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BIOL 3324 Human Physiology - BIOL3324_Lecture09
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00:39 Well, good afternoon, campers. ready to start the day and have
00:46 . We're all about physiology. Six here should say, Yeah, we're
00:58 . All right, So the 40 guess I am on. Okay,
01:04 before we get our day again, kind of introducing you some ideas with
01:09 to the paper. First, off sources, a lot of people have
01:13 about sources. In essence, what doing when you are citing something,
01:17 you're giving credit to where that information from, all right. And
01:21 what you're doing is you're giving credit ideas and results. All right?
01:25 when you read a fact that that from somebody, somebody discovered that
01:29 You've got to give credit to that because you didn't discover it. You
01:33 read the paper. And so that's you're gonna be actually giving credit
01:38 So these are gonna be found usually in the introduction for the ideas.
01:42 these are like the broad ideas, really, you're dealing with results and
01:46 primarily, so that's gonna be primarily your discussions. But the other thing
01:49 like to point out is very often have people read your papers. You
01:53 , you'll ask him. Hey, look over this program or whatever it
01:56 , Acknowledge them for that. And is a knack knowledge mint section that
02:01 sits right at the very end of paper. And so it's okay to
02:04 other people look at your work. not okay for them to do the
02:08 for you. In which case that now a co authorship. And you're
02:11 turning in papers with co authors, ? You're turning in your own
02:15 but, uh, easily, You , if you have a bunch of
02:18 looking stuff, just say I think want to thank this person for looking
02:22 my paper and helping me with processing ideas or whatever it is that you
02:26 to say. We even do that . Whenever I write something, I
02:30 it to my colleagues. I have over it, say, just tell
02:33 , does it make sense? You , and they'll give me feedback.
02:36 right, So what do you source what don't you source things that usually
02:42 require? Sourcing is general knowledge. if there's something that can generally be
02:47 in a textbook that is considered general . All right, Just because the
02:52 around you doesn't know about it doesn't it's not general knowledge. All
02:55 but generally speaking, anything can be in the general general science textbook.
02:59 fine. Anything where you are connecting . So if you knew that fact
03:03 in fact be you know, you those two things. But you look
03:06 these two things to say, based my understanding of science A and B
03:10 this. You do not have to what this means because you came up
03:14 that, right? That's good. right, so you don't need to
03:18 that. That's your work. You be using primary sources. And I
03:22 that's kind of scary right now because like, I don't know how to
03:25 into that. So typically what you're be doing is you're going to start
03:29 the secondary sources, and you're gonna your way out of the primary
03:32 But what you want to do is you find a fact, you wanna
03:35 to the original paper where it came to make sure that the person where
03:39 The person who's you first saw it actually interpreting it correctly. So that's
03:44 the primary sources or where you wanna . So that's what you're trying to
03:48 . You're trying to look at the literature and saying is what? I'm
03:53 this person says. Is this what actually discovered? All right, so
03:57 doing that Literature review your basically becoming source and then the secondary sources,
04:03 will use them. I mean, not gonna pretend like they're not gonna
04:05 there, but typically you find that the introduction because they provide you a
04:10 view or an overview of what it that you're doing research. And so
04:14 , you'll find those in your You won't really find them later on
04:18 your discussions, although you may actually one or two or three in in
04:22 the discussion portion. Alright, so kind of how your sources work
04:29 Some of you will want to use and that's okay. If you don't
04:33 to fuse figures, that's okay. up to you. You are the
04:37 of the paper. You get to how you want to present the
04:41 right? But if you use a , it should support the text.
04:47 other words, the text of the need to kind of go together.
04:50 do not need to create your own . But if your artistic, if
04:53 like to you may, that's that's , right? But if you want
04:57 use someone else's figure, you need cite that you used it. So
05:01 what you would do is you put figure legend at the very bottom,
05:05 probably say adapted from and then your . All right, so it's not
05:10 difficult. But what you don't want do is you don't want to copy
05:13 figure legend of wherever you took it . All right? You want to
05:17 your own figure legend because your soul your picture refers to your own
05:21 So you want them to look at figure for specific reasons? All
05:26 so what you want to do is want to point out what's important in
05:28 figure. All right? Now you wanna put like 50 of them in
05:32 thing, Alright? At most use or two at the top in maybe
05:37 but really try to stick it to or two. Alright, If it's
05:41 really complex, like a molecular pathway you're looking at like this, it
05:44 be easier to drive. I have that picture there so that you
05:47 refer to it. We say here explaining if you in the text.
05:50 boy, it sure a lot easier look at it, isn't it?
05:53 that's the idea of what you want do. All right, so basically
05:57 figure points of the text, the actually can point to the figure they
06:02 of serve each other. Well, , we're not lastly second,
06:06 revising This is the hardest thing about on a paper all right, because
06:12 put a lot of effort and time writing something. And when you write
06:17 , if you it's really hard to it out, right, because you
06:21 on that. That's your baby. so literally What you're doing is you're
06:24 in and you're stabbing your baby and parts of your baby out, and
06:28 hard to do. But you need do that. Alright. If you
06:32 to save the word, put it different document. You can come and
06:34 it some other day. All Before your document, you need to
06:38 sure that your paper flows. It logic. It has all the right
06:43 in the right places. And it sense. It's something. You
06:47 Doesn't make sense. Get rid of . All right. You can do
06:52 paragraph. It's It hurts, but okay to do that. All
06:56 if you have difficulty writing. In words, English is not your first
07:01 . And this is not uncommon. right, It's okay to contact the
07:05 center and asked them for help. , Part of this effort here is
07:11 try to get you to become better . All right, So you don't
07:16 to deal with writing above your You don't wanna right below your
07:19 So that means don't use jargon, language. Avoid first person thes
07:24 things that you're doing creative writing and and scientific writing. The data is
07:30 . You're talking very much in a voice, which is very strange,
07:34 your entire life you've been taught to in an active voice, right?
07:38 the data shows that Dr Smith didn't that it was the data demonstrate
07:45 Okay, so that's the passive All right, Like I said,
07:49 try to write smart. If your naturally flows that way, then it's
07:53 fine. But if you if you're to write above using big words that
07:58 you don't really know how they it doesn't read real well, So
08:02 try to avoid doing that. Like said, get friends people that you
08:07 to read your paper and let them honest with you, all right.
08:11 that's sometimes a hard thing. When have someone paper and say This is
08:13 crap, It's like you wound I just spent so much of my
08:17 working on it. But it's better you if you do that.
08:21 go ahead and have other people read . Let them give you your
08:25 Take that criticism. It will make a better writer and all ultimately,
08:29 the peer review process is is getting feedback, but really in a blind
08:36 , because the people who are gonna evaluated, you don't know who you
08:39 , and they don't care. They want to get the assignment done.
08:42 right, so that's the revising The last thing you want to write
08:48 your abstract. And the reason it's last thing is that the abstract really
08:53 your entire paper in 250 words. , It basically has an introduction.
08:58 has kind of a broad overview of discussion. It even mentioned your conclusions
09:03 in 250 words. All right, what you're trying to do is you're
09:09 to convey what your paper is when are working on that abstract or when
09:15 read an abstract and you probably don't you as you start looking at these
09:19 . Did you read through the No. You went right to the
09:22 . You look at it, you through the abstract Said, Okay,
09:25 sounds good. I'm putting it in list, right. But if it's
09:28 this makes no sense and has it's gone. So that's why you
09:32 to be really, really clear about . So you can see it has
09:35 relevant background, you know, what's intro? So basically kind of what
09:39 trying to write about? That's the of the composition talks about what the
09:44 are, what is a significant ideas it in any conclusions that you're going
09:48 come up with. And so you till last minute after you've written your
09:52 paper. So you know all those . You don't write it first.
09:55 , you can fill in the blanks . This is what you do
09:58 You do not need to include citations an abstract. Alright. Abstract stands
10:03 its own. They'll come into your and see where the citations are.
10:07 right, So that's really where I to. Kind of just start off
10:11 . Are there any questions from the ? Oh, any questions online?
10:20 . Let's learn some physiology. One head, kind of naughty.
