| 00:02 | Mhm. Yeah. All right. we go. Okay. I was |
|
| 00:10 | where it was gonna be. All . So trying to find that nice |
|
| 00:17 | where it's not super actually? I . Let's see here we have an |
|
| 00:23 | on Tuesday. Uh Yeah, Yeah, boom. Hey look quarter |
|
| 00:30 | semester's over. That's how you need look at things. That's a milestone |
|
| 00:34 | the end of the semester. You're a quarter. Duh. Kind |
|
| 00:39 | It goes quick. Yeah. For of you who are coming in from |
|
| 00:42 | school college is crazy fast. If you're going to be graduating in |
|
| 00:48 | time. I know it seems like forever, but it's literally blink and |
|
| 00:52 | be graduating and you're gonna go, do I do? What do I |
|
| 00:55 | ? What I don't worry about. right. That's number one. Number |
|
| 00:59 | . Had a question about the The reviews don't count as grades. |
|
| 01:04 | like, what remember practice makes. right. Perfect. So, the |
|
| 01:09 | practice you can get your hands on better. So, chapter reviews are |
|
| 01:12 | for grades. You do them for . Alright. Maybe not fun, |
|
| 01:17 | you do them to help you All right. If I had an |
|
| 01:21 | number of problems to give you, would do that. I do not |
|
| 01:25 | an infinite number of problems to give . So, you know, just |
|
| 01:29 | them as you go. So, have an exam Tuesday? You got |
|
| 01:32 | of practice to be able to do third announcement. This one you might |
|
| 01:36 | to write down extra credit becomes So I said no. Is that |
|
| 01:42 | extra credit becomes available monday at six . Put that in your phones have |
|
| 01:49 | big alarm that wakes you up and get this done. All right. |
|
| 01:55 | there's an extra credit that goes before exam and there's one that follows it's |
|
| 01:59 | form through Microsoft form. So when log into office 3 65 which is |
|
| 02:05 | you will have to do. Don't me. It's not let me |
|
| 02:08 | It's because you didn't log in. right. That requires your coogan it |
|
| 02:12 | . D. The same way you it just do anything. It takes |
|
| 02:15 | minutes to do maybe five. that's 2.5 points. It's going to |
|
| 02:21 | questions about how you prepared for the . I'm wanting to see you answer |
|
| 02:26 | questions as truthfully as you can for because this is your self assessment. |
|
| 02:32 | . I'm just looking to see who it. And then after the exam |
|
| 02:37 | the second half, which is worth 2.5 points. So how many points |
|
| 02:40 | have per exam? Five total points extra credit. And after the game |
|
| 02:45 | have after the exam you have like week. So it's a little bit |
|
| 02:48 | . But the idea here is you to look at your exam scores and |
|
| 02:51 | , okay I studied like I thought like I did really well. I |
|
| 02:55 | I studied this way. I look my score and I'm like it's awful |
|
| 02:58 | g I did really well and then self assess again and what it's requiring |
|
| 03:03 | to do is to think about how did and how you can do |
|
| 03:07 | That's all it does And you get points for that. Cool. Okay |
|
| 03:13 | Opens on Monday at six p.m. closed um on Tuesday before the exam. |
|
| 03:21 | this is not one of the things take your exam. You see your |
|
| 03:23 | go now. I need the extra . You can do the extra credit |
|
| 03:28 | and then after the game you get other half. Okay, easy |
|
| 03:32 | I think those are all the announcements wanted to make. Um Yeah, |
|
| 03:37 | I have something else. 01 other is if you somehow forget your time |
|
| 03:42 | do something, remember I am unavailable Tuesday I can't help you. I |
|
| 03:47 | not be here and I can't I schedule for casa. Alright, so |
|
| 03:52 | sure you show up on time. guarantee you five of you will have |
|
| 03:56 | out tires on the way to the on Tuesday morning. Why? |
|
| 04:01 | I'm not cursing you? I'm just it's Murphy's law. If it can |
|
| 04:05 | wrong it will normally it takes like minutes to get to the university on |
|
| 04:10 | morning there will be a 40 car up between your house and the university |
|
| 04:16 | accordingly. All right, so if have an early exam, make sure |
|
| 04:20 | , I'm leaving a little bit early I can get here even though no |
|
| 04:23 | gonna be on campus because that is day that for some reason every person |
|
| 04:27 | campus is going to be, You're 7:00 AM, right? If you're |
|
| 04:32 | 6:00 and you're like, well, no big deal. I was going |
|
| 04:34 | drive in the opposite direction. for some reason there's gonna be a |
|
| 04:38 | event in downtown Houston and they're going all be in your way. I'm |
|
| 04:42 | promising that because that always happens. right. So I saw a question |
|
| 04:46 | was yes, today's lecture is on test because this would have been yes |
|
| 04:52 | Tuesday's lecture that we got rained out , which we really didn't get rained |
|
| 04:55 | unless you lived in the Northeast part Houston, which case you got really |
|
| 04:59 | out? Yeah, my part of did not, Yeah, you have |
|
| 05:06 | repeat that. I'm still having a time here. So again, I |
|
| 05:16 | , but when you're wearing a I'm not saying take it off. |
|
| 05:19 | just saying you're gonna have to So remember the mask basically blocks sound |
|
| 05:25 | I was at the pharmacist the other . Big glass window mask and it's |
|
| 05:30 | like you've got to yell, so go ahead one more time. |
|
| 05:40 | , Okay. So the question is the reviews and the practices, |
|
| 05:43 | they, are the questions similar? necessarily. All right. So this |
|
| 05:47 | the there's a practice exam that gets today, don't do it and |
|
| 05:51 | oh, this is what the exam like. That's not what I'm. |
|
| 05:53 | is how I write questions. All . So on the practice exam, |
|
| 05:57 | the reviews practice exam. Right. how I write question. Multiple |
|
| 06:02 | That's all the way through. All . That's how or if you want |
|
| 06:05 | do it this way, multiple All right. All right. There |
|
| 06:09 | no K type questions. I think K type is when you get down |
|
| 06:13 | the bottom, it's like A and . A. Corrector and we don't |
|
| 06:15 | that. All right. So there's of that. This is straightforward. |
|
| 06:19 | have four or five choices depending. right. And that's it. |
|
| 06:23 | it's a multiple choice exams. 50 , 60 minutes average person finishes in |
|
| 06:30 | minutes. It takes 20 minutes to . Go through and change all their |
|
| 06:34 | . Get them wrong. I uh remember I told you how to |
|
| 06:37 | back and check your answers. Remember ? Okay. Yeah, it's basically |
|
| 06:41 | multiple choice question. True false You just make sure every statement comes |
|
| 06:45 | true. That's about it. And because there's another question somebody's going to |
|
| 06:49 | ask me. Do I need to everything in the book? What's the |
|
| 06:53 | ? No. What I talked about class is what I consider it |
|
| 06:57 | All right. The book is there reinforce and to help you. If |
|
| 07:01 | don't have access to me and you something or read something like I don't |
|
| 07:05 | what this means. You can go to the book and hopefully it will |
|
| 07:07 | you. Should you spend more than minutes on YouTube watching videos from other |
|
| 07:13 | and other things. No, Honestly. I mean if you don't |
|
| 07:19 | something by all means go and do . Should you write yourself quiz? |
|
| 07:23 | , everyone said they're going to Let's, you're spinning your wheels. |
|
| 07:30 | Right? Efficiency fast focus. If writing quiz, let's, you're making |
|
| 07:35 | your own exams, right. Which what most of your things like, |
|
| 07:38 | America and this is hmm, if want to do that, that's |
|
| 07:44 | You're going to spend more time studying of times spending your wheels just saying |
|
| 07:49 | going off. We need to talk this. Don't think. Yeah, |
|
| 07:53 | . Because it's gonna be on the , Shall we they say yes you |
|
| 07:57 | are. There were good. If you want to quiz, |
|
| 08:00 | I'm not gonna be mad at You do what you want to |
|
| 08:02 | Okay. That's why we have the assessment to see if it worked. |
|
| 08:07 | it works for you, then you doing it. If it doesn't work |
|
| 08:11 | you toss it like a bad Epithelium tissues. That's what we're talking |
|
| 08:17 | today, the first thing we'll be . Today's tissues. What do we |
|
| 08:20 | with? We started with molecules and then from molecules we went to |
|
| 08:26 | and now we're at tissues. And what do you think we're going to |
|
| 08:29 | ? Right after exam Oregon's we're gonna get into the anatomy. Yeah, |
|
| 08:34 | like jeez man, it took a for semester to get there. |
|
| 08:39 | yeah. And professional school. They grab you by the back of your |
|
| 08:43 | and the back of your shirt and just toss you in the deep end |
|
| 08:45 | say start swimming here, we tiptoe . Okay, so this is the |
|
| 08:51 | tissue we're gonna be looking at is will be epithelial tissue or epithelium either |
|
| 08:56 | as the nomenclature. Alright, and epithelium is? It's one of two |
|
| 09:00 | . It's either a sheet of cells going to cover the body or its |
|
| 09:05 | . All right. So that's the here. It's these covering epithelium is |
|
| 09:10 | the sheets that are going to cover surface of your body. This is |
|
| 09:13 | easy. You can look at your and go, oh that's epithelium. |
|
| 09:17 | other part is harder to see because means you have to rip yourself open |
|
| 09:20 | see that it covers also the So basically any open space, that |
|
| 09:26 | on the inside is also at the glad you're epithelium is what makes up |
|
| 09:30 | glands of your body. So, you think of salivary gland. That's |
|
| 09:33 | easy one. Sweat glands is the ones. We're going to get to |
|
| 09:36 | this down in just a moment. that's up to the ceiling. All |
|
| 09:40 | . They have the specialist contact. , we're back to that picture that |
|
| 09:43 | saw on thursday last week. It says, look, there's different |
|
| 09:47 | So, like tight junctions and adherence been hemi desmond zones, Desmond |
|
| 09:52 | These are all major types of connections epithelial cells to hold them together. |
|
| 09:59 | right. And to create this unique of barrier that the body uses to |
|
| 10:04 | the outside and the inside for mixing the outside inside happens to be in |
|
| 10:09 | particular case. Sorry. All In this picture, we have both |
|
| 10:17 | and connective tissue. The pink in picture is the epithelium the yellow and |
|
| 10:21 | pictures connective tissue. All right. , the whole thing is not epithelium |
|
| 10:25 | as pink part up in here. , when we see epithelium, the |
|
| 10:29 | thing we're going to notice is there blood vessels? All right. It's |
|
| 10:32 | vascular is the term that we All right. It has nerve fibers |
|
| 10:37 | can be found within it. All . So, they penetrate into |
|
