medium. Okay and you can all the of course glucose is
69:14 Six H. 12 06. And you can see all the constituents in
69:19 . All the atoms of everything and amount and you can see that if
69:24 going to make an amino acid you're have to synthesize that yourself using these
69:28 blocks. Whereas if you have something a rich medium you don't have many
69:33 those amino acids supplied to. You to do anything. So if you
69:37 to guess what's the bacteria to grow on a complex medium or a defined
69:45 because you have a lot of stuff for you don't have to make it
69:48 . Remember when you make stuff takes takes time, right? It's just
69:53 handed to you on a silver Just gobble it up and go
69:56 so rich medium will always be one provides faster growth. Okay, and
70:02 all honesty, I mean something like where you have a couple of complex
70:08 . Yes, that generally it's not that will allow you to get the
70:14 density. Okay, you get faster but maybe not necessarily the super high
70:19 themselves. So that's why when you a complex medium you don't just you
70:23 just rely on these alone. Excuse on these alone. You have something
70:29 like this back here like this where supply, you have kind of a
70:36 of these ingredients um and then add couple of different um complex nutrients.
70:42 ? Because what you can do is can manipulate using that, right?
70:48 can adjust the amount of glucose you and that will keep yourselves going and
70:54 and going right, you add a bit of this to supply them some
70:59 nutrients kinda help boost them but the of the two together really can increase
71:06 yields. Okay so um uh Let me just mention that real
71:13 So fastidious is um is okay just general if somebody if somebody you know
71:24 fastidious um That's the person you got restaurant with him and they said they
71:31 south ticket south they'll say is your iceberg or romaine? Is your chicken
71:37 raised or uh is it have you vinaigrette dressing? Do you have in
71:45 words very annoying. We have lots requirements for what they keep them
71:50 Okay. You probably know people like . Maybe you're one of those
71:54 Okay. I am sometimes. So that's being fastidious. Okay. Very
72:02 , very demanding. Okay and that's they are. Okay. And you
72:08 tell right away if you're dealing with fastidious bacterium, jump ahead because they
72:16 a medium like this laundry list of . Alright. Imagine having to make
72:27 media up for this. So I've all day long. Okay so that's
72:35 very fast. It's a lot of for lots of growth factors etcetera.
72:39 , very exacting. Okay. That's fastidious bacteria is compared to something that
72:45 grow on neutrinos. Right? That's that's that's no effort at all.
72:53 easily do that. If you do have to add 50,000 different ingredients that's
72:57 fun. That's your fastidious one requires . Okay um any questions? Let's
73:07 and we're done. See you next .
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