10:26 thumbs up and a smile behind the . Okay, that's what I want
10:30 see and slightly falling asleep. All , See, we're gonna have
10:38 Supposed to be fun stuff to stuff here, because that's what we're going
10:42 do today is we're going to talk sensory receptors. All right? We're
10:48 the peripheral nervous system, remember? what we send the peripheral nervous system
10:52 there's two half of the peripheral nervous , information that comes in and information
10:56 goes out right. The sensory the information coming in. What we're
11:00 to do is we're trying to detect environment, both external to the body
11:04 internal, you know, internal to body. All right. And so
11:09 way we do this is we use now, the word receptor. It
11:12 be a really weird term, all ? It could refer to a
11:18 It could refer to a cell. can refer to an actual organ.
11:23 right, so you have to know you're looking at when you talk about
11:26 . All right, we got a from the peanut gallery. I'm calling
11:29 the peanut gallery today. Absolutely. . Yeah, We're not doing that
11:36 now. I can hear. So she has toe type it
11:41 Okay. That's why we have a . He's getting paid thousands upon thousands
11:46 dollars. All your tuition money is to him so he can buy a
11:51 while he lived. Yeah, Okay, he's getting a Lamborghini.
11:57 a little tiny one about this So as soon as she gets her
12:02 out there, you can go ahead stop me. All right, so
12:06 I say ranging complexity, that's what mean. It could be literally a
12:09 . It could be a molecule, or it could be a tissue.
12:13 it's a frame of reference thing. , for example, on I is
12:17 receptor. Alright. It's made up receptor cells, and each of the
12:21 cells have specific receptor molecules on So it's where you are located within
12:27 alright. And what they're gonna do they're going to respond to a very
12:31 stimulus, all right? And so is the stimulus? Basically, it's
12:34 change in a century modality, something we're trying to detect. So it's
12:42 that change in, and it's not there monitoring constancy. It's monitoring what
12:47 changes are. All right, and a sensation when you hear the word
12:52 . What you should think of is conscious awareness of that change in
12:57 All right, that's what that really . So right now we would look
13:01 the room and we'd say the room right cold. I don't know,
13:07 , right? And then So if turn down the lights. It would
13:12 right, Because we're now recognize Change the stimulus. All right now,
13:17 only way we can have a sensation that that information detected by that receptor
13:22 it finds its way to the cerebral so that we become aware of that
13:30 . Now, receptors are what we transducers. Yes, sir. Got
13:36 question? Mhm. Older? Go to the instructions. It's pretty
13:48 , Straightforward. Basically, uh, out how you're gonna organize your
13:53 That's that's That's in essence, what discussion is. You you've looked up
13:57 whole bunch of facts. That's what papers were for last week. So
14:00 put those facts in order. Figure where the gaps are. If you
14:04 big gaps, that's okay. You have to have your entire discussion
14:08 But the idea is you need to a number one and number two and
14:11 three those with Roman numeral things that teachers taught you way back in junior
14:14 , right? And then you can the Big A in the big B
14:17 the little A and the little and you can do all that stuff
14:20 you want to. But the idea is just get the fax into some
14:23 of order. So it makes sense that when you start putting sentences around
14:28 things, there's flow to it when actually write the discussion. So the
14:33 here is just to start organizing All right? Hopefully I answered her
14:41 . Okay, So what is the of the nervous system? What have
14:47 basically said? The language of nervous has been so far. Two things
14:52 we use signals or type of What type of signals? Electrical.
14:59 action potentials. Right. And then we get to the end of the
15:02 potential that we use a chemical, all great potential on the other
15:07 All right. But the idea that's how cells talk to each
15:10 Okay. Is temperature either electrical um, chemical? New. All
15:18 , what about light? New. right, now, odors are
15:23 right? What about stretch? You , the no. So all of
15:29 sudden, now we've got all these things that you can imagine. Your
15:32 is measuring that. Don't fall in category of action potential or chemical
15:38 And so what we have to do we have to change the modality of
15:42 it is that we're looking at into language of the nervous system. And
15:45 that's what the purpose of the receptor . It takes that original energy source
15:50 it happens to be, if its . If it's mechanical, if it's
15:54 , whatever it is, and it it into that action potential that ultimately
16:00 in the chemical change that the central system can then detect all right,
16:07 that's That's an essence. The whole of this process is to be able
16:12 interpret our surroundings using the the message that that modality and then converting
16:21 So two features of all receptors is that a receptor has arresting membrane
16:27 , so it establishes and maintains and then that resting membrane potential will
16:33 modified. In other words, it be changed in response to the opening
16:37 modality gated channels. Now again, term modality here is simply a way
16:43 saying, whatever the thing is, trying to detect right and so there
16:48 different types of modalities and this is a complete list, but it's a
16:53 fair list. All right, we chemo receptors, chemo receptors, detect
17:00 . Alright. Pretty simple stuff, ? So we have mechanic receptors,
17:05 receptors detect mechanical change. And so that means is the change in the
17:10 of the cell. All right. receptor self changes shape. In response
17:14 that, we have thermal receptors. air, uh, responsive to heat
17:20 cold. Alright, So differences in . And then we also have photo
17:26 . This is responsive to electromagnetic And that's inhuman. We conceive visible
17:32 . That's a small spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. But think about
17:38 you guys learn about rattle snakes and vipers. What can they see?
17:41 know infrared? You said that, ? Okay, infrared. Alright,
17:48 . What about bees? What? ? What? What area of electromagnetic
17:54 can they detect? You ve And so you can see electro magnetic
18:01 is not just limited to visit visible . We can detect this range,
18:07 there are other species that have are into different frequencies. All right,
18:12 have Osma receptors. Alma receptors are a type of chemo receptor. What
18:16 doing is they're looking at solute concentrations the fluids of our body and trying
18:22 maintain that we have no see no see sectors of a fancy word
18:26 saying a pain receptor, and so are sensitive to tissue damage. And
18:31 different types of tissue damage and even kind of list their bit pinching,
18:35 distortion, all sorts of stuff. these different types of pain receptors could
18:40 specific to one, or they could open to many different types of
18:45 And so we have receptors that detect whole bunch of things. Now what
18:50 need to understand is just because we different types of receptors, that doesn't
18:54 we're limited in terms of what we we are able to detect. In
18:58 words, what what our sensations are could be a combination or an integration
19:04 these different types of modalities. And the example I always use here is
19:10 witnesses, not there's no receptors for . Alright, witness is a combination
19:15 touch receptors, pressure receptors and thermal . All of these things in combination
19:21 rise to the sensation that I am right or how about an itch and
19:27 is a combination of chemo reception, reception, and, um, I
19:34 to say no. So, I may be wrong in one of
19:37 , right? So in it you're , going? I've got a
19:40 What is that from its because of three things telling you right there.
19:44 is something noxious going on. Yeah. So it s so the
19:58 is what about no see exception? deception is incredibly complex. Alright,
20:03 I'm just gonna give you an example one. All right. You guys
20:05 spicy food. You have 100 25 here. So spicy food, It's
20:09 half the class is like, the other ones, like stay away
20:12 and salt is tough. That's not much in Houston. But every now
20:19 then, I'll get one or two them, right? All right.
20:22 the spicy food I am. I ghost peppers. I make my own
20:26 Pepper salsa. I just You I cannot get my son last
20:30 We're having, uh, tacos and have homemade habanero. It's a sweet
20:35 salsa, and none of my kids spicy food. They all looked at
20:38 like I'm from Mars. He's I want to try the ghost
20:40 I mean, the habanero. I'm , you're gonna make me open up
20:44 of these cans, and then I'm of these. These these bottles,
20:50 then it's gonna be That's it. going to, like, take a
20:53 . And then, like, I could do it. I can
20:55 it. All right? He's 13 old. I give him dropping.
20:58 like, Okay, that it is all right. What? What was
21:03 sensation that he felt burning right? reason he feels burning is not because
21:10 is hot. It's not literally. the type of receptor it the
21:15 both heat and chemical. And so gives a sensation. In other
21:20 it goes to the brain and When this receptor is activated, then
21:24 is what's going on. It's it's as a result of burning, even
21:29 it was a chemical that was doing . So it's the type of the
21:33 particular type of receptor detect both of things and I don't know, I'm
21:39 sure I don't talk about in this . I think It's the MP class
21:41 I look at a bunch of these that are located in the mouth and
21:45 all thermal receptors. But they're all by chemicals like menthol and capsaicin.