| 10:41 | But as a tissue, it doesn't any blood vessels. So, what |
|
| 10:45 | doing is it's getting its nourishment from nearby connective tissue where the blood vessels |
|
| 10:49 | be found and the nutrients diffuse up the cells in that tissue? All |
|
| 10:58 | . Another characteristic of the pathology is its regenerative meaning that if you damage |
|
| 11:02 | cells or you hurt, harm them lose them, then what's going to |
|
| 11:06 | is that itself regenerates and replaces. if you've ever cut yourself skinned your |
|
| 11:12 | or like my son did a couple days or not days ago, but |
|
| 11:15 | couple of weeks ago, he dove the swimming pool and decide to scrape |
|
| 11:19 | face across the bottom. So he , you know, his nose and |
|
| 11:22 | chin and it was, you that horrible looking just like thank goodness |
|
| 11:25 | didn't do the school pictures, you , But it's just like that. |
|
| 11:29 | then now it's not there, Because the scab first protected, we're |
|
| 11:33 | talk about regeneration. The scab was the surface. And then what happens |
|
| 11:38 | the tissue regenerates itself and greek covers , which was uncovered. All |
|
| 11:44 | Now is also what we say. contact responsiveness. The question here is |
|
| 11:49 | does skin no or epithelium know when stop growing. Right. I |
|
| 11:54 | you expected just if it grows, didn't you just keep doing it? |
|
| 11:57 | the answer is because with epithelial cells each other. They talk to each |
|
| 12:03 | and they say, hey, I'm to you now and when I'm next |
|
| 12:05 | you, that means you stop growing I'll stop growing. I'll stop |
|
| 12:09 | And so that's what they do is contact inhibition prevents the growing. So |
|
| 12:14 | you cut and they're no longer touching other. There's no contact inhibitions. |
|
| 12:18 | that kind of basically tells them to to start growing. And so they |
|
| 12:24 | towards each other until they contact. back to that a pickle basil |
|
| 12:30 | right? This polarity and this picture used I think we use it previously |
|
| 12:36 | it demonstrates this polarity. And epithelium has this polar. And so here |
|
| 12:42 | can see we have an a pickle that is always exposed size. We |
|
| 12:46 | a basil surface and we have a surface on the cell. The a |
|
| 12:50 | side is different than the basil side there's different functionalities on both sides. |
|
| 12:56 | you deal with polarity. All On the april site reputable um You'll |
|
| 13:01 | primarily micro villa. Some of the may have something called cilia which we'll |
|
| 13:06 | to in just a second. So of the characteristics you look at a |
|
| 13:09 | and say, oh look there's micro in the cell. You know you're |
|
| 13:13 | at the optical surface. What is the vertical surface. Will the april |
|
| 13:17 | where you're gonna be doing secretion or you're going to be doing absorption. |
|
| 13:20 | right. On the basil side. you do is you secrete a whole |
|
| 13:24 | of glycoprotein. Alright. And you're what is called the basil lamanna. |
|
| 13:29 | right. And the basil lamanna basically there to attach itself to the underlying |
|
| 13:36 | which is going to be the connective . So usually have an epithelium on |
|
| 13:39 | of a connective tissue. And it's to attach to the connective tissue portion |
|
| 13:44 | called the reticulated lamanna. So, have the basil lemon, the particular |
|
| 13:49 | . And they come together and they something called the basement membrane. All |
|
| 13:55 | . I think that's what this slide you here. Okay, So, |
|
| 13:59 | connective tissue underlying produces the particular All right. It's just an extra |
|
| 14:05 | matrix. A bunch of proteins that going up and then on the other |
|
| 14:08 | were secreted basil and the lack of going down and they interconnect and hold |
|
| 14:13 | other together and attach to each And that's where you get the basement |
|
| 14:18 | . Now here, this is primarily coming from the basil from the epithelial |
|
| 14:23 | . Those are primarily glycoprotein. here's a micro villas Orville I |
|
| 14:30 | And what these are These are just of the plasma membrane. And what |
|
| 14:35 | wanted to do here, this is worst example I could find. But |
|
| 14:39 | what I've used before. Usually actually this before. Class. Yeah. |
|
| 14:47 | ? So, here I have a . Mhm. Cell surface. All |
|
| 14:54 | , nice and flat, very I have certain agreements of absorption. |
|
| 14:58 | , the problem is, is my can't be this big. It can |
|
| 15:01 | be about that big. All So, I don't have a lot |
|
| 15:05 | surface area to play with? Do ? Right. So, how do |
|
| 15:09 | increase my my surface area If I'm to this amount of space? |
|
| 15:15 | why don't I just go ahead and my large cell like. So and |
|
| 15:21 | fold up the edges so that fits that very small space. So what |
|
| 15:27 | I done? I've increased my surface but I haven't increased my actual |
|
| 15:34 | Right. And that's what microbial I . All right, they produced this |
|
| 15:39 | large surface area for absorption so that can do my job without taking up |
|
| 15:46 | lot of space. Now if you a better or another type of |
|
| 15:50 | think about new york, new york . Long island. Manhattan Island is |
|
| 15:55 | , very small, but houses, can't remember what the number is. |
|
| 15:59 | like seven million people just on the . I can't remember exactly, but |
|
| 16:03 | huge. So how do you get those people in that little tiny space |
|
| 16:06 | is only five miles long? You up. Right, That's what they've |
|
| 16:10 | . So instead of being instead of like Houston where we build out, |
|
| 16:15 | , we spread out, have a pool, huge backyard. You have |
|
| 16:20 | in other states that wonder if you horses. Yeah. Okay. I've |
|
| 16:26 | found it humorous. Do you have horse? You lie to me of |
|
| 16:30 | with the oil. Well, so what Instead of you, do |
|
| 16:34 | grow you go up and that's what villa is. It's like I can't |
|
| 16:38 | out this way. So I'm just spread out that way and increases that |
|
| 16:43 | area. Now. These are typically to be found on absorptive cells when |
|
| 16:46 | do the digestive system in the next , not in the next in the |
|
| 16:50 | course. And P. Two, see these over and over. That's |
|
| 16:53 | the only place you'll see them. that's one where it really makes a |
|
| 16:56 | where we sit there and go, , here's how long your digestive system |
|
| 17:00 | throw all these little kind of characteristics your digestive system is effectively 30,000 times |
|
| 17:06 | than it really is. Which is of cool. Instead of having a |
|
| 17:10 | ft long digestive system uses only about ft. So All right, so |
|
| 17:17 | is silly up here not to be with the flagellum down there. They're |
|
| 17:21 | similar in structure cilia typically associated with meuse in secreting cells. All right |
|
| 17:27 | you're familiar with mucus. Right, hear a couple sniffles. Right, |
|
| 17:33 | musa is the protein that makes mucus e. Okay. And so what |
|
| 17:38 | you do? Well, you want get that stuff moving. You need |
|
| 17:41 | to push it along and that's what to do. All right, |
|
| 17:44 | they move materials along the surface of cell. Now I have this thing |
|
| 17:48 | out here because you will see silly other situations that aren't just moving things |
|
| 17:53 | the surface of the cell but we're about epithelium. Hence I'm focusing on |
|
| 17:56 | thing. So, you don't need know this right now. But eventually |
|
| 17:59 | will come up. So you don't up in another classic. Doctor Wayne |
|
| 18:03 | , no, there's more. All . Fla gela are not on |
|
| 18:09 | I'm just putting it here because it with cilia. This is a type |
|
| 18:14 | extension that propels the cell. The place we're going to see this is |
|
| 18:17 | spermatozoa. So, we're not really to spend a lot of time talking |
|
| 18:21 | it now. Inside the cilia, have something to make it wiggle and |
|
| 18:26 | . All right. And the same is true for a flow gela. |
|
| 18:29 | that basil body, right? That's same structure as a century. All |
|
| 18:36 | . It has these extensions. These tubules that are arranged in a nine |
|
| 18:40 | two, so two in the then a circle it of nine double |
|
| 18:45 | that are on the inside and there's bunch of motor proteins that are attached |
|
| 18:48 | between them. And those motor proteins of do this kind of wiggle back |
|
| 18:52 | forth, which causes cilia to wiggle and forth. For the L. |
|
| 18:57 | . Have the same thing. Same . They have different kinds of emotions |
|
| 19:01 | different kinds of movements though. cilia are kind of like yours. |
|
| 19:06 | you ever wrote about? I'm not about singing it. I'm just when |
|
| 19:10 | row you put the oar in the , you push right? Or really |
|
| 19:15 | pulling for yourself. But you're pushing waters which propels the boat that you |
|
| 19:20 | up the ore. Bring it put it back in the water and |
|
| 19:23 | do it again. That's what cilia . It's basically undulating like. |
|
| 19:28 | it's like push, come back, , come back. So on and |
|
| 19:31 | forth. Flow gela are more like snakes moves. It's kind of like |
|
| 19:37 | wiggly propeller like motion which causes the to propel forward. All right. |
|
| 19:43 | , it's a different type of Different type of motion because of what |
|
| 19:47 | proteins are actually located in there. right. So, they're just this |
|
| 19:52 | what that lower part. So, cilia and flow gela have a unique |
|
| 19:58 | that allow for propulsion or movement. , cilia move stuff on the |
|
| 20:04 | flow gela moves the cell and that's last We're going to talk about |
|
| 20:09 | All right. So what purpose is ? Well, it's found on surfaces |
|
| 20:17 | it's it's a glandular material. Glad tissue. So, it plays a |
|
| 20:23 | in protection. That's easy skin. your skin protect the inside from the |
|
| 20:29 | ? Yeah. Right. It is permeable meaning it decides what gets to |
|
| 20:35 | in and out of that as a . So it serves as the |
|
| 20:40 | but it also serves as a barrier regulate what goes in and out. |
|
| 20:44 | this again. You can think of gut, which is probably a little |
|
| 20:47 | easier. Say, okay, I've something. Or let me let's just |
|
| 20:51 | water. Water is in my stomach . So I get to decide when |
|
| 20:55 | water comes in. That's probably the one to think of plays a role |
|
| 20:59 | secretion. This is putting substance on surface of the body. Now I |
|
| 21:04 | over here says into the body. . I it's probably just bad typing |
|
| 21:09 | my behalf. Alright. So, you are a doughnut. Alright. |
|
| 21:15 | remember me talking about this? Have talked about this before? I say |
|
| 21:18 | every semester? So, I sometimes what semester I've mentioned it have I |
|
| 21:22 | that before this class. Okay, done. You're There's a hole in |
