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BIOL 2302 Human Anatomy & Physiology II - 2302_lecture08_0214
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00:16 All right, everything looks like it's now. Up here you guys got
00:20 slides are good. You don't have slide yet. You're like, don't
00:23 , I'm gonna I'm gonna catch you . All right, So we have
00:26 couple of people who are still taking test today, so I want to
00:29 their grades in and then give you the calculations on thursday plus it's valentine's
00:34 and I don't want people depressed on day. Yeah, no, actually
00:39 really is. I just looked at graph and I was like, these
00:42 are making things ugly. So I to just kind of get them out
00:45 the way um what we're gonna be over the next couple of days,
00:48 think it's five lectures in this unit then we have a test and then
00:52 have like a week before spring So we have like two lectures for
00:56 unit, three before spring break. this unit was one is one of
00:59 really weird units because what we're going be dealing with is kind of an
01:03 of the vascular system in lymphatic. then what we do is we go
01:08 we start talking about the immune system the immune system can be pretty
01:12 And I'm not saying that to scare because I'm gonna try to keep it
01:15 at the at the most simplest but there are aspects of it that
01:18 be pretty wonky. And then what do is we jump into respiration,
01:22 is actually pretty easy, right? mean you guys understand the concepts of
01:27 . Excellent. That you understand the system right now. What I will
01:31 , you know with regard to the is I did notice, I mean
01:35 exams are about where I'd expect to there a little bit lower than
01:38 but it's been like eight years or eight years, four years since I've
01:41 this class. So I the last I thought it was pre pandemic.
01:47 . And so I had you over the pandemic, we saw a
01:51 drop in performances across all courses. so we're kind of playing catch up
01:56 as students as well as faculty trying bring people back up to a level
02:01 was pre pandemic. And so seeing grades on this, I'm not
02:04 Alright. They're not bad grades. just not as good as they used
02:08 be. It's like a three or Point difference on the average, but
02:11 talk about it more on Thursday. , but what I do want to
02:14 before doing that because some of you in panic mode. So first
02:18 don't panic. All right, this literally the first test out of four
02:23 we have a curve and we still 75% of the class of homeworks.
02:28 mean, trust me, you have much to do before you have to
02:32 panicking that it's just a waste of and effort. There there are more
02:36 to worry about Like um is it to rain this afternoon is more important
02:41 now than worrying about this class. ? So, we just gotta
02:44 we just gotta ask ourselves, are interested in it? Are we interested
02:47 the material? Right. If you're this class, you should be
02:51 Right. Because you have a Everyone here has a goal, a
02:54 term goal of medicine of some right? Anyone here just taking it
02:58 fun, Your hair taking it for . I'm awesome because that means you're
03:03 also. But but you gotta keep in terms of, okay, I'm
03:07 to learn how to be a learner you're about to go into a field
03:11 things are going to be lots of the only way it's gonna be
03:17 There's nothing that you're gonna do from on out. That's gonna be
03:20 you can't do, right? No gonna drop you into something, but
03:23 just lots of information that you have be able to hold on to and
03:27 . And so part of this is learning process of organizing information. All
03:31 . And so if this is new you, I mean, you
03:34 people who took me in a P , they've heard this talk over and
03:37 and over and over and over and again. And it's not me mad
03:40 you. It's just I'm just warning . That's the big hurdle. There's
03:44 hard about it. I mean, think the hardest thing about medicine is
03:48 blood and bodily fluids of all right? But you guys plan on
03:54 that. You knew that right? in their their bodily fluids involved.
03:57 all good with bodily fluids, you there's some people here planning on
04:02 There's mouths getting in other people's I just now. All right.
04:10 part of this is while we're going and think about how to organize this
04:15 . The first thing you should ask at the beginning of classes. What
04:18 I trying to learn today? I'll usually tell you not. Everyone
04:22 tell you today, we're learning about lymphatic system and it's right there.
04:26 that's our starting point. And so the end of the class, you
04:30 to ask yourself, what was it I learned? And hopefully you'll be
04:34 to say I learned about the lymphatic . Alright. And that leads to
04:40 questions of you trying to organize that down. What is it about the
04:44 system I have to learn about and you're dealing with anatomy and physiology.