21:52 there's a whole camp for Here's another , you know? So I think
21:56 meant. He kind of get that sensation. It's It's basically it's a
22:01 receptor that's activated by very low Yeah, hope yes, yes,
22:12 are you. That's correct. If sensation that you experience is the pain
22:19 what pain receptors that we're gonna get this a little bit more detailed.
22:22 hopefully ah, little bit later. is that a pain receptor is simply
22:27 body's way of recognizing things that are damage to the body. This is
22:32 exercise? We know exercise is just good for you. See, that
22:38 the joke. See if funny, ? Exercise pain? Nope. I'm
22:43 . It's I think it's fun. exercise is very good for you.
22:48 the pain is weakness leaving your You've heard that one. I'm
22:56 right. Okay. I'm just having today. I've been stuck in the
23:00 for three days. I people, . We are social critics. But
23:07 kind of answer that so it's the is what it's detecting. The sensation
23:12 the experience. All right, So I wanna do is I want to
23:17 go through. Today, we're gonna through two of the special senses,
23:21 then we're gonna kind of deal with sensory. And in theory, we're
23:25 be dealing with pain today, all ? And the reason I'm putting all
23:29 these things to up at the front it deals with chemo reception,
23:33 And then on Tuesday next week, going to deal primarily with vision.
23:39 , so that's a different type of reception. We're gonna be looking at
23:44 at modality of electromagnetic radiation. And on Thursday next week we'll be doing
23:51 and balance or equilibrium, which are of McCann, a reception. But
23:57 don't normally think of like hearing Is a reception The way the receptors
24:01 Yes. All right. So let's of jump in. I hope you
24:05 have lunch because I can get really, really obnoxious when it comes
24:08 go station. All right? I food. Alright, so go station
24:13 simply the sense of taste, all . And there are chemo receptors that
24:17 located within the oral cavity. Also little bit down the throat. There's
24:21 chemo receptors for Gus station. They're in the stomach as well. Believe
24:25 or not. And what this it allows us to sample what's actually
24:30 the food that we're eating so that can tell the body what to expect
24:35 on. But the truth is, that they're chemo receptors in the mouth
24:39 not particularly robust. They need And so Gus station is aided by
24:46 , all right? And so you of experience, if you've ever had
24:48 stuffed up nose and you're like, believe either of these things because nothing
24:52 right, it's because nothing smells. can't smell anything. And so that's
24:58 the sense of taste kind of gets down. So taste goes well with
25:05 . Now what we're gonna do, gonna look at structures, all
25:08 And one of the key things about two structures the olfactory system in the
25:12 system is you're gonna see the term thrown about a lot. All
25:16 because things look like onions and you kind of see here. So what
25:20 looking at, we're looking at the . And so what I want you
25:23 . The six of you who are is go home and look in the
25:25 at your tongue's Alright, which if at home right now, you can
25:29 over to the bathroom real quick and at your tongue and you can see
25:32 structures that are on the tongue. air called papillary. Alright. And
25:37 different types of Pillay. We have is called the Philip form Pillay,
25:41 is the structure on your tongue that your tongue rough. Okay. And
25:46 have no case buds at all, we don't even talk about them.
25:49 we're talking about the station, they're to grab ice cream right there.
25:53 tiny rakes on your tongue that allow to actually manipulate your food. All
26:00 , but we have these other We have the foliate, the circum
26:03 . In the fund you form your four means mushroom shaped circum.
26:07 means big and round foliate means leaf the foliar located way back here on
26:12 sides of your tongue. You can't see them. Um, they're more
26:16 when you're younger. The circum ballot can't see is Well, if you
26:20 to try to see it, go a friend or really not a
26:22 but an enemy. Grab their tongue pull it as much as you 32
26:39 in the latter are the dorsal. third of post here one third of
26:43 time. So it kind of gives a sense. If this is two
26:45 of my time, my tongue still of goes down that way.
26:49 ha. I'm mine. You can't what I'm doing. Yeah, all
26:53 . And then the fund reform, are the ones that sit on the
26:56 of the time. And this is I'm saying if you go and look
26:59 there, you know, 95 99% the of the capelli on your tongue
27:03 these Fill a form that have no buds. But the funds of form
27:07 the little tiny dots that you see all over your tongue. And you
27:11 what these are Because if you've ever your tongue, you kind of get
27:13 weird one. That kind of sticks and you can run your You're
27:16 Oh, with your tooth. You , it kind of gives you that
27:19 feeling every time you touch it. a fun reform. It looks like
27:22 little tiny button mushroom. And so the cartoon, you can see here
27:25 the little tiny freckle dots Those represent fund reform. Although they're all over
27:29 tongue, they're not just along the . All right, Now, within
27:33 structures in very specific locations and you see in the cartoon here, the
27:37 dots represent where the taste buds air . The taste buds are the Are
27:43 organ where gas station occurs, And structurally, it looks like an
27:49 . All right. And you can here in our little picture I'm so
27:54 today, right? You can see our little picture what we have who
27:59 it didn't work. I'm so Um all right, so I'll just
28:04 snagging. We're just We're recording through now, so hopefully teams works,
28:09 ? So what we have here is have a little tiny hole that's called
28:14 taste poor. You can see each these air, the individual cells
28:19 different types of cells. And they at their terminal in little tiny dendrites
28:25 kind of stick up into the into poor. Right? And so this
28:29 open to the saliva to the external . And so what we have here
28:32 we have a structure that can detect that air dissolved in the saliva,
28:38 cells down here, these cells are the gustatory cells within the taste,
28:44 those are the taste receptor cells. so what we're gonna do is we're
28:48 have little tiny receptors on the gustatory that can be bound by what are
28:54 tastings, which is a fancy word saying the little molecules that food is
28:58 up of okay, and then create tasting. We're also going to see
29:02 in here, and that's what you're be detecting are the tastings. So
29:06 are different types of gustatory cells. right, this slide is just you'll
29:11 all the cartoons. They all look same thing you can see up here
29:14 our little cartoon that we have these tiny dendrites. Uh, they're
29:20 like, evenly distributed like this. you have. You have different cells
29:23 have different receptors, so the type cells have receptors that respond to
29:29 You have type two receptors that respond three different types of molecules, so
29:35 give rise to the sensation of give rise to the sensation of bitter
29:40 give rise to umami. We're going see that there's not just one receptor
29:45 . There's multiple receptors involved in these , uh flavors or are. We're
29:51 flavors, but basically tastes, and have type Greece cells. They have
29:57 that give rise to the sour And then finally, we have a
30:01 four cell, which you're not kind showing in here, which you imagine
30:05 of sitting down here that can actually rise to all the different types of
30:11 . All right, so in we have a special cell for salt
30:16 cell for for sour, and then cell that detects basically everything else.
30:20 then all the other ones fall under category of stem cell. And so
30:25 I want to do is I wanna through these five little tastes for
30:28 Salty, real simple we're detecting the of salt. And really, what
30:33 have here is we have a It's called Enact Channel for its I
30:38 remember the E stands for, But the sodium right there and basically what
30:41 is. It allows sodium to When sodium rushes in because of Celtic's
30:45 , it fires. You're detecting salts it literally detect salt because it causes
30:52 to be polarized with salt present. right, sour. It's a little
30:57 more interesting. So what this hour is basically it is a,
31:03 I'm not sure if it's PDK. , that was the very first
31:06 But I think that come back and characterize it. It's not pdk something
31:11 , but in essence, what it . It's a potassium channel. This
31:15 the potassium channel that's always open, when when you have free ions free
31:21 ions. In other words, protons that causes that channel too close when
31:25 channel closes, the cell is no hyper polarizing, is now moving in
31:29 direction of deep polarization, and if get it up to the threshold,
31:34 causes a cell, the fire or could think about this way. Maybe
31:37 cell is not firing its or aspiring a specific rate, but because you're
31:41 hyper polarization. It increases the rate firing. Right. So I'm
31:47 You can see I've got some examples salty. The salt is easy because
31:52 salt. Alright. Sodium chloride. the easy one. But sour.