|
| 21:25 | basically your whole is your mouth to ain't it? So, it's like |
|
| 21:28 | have a hole through your body. right. So, when I secrete |
|
| 21:32 | that whole I'm secreted onto the surface the body. All right. That's |
|
| 21:37 | I was referring to here, into bodies. So, basically into those |
|
| 21:41 | is what I'm talking about onto its . Lastly, it plays a role |
|
| 21:45 | sensory reception. These are nerve fibers are located in there. Usually they |
|
| 21:51 | be associated with the cell itself that's detecting or they're doing the detecting. |
|
| 21:55 | what we have is we have structure the epithelium that is there that can |
|
| 22:01 | as a receptor. All right. we're gonna look at this more carefully |
|
| 22:05 | we actually look at the skin. I'll say see that as an epithelial |
|
| 22:08 | . Not a nerve cell. All . So, it plays one of |
|
| 22:12 | four rolls. It has special When we look at epithelium we give |
|
| 22:18 | names. All right. So, has a first and a last |
|
| 22:22 | The first name is always going to based on the number of cells in |
|
| 22:27 | layers. So, what we have we have a simple epithelium which means |
|
| 22:31 | have a single layer. So you see simple, simple, simple. |
|
| 22:36 | pretty easy. Right? It's dare say it? Yeah, it's |
|
| 22:41 | Thank you. I didn't have to the dad joke there. Thank |
|
| 22:43 | Okay, it's simple. It wasn't , It's not simple. It's |
|
| 22:49 | Okay, The second first name you have So there's only two. You're |
|
| 22:53 | simple or you are stratified, meaning is two or more layers. |
|
| 22:58 | your choices I have one layer or simple or I have more than one |
|
| 23:03 | , two or more. Right? I'm stratified. Okay, so typically |
|
| 23:11 | you have a single layer, there's a lot of stuff between the two |
|
| 23:14 | . That means this plays a role filtration. Thanks. Can move pretty |
|
| 23:20 | across a single layer of cells. I'm stratified. That's layer layer layer |
|
| 23:25 | layer. It's harder to move between layers or across those layers. So |
|
| 23:31 | place is primarily a role in All right. Not always. But |
|
| 23:37 | All right. Now, when we a stratified layer, the stratified layer |
|
| 23:42 | going to be based on the most pickle layer. So you can see |
|
| 23:46 | there. That's a pickle. That's pickle. This would be the typical |
|
| 23:50 | . All right. So that means going to deal with that. Second |
|
| 23:52 | is just right here. This is we need the second name. |
|
| 23:56 | Second name is dependent upon the shape the self. There are three |
|
| 24:01 | There's a flat sell the square shell square shell, square cell or the |
|
| 24:07 | sell the elongated or columnar. So it's the flat cell we call it |
|
| 24:12 | squamous literally means scale like and that's it looks like. It's flat and |
|
| 24:18 | like. All right. You can it's flat and I know these are |
|
| 24:24 | . Q Boy channel. When you at it under a microscope, it |
|
| 24:27 | like a box. Basically the sides roughly the same height as the width |
|
| 24:33 | the cell and the third. The basically is elongate, meaning that the |
|
| 24:39 | are longer than the width of the . Now. Ready for the scary |
|
| 24:46 | . Okay, you will have to a couple of cells on the |
|
| 24:52 | So I just saw eyes bug. saw a couple eyes bug some people |
|
| 24:55 | nervous. Uh This is not a class. This is simply taking the |
|
| 25:01 | I just learned and looking at a that will be hopefully abundantly clear what |
|
| 25:06 | looking at, it's not like, me find the most obscure picture on |
|
| 25:10 | planet to see if you can do histology, that ain't happening. All |
|
| 25:15 | . So, what you need to is you first need to be able |
|
| 25:18 | understand what those three words mean. square long, Alright. Or |
|
| 25:25 | Alright. Now, sometimes. And is just a helpful hint. |
|
| 25:32 | Again, This is not histology. many guys are nursing going on the |
|
| 25:35 | school? All right. So, lot of you. All right. |
|
| 25:38 | which class you get to take Good news. You're not gonna be |
|
| 25:46 | as pathologist. Pathologists have to be to look at a slide and actually |
|
| 25:50 | what tissue they're looking at and what abnormal tissues are. Right. I |
|
| 25:56 | , it's it makes histology look like cakewalk. And histology isn't that |
|
| 26:01 | You'll be trained and it's you don't be scared. All right. |
|
| 26:06 | here's a little helpful hint when you're down at a picture of a cell |
|
| 26:10 | you're looking at a slide and you , what you do need to do |
|
| 26:14 | you need to orient yourself. What we say about epithelium epithelium lies on |
|
| 26:18 | of what connective tissue. So basically yourself. Find the typical side. |
|
| 26:23 | the basil side. All right. then once you figure out what the |
|
| 26:26 | on the basil side are then look the nucleus of the cells that you're |
|
| 26:31 | at. All right. If the is round, you're probably looking |
|
| 26:37 | you know, at cube oil If the nucleus is flat, it |
|
| 26:41 | like a squamous cell. Alright. lastly, if the nucleus is |
|
| 26:46 | it's probably Coloman ourselves. All In other words, the nucleus matches |
|
| 26:51 | shape of the cell almost 99% of time. All right. I'm gonna |
|
| 26:56 | you some pictures here. Not necessarily this second, but in the moment |
|
| 27:00 | I'm gonna hopefully demonstrate and say, yeah, I can I can kind |
|
| 27:03 | see that even though these are the pictures on the planet, The pictures |
|
| 27:06 | they have in the top hat examples are on my slides are the worst |
|
| 27:11 | on the planet. My pictures that have an exam are much clearer and |
|
| 27:15 | to see. All right, that's that's the idea. Okay. Because |
|
| 27:21 | want you I'm not trying to fail all. I want you to learn |
|
| 27:26 | and you just shook your head like , he is. He's trying to |
|
| 27:29 | me. All right, So simple , Mostly absorption infiltration. We've already |
|
| 27:38 | that there are three types, First name. Last name. Simple |
|
| 27:43 | simple cube oil, simple columnar. right. You will need to be |
|
| 27:48 | to identify these three on the All right. This is why we |
|
| 27:54 | had a lecture before the exam rather just saying, well, you're going |
|
| 27:58 | take your exams. All right just to make your life confusing and |
|
| 28:03 | anonymous have other names for other Even though it should fall under these |
|
| 28:09 | nomenclature. So, when you see word into a thallium, it's just |
|
| 28:14 | just an epithelium. All right. usually simple epithelium. And what it |
|
| 28:19 | , it's the epithelium that surrounds the and the cardiovascular system. So when |
|
| 28:24 | hear the one in the thallium, go, okay. It's just it's |
|
| 28:26 | type of epithelium. If you hear word mesothelioma, it refers to the |
|
| 28:33 | that makes up the series membranes. , so we're just trying to name |
|
| 28:38 | or it was initially named based on it was found. And it's and |
|
| 28:43 | embryonic origins. And so it doesn't into these categories. They're just words |
|
| 28:48 | people kind of collectively used still, though we have a pattern or a |
|
| 28:53 | to name stuff. And if you're there were some other slides that had |
|
| 28:58 | names on there that would yeah, with the elements. Pretty much, |
|
| 29:03 | , that would be the epithelium makes the pleura. There are lots of |
|
| 29:09 | membrane aside from the pleura. All . So here is the cartoon |
|
| 29:14 | This is a histological view that I are just all awful. All |
|
| 29:20 | So simple. I'm feeling this simple . You can see here is the |
|
| 29:24 | tissue. Here are the cells of cell nucleus in the cartoon. Really |
|
| 29:28 | . Easy to understand. This is picture of a lung Alvey Olas. |
|
| 29:34 | , really hard to tell what's going there. Can you see a connective |
|
| 29:38 | ? No. Can you even see ? Really clearly terrible picture. All |
|
| 29:43 | . So, I'm gonna point to nucleus. Please forgive me. This |
|
| 29:46 | not easy to when it's a microscopic . See that little dark purple |
|
| 29:51 | Dark purple thing. Dark purple Yeah. So, these are basically |
|
| 29:55 | connected to cells connected to cells over over and over again. They form |
|
| 29:58 | sack. All right. And this is not a kind of |
|
| 30:02 | I would show you. All But you can imagine All right in |
|
| 30:05 | Al viola. That's where I'm breathing air. Air is being moved from |
|
| 30:09 | al villas across a membrane to a . Let's see if we can find |
|
| 30:14 | capillary in this picture. That little thing right there. Or just the |
|
| 30:19 | pink. That little tiny thing, the capillary. So, this is |
|
| 30:24 | picture where it's like, I'm going show you I'm going to show you |
|
| 30:27 | picture of an ant. And then like they walk like a mile away |
|
| 30:31 | took out their little iphone and then of expanded it out to the biggest |
|
| 30:36 | that they could. And then took picture. And like see that |
|
| 30:39 | That's an ant. That's what they in this picture, terrible, awful |
|
| 30:44 | . They could have done better. right. simple cube oil. This |
|
| 30:49 | a little bit better but still Okay. All right. But look |
|
| 30:53 | the nuclear, the nuclear, the purple things do the nuclear look a |
|
| 30:57 | round kind of look around, you see right here and they look kind |
|
| 31:01 | round. Alright, but again, is a terrible picture. The the |
|
| 31:06 | uh, the facility or whatever the is just awful. That's like |
|
| 31:10 | they took the worst picture they could . They need to be coming in |
|
| 31:13 | . But this is what you should looking for. Find the basement |
|
| 31:17 | So basically these simple cube oil, we said they aligned structures and so |
|
| 31:22 | can see this is the a pickle that must be the basil side and |
|
| 31:26 | can see the cells are kind of and squarish. Again, I'm going |
|
| 31:30 | show you something that's so clean and and perfect. You're gonna of course |
|
| 31:36 | cube oil. Uh, you can up in middle exam, he was |
|
| 31:41 | . He didn't lie. Alright. , typically again, there's gonna be |
|
| 31:48 | absorption. There's some specific places where see these primarily in the kidneys, |
|
| 31:52 | in the ovaries very limited in the as well. All right. And |
|
| 31:56 | simple columnar. This again is looking like a seven mile view away, |
|
| 32:01 | you can see it clumped ourselves. see the nuclear how they're elongate. |
|
| 32:05 | if you look very carefully here is looming right 11 goes up down, |
|
| 32:09 | , down, up down. And is your digestive track. And what |
|
| 32:13 | looking at here are these cells that the basement membrane and you can go |
|
| 32:17 | and down and you can look at nuclei. And again, if this |
|