04:47 two questions its structure and function. really easy to get stuck on the
04:52 part because that's usually the easy It's like here are the names of
04:56 the things and where they are. that's like pointing out the inside of
04:59 engine and saying Okay. That's that that that But it doesn't ask
05:02 how does it work? That's where other half is. How does this
05:06 work? And that usually catches Alright, So part of this is
05:10 looking at the structure and then asking does it do? And so
05:14 hopefully we'll be able to walk through . We're gonna look at the lymphatic
05:18 as a whole, in terms of does it do? And then we're
05:22 look at specific structures and ask, do they do? And we're gonna
05:26 how they do their their things based how they're built. Okay, That's
05:31 kind of the big thing. And after today, we're gonna deal with
05:35 immune system. And hopefully over the three lectures, you're going to start
05:39 why I can go around licking floors door knobs and not die. I
05:45 that sounds gross, but you're designed battle everything in this planet. That's
05:51 to kill you, actually, everything the universe. That's trying to kill
05:54 . It's kind of cool, And you're gonna see how the body
05:58 that and it starts here today, then after the immune system, that's
06:02 you go into respiration respiration, as mentioned, is kind of a
06:05 actually, it's coupled with the Because what you're doing with the heart
06:10 your pumping oxygen, the gas is you gotta go where do I get
06:14 gasses and breathing in and breathing So that's how they kind of get
06:18 . All right. So, that's of the big overview of this unit
06:21 immunity. Lymphatic community and respiration. it kind of just builds on what
06:26 just learned. And so our starting here is what is the lymphatic
06:30 And the picture that hears from your is basically it's a network of
06:35 Have we learned about vessels already? kind of vessels do we learn about
06:40 vessels which are arteries and veins, great, you already understand lymphatic vessels
06:48 you understood those things, We're now the same thing, but it's in
06:52 different system. Okay, So, we're building on something we've already
06:57 This is kind of the easy Right? So, it's vessels and
07:00 it's a whole bunch of tissues and . All right. We don't really
07:05 about lymphatic sol that much. All . But you're gonna see it's
07:09 oh, I actually do know what structures are. I deal with them
07:13 the time. I just don't think them. All right. So,
07:16 terms of its functionality, the first that the lymphatic system does. I
07:21 , we're gonna get down here to more interesting stuff, but the first
07:25 that it does is it deals with fluids that have escaped from the
07:30 Alright, We're gonna see here that blood that's leaving through the capillaries?
07:35 know, all that fluid. And in the blood the fluid that's leaving
07:38 the capillaries? More of it stays of the blood vessel, then actually
07:42 in through the process of filtration and . And if that happens well,
07:47 end up with no fluid in your . So that's a bad thing.
07:50 so the lymphatic are responsible for taking excessive fluid that's stuck outside your blood
07:56 and moving it back in kinda Alright. But we usually don't think
08:02 the lymphatic that way. We usually about it about the second thing
08:05 it plays a major role in defending microorganisms and other pathogens that find their
08:12 into our body. Alright, So plays a major role in the immune
08:17 , defense against disease. Alright, , it does two things it houses
08:24 and produces the immune sites. All . And the second thing that it
08:29 is it serves as a point of . Now, we're gonna I'm gonna
08:34 an example a little bit later But whenever you think of the immune
08:37 , I want you to think of of two things and it doesn't matter
08:39 one you think of. I want to think of police forces or armies
08:43 we might actually have to use both them as examples. Alright. But
08:47 two things are what your immune system like. And so do police have
08:52 point of surveillance. Have you ever police kind of hanging out in particular
08:57 , right. What they're doing is watching for crime. Usually the police
09:01 see watching for crime are the ones the highway waiting for me to come
09:04 by. Right? And what are looking for? They're looking like,
09:08 , here's somebody going 90 miles an . That's a $400 ticket. Woo
09:12 . I get points right now. never catch me because I always catch
09:16 first. I see them way up and then I slow down pretend like
09:19 not doing anything right? But that's of a surveillance, right? That's
09:23 surveillance is. So when you think surveillance, it's watching for the things
09:28 are going on. So the lymphatic plays a role in that third.
09:32 plays a role in transporting fats. it actually has a role in the
09:36 system. C pro I mean not . Fats are not a molecule that
09:43 be sequestered away. Right? They to hang out where other fat
09:47 And so your cell uh plasma membranes fats. And so if if it
09:52 left up to the fat, all would do is they would incorporate themselves
09:55 plasma membranes and they would hang out and nothing would ever happen. But
09:59 fats have to go to a certain of connective tissue. They're located in
10:03 specific areas in your body. And we need to move fats to those
10:08 for storage and we need to move to the tissues that are going to
10:12 them. So fat is actually being all over your body when you eat
10:19 it goes into the cells that line intestines and it can't get out unless
10:25 packaged with very large proteins and very proteins. And these fats then can't
10:31 the cells. They have to go through a vesicles system. And so
10:35 they're released out into the surrounding interstitial they can't get into capillaries because they're
10:41 big. And so you use the to move them into the bloodstream to
10:46 them wherever they need to go. you've learned about these at some point
10:50 life or at least heard them may have learned about them. Have you
10:53 of HDL and LDL S. And . L. D. L.