31:57 are things that are sour? What's ? Pickles. Wire. Pickle's
32:04 But why? What is it that , um, sour vinegar. What's
32:09 ? Acetic acid. All right, . Okay. What we have down
32:14 , we have limes and oranges and . And what do all those things
32:21 in common? They're Citrus, and have citric acid. Oh, wait
32:29 second. PH ph. Protons, , acids. That's the key thing
32:36 that we're shooting for. So we're acids. Things that are acidic are
32:41 . All right, this kind of , This is the type three
32:45 So remember not detecting the proton. changing the flow of potassium out of
32:51 cell by the presence of the It blocks the channel. It doesn't
32:56 get in there, blocked the it binds or something cause the channel
32:59 close all right things. They're Mm. Sweet things. Like
33:07 Mm Tarts. When I left the that my wife was watching the Great
33:13 Bake off and they're doing it was the final where they're doing,
33:17 Just torture watching that stuff. ma'am. Or sir. Sorry.
33:24 , you have. You have molecules naturally do this. There's just basically
33:29 that are constantly enzymes that are constantly things out. That's the idea.
33:34 with regard to like, a sodium , remember, the sodium channels always
33:38 , so it's just you're adding more to the environment, so sodium is
33:41 rushing in more frequently with regard to proton. Basically, it's gonna be
33:45 confirmation. I'll change. Something probably the channels, changes. Confirmation,
33:50 that thing out. Yeah, I don't know. That's an
33:57 That's OK sometimes. I don't Not like that. Feel like who
34:02 this that, uh, always point your siblings. They did it.
34:08 right. And then down here, have we got? Dinner. Big
34:15 , juicy, thick stick. And your vegetarian to pretend it's tofu.
34:20 it's not tofu. That's steak, is, that is yeah, me
34:24 All right. So we have here we're talking about three different things.
34:29 gonna talk about sweet mom, and gonna talk about bitter on the next
34:31 . They all use G protein coupled . Alright. So they use a
34:37 pathway. And what the suite is for is a molecule that looks like
34:43 . Alright, So typically glucose is binder, which is why we get
34:47 excited when sugar comes around, it this thing and says, Oh
34:50 sugar. But we have in our lots of sugar substitutes, don't
34:55 How did those sugar substitutes work? , like aspirin taped. You guys
34:59 Asper, Thomas. I mean, heard it, but you know
35:01 It iss It's actually a, uh , it's a die peptides two amino
35:08 structure, alright as Spartak acid. I can't remember. The other half
35:13 I remember. But the asked for is from ascertain from aspartame is from
35:18 acid. It has a shape that like glucose on part of that
35:25 So it combines the receptor and then we detect sweet. All right,
35:30 not actually detecting sweetness. It's not we look at the glucose.
35:34 it's sweet. It's when the receptors . It tells our brain This is
35:38 we want. We like it but same with all the other
35:43 They have that same look like and so that's why they're able to
35:47 it with different affinities. Anyone here zyla calling their diet? Yeah,
35:53 you're young and you're healthy and you eat anything you want to when you
35:56 old. Say goodbye to all of . Alright. Xylitol is a sugar
36:01 . It's actually stevia is where it from, all right, and basically
36:07 a sugar alcohol. Alright, meaning shaped like a sugar, but it
36:12 an alcohol group on, which means becomes indigestible in our body. So
36:15 get the sweet sensation, but we get the calorie. It's awesome,
36:21 of, because it kind of has alcoholic taste to it as well.
36:24 people real sensitive to that, but essence it binds the same receptor and
36:28 you that things are sweet. This why you could make cheesecake that has
36:32 calories of and 0 g of sugar 100% of yummy goodness and 100% protein
36:42 your Quito. All right, I used to say you,
36:49 cause it just made it much more , you know? And then you'd
36:52 someone speaks Japanese. What? You ? Alright. And what means is
36:58 . Okay, Now, specifically, is triggered by specific amino acids,
37:04 in particular glutamate. Let's think about where we might have lots of
37:09 Other than that, what is something we put on most Asian foods that
37:15 them savory? You know what it You know what it is. Come
37:22 , think about it when you're not to eat it because it makes some
37:25 have allergic reactions and it's all bad awful. And notes on what?
37:29 got it? No, not Everything. MSG, which is short
37:35 mono sodium collude emate. Now, do you do that? Well,
37:40 same reason we put salt on our , right? It causes the flavors
37:44 pop up. But what it does particular is because you're using that
37:48 It actually gives it much more of savory sensation. You could turn vegetables
37:53 boring, bland, nasty, horrible . They're trying to kill you into
37:57 that you want to eat. All , that's the glutamate part. All
38:05 . Now again, it binds to same sort of molecule G protein coupled
38:08 . It's just a different receptor gives the sensation of savory type two cell
38:13 to sell. Last one is All right, I'm gonna show you
38:16 bunch of things. What's that Up the top? The chocolate chocolate is
38:25 from it. What is it? . What's in the middle? Russell's
38:31 out. What's this down here? does it have in it? That's
38:36 , there's something in common between cocoa sprouts and this. What is it
38:43 had Baker's Chocolate? Would you like cocoa? No sugar? Is it
38:50 ? Yummy to eat? No, little kids. You went into your
38:54 and you saw moms. Cocoa in is the baker's chocolate. You're
38:59 right? You snuck in there, , just like these bricks. They're
39:02 , Why are they hiding this stuff me? And you shove it in
39:05 mouth and all times, like and it's like the end of
39:09 It's like your dreams have been right? Coco is incredibly bitter.
39:16 you had a Brussels crap? Our sprouts Sweet and yummy and savory or
39:21 ? What is it? It Z , it's bitter. What do you
39:30 to do? Your brussels out to them edible? Uh huh. Balsamic
39:35 . So you're putting a lot of acid. What else? A lot
39:40 people cook them with lots of So get those fats going,
39:44 And, of course, if you them in bacon, everything right?
39:48 that's another way to dio. But themselves, Brussels sprouts, even if
39:52 just steam them or saute them like brassica is incredibly bitter. And then
39:59 we got here is beer. Never a beer. Okay, You're I'm
40:06 gonna turn you in if you're under . Yeah. Is it bitter?
40:10 , it's bitter. Why anyone and saying online? Why it's bitter.
40:17 huh. No, it's not So far. We're dealing with
40:21 Where does cocoa come from? Where does Brussels sprouts come from?
40:26 , no. Uh their their their plants there. Lisa plants.
40:32 So, brassica, what is it beer? Beer is weak or other
40:38 . Other weeks, but What is that makes it better? It's none
40:41 that. It's not the weed. not barley. It's not,
40:45 you know any of those things. it's the thing that makes and I
40:51 a, really, really stand What is that? Starts with an
40:55 linds within s and what's what bunny do all spring long hops. You
41:00 what hops is? It's a It's actually the flower of a
41:06 all right. And it's actually a . That's why they put it in
41:10 . And it gives it that It preserves the beer so it can
41:13 longer. And so I pays. incredibly happy because you make them
41:17 and then you send them around the Horn of Africa over to India and
41:21 the name India Pale Ale, and would deliver it, and by then
41:25 wouldn't be spoiled. It still be to drink. All three of these
41:29 are bitter. Now, why are bitter? Things are bitter because they
41:34 your body to stay away. Yeah, All right. There basically
41:41 produced by the plants so that the says don't eat me yet. But
41:50 we have is we have a bunch receptors in some of them. It's
41:55 . And we and we, we of, like, develop a taste
41:58 him. But think about other things are poisonous to you, Alka.
42:01 , I mean, um, if let me just do it this way
42:04 you give chocolate to a dog, happens to the dog? It
42:08 So chocolate is, in essence, toxin to cane IDs. Alright,
42:14 chocolate to a human and they become best friend and they might even marry
42:19 , right? So you could see results because what we've done is we've
42:25 we've become acclimated to Some of these were not harmful to us,
42:30 But it's a strategy that plants use keep themselves alive. So we have
42:35 and tons of these bitter receptors. mean, I think there's some of
42:38 neighborhood between 1500 at this point that discovered, and the purposes is to
42:43 us know when you put something in . When we get that bitterness,
42:47 might be something that's trying to kill . And so what's the first thing
42:50 do when you put something bitter in mouth. Go back again to that
42:53 . What did you do? You spitting it out, right? The
42:58 time you had a brussel sprouts, didn't go. This is my favorite
43:01 ever, right? It took years years of torture before your body finally
43:05 said Okay, I submit. I eat the Brussels sprouts, right?