| 32:20 | a better picture, you can oh, there elongate. And these |
|
| 32:25 | columned ourselves. All right, digestive tract, there's some rest or |
|
| 32:31 | some other places where the stuff is . But those are the two big |
|
| 32:34 | . All right. So, you to know those three. All |
|
| 32:37 | And if you know the definition, should be able to look at a |
|
| 32:40 | and go, okay, that looks a square to me. That looks |
|
| 32:43 | a column to me. That looks to me. Okay, Alright, |
|
| 32:48 | one you do not need to be to identify an exam. All |
|
| 32:51 | What is pseudo bean fake? so pseudo stratified. So, already |
|
| 32:57 | like the fake stratified columnar epithelium. , I'm not going to make you |
|
| 33:04 | to figure out if this is um this columnar, is this? |
|
| 33:08 | no, no, no, So, you should know it but |
|
| 33:10 | don't need to identify it. Does make sense? Okay, so |
|
| 33:14 | and I think the picture is a better, but you can kind of |
|
| 33:17 | , okay, look, there's my eight nuclei. They can tell there's |
|
| 33:20 | many long cells in there. But of these sounds like really short. |
|
| 33:23 | of them looked really, really And really what it is is these |
|
| 33:26 | all are touching the basement membrane but all have different heights. All |
|
| 33:31 | And they kind of push each other . So some are squats. Some |
|
| 33:34 | elongate. So, it gets very confusing. Hence the term sort of |
|
| 33:39 | . All right. Only some of reach the surface. Now, I |
|
| 33:43 | looking at where they located. It's this male sperm duct. That is |
|
| 33:47 | worst anatomical description ever. Basically, part of the urethra is what they're |
|
| 33:55 | . All right. So, you the respiratory tracts there found typically in |
|
| 33:59 | glands. They're all over the All right. So, it's not |
|
| 34:03 | true stratified. It's not a I mean, it's more of a |
|
| 34:07 | but you can't do a really easy of identifying it. So, I |
|
| 34:13 | need to know those first three. fourth one. You don't need to |
|
| 34:16 | able to identify. All right, , stratified epithelium, multiple layers of |
|
| 34:23 | they regenerate. So, basically down this is where where you're going to |
|
| 34:27 | the cells that are actively dividing and the other cells? All right. |
|
| 34:32 | what they do is off the top basically dying off or sloughing off or |
|
| 34:35 | away And so what you're doing is constantly regenerating. And those cells are |
|
| 34:40 | pushed upwards towards the ethical side. right. So, they start at |
|
| 34:45 | basement and they're dividing and they push and then when you're lost the next |
|
| 34:50 | underneath keeps moving forward. All So whenever you see stratified, you |
|
| 34:54 | think plays a role in protection. , You should be able to identify |
|
| 34:59 | one. All right. This is squamous. Now we said when we |
|
| 35:05 | we look at the a pickle All right. So up here, |
|
| 35:09 | look at this layer and you okay, what does that look like |
|
| 35:12 | me? Oh, those look like cells. So this would be lots |
|
| 35:16 | cells. So it's stratified squamous look here is the basement membrane. You |
|
| 35:20 | see down here those don't cells don't at all like the ones up on |
|
| 35:24 | , do they? So we don't about the ones what they look |
|
| 35:27 | We just have to find out. , all the way down. |
|
| 35:30 | There's that boundary. So this is the basement membrane is. So I |
|
| 35:33 | right up to the top and you see here that looks like a bunch |
|
| 35:36 | scales or flattened cells. So this stratified squamous epithelium. All right. |
|
| 35:43 | , what you'll see on the exam basically I'll give you a picture like |
|
| 35:46 | and I'll highlight what you're looking So you're not just like is it |
|
| 35:51 | one sell over in the corner. like no focusing on the box that's |
|
| 35:55 | . All right. Now, there different types of stratified squamous Alright? |
|
| 36:00 | look at your skin? Your skin pretty tough, wouldn't you agree? |
|
| 36:04 | can take a fingernail and running back forth and you don't break open. |
|
| 36:07 | mean you can see I scraped but what did I do? I |
|
| 36:11 | I took off a bunch of the cells. Right? They flake |
|
| 36:15 | right? But I didn't break All right. And the reason this |
|
| 36:19 | tough is because it has a special called keratin. Alright. Carotene is |
|
| 36:23 | the protein that's found in your It's also the protein that's found in |
|
| 36:27 | nails. All right. It's not only place where character is found, |
|
| 36:30 | these are like like the big All right. It's tough stuff. |
|
| 36:35 | ? And so this is going to found in those areas on the surface |
|
| 36:39 | provide protection. We also have a carotene. Ized stratified squamous epithelium. |
|
| 36:46 | right. So going from my mouth from my skin around my lips and |
|
| 36:50 | my mouth. The inside of my is a little squishy, isn't |
|
| 36:53 | Anyone ever bit the inside of your isn't a lot of fun, |
|
| 36:57 | You can actually feel the chunks of coming loose. Yeah, I'm I'm |
|
| 37:03 | you up. You're like, oh , I remember that the other |
|
| 37:05 | He's looking now. Okay, when chewing you have to hold your cheek |
|
| 37:10 | right. Are you chewing on the side of their mouth? Not praying |
|
| 37:13 | you don't do the same thing. right. So here again, it's |
|
| 37:18 | protective layer. But it's not um not the same structure. You don't |
|
| 37:23 | the correct and it's a lot All right. And so we typically |
|
| 37:29 | these wherever we have these openings in bodies so that there is protection and |
|
| 37:38 | necessarily absorption. So you can see in terms of the location their |
|
| 37:43 | Alright. So that's easy. The easy. The esophagus. Okay, |
|
| 37:48 | can see how as I go down esophagus. That's where sharp things. |
|
| 37:52 | here ever even to read over the way. Yeah. Yeah. It's |
|
| 37:54 | it's awful in it, right? . It's like yeah, it's like |
|
| 37:58 | . You can just picture someone taking just sliding down your esophagus, |
|
| 38:05 | That's right. So you can see protecting against that type of stuff. |
|
| 38:09 | we have here again, vagina, have anus that's not listed up their |
|
| 38:15 | . All those openings, those immediate are either going to be uh |
|
| 38:19 | not all gonna be christianized. Uh actually does have criticized but then it |
|
| 38:24 | to non criticized. All right. it's basically these protective layers. So |
|
| 38:28 | should be able to recognize that. that's four. You have to be |
|
| 38:31 | to recognize on the exam and then the rest of them don't have to |
|
| 38:35 | about because it gets too difficult. have to be trained. All |
|
| 38:38 | So we have stratified cute boy at . And so here's an example. |
|
| 38:42 | is about the size of what you be looking at. It's like, |
|
| 38:45 | , I can look at that Yeah, Yeah, that's that's around |
|
| 38:48 | . Can't really see the sides of cell, but because I can see |
|
| 38:50 | round nuclei, that's got to be boy at all. All right. |
|
| 38:54 | the problem is that there's multiple So you can see right here, |
|
| 38:57 | the boundary and it looks like one . So, this would be stratified |
|
| 39:01 | oil. All right. Typically these gonna be located glandular tissues. What |
|
| 39:05 | looking at here again, male sperm . Yeah, it gives me a |
|
| 39:12 | . All right. Um but in it's gonna be it's see it's better |
|
| 39:15 | here. Miliary throws is more But it's found in these areas where |
|
| 39:19 | going to see secretion. All So primarily glandular type tissue. All |
|
| 39:24 | . We have stratified columnar. I even have a picture for that. |
|
| 39:27 | it's so rare. This is really fairly rare. This is even more |
|
| 39:31 | . So, what's interesting if you at the Aretha, the urethra and |
|
| 39:35 | serve two purposes. All right. the ejaculate part of the ejaculate story |
|
| 39:40 | and it's part of the urinary Right? So it's a way that |
|
| 39:44 | deliver sperm in a way that we to the bathroom women. It's just |
|
| 39:48 | way you go to the bathroom. you don't have all these unique layers |
|
| 39:51 | are part of it, right? have a layer that pseudo stratified. |
|
| 39:57 | have a region that is uh stratified model. We have a region that |
|
| 40:02 | squamous. We have a region that stratified columnar. And again, you |
|
| 40:07 | need to know that it's just that all these transitions. And so we |
|
| 40:13 | a whole bunch of different types in urine through there. All right, |
|
| 40:17 | a fun one. It's called transitional and why? This is a |
|
| 40:21 | This is found primarily around the but there's some other areas around your |
|
| 40:26 | and whatnot. But so you can send urinary tract right around that |
|
| 40:30 | And so your bladder is basically an balloon where urine goes before you have |
|
| 40:35 | go the bathroom, right? So can basically sit in your chairs, |
|
| 40:39 | to a lecture and then afterwards run to the bathroom because the bladder serves |
|
| 40:42 | a storage point because you're constantly producing Okay, so that means that little |
|
| 40:48 | starts off small and then it expands expands and expands and stretches out. |
|
| 40:54 | . The reason is capable of stretching because the epithelium stretches and so that |
|
| 41:00 | , which is stratified sometimes looks Sometimes it looks like you boil. |
|
| 41:05 | depends on how much fluid is found the bladder and how stretch the bladder |
|
| 41:09 | to be. Hence the term transitional between the multiple states, not have |
|
| 41:16 | identify this on the exam. how and a half. But generally |
|
| 41:23 | only have to know three simple Yes. So, to be able |
|
| 41:31 | identify now, you have to know . Right? I mean, you |
|
| 41:33 | to know what they are and kind what is transitional mean? And why |
|
| 41:37 | it called transitional? So you do to know that. But to actually |
|
| 41:41 | identify, you're probably going to get of those four that I said. |
|
| 41:45 | got to know the simple stratified or , simple uh squamous, simple |
|
| 41:50 | simple cube oil or stratified squamous. it. See hard when you put |
|
| 41:59 | that way. It's like, oh , there's like eight of them. |
|
| 42:01 | I only needed a four who? histology. Mhm. All right. |
|
| 42:09 | , eight colors vary in appearance. of the cells they just screw with |
|
| 42:13 | world. It's like Yeah, I'm gonna have to nuclear. |
|
| 42:16 | Yeah. Yeah. All right. , the glands, what are the |
|
| 42:21 | ? Uh gland simply is one or cells. How helpful. Alright, |
|
| 42:26 | gland can be a single cell or be lots of cells. Alright. |
|
| 42:31 | job is to export a product which call secretion. So, what is |
|
| 42:35 | secretion? Secretion is an acquis fluid proteins. Okay, that's the textbook |