43:12 . Just having fun with you. . So that's what these are?
43:17 , are the by. The xylitol the chemical that you find in
43:25 It is the molecule that's found in stevia leaf that they use. So
43:29 you see the word stevia, you're dealing with a little it Z.
43:34 just what it is. Just a , sugar, alcohol. I should
43:37 clear. It's a sugar alcohol. right, now, I could get
43:42 in this stuff and I could talk about this stuff, but you kind
43:44 get the sense of what's going on I'm detecting what's in my environment through
43:49 things. I'm putting things in my , and if it's sugar, that's
43:53 fuel. If it's savory, it's fuel. If it's bitter, it's
43:57 going to kill me. And so trying to get get rid of.
44:00 we've adjusted that now. Yes. . Yeah. So? So that
44:11 . So what it is, is ? You, you you recognize the
44:15 to go along with the thing that actually enjoy. So what is it
44:18 copy that we that we live for . I mean, if we
44:21 we just put straight into our right? It's not. It's not
44:25 flavor of the coffee, but what is is eventually you start associating the
44:30 with the effect, and the effect coming from the caffeine. And that's
44:34 becomes pleasurable. Same without I mean alcohol. The first time you ever
44:37 alcohol, you're like, Why did ever put this in my mouth?
44:40 then you grow up and it's I cannot wait to try these 7000
44:45 , right? You know, that's just the way it works is because
44:49 brain starts associating these thes flavors with what you're getting from it. And
44:56 is actually true. With all your , you just don't really recognize
44:59 right? I mean, you, here. I mean, and I'm
45:02 to the extreme. Here you hear women with pregnancies, or like I
45:05 to have the pickles in the ice , right? That's the extreme
45:10 Are they really craving pickles and ice ? No, they're not craving
45:13 What they're craving is the fast, sugars and literally the chemicals that are
45:19 the pickle. You know, they the gas and whatnot that the salt
45:23 really what we're trying to get, their body is craving and they know
45:26 , and the brain says, I where this comes from, so that's
45:29 the craving comes from. This is even for chocolate. Chocolate gives me
45:34 high. You know, I get caffeine I get the all the the
45:39 love emotions that are found in in chemicals that are there. I
45:44 it's just like the the best thing . Yeah, the person final immediately
45:50 before Democrat is because off No. they so animals have the same sort
45:58 things. They are attracted the things give them the fuel. So,
46:01 example, if you put kept station on your bird seed, right,
46:06 do that because you don't want the to eat it. All mammals are
46:09 to kept saying birds have no, , sensitivity cap station. They have
46:14 receptors, that detective. So they there and they'll eat peppers. You
46:18 , anything covered in peppers? Just . And what strategy is is
46:22 The pepper plant is saying, I'm gonna use birds to scatter my
46:27 . Actually, it's not. Not they're they're not sentiment, but it's
46:30 strategy that has evolved. It's Oh, I'm getting eaten. This
46:35 OK. They get this. But am gonna have my seeds when they
46:39 out. Not only do I get see, but I get the nutrition
46:42 gets on it. So part of is is ah, plant strategy to
46:47 kind of reproduce itself, right? why why aren't we sensitive or why
46:54 sensitive capitation? Who knows? I tell you, but we are.
47:01 are we a fearful of calf No. I'm growing ghost peppers in
47:05 yard. Million Scofield units love You know I live for this
47:11 I don't know. I'm weird. , so I've got four slides in
47:17 . I'm just going to skip over I You know, this basically just
47:21 you how recent we I'll answer your , but let me finish.
47:25 this just shows you how recently discovered receptors, you know? So just
47:29 give you a sense, you're as or barely older than when we discovered
47:35 . Things like salty. You're Ken the When the salty INEC receptor was
47:40 . So to give you a sense how recent not discovery is yes,
47:53 , Mhm. That's again. I know the answer, that the likelihood
48:01 that they lack the receptor. All , So, for example, I
48:05 drink coffee. I love the smell coffee, but when I taste
48:09 it is like like someone has vomited my mouth and it doesn't matter.
48:14 can't. You can put the amount sugar and cream and whatever to but
48:18 that alkaloid that's in coffee that I get past. And the same thing
48:23 members of the tomato, family and . Even though they're closely related to
48:27 , peppers, I could do just , but tomatoes I can't get past
48:31 raw tomato. I'll let them I can eat them, you
48:35 Crushed. I mean, I love sauces. I love salsas Where your
48:39 know your butt. PICO de No, I can't get past it
48:44 I'm very sensitive to whatever that alkaloid . I just don't like it,
48:48 it's probably the same thing. It's a sensitivity that either mutated out.
48:53 so it's basically just kind of expanded . Um, if you don't know
48:57 Brask, a family of vegetables basically up the majority of our vegetable
49:02 So you're talking brush brussel sprouts, , cabbage, kale, cauliflower,
49:08 greens, any sorts of greens. , you know when you hear the
49:11 green not like lettuces, but like , collard greens, mustard green all
49:15 same, plant mutated over time to us weird shapes by Brussels sprouts.
49:23 , all right, anyway, So that's what this is. So just
49:25 at this for giggles if you want . The other thing is, I
49:28 to point out, is that there probably other taste receptors in our bodies
49:33 we don't really know yet, So dioxide looks like, um, there's
49:38 enzyme mouth and also a receptor that us to detect it. Ah,
49:43 dioxide is typically, um, a of bacteria being in the food.
49:50 it kind of gives a tingly feeling your tongue so that basically the sign
49:54 something is rotting and probably shouldn't be . Yeah, but yet we
49:59 So doesn't pop rocks. So which carbon dioxide? So there's, you
50:04 , give and take their, um primary, uh, source of fuel
50:09 our bodies for humans is gonna be and fats. Eso Have you noticed
50:13 when everything's that air fatty, it's makes you happy? Probably because we
50:17 fatty receptors. There's the FAA, receptor that's actually found on type one
50:21 . So it appears that that receptors play a role in actually giving us
50:26 sensation will put more of this into bodies. All right, so,
50:31 , just remember, taste is influenced a faction. And then,
50:36 this is what I was mentioning earlier I was talking about people making
50:41 This is, um, the taste map. So your taste buds are
50:46 the specific location you could see up . Um, these are all the
50:50 spots, right? You can see just color coded differently. but it's
50:54 the same spots before the circum valid the foliate and then the funds of
50:58 up here on the on the surface the tongue. And so this was
51:02 discovered back in 1901 The Professor Henig Germany did this. He wrote his
51:07 and was in German, and somebody ahold of the paper and misinterpreted what
51:11 said. He said, There is map for each of these individual flavors
51:16 be found. And of course I , just experimentation tells you that can't
51:20 true, because when you put something your mouth, it doesn't change its
51:24 as it rolls around the mouth. just has a profile, right?
51:29 this tongue map exists, and I have a colleague who taught the tongue
51:35 . I was just like, That's . You can't you can't know.
51:39 I think there's like a YouTube video talks like this. Like, you
51:42 , it's like one of those you , You guys go on and check
51:45 , check out answer. And they're talking, talking back. I'm like
51:47 are hundreds of thousands of students who at this yearly and they're not
51:52 They're They're getting dumber. So So understand, you know that this is
52:00 map, right? And each of different taste buds have different cells within
52:06 that each detect unique types of those or tastes. Olfaction is a sense
52:14 smell. Again, we're looking at . The difference is we're looking at
52:18 chemicals rather than saliva born chemicals, that's actually in the olfactory. And
52:22 allows us to sample food. You , you smell something good,
52:25 Yeah, it smells. Allows us notice that other people have Is that
52:33 recognize? Yeah. I mean, not dogs, but we can definitely
52:39 someone. Go. That is that , right? It also helps us
52:42 recognize danger. You know, I up the fish here, but I
52:46 , you guys smell methane leaking in room. You're just like there's a
52:50 leak that's dangerous. I gotta get of town, right? And
52:54 the gas, the propane, and propane and e can't remember what the
52:59 one is that they use. But , they put in there so that
53:02 can smell because the other two gasses odorless. So the methane is something
53:06 we can recognize. All right, are a faction is not particularly
53:11 It's not very well developed it, it's good enough. Um, where
53:16 find our olfactory receptor cells is in is called the olfactory epithelium, which
53:21 in the upper reaches of the nasal . Alright, So notice how when
53:26 breathe, you know, you're breathing and out, and so the air
53:29 typically flowing low, all right. doesn't mean it doesn't go up,
53:34 mean, but typically that's kind of direction is going, and we have
53:39 in our nose. We have these that are called the nasal conta,
53:42 allow the air to be terminated, other words, because it start
53:46 Whether being laminar an air that gets to the top of the olfactory epithelium
53:50 actually trigger the detection of a smells , Oh, I smelling something.
53:54 so what happens when you smell What do you usually do? You
53:58 in deeper to pull up mawr air into the olfactory epithelium. All
54:03 Now, the cells up there that interested in are called the olfactory receptor
54:07 . These air. Actually, a neurons. Alright, They are
54:12 You can see in our little carts down here. They travel up through
54:15 crib reform plate, which is the of the bone roof above the olfactory
54:22 . And they travel up to the factory bold. And actually, those
54:27 of those axons give rise to the nerve. All right, so the
54:33 nerve is not one. It's like 1000. All right, so they're
54:38 the olfactory nerves now, surrounding these , we have support cell support
54:42 primarily make mucus, start our little . That's these green things. And
54:46 little tiny green things that are a itsy bitsy those. They're called the
54:49 cells to give rise to both the receptor cells as well as the support
54:54 . All right. And the truth , is these kind of have,
54:57 , lifespan of around 40 to 60 , and I should have brought back
55:01 cells in your mouth. The gustatory Selves. They have a life span
55:05 about 10 days. So just think all the activity goes on inside your
55:09 . How rough it is. All hot food you eat the pokey food
55:12 you eat and stuff. So you're turning those cells over All right about
55:16 every 10 days. And easy way remember that if you drink a
55:18 really hot coffee, everything tastes like for about three or four days,
55:23 , because there's already turnover going and eventually you'll turn over enough cells
55:27 it stops tasting like metal. Starts tasting like food again. Yeah,
55:32 right. Now, our focus is be these olfactory receptor cells. They
55:37 bipolar neurons. You can see here cell body. There's one dendrite.
55:42 the acts on traveling up. You see I've tried to mark your factory
55:46 there. That's cranial nerve number It's not just one of them.
55:48 thousands of them, all right, Dendrite travels down, penetrates through and
55:55 of the olfactory epithelium and kind of outward in a layer of mucus.
56:00 there's your layer of mucus and in layer of mucus at the end of
56:03 , then direct. You have these tiny extensions, which we refer to
56:07 old factory hairs, and it's on old factory hairs that kind of extend
56:11 is where you're going to see the penny receptors, the molecule receptor for
56:15 receptor cell. All right, so of these cells of which there are
56:21 thousands each of these cells has full receptor. Now, let me make
56:30 I explain this Well, all You have thousands of cells, you
56:34 thousands of receptors. There could be that have the same receptor.
56:39 So you could have left. I'm making a member. Let's say you
56:41 cells that have the same receptor That's . All right, but a single
56:46 can't have mawr than one type of . That makes sense. Okay?
56:52 like it when you guys not your . That's a really good sign for
56:55 . It's like, Yes, I when you kind of scared me like
57:01 Yeah. So what is the characteristic an odor? All right. Odors
57:10 made up of many, many alright? And so each of the
57:14 molecules within a complex odor is called oder rent. Alright. So many
57:20 to make up a odor now, order for in order, not an
57:26 . And in order for an odorant be detected. It has to have
57:29 characteristics. The first is that needs be volatile. Volatile, volatile does
57:33 mean explosive. Volatile means that it vaporize. All right, So if
57:38 took perfume, which is usually in it's a it's a no odorant that
57:43 locked with a whole bunch of um, volatile materials such as
57:48 If I put it on the table here, eventually that stuff would evaporate
57:53 it worked its way outward towards you , and you'd be able to detect
57:57 . Alright, so that's volatile. not gonna ask you to, but
58:02 can imagine you could put your face and smell your desk. Would you
58:06 to do that? No one would to do that because there's all sorts
58:10 nasty molecules sitting on the surface of desk. You're like, Oh,
58:16 , forgot public space touching things. all I have is my mask E
58:23 ain't gonna save you folks, all ? But those molecules, they're they're
58:27 not volatile. That's why you don't them. Okay, The second thing
58:32 that those molecules need to be water . And that means that once they
58:37 they becoming a vaporized when they work way into the nasal cavity, they
58:43 to be able to penetrate through that , which is primarily water plus
58:49 And if you could dissolve through that , then you can get to where
58:53 olfactory receptor cells are located. So the two characteristics. And we kind
58:58 already knew this. Because whenever we someone who's stinky, what do we
59:00 ? We give them stink lines, we? Now I want to show
59:05 picture up here at the top. right, that's an actual job.
59:09 right, so they're super smeller. see a characteristic about the super
59:12 what each of those super spellers have common. They're all women. That's
59:18 . Women have a better sense of than men do. So actually,
59:22 a million full time or, you , a million fold greater. And
59:26 did they detect that way? It's they can give us things. All
59:30 , here's a sense. Here's something want to smell and you know we
59:34 both found. Then they dilute it and 10 fold 10 fold when men
59:38 so that they can keep diluting and you can dilute it six more
59:42 . And women. It's at that when women like I can't smell
59:45 All right now, guys, you don't know this yet, but when
59:49 have a wife, you'll find out come home. And what's that
59:53 Shit. So Ah, one of kids haven't showered, I guess.
60:02 . What's your husband? I don't . Alright. So women have a
60:08 sense of smell than men do. a million fold. That's just
60:12 Yeah. Uh huh. Uh, there's volatile chemicals within it. It's
60:22 the wax that you're smelling your you're the chemical, the intellect Keep that
60:26 or keep that candle around for on 10 15 years and see if it
60:30 has a smell. It won't. , candles that have smells that keep
60:35 for 10 or 20 years have been . So all those chemicals are still
60:39 in there. And how do I we have plenty of Yankee candle sitting
60:44 the house that have been around for 15 years? It's like, Why
60:46 we keep this around? Because it melts down. It's just there.
60:52 you we're gonna have fun today. right, So how do we detect
60:55 smell? Like I said, we deeply to get that stuff up into
61:00 olfactory epithelium. Those odorant they're gonna through the mucus and they're going to
61:04 into contact with the receptor, And usually what we have is we
61:09 a special binding protein that it's sitting . This is actually kind of
61:13 It's kind of serves as a way grab the odor and bring it to
61:16 receptor. All right, so they all use this. But there are
61:20 things, and this is the All right, this is the transaction
61:24 . And does this transaction cascade look to you? It should, because
61:29 a G protein coupled receptor. There's G protein. There's, uh,
61:34 cyclists. And look, there's a at the end. And this is
61:37 all the same thing that you've already . And when I said that,
61:39 going to see this over and over . There's about 1000 different genes here
61:43 use this pathway specifically in the nose each individual odorant, and that's how
61:49 give rise or are able to detect smell. And what we're doing is
61:54 we detect the smell, we activate pathway and that causes the opening of
61:57 channel. That channel allows calcium and to come into the cell to
62:01 the polarizes and that cell fires to I've detected this particular chemical again.
62:08 not the chemical that used. It's neuron that fires. That says,
62:13 this is there, this is what detecting. All right Now that signal
62:21 up into the olfactory bulb, and can see here now a little bit
62:24 clearly. Here's an olfactory nerve. an olfactory nerve. There's an olfactory
62:28 , and so there's thousands of and you can kind of see in
62:31 picture you get more of that little of that toothbrush look right? So
62:36 you look at it, you see olfactory bulb that's the big thing.