|
| 42:42 | . Some can have lipids or steroids . Okay, fine. So we |
|
| 42:48 | two types of glands. We have endocrine gland. We have an extra |
|
| 42:50 | glands, excrete glands or what we're to be focusing on Because this is |
|
| 42:55 | when we think of glandular tissue, epithelial, you're going to be dealing |
|
| 43:01 | execution glands. So they excrete externally surfaces. Is typically what we |
|
| 43:07 | So, it's going to be under surface of the body or it's going |
|
| 43:09 | be into one of those hollow organs cavities. All right. That's what |
|
| 43:14 | saying. And they're gonna be classified based on structure. And again, |
|
| 43:19 | textbook is terrible. I'm going to to help you out with that. |
|
| 43:23 | you have this term endocrine gland. you'll hear glands. Endocrine glands typically |
|
| 43:28 | not epithelial lead arrived. Their job that they don't have these ducks like |
|
| 43:34 | X creen do. So, there's ductwork is basically a clump of |
|
| 43:37 | Their job is to secrete a hormone the extra cellular fluid, typically into |
|
| 43:44 | blood vessel and then that travels around body and then serves as some sort |
|
| 43:49 | signaling mechanism around the body. So, we're focusing here on the |
|
| 43:54 | krin glands. So, one type mexican gland is called the uni cellular |
|
| 44:00 | . Alright, the only example that know of in the body. I'm |
|
| 44:04 | there's more but the one that I is the gobble itself. So, |
|
| 44:08 | is an epithelium. You can see epithelium. What are those things on |
|
| 44:12 | top right there. Micro villa or could be cilia. Alright. |
|
| 44:17 | I don't know. It's just cartoonists up, but that's a good |
|
| 44:20 | Alright, But what we have here we've got these goblet cells. Why |
|
| 44:23 | you think they're called goblet cells? look like the shape against the goblet |
|
| 44:28 | . And the goblets full of mucus . All right. So, what |
|
| 44:33 | do is you can actually see up , see the little line in |
|
| 44:36 | It's basically showing you that's the musician mucus that is produced. And |
|
| 44:42 | what you do is basically you produce mucous used to create it out. |
|
| 44:46 | then the epithelial cells go, fine, let's get rid of this |
|
| 44:49 | . Let's push it, push push it, push it and they're |
|
| 44:51 | producing. All right. So, use this exercise psychotic process. And |
|
| 44:56 | this is just a cartoon that someone . You can see that all these |
|
| 45:01 | containing usin that are basically being moved to be secreted onto the surface. |
|
| 45:09 | , multicellular these are easy to think . You think about your salivary |
|
| 45:13 | you can think of sweat glands, example, All right there structurally |
|
| 45:18 | Which means that they have these unique and stuff to them. All |
|
| 45:24 | So, this is like the basic down here. This would be an |
|
| 45:28 | of a type of uh of All right. So, typically what |
|
| 45:35 | gonna see is we're gonna see Typically these are formed by imaginations of |
|
| 45:41 | epithelium. So, you can see imagination would be like this. All |
|
| 45:46 | . And so here's the epithelium. epithelium and then as it goes |
|
| 45:50 | that's still epithelium forming the gland. evaluation would be the opposite direction. |
|
| 45:56 | , they're typically formed. You first your epithelium and then you manipulate the |
|
| 46:01 | to form the gland. It's what means. All right. So, |
|
| 46:05 | you look at the complex structure, your duck. And at the end |
|
| 46:08 | see these branches and so those are of the duct and at the very |
|
| 46:13 | , that's where you're going to see sina. All right. The Asiana |
|
| 46:17 | where the product is being produced and . And then the duct is just |
|
| 46:23 | pathway through which that secretion gets out the gland. This is all |
|
| 46:30 | So, if you look at all kind of light white stuff inside, |
|
| 46:33 | all connective tissue. All right. so, you might have blood vessels |
|
| 46:38 | to supply nutrients or materials. You'll nerves in there to help stimulate the |
|
| 46:43 | . So and so forth. All . So, that's gonna be in |
|
| 46:46 | connective tissue. So, the epithelium solely the part that secretes and the |
|
| 46:51 | worked. All right. And we them in different ways. Here's the |
|
| 46:56 | so fun part. Well, this the easy part, but the picture |
|
| 47:00 | already ready repeat after me. The sucks. The picture sucks. All |
|
| 47:05 | . So, anatomically we look at ductwork. The duct is either going |
|
| 47:09 | be simple or compound. A simple is like. So, see how |
|
| 47:14 | goes in travels down, travels It's a single un branch duck. |
|
| 47:19 | at the picture over here. It . They failed to show it. |
|
| 47:23 | should go down. You should be to see duct work at the end |
|
| 47:28 | this. So, there should be right there. There should be ducked |
|
| 47:31 | there. That makes sense. Or I need to explain that a little |
|
| 47:34 | better? It makes sense. Or to see. They're like, |
|
| 47:38 | Okay. All right. Want to to do this? Gotta find my |
|
| 47:46 | . Magic bag. Mhm. It's mary Poppins. You never know what's |
|
| 47:50 | pull out. All right. I'm try to do this. Remember? |
|
| 47:56 | is not easy to draw on a that wants to fall backwards. |
|
| 48:01 | So here's the pen. So, the pen. So, when we're |
|
| 48:06 | about ducks were looking like this. right. That's a simple duck. |
|
| 48:12 | right. At the end of the , I want to try a different |
|
| 48:18 | at the end of the duck. where you're going to see the hasina's |
|
| 48:23 | right. So, the scene is have different shapes. All right. |
|
| 48:38 | , the red moving downward represents the the blue represents the easiness. All |
|
| 48:47 | . So, when you see Nice straight. No branches makes |
|
| 48:56 | Okay, compound fair with you. right. Got red again. |
|
| 49:05 | a compound. Here's your duct and is what your duck. Does it |
|
| 49:17 | . It branches. Now, I'm pointing out how many branches. It |
|
| 49:21 | matter. Number of branches. Do matter in this. What we're looking |
|
| 49:25 | here is the duct branches. That's it's compound. And then at the |
|
| 49:32 | that's where we're going to see the . I don't think I have the |
|
| 49:35 | colour. All right. So you have around a sinus. You can |
|
| 49:40 | a tubular sinus. Right? If have a tubular and all the all |
|
| 49:46 | Asiana are tubular, then it's a duct. Or sorry, tubular |
|
| 49:52 | All right. So it be compound . If all the casino around like |
|
| 49:59 | . Right. Then what you call is Al Viola. And so it'll |
|
| 50:02 | a valvular compound to compound Al Viola . And then if you have it |
|
| 50:07 | this where you have both types, it's just tubular valvular meaning it's |
|
| 50:13 | That's the terminology. Alright, so this picture, I'm just going to |
|
| 50:18 | it now. The older one. there's one, there's two. There's |
|
| 50:24 | . So the duct extends from the . And if it's one tube and |
|
| 50:31 | doesn't branch simple. If it's tube branches it's compound. That's the that's |
|
| 50:38 | easy way to think about. But you look at the picture. Does |
|
| 50:41 | picture show compound. Really? no, does the to look real |
|
| 50:46 | simple look real. Well, especially on the left hand side. |
|
| 50:49 | did a terrible job and whoever was for explaining to the artist what to |
|
| 50:54 | . Didn't explain next thing. How we secrete this stuff? All |
|
| 51:01 | Well, that's the other way. name these things. And so, |
|
| 51:03 | we have is we have Merit Ap Quran and holly Quran. And |
|
| 51:08 | know it seems like we're going It seems like this whole lecture is |
|
| 51:11 | to be um epithelium. It's not right. So, mary Quran is |
|
| 51:17 | you're screaming things using vesicles. All . So, you can think of |
|
| 51:21 | sweat materials to make sweat are putting vesicles vesicles move to the surface. |
|
| 51:25 | up, release the materials out onto surface and then that gets on the |
|
| 51:29 | of your body. That's why you're on the outside. Okay, easy |
|
| 51:33 | , mary Quran, Easy a Quran, a little bit more |
|
| 51:37 | Still things are packed in vesicles, what happens is the vestibule doesn't open |
|
| 51:41 | to the surface. What you do you pinch off the surface of the |
|
| 51:45 | of the cell that contains the All right. So, the materials |
|
| 51:50 | not released out into the surface. actually still contained within a small structure |
|
| 51:55 | has portions of the cells, still part of it. All right. |
|
| 51:59 | mammary glands, milk that you're producing an african gland. Alright. The |
|
| 52:08 | one you guys remember acne. you may still have to struggle with |
|
| 52:12 | a little bit right. holocron. right. Think of that big ugly |
|
| 52:19 | whitehead. The one that you woke the morning of the dance. You |
|
| 52:26 | up and there was the middle of forehead saying, hey how you doing |
|
| 52:29 | ? We're going to dance tonight. I am. Right. So this |
|
| 52:35 | what it does. This is how get those. All right with the |
|
| 52:40 | , the cell is producing the material the cell. The cell swells up |
|
| 52:45 | then bursts open and the materials that inside the cell are now being exuded |
|
| 52:50 | that ductwork. All right. So that's that Greece that oil and |
|
| 52:57 | That's how those cells are released. what's happening is the cell dies and |
|
| 53:02 | replaced by a new cell that does exact same thing over and over and |
|
| 53:05 | again. Yeah. 1 2nd. right. So the oil that we |
|
| 53:09 | on our skin uses this sort of production. Now, why do we |
|
| 53:14 | a blackhead or or whatnot? Because have bacteria in our bodies. |
|
| 53:19 | And sweat and dirt and oil all up in a duck gets stuck and |
|
| 53:25 | it begins the process of inflammation, is what causes it to swell upward |
|
| 53:29 | outward. And then that's when that ugly thing is wearing. It's Vesuvius |
|
| 53:33 | head. Yeah. Let's face it all tempted to pop it. |
|
| 53:43 | I knew somebody who had watched youtube of big nasty glands being popped. |
|
| 53:50 | go in. There was one I where they sliced it? Just the |
|
| 53:53 | with a scalpel and then used It was just because these glands can |
|
| 53:59 | pretty large. Okay, I saw hand. Yeah, our skin is |
|
| 54:05 | . Um Yes. So, those are basically saying these are small. |
|
| 54:10 | are small glands, Right? And them you have a series of holly |
|
| 54:15 | like glands that are producing. All . Your sweat glands are a little |
|
| 54:19 | different. They're elongate and they have the bottom. So, you have |
|
| 54:22 | tube, right? That's simple. tube or duct. And at the |
|
| 54:28 | you have kind of this thing that up. And so that produces all |
|
| 54:31 | water. And those are opened up the surface as well. They're fairly |
|
| 54:37 | , relatively speaking. Right? And some big ones on your body. |
|
| 54:42 | we're not going to get to those now. All right. So, |
|
| 54:45 | are the methods of secretion. physical pinching off a portion of the |
|
| 54:50 | wholesale explodes. Okay, It's probably lot more polite cell ruptures. But |
|
| 54:59 | done with epithelium. All right. four more to go. Three more |
|
| 55:04 | go connective tissue. So, really you're going to see is a majority |
|
| 55:11 | lecturer the epithelial connective tissue. We of look at nervous tissue and muscle |
|
| 55:15 | . Go, Yeah, we'll talk those later. Okay, that's kind |
|
| 55:18 | what this lecture, but we do to mention them. All right. |
|
| 55:20 | , what is connective tissue, it the most abundant while the distributed tissue |
|
| 55:23 | the body has different types of depending on which type of organism |
|
| 55:28 | You're looking at the primary functions of tissue protection insulation. That's both a |
|
| 55:35 | and an immune protection. All So, you can think of your |
|
| 55:40 | in your body is like, well, fat I can think |
|
| 55:42 | Yeah, let's play the wrong But what are you sitting on right |
|
| 55:47 | ? Sitting on fat? There's a of fat and then there's muscle. |
|
| 55:50 | right. And so it's comfortable to on our bombs because we have this |
|
| 55:54 | of fat there. All right. it's not just that. It's a |
|
| 55:59 | of comfort and squishiness. Alright? it gets really cold, I know |
|
| 56:03 | is like like Houston cold is like . All right. I mean like |
|
| 56:07 | it was cold like 72. We're like, Oh my goodness. |
|
| 56:12 | feels like fall even though it's pouring rain right, 72°. 50°. What's keeping |
|
| 56:19 | warm? Your layer of fat? insulation. It's protecting you. |
|
| 56:25 | So, it also plays a role binding support and structure. This is |
|
| 56:29 | little bit far fetched. Not far , but a little bit uh Not |
|
| 56:33 | going to get this example. Um , anyone here hunt? You don't |
|
| 56:38 | to raise your hand and say but if you have some people |
|
| 56:40 | No, no, no. All . So, if you don't hunt |
|
| 56:43 | about that chicken breast that you're buying the store. Okay. But if |
|
| 56:48 | hunted you've you've skinned an animal, ? And you have to literally remove |
|
| 56:53 | skin, right? And you have separate out the muscles and the things |
|
| 56:57 | that that animal together. It's all tissue, Right? So, you're |
|
| 57:01 | going in and separating all that stuff . Now, if you haven't done |
|
| 57:05 | and you're familiar, at least with breast, right? You go in |
|
| 57:09 | and it's like, okay, I see the stuff surrounding the chicken |
|
| 57:13 | Even if it's skinless, Right? mean, you still have connective tissue |
|
| 57:17 | holding the muscles together. Right? separate you have You can separate them |
|
| 57:22 | if you want to. We don't chicken breast easy. All right. |
|
| 57:27 | , that's the binding and supporting in structure stories I just mentioned. It |
|
| 57:31 | stuff is an example is sure Okay. Ray Bettina, your phone |
|
| 57:40 | been found and they got a number here. So, you can come |
|
| 57:43 | me after class. There you If you're in here. All |
|
| 57:48 | Transportation. That means moving things around body. And we have to include |
|
| 57:53 | because it is um uh you blood. That's the only one that |
|
| 57:58 | It is a connective tissue. All . So, in a general |
|
| 58:04 | we're going to be focusing up here this picture is connective tissue is basically |
|
| 58:10 | fiber and ground substance. All And so what is ground substance? |
|
| 58:15 | all this empty space in between the and the fibers. It's basically water |
|
| 58:22 | stuff. And the stuff happens to proteins. All right. So ground |
|
| 58:28 | depends on what you're looking at. connective tissues have different ground substances and |
|
| 58:33 | has also different fibers in different But you can look at something and |
|
| 58:37 | , okay, the ground substance here primarily this. And so that helps |
|
| 58:42 | identify the connective tissue. All So ground substance can be viscous. |
|
| 58:48 | , so kind of a fluid That be an example of blood. It |
|
| 58:52 | be semi solid, meaning that it's water and more stuff. All |
|
| 58:57 | An example that would be cartilage. then it can be solid Bone is |
|
| 59:01 | example there where I've taken out all water and I basically have or almost |
|
| 59:07 | of the water. And all I left is the fibers and the |
|
| 59:12 | Excuse me. So, this is example of what we're looking at inside |
|
| 59:19 | there. All right. And what we want to look at |
|
| 59:22 | So, this big pink thing right is akin to the big pink thing |
|
| 59:25 | . That's collagen. All right. so, you can see here there's |
|
| 59:31 | fibers and even smaller fibers and even fibers. And what are the smallest |
|
| 59:35 | . These are the proteome glide And so this structure altogether. That's |
|
| 59:40 | protein google, I can and you see basically what it is. It's |
|
| 59:44 | large protein. It has a whole of things attached to it. The |
|
| 59:47 | bunch of things attached to it are glycol amino black hands. Yeah. |
|
| 59:53 | is why we abbreviated just called Alright, gag. All right. |
|
| 59:59 | , what do you need to know this? It's stuff. Lots of |
|
| 60:04 | , lots of tiny proteins, lots tiny proteins that are charged. And |
|
| 60:09 | charged. And so that means they water. And so that space is |
|
| 60:13 | with water because of all the ground . These proteins glide cans and these |
|
| 60:19 | are located within it. And the artist doesn't do it justice. |
|
| 60:23 | you can see it's like it's Now, there's also sell adhesion proteins |
|
| 60:27 | there that we're not seeing. And is the stuff that holds everything |
|
| 60:31 | So, what are the cells? right. We said each connective tissue |
|
| 60:37 | a ground substance. The amount of substance kind of helps us to identify |
|
| 60:42 | we look at the types of cells are there that's going to help us |
|
| 60:45 | . All right. And so in of cells. All right, we |
|
| 60:49 | different types of connective tissues. So tissue proper. When you hear the |
|
| 60:53 | connective tissue, you're thinking of connective proper. All right. And so |
|
| 60:57 | cell type that's found there are what called fibroblasts and fiber sites. |
|
| 61:02 | when you see blast slash site I'm two cells with that same prefix fibroblast |
|
| 61:08 | a fiber sight. When you see , a blast is an immature cell |
|
| 61:13 | responsible for creating the surrounding environment. site. So like a fiber site |
|
| 61:20 | be a cell that is there to cell. It's maintaining the environment. |
|
| 61:25 | , So that's that's the general Alright, so fibroblasts are in connective |
|
| 61:30 | proper. So, when you think tissue, okay, there's that we |
|
| 61:33 | Condra blasting contra sites Condra, when see that prefix refers to cartilage. |
|
| 61:39 | , these are the cells that are for making cartilage and supporting or maintaining |
|
| 61:44 | and then bone at osteo So, and osteoclasts. Icts are the primary |
|
| 61:50 | . Now, most connective tissues have other cells that are in them as |
|
| 61:56 | . At a post cites fancy words saying fat cells much more polite. |
|
| 62:01 | ? The octopus sites of my body enumerated greatly. A lot better than |
|
| 62:07 | I've gotten fat, isn't it? . It's just they're they're all over |
|
| 62:11 | in connective tissue proper. They're Right? They appear in these small |
|
| 62:16 | and you go back and look at . See right there there's the adipose |
|
| 62:18 | right there. Now. If the you're looking at is nothing but added |
|
| 62:23 | then what you're looking at is adipose . Okay. And that's the type |
|
| 62:27 | connective tissue. All right. Mesenchymal . These are stem cells. They |
|
| 62:31 | rise to all the other types of that are going to be found |
|
| 62:34 | So, if there are a type cell that's connective mesenchymal cells are the |
|
| 62:40 | cells, Right? So I can out of Besides, I can get |
|
| 62:44 | blasts so and so forth. And last immunity sites in Eunice sites are |
|
| 62:49 | part of connective tissue. They reside . Alright. They migrated in and |
|
| 62:54 | hanging out. They are part of immune system. That's why immuno |
|
| 62:59 | Alright. So their job is to of look around and make sure everything |
|
| 63:04 | good. Right there looking for Let me destroy pathogens uh cellular |
|
| 63:10 | Let's chew up the cellular debris if any so on and so forth. |
|
| 63:13 | what they do is when damage they alert the immune system to bring |
|
| 63:17 | more immune insights so that they can with the problem. Now I have |
|
| 63:22 | here that can be residents or wanders resident is a cell that hangs out |
|
| 63:27 | doesn't move right? It's in the and this is where it lives |
|
| 63:31 | Alright. And migrated in and says is company. I can hang out |
|
| 63:35 | . A wanderer is kind of like cop on the beat right? Kind |
|
| 63:39 | wanders in kind of checks things out All right, things look good. |
|
| 63:42 | gonna move on to the next tissue they keep wandering around. So you'll |
|
| 63:47 | some that are wanders some that are . The last thing I don't want |
|
| 63:51 | point out is that sells typically are in direct contact with each other. |
|
| 63:55 | exception to that rule is primarily the tissues. Right? But generally |
|
| 64:00 | when you're looking at connective tissue, cells themselves are separated by the |
|
| 64:06 | the ground substance that they're making All . And so what we're gonna do |
|
| 64:12 | we're going to focus first on this here to look at the fibers. |
|
| 64:15 | then we're gonna look at the individual . Alright. Again, I know |
|
| 64:19 | are cartoons, but it's much better looking at a picture that you can't |
|
| 64:21 | anything in. All right. first off, we have collagen |
|
| 64:26 | So, the big red things are vessels. All right. So, |
|
| 64:29 | can ignore those, right? You see the different types of cells are |
|
| 64:33 | throughout. All right. The pink in between. That's the ground substance |
|
| 64:37 | already talked about. So, what interested in here is this pink |
|
| 64:40 | That's collagen. Alright. They're un there very long. They're very strongly |
|
| 64:44 | flexible and they don't stretch except over . They don't stretch except over |
|
| 64:53 | All right. You're all young. gonna use women as example young |
|
| 64:58 | Your body is tight. Especially underneath . Especially underneath here. And as |
|
| 65:04 | get older. So sorry. It's to get a little bit of this |
|
| 65:11 | you're gonna get a lot of Why? Because collagen over time. |
|
| 65:18 | stretches and relaxes. Okay, It's just part of getting old. |