62:38 a little tiny hairs that air hanging that are the olfactory nerves. It's
62:43 the ax on bundled together, and you're doing is you're going up in
62:46 olfactory bulb into this round structure called Old Factory Glam aerialists. And
62:51 what this is is where the, , the primary neuron comes into contact
62:55 the secondary neurons. The secondary neurons the mitral and tufted cells. And
63:01 is where we're going to start modifying signal. In other words, what
63:06 gonna do is we're sending signals up this to a specifically Marylise to say
63:09 am spelling this particular smell. And it's a strong enough signal that's gonna
63:14 the mitral tufted sells this in signals and onward to the hypothalamus. Evening
63:20 and onward to the olfactory cortex. right, so you go to the
63:25 cortex so that you could say when smell X. This is what's
63:30 All right? I'm smelling strawberries. artificial strawberry smell kind of like strawberries
63:35 of enough to make you go Call strawberry. Okay, because you're activating
63:43 pathways. All right. Now, it smell exactly like it?
63:46 You all looked at me like I from Mars, like and not
63:49 because there's other things that you smell there that make it very, very
63:53 . Right? But it's strawberry and you girls are young enough or
63:59 enough. Excuse me to ever have a strawberry shortcake dog. All
64:05 Did you have started your question? , that's the artificial strawberry. But
64:08 blueberry ones felt awesome because blueberries still . Whether they're fake or real,
64:15 something. It's like, Yeah, . I'm impressed that you had one
64:19 those were, like, way and I know they brought them back
64:22 a little while, but then just right. But in essence, what
64:26 doing here is your signaling up to cortex to say this is what's going
64:30 and when you create the right pattern you repeat the pattern over and over
64:34 , that's when your body is saying is what I'm detecting The media in
64:38 hypothalamus are sending into Olympic system. that's where you're getting that sense of
64:42 , that sense of attachment to right? So when you smell dirty
64:47 , what is your response? What's emotional response to Dirty Sock?
64:52 it's like That's like it's Jim, ? But you smell baking brownies.
64:59 is your response? It's like someone me, right? And you get
65:04 . So that's that's when we're talking the limbic system. This is one
65:07 the areas one of the things that not project to the thalamus. All
65:11 , so what I have here is how do we go through this process
65:16 detection and what I'm trying to demonstrate picture is we're trying to just keep
65:20 real simple. You can see here the little tiny hair cells you can
65:24 the little odorant. They're color coded match the receptor cell that has the
65:28 receptor. And what it's saying Look, there's lots of cells that
65:32 same receptor, but you have a cell for specific receptors. So if
65:37 looking at this and we're trying to code this, we could say red
65:40 cherry blue is blue berry and green sour apple or Brussels sprout sour
65:48 I don't know lime there, that's easy one, right? And so
65:52 happening is that you have enough odorant you've all been to sonic right,
65:56 you've all gotten your drinks and you your ad ends in and you can
65:59 there and you can smell like a line. Manure smell like Cherries and
66:03 , right, But because your soda , that's what they're actually called the
66:07 jerk actually squeezes the wrong thing and get some blueberry in there, you'd
66:12 be able to smell it, But if there was just a
66:15 because let's face it, they're not clean it sonic. You know there's
66:19 dripping from those things, and so might get a little drop in
66:23 And while it may be enough to a single receptor, it's not enough
66:27 actually, uh, cause the mitral and the tufted cells to respond to
66:31 . So what we're doing is we're downplaying the insignificant smells, but we're
66:36 we're gonna amplify or demonstrate the larger , and that's what it's trying to
66:41 . It's basically we're saying the glamorous a role in refining what's being
66:47 Notice also, All the red cells to the red glow. Marylise.
66:50 the blue cells go to the blue lists. All the green cells go
66:53 the green gloom. Aerialists. All , so there's a high degree of
66:57 in this. They're not things they're just criss crossing, going here and
67:00 and everywhere. All right, Now like showing this because this gives you
67:09 better sense of understanding. Alright? again, I'm not gonna I'm not
67:13 hammer this point. I mean, the test, I just want you
67:16 understand conceptually. So what? You see up here we have five different
67:21 . We know in our own We have about 4000 of them.
67:24 right, so this is gonna be for all 4000 and down here on
67:29 right side of the graph, you , moving vertically. Those are showing
67:34 the different number of utterance that are to you again. How many odorant
67:39 there in the universe? Basically an number of molecules and shapes.
67:44 But you're not gonna create an odorant a receptive for each individual odorant.
67:49 you're gonna do is you could see different receptors respond differently. That's the
67:55 of the circle, represents the degree response for different receptors. So,
68:00 example, odor and a highly activates halfway activates blue, activates even a
68:07 bit less yellow doesn't activate. Green activate purple. So when you have
68:12 and a come along, you're going get this unique pattern across those five
68:18 receptors And that pattern is gonna be in the neuron that are traveling up
68:24 the olfactory, um, cortex, that when you see that when the
68:29 produces that pattern, it says, , this is this particular odorant And
68:36 do that multiple different times, multiple patterns. And all of a
68:40 now you can see how we can . Basically, the gambit now you
68:45 know them in a file is it's fancy word for something. You hear
68:50 word N f. I'll know you You know what a file is,
68:54 ? File is someone who likes or . Alright, Phileo love, right
69:02 No refers toe wine. So now can see where this is going.
69:06 wine lover, Alright? And you've wine lovers portrayed in a very interesting
69:11 , right? They get their big glass of wine right, and they
69:15 it up and what do they dio First they swirl it. Why are
69:19 swirling our wine? It's to actually movement cause those molecules odorant to become
69:26 volatile toe actually rise up out of liquid and into the area inside that
69:34 , right? And usually what you is you have a cup that actually
69:37 of turns inward and kind of And then that in a file.
69:40 they do that swirling sticks their nose the cup, its neighbor outside is
69:46 inside. A good enough. I do that and then what do they
69:50 ? And then they talk pretentious. . I get hits of jams,
69:57 cherry wood. It's kind of a little green, right, you
70:07 . And what they're really doing truthfully , even though we're making fun,
70:13 they are detecting unique odorant that create patterns. So that's why they're saying
70:18 are the things that I smell. right now, again, there's
70:24 And then there's Yeah, this is of, you know, taste kind
70:28 like great game to me or this jelly or whatever. You know,
70:33 could taste those things. I can those things, all right. But
70:36 where that comes from, is because not detecting and saying just part of
70:41 brain says Okay, this one receptors turned on, so I'm tasting
70:45 It's the pattern that's being produced all receptors, and we spent time
70:55 about to chemo receptors here. But is generally speaking. All receptors are
71:00 one of two type. So this another way to look at receptors.
71:04 , they can undergo adaptation in one two ways. They can either be
71:09 what is called slow adapting or fast . Slow adapting. The term is
71:14 . Fast adapting is phasing. And best way for me to explain this
71:18 you is that slow adapting receptors um, stay on the entire time
71:23 they're being stimulated. All right, , it's not entirely true because they
71:26 diminish over time and eventually will drop , which is why they referred to
71:30 slow adapting. But you can kind see this top picture. What is
71:33 referred to sew up here again? is the stimulus is binary. So
71:38 you're down on the bottom line, zero. When you're up to the
71:41 line, you're at one says basically and off. Well, it's often
71:44 on. Excuse me, and you see when the stimulus comes along,
71:49 ? Sorry. When the stimulus comes , what happens is I get deep
71:55 which results in a Siris of action . right now, you can see
71:59 the this adaptation as the potentials get and further apart. But when the
72:05 goes away, what do I do I lose the response and these types
72:11 receptors are located where you need to information about your environment all the
72:18 So an example of this would be your posture and the muscle that are
72:22 for posture. Your body needs to the position of itself all the
72:28 right? So if you start leaning little bit forward, it's gonna fire
72:32 say You're leaning a little bit too . You need to change. And
72:35 it's gonna cause you do go even though it's doing it unconsciously.
72:40 , fast adapting or phase IQ receptor where the information you only three only
72:47 need to know is when the stimulus changed. Right? So you can
72:51 where the stimulus turns on and off right there. I'm turning on the
72:56 over here. I'm turning off the . And so what do we
72:59 We got a serious of action potential you turn on even though you're still
73:03 , nothing's going on down there, ? I mean, you got this
73:06 of nothing. And then when you it back off, what do you
73:10 ? You get another Siris of action . So here, what you're basically
73:14 body is saying is tell me what occurred. That's all I want to
73:17 is when changes occurring. So right you have been walking around all day
73:23 wearing clothes and your body didn't even that you're wearing clothes, right?
73:28 if you're walking along and all of sudden you're close got ripped off your
73:31 , you you'd be like, my goodness, I'm naked,
73:34 You would feel the change now that talked about clothes and feeling it,
73:37 computer closing your body can't, Right? But all day long,
73:41 the moment you put on your up until this moment, you were
73:44 like I put on the clothes. go. They're they're your skin was
73:47 , Yeah. Okay. I noticed the closer there it doesn't need to
73:51 going. You're still wearing clothes? still wearing clothes? Clothes are still
73:54 your body. Close air still in body. It's on Lee. When
73:57 come on when they go off that body is like, Okay, I'm
74:00 touched now. I'm not being All right, so that should be
74:03 example of a phase IQ receptor. right, moving into a different type
74:10 receptor was talked about some out of . All right, so the special
74:14 that we looked at were gas station . Samantha century is not a special
74:21 . Alright, It's just simply detecting touching your body and these air mechanical
74:26 . All right, there are the numerous type of receptor. They're all
74:30 the place. They're located within the and the subcutaneous regions. And I
74:34 we don't talk about the epithelium are epidermis, but or really, I
74:39 call it the Integra Mint. That's entire thing. But the top part
74:43 your skin is the epidermis is basically . It's not entirely, but just
74:48 with me because, yeah, like, this much alive, and
74:51 this much debt, all right. then underlying that, that's the
74:56 That's where you have blood vessels and nerves. All right. And then
74:59 that, that's the subcutaneous layers, right? And so the types of
75:04 in Nakano receptors that we see B of two types. It could be
75:09 or they're gonna be complex when we they're simple. What we mean is
75:12 they're dendritic ends, lack of and a structure. They're basically free and
75:19 . Where when they're complex, they connective tissue that wraps around them.
75:23 here you can see that's connective tissue around. There's a friend.
75:28 there's a friend right there. There's friend right there. Okay, so
75:35 ends and the UN encapsulate its lack protective coating. All right, they
75:42 in all sorts of different types of sensation in the skin. You can
75:45 the big giant list. They're typically fibers themselves are annihilated. So the
75:51 is slow in getting its way back the central nervous system. They are
75:57 primarily in the epithelium and primarily in connected to their all over the
76:01 They're not limited there, but that's you see a lot of them.
76:04 so classified. We have the free ending. All right, so that's
76:08 they're showing you in these pictures right . I'll just circle another one for
76:11 . so there is a free nerve . There is a free nerve
76:14 We have what is called a root plexus. It's not in this
76:17 but it's basically a free nerve ending around the base of a hair,
76:21 . So when you grab a hair you pull on, you get that
76:24 . Let's try and find a single , have plenty of hair. You
76:28 I'd be able to find one There we go. So when I
76:32 that that's a that's a root hair , I'm feeling the tug on that
76:37 and then a Merkel disk is very to a free nerve ending, but
76:43 very specific on this. I want see if I can find when you
76:46 okay. It's this right here and it's basically it's a single cell
76:51 located in the epidermis at the base the epidermis, and what you do
76:55 you have this fiber that goes up it. So you detect things through
76:58 Merkel disk and it sends things in cell that comes right up to
77:02 So it's a very localized structure. encapsulated these air, the complex ones
77:09 , they have glial cells that are the end, plus have connective
77:13 and they detect certain things in different . So they're named after their
77:17 which makes things very, very So we have Crouse's bulb, which
77:20 not shown here. The key thing crosses bulb is that it is found
77:25 mucus member. Sorry, Mucous Okay, now this is very,
77:30 similar to Meisner. Score Puzzle misers puzzle is not found in mucous membrane
77:38 found in your glamorous skin, which a fancy word for saying stuff on
77:42 hands. You know the palms of hands and on the soles of your
77:47 . Okay, so you can see ridges. Papillary ridges are see how
77:52 kind of goes up and down between epidermis and the dermis. Those the
77:55 ridges correct. So these primarily deal light, touch, texture, low
78:02 vibrations in general. All right, you can think of mucous membranes.
78:07 would I want touching my mucous membranes your mucus membranes located? We always
78:12 about nose and mouth, but there's other areas that we tend not to
78:16 about in polite company, because its . I like to embarrass you.
78:20 . We're talking vagina talking anise and talking you re throw and the bulk
78:24 the Penis or the glands of the . Alright, the mucus membranes.
78:29 where you can find across his So crosses Boulder the fund receptors.
78:34 right, we got Puccini's Puccini's way here. We're dealing with the question
78:39 deep pressure. Alright, Right. They're a little bit higher up
78:44 Connective tissue. They're found in the tissue there, wrapped in connective
78:49 they feel primarily stretch. So what doing is when you grab something in
78:53 hands kind of roll along surface, get fluttering vibrations. And that's what
78:58 detecting is kind of that stretch in . Now you'll see here I have
79:03 adapting rapidly adapting. Remember what I When we memorize these things, we
79:08 for one thing that's different. So one is the slow adapting? Just
79:12 , routine is a slow adapting and good to go All the rest our
79:20 This is gonna be last slide I'm show you. And then I guess
79:22 do know See scepters on Thursday because gonna take, like, three
79:26 Well, way I talked. Maybe . Sorry. Alright. Receptive
79:31 And this is just kind of a thing. Receptive field is simply the
79:34 where stimulus is gonna be. Typically, we refer to receptive
79:37 We're talking about touch, but we receptive field for all of our
79:41 So we have visual receptors, we receptors for our ears and so on
79:47 are receptive fields. But you can here in this particular pain, is
79:51 your Pechiney score puzzle versus misers core . And it's saying, Look,
79:55 is the location of the actual and what it does is actually the
80:00 over a very large range. That's field. And that's because of the
80:05 of routine. Are Puccini's over Here's Meisner is misers. Itsy
80:09 teeny, tiny. So only detects very, very small field. And
80:13 the size of the field is dependent how broadly the the structure is that
80:21 it. So, for example, Puccini's we have this connective tissue connective
80:25 encapsulation, which makes the receptive field with regard to my Eisner's. It's
80:31 little tiny cell, and that's all is. So if I take a
80:35 and I'm poking above that sell, would be able to detect it.
80:38 I take a needle, poke outside cell that that pressure is not gonna
80:43 detected by that individual cell. So receptive field from Eisner's is simply that
80:48 under which, or over which that overlooks. But because we have that
80:53 tissue around Puccini's that makes that field bigger and bigger and bigger. So
80:58 larger the receptive field is, the we can localize. And here's a
81:04 experiments you can do at home. two. Um, e don't even
81:10 what I do with my pen. huh. Take two pens or
81:14 right? What we call calipers and you could do is you could take
81:18 caliper and put it right up Take second caliper and put it down
81:22 and start walking that second caliper up arm. And when that person says
81:26 only detect one sensation, you can how large the receptive field is.
81:31 at it on the on the inside your arm. Do it on the
81:34 , your hand, do it on front of your hand and then do
81:36 on the back of a leg. gonna see. It's really, really
81:40 . It shows you the side of receptive fields. Right? So this
81:45 allows for spatial discrimination. You're doing . Do you have to do it
81:49 ? So it's, like one. you can feel the one up
81:52 right? And then when you feel second one where it's only one
81:56 tell her to stop. Yeah, needs sharp calibers. Perfect. All
82:05 , with that in mind, I guess we're done for the
82:09 I'll go ahead and stop the Um, if there's any questions,
82:13 questions from online? Did they all asleep or did they all go to
82:16 kitchen, start making food? They even respond. All right. Thank
82:22 for the lecture. That's good enough me. Hey, it's weekend
82:27 Yeah, I know. What does mean? Uh, I'm so
82:34 Yeah, my kids don't even know school is at this point. It's
82:38 Yeah, you know, it's Really. Okay. So I'm going
82:50
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