|
| 65:24 | you're young now. That's future use . Not current used problem. |
|
| 65:32 | You never you never know. I , there's always Botox. I'm cut |
|
| 65:38 | just waking you up in the All right. It's the most abundant |
|
| 65:44 | in your body too. And if watch I mean if you watch all |
|
| 65:47 | commercials, like on aging, You've seen lately, you know what |
|
| 65:50 | talking about? Right? The creams the other creams and the special creams |
|
| 65:53 | the super creams. What do they talk about collagen and hyaluronic acid. |
|
| 65:59 | are the two big ones. All . And those are two of the |
|
| 66:02 | the hyaluronic acid is a major That's part of that structure. The |
|
| 66:06 | glide hands. All right. All right, 25% of your body's |
|
| 66:11 | . A lot of college in your . All right. Well, we |
|
| 66:13 | a particular fibers. These are little brown ones in here basically. These |
|
| 66:17 | similar to collagen and structure, but a lot thinner. They create these |
|
| 66:22 | . And so they're kind of like or or nets and sells like to |
|
| 66:26 | out on them. And so there actual organs that are built on particular |
|
| 66:31 | . It's what we call the strom So, for example, your pancreas |
|
| 66:37 | primarily particular fibers with a bunch of . Just kind of hanging out on |
|
| 66:41 | of this troma. It's kind of . Mm. Well, mike what |
|
| 66:45 | can do. You can just take and just rub it across a |
|
| 66:49 | Um Great. And it basically just apart. You've got all the cells |
|
| 66:52 | the pancreas can collect them up. , elastic fibers. This is a |
|
| 66:58 | a different type of protein lasting is and springy. And so there's lots |
|
| 67:03 | branching in them. So, that's the purple fibers are. And this |
|
| 67:07 | what allows the tissue to be Okay, So those are your three |
|
| 67:12 | fibers uh in the future they may them down even further for you. |
|
| 67:16 | those are the three basic types. so this allows us to go through |
|
| 67:19 | connective tissues. Alright, The first is connective tissue proper. Specifically loose |
|
| 67:25 | tissue. So, when you think connective tissue, remember you're thinking connective |
|
| 67:28 | proper. All right. There's loose tissue of loose connective tissue. That |
|
| 67:33 | you must also have a dense connective . All right. Let's look at |
|
| 67:37 | pictures of the loose are all the touching. Can you see space in |
|
| 67:43 | ? Yeah. Now here all the are touching. I said adipose is |
|
| 67:47 | . But you can imagine the first you look in a microscope. Imagine |
|
| 67:50 | the early 1800s look down a you're looking at fat. What does |
|
| 67:53 | look like? It looks empty, it? Because they don't know what |
|
| 67:57 | looking at. So, it also empty. All right. And then |
|
| 68:01 | a particular uh tissue. All This is um You can see here |
|
| 68:05 | the fibers. It's probably primarily dominated a particular fibers. But you can |
|
| 68:10 | lots of space. So loose connective which can be a real er at |
|
| 68:16 | post or particular. Alright. Is and are separated from each other. |
|
| 68:23 | lots of grand substance fibers are So here this would be primarily collagen |
|
| 68:29 | here. It's primarily a particular and quite a bit of flexibility. All |
|
| 68:36 | . A lot of ground substance. do we find these supporting and surrounding |
|
| 68:42 | ? All right, around your Look at the dense. Can you |
|
| 68:50 | the difference? All right. You see the cells those dark things are |
|
| 68:57 | nuclei of the cells. Everything else looking at up here so dark represents |
|
| 69:03 | . Everything else that is the fibers produced. So there's still ground substance |
|
| 69:10 | there. But there's a significantly more . And so it looks dense. |
|
| 69:15 | , very dense. Now ah primarily . Um What I want to point |
|
| 69:22 | here is also look at the So, it's hard to see in |
|
| 69:26 | picture at least right here. But think in your book, it's |
|
| 69:29 | You can see that the fibers are long. They run in one direction |
|
| 69:32 | and over and over again. Just repetitive. So, it's regular. |
|
| 69:36 | why it's called dense regular here. still very dense. But if you |
|
| 69:40 | at the fibers, you've got some this way. You have some coming |
|
| 69:43 | that way so on and so So it's what we refer to as |
|
| 69:47 | . All right. So it's still . But the fibers kind of go |
|
| 69:51 | they want to go. And it's white irregular. And the last one |
|
| 69:55 | is basically dominated by elastin fibers. this right here is an example of |
|
| 69:59 | artery. All right. So, can think of right outside the |
|
| 70:03 | like your aorta. And so that expands and contracts over and over again |
|
| 70:08 | every heartbeat. And so there's elastin that allow for the elastic connective tissue |
|
| 70:14 | allow for the aorta to expand and . So that would be the elastic |
|
| 70:19 | tissue. That's a type of dense tissue. All right. So connective |
|
| 70:25 | proper. three types of loose three of dense dense, regular, |
|
| 70:31 | irregular, elastic. For the Remember um Areola adipose particular. And |
|
| 70:38 | you see names, ask yourself why it different from the other ones? |
|
| 70:42 | , so with areola primarily collagen, , primarily adipose cells, particular, |
|
| 70:49 | particular cells. Yeah, I remember think of nipples. Right. |
|
| 70:55 | I know. So, so this the re here here's here's the |
|
| 71:02 | You know, you think of You know, you're like this is |
|
| 71:06 | . Why am I thinking of nipples all right. It's just collagen nipples |
|
| 71:14 | collagen. Yeah, It sounds like new band. I mean, it's |
|
| 71:19 | the weird one. So that's that's I remember it. Like it doesn't |
|
| 71:23 | or conform to anything that I can of. Ergo. It's the one |
|
| 71:26 | remember. Yeah. So that that's of the reason when when we study |
|
| 71:31 | you look for patterns, right? life easy? And then you have |
|
| 71:34 | one that stands out and that's the that's gonna make you go, |
|
| 71:36 | I remember that. And you're not remember, he said nipples in |
|
| 71:41 | Yeah. All right. Next type cartilage. We're getting through these pretty |
|
| 71:46 | as I mentioned. So, with to college, we have three different |
|
| 71:49 | of highland elastic and fiber cartilage The type of cells. These are |
|
| 71:53 | condor blast. They're the ones that making the matrix. And then once |
|
| 71:57 | matrix is made around them, they make any more than they mature. |
|
| 72:01 | they come congress sites. And so can see up here in the |
|
| 72:04 | These are very different terms of their . So here the matrix is |
|
| 72:09 | very thick. So the ground substance dominated primarily by proteins. But there's |
|
| 72:13 | water in there. You can take and squeeze it and water will come |
|
| 72:17 | . All right. Um Here, , the primary fiber type is the |
|
| 72:25 | . And so you're familiar with the in, right? And elastic |
|
| 72:29 | That's your ears right here, fiber . The easy place to think about |
|
| 72:36 | is the uh between the vertebrae, have these fiber elastic disks, |
|
| 72:44 | So they basically absorb they compress really well, you can see here |
|
| 72:49 | fibers are all moving in the same . And so there it's very |
|
| 72:54 | There's fluid in there. So that's you compress, you can bring the |
|
| 72:58 | close together. All right, So very strong, very resilient, more |
|
| 73:03 | than bone. Right? So in nose I have highland cartilage, |
|
| 73:09 | I also have bone up here. can break that bone and it hurts |
|
| 73:13 | whole bunch. I can bid my not so much. Right? It's |
|
| 73:19 | flexible. Alright. Notice tissues a in this particular case. Not all |
|
| 73:25 | tissues. A vast remember. Arriola blood vessels in them, so that |
|
| 73:29 | provide nutrients to uh epithelium for So just remember so to get their |
|
| 73:36 | blood vessels nearby travel and nutrients get the cells. So each of these |
|
| 73:41 | living cells in them. The weird , the only reason blood is included |
|
| 73:50 | because it has the same in real origin as the other connective tissues. |
|
| 73:55 | , it doesn't produce the matrix. these are the we have two different |
|
| 73:59 | to it. We have uh the elements and we have the liquid ground |
|
| 74:04 | which we refer to plasma and all other tissues that we looked at the |
|
| 74:09 | that are residing there, the fiberglass blast. and even the osteoblasts are |
|
| 74:14 | the matrix. The formed elements retro and leukocyte and platelet have no role |
|
| 74:19 | forming the matrix. All right. just the origin that becomes important |
|
| 74:24 | So it's plasma and the form elements cells. So, we'll get to |
|
| 74:29 | again when we get to the cardiovascular , which is an A. And |
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| 74:32 | . Two. So retro sites for red blood cells, lymphocytes, white |
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| 74:36 | cells, platelets are what allow you clot. They're responsible for um creating |
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| 74:42 | uh basically to help against for wound . The word lymph is is was |
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| 74:50 | of they thought it was a separate . But what they did was they |
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| 74:53 | out I was like, oh well blood is filtered through uh the extra |
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| 74:58 | fluid and returned back, it lacks cells and proteins. But it's still |
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| 75:03 | same thing as the plasma. All , there's there's things that have |
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| 75:09 | And what you're doing is you move basically. The plasma gets filtered through |
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| 75:15 | outside of the capillaries and then gets up by the lymphatic system. So |
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| 75:19 | just renaming the same fluid with slight and then the lymph comes back and |
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| 75:24 | back to the blood. So you remix it back in. So it's |
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| 75:28 | of the circular circulation to ensure that fluid always returns back to the cardiovascular |
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| 75:34 | . So, but it's the same that arises from the medicine came as |
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| 75:38 | else. Last connective tissue, I ? Yes. Last connective tissue is |
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| 75:44 | tissue or bone. All right. want you to focus not on the |
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| 75:49 | black circles. The big black circles not sells the little tiny black lines |
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| 75:56 | your cells. All right. And here we have a matrix that's very |
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| 76:00 | to cartilage. All right. Lots fibers. The differences is we're squeezing |
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| 76:05 | the water and we're replacing or putting the fibers these salts. And so |
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| 76:10 | happens is the matrix becomes very, hard and and and unforgiving in terms |
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| 76:18 | bending and stretching. All right. a very very rigid structure. But |
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| 76:24 | not dead. There are living cells within the matrix. So, |
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| 76:28 | you know, osteoblasts build matrix and they once they kind of trapped |
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| 76:34 | they remain living inside their own It's kind of cool. All |
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| 76:39 | So, that's what this is all . Will talk about bone in another |
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| 76:43 | . All right. So, the sites are there. They reside within |
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| 76:47 | little structures. And um there is . So, now focus on the |
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| 76:54 | circles. What you're looking at is looking at a bone that's been |
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| 76:58 | So, if that's the bone is this you're looking at from this |
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| 77:02 | And what you're seeing are these canals you have blood vessels and nerves traveling |
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| 77:07 | and down inside the bone. Have been kicked in the shin? |
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| 77:11 | It hurts a lot, right? wouldn't hurt if there was no |
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| 77:15 | So, this is a tissue again has innovation or these are organs that |
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| 77:22 | innovation and vasculature to provide nutrients for living cells stuck inside their matrix. |
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| 77:32 | two tissues. And then some very quick stuff. And we see how |
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| 77:35 | doing on time. No. Huh? I got three minutes. |
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| 77:43 | . You're still responsible for the I don't cover. Sorry. I |
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| 77:47 | , the last little bit of stuff really easy. Um So here we |
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| 77:51 | muscle tissue. Um There are three skeletal cardiac smooth muscles, highly vascular |
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| 77:58 | what it produced movement. That's not hard. We get to them |
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| 78:02 | Um The contractions are part of the skeleton that we haven't really gone into |
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| 78:08 | regard nerves or nervous tissue to major types with branch mentioned already, neurons |
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| 78:14 | glial cells, neurons are the ones are responsible for sending signals. Glial |
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| 78:19 | support the neurons and what they Tissue repair can be kind of |
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| 78:26 | but not really. I got three . I know you guys are desperate |
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| 78:29 | get out of here. Let's see I can do here. All |
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| 78:33 | So, what we have is we regeneration and fibrosis. Alright, if |
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| 78:37 | see somebody with the scar like what you're looking at is you're looking |
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| 78:41 | both types here, what we've We've damaged the epithelium but we've also |
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| 78:46 | the underlying tissue, the connective And so the regeneration part is where |
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| 78:50 | replacing the tissue with the same And so that's the epithelium kind of |
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| 78:55 | over. That would be the The fibrosis is when you got the |
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| 79:01 | and the connective tissue growing. All . And so it's reorganizing itself. |
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| 79:06 | so part of the problem with this of repair is that it doesn't always |
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| 79:11 | look exactly the same as when That's why you get the scarring, |
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| 79:16 | the fibrosis underneath doesn't make that matrix the same way as when you |
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| 79:23 | All right. And so here what doing is you're seeing the connective tissue |
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| 79:28 | and then you get structural restoration, you don't necessarily get functional restoration. |
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| 79:35 | , all tissues in essence, should repairable. But some tissues are less |
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| 79:40 | than others. So, for is nervous tissue has a real hard |
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| 79:44 | repairing itself. You can but it's difficult for it to do so, |
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| 79:49 | right. And depending on the type tissue damage or the severity you get |
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| 79:53 | types. Four steps, basically what gonna do. I want you to |
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| 79:57 | for a moment. This is a . Not always going to cut. |
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| 80:00 | can have something internal where you have cut. But in essence, what |
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| 80:03 | can imagine is that the first thing gonna happen is an inflammatory response. |
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| 80:07 | right. You're going to start learning that 90% of disease states and responsibility |
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| 80:14 | responses to infection stuff. The first is inflammation. This is how your |
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| 80:19 | deals with trapping the pathogen. inflammation the immune sites come in. |
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| 80:24 | start with sending out signals that causes . Basically, fluid flows in fluid |
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| 80:29 | flow out. That's why you get . All right, plotting proteins if |
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| 80:33 | have a cut, are going to in and seal off the wound. |
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| 80:36 | blood doesn't escape and you've trapped everything the location. Second step after you |
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| 80:43 | blood flow, is you're basically sitting more signals to bring in more immune |
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| 80:47 | . All right. So, basically you're saying is this is where damages |
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| 80:50 | . We need to break up and the things that are broken and we |
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| 80:55 | to kill anything that shouldn't be Third step, All right, |
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| 81:00 | we're going to start doing repairs. we start the formation of new blood |
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| 81:03 | called angiogenesis. So blood vessels move . So that means there's a quick |
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| 81:08 | easy highway to get things to where need to go. So, that |
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| 81:10 | more insights. You can bring in blast whatever you need. And then |
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| 81:14 | fiberglass begins start making a whole bunch fibers. So this is that fibrosis |
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| 81:19 | taking place, all right. And you're basically creating a matrix. That's |
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| 81:23 | necessarily the structure that you want, it's a structure that least accomplishes the |
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| 81:28 | of rebuilding. And then the last is basically the epithelium begins that |
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| 81:34 | They're lacking the contact inhibition so they towards each other. So that clot |
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| 81:38 | broken down and the epithelium kind of in place and then the fibrous tissue |
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| 81:45 | basically matures and resets. So if not a strong uh damage, you're |
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| 81:51 | even gonna notice the difference. But you have severe damage, you're going |
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| 81:54 | notice a difference. Last little bit , you should know the differences between |
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| 81:59 | terms. See that's easy. I even need to do it. You |
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| 82:03 | just look at the slides and what is the stem cell basically a |
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| 82:07 | cell is a cell that still has topic ability to differentiate in other |
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| 82:13 | I did it All right. You have a great weekend. I know |
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| 82:20 | have to study for a test. remember you don't need to study 38 |
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| 82:24 | just a little bit every day and be fine. Yes, I have |
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| 82:28 | great day. |
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