10:55 . And yada yada yada. Those are the packaged fats and that's
11:02 way that we move them from the to the sites where that fat is
11:09 to go. So that's the lymphatic and we'll we'll deal with those when
11:13 primarily when we get to the digestive . But it's important introduces the second
11:19 is that are the fourth the fourth that it does, it plays a
11:23 in moving proteins that have escaped from blood into or back into the
11:29 Alright so again proteins are usually too to pass through the capillaries. But
11:35 you for some reason dilated capillary and escape out inappropriately. Or maybe you
11:41 inflammation or something that's taking place or blood vessel and you have these materials
11:46 proteins that shouldn't be out of the . They should be inside the blood
11:50 , what we need to get them in. And so the lymphatic serve
11:54 that as that pathway to move them in from the interstitial fluid back into
12:00 lymphatic and then ultimately back to the vessels. Alright, so, those
12:05 kind of the primary things. The thing I have here is uh it's
12:10 when we think about it, when think about lymphatic, we're usually coupling
12:14 with something else. And if you at that whole list, it's
12:16 okay, up here we have cardiovascular , we have immune system here,
12:19 have digestive system. And this is , primarily cardiovascular. So, when
12:24 think of the lymphatic system, it's of the the saddle stepbrother right of
12:29 these other systems. But it's highly important because it allows these other
12:35 to do their job. So, starting point is gonna be dealing right
12:39 with these vessels and then we're gonna up with those tissues and those organs
12:44 we're looking at all. Right. , are we okay with kind of
12:47 big picture overview of what the lymphatic Yeah. Ok, so,
12:54 I guess I gotta talk about the first lymph. Alright. We've talked
12:59 long time ago in A. And . One and I'm looking first at
13:02 M. P. One, you we talked about there being fluid in
13:05 body. Right? We said they fluid inside the cells and we have
13:08 outside the cells. What do we the fluid inside the cells? Intracellular
13:13 . And what do we call the outside the cells? Extra cellular
13:17 Then we divided up the extra cellular into compartments. We said that the
13:21 cellular fluid around the cells is That's a harder one. Interstitial.
13:26 thought I heard it over there. , it's interstitial. Interstitial means in
13:30 the cells fluid and then the fluid inside the blood vessels is referred to
13:38 we learned that one in this class . It starts with the p
13:42 All right now, notice we have and we've compartmentalized the fluid in different
13:49 , but the fluid is still It's water plus stuff. The differences
13:53 the extra cellular and intracellular fluid is ratios of the stuff. Notice that
14:00 not even talking about what the stuff . It's just the stuff the difference
14:03 the blood and the interstitial fluid is stuff. Alright, lymph is water
14:13 stuff. So what makes it different the interstitial fluid and what makes it
14:18 than the plasma is basically its location the ratios of the stuff. All
14:24 now really what we're gonna see here what this slide and all the other
14:29 are gonna kind of point out is when blood escapes. Alright, so
14:32 plasma escapes out into the interstitial it becomes interstitial fluid. The difference
14:38 the interstitial fluid and the plasma specifically the presence of the plasma proteins.
14:44 , so that's what makes them So they're basically the same. Except
14:48 taken one thing out. The difference the lymph and the interstitial fluid is
14:54 . Interstitial fluid is around the cells when I move into a lymphatic
14:58 it's still the same fluid. It's in a different location and we just
15:02 it a special name. We call lymph. All right. So,
15:07 you see lymph, it's nothing It's just named differently from because of
15:12 it's located. Alright, that's kind the key thing here. So,
15:17 way that it works, lymph originates interstitial fluid. So, it's out
15:21 in between the cells that fluid remember up because we had a capillary
15:26 we had fluid filter out of the bed into the interstitial space and then
15:31 had fluid moved back into the capillaries the process of reabsorption and some of
15:37 fluid stays behind and that's interstitial fluid if too much of it stays
15:44 we lose fluid from the blood how blood fluid you have in your blood
15:48 now, roughly? Five liters remember, I never asked you and
15:53 not asking to memorize that even though guys have done a very good job
15:56 memorizing because I've asked you like six now, right? But the reason
15:59 giving you that number is because the of movement as we go through is
16:05 can think about, we move about liters of blood per day through your
16:09 system. That's a whole bunch, ? So 20 of it filters out
16:15 that 70 217 returns back into the system. Okay, that's not
16:22 Right? But you only have five . So that just shows you how
16:25 the blood is moving through your So, of those five liters,
16:30 of them over the course of the , remain back in the interstitial fluid
16:37 would leave two L of fluid in blood, which basically means your blood
16:42 turn into sludge and it's really hard push sludge around. So we don't
16:46 it stuck in the interstitial space. want it back in the blood
16:49 And so this is what the lymphatic . It takes that three liters that
16:54 supposed to come back through filtration and says, no, no, I'm
16:57 return it back. And so I'm to pick up that Extra three L
17:02 through the lymphatic vessels. I'm gonna it back through into the bloodstream.
17:08 , in essence, you don't lose three leaders, it's returned through a
17:12 route. That makes sense. Kind sort of. All right now,
17:17 numbers aren't important. It's just the is that I don't return as much
17:22 as I filter out. So the the blood that filters out doesn't come
17:27 completely the way that it came So I have to use a secondary
17:31 and that's what the lymphatic vessels All right now, as I mentioned
17:35 terms of its what it's made up . It's the same thing as interstitial
17:38 . It's water plus all the salts came with it through the plasma there
17:43 exchange that took place. So, not even worrying about what that
17:46 So, it's just the idea is it's the same material that was in
17:49 plasma. What it's missing is the proteins. Alright. If there are
17:55 , they're they're escaped proteins and the that shouldn't have been there.
18:00 And these are gonna be returned back the length. All right now.
18:04 you may have damage to the Right? So you can end up
18:08 some celery debris if you like, your knee, for example. Open
18:11 the wound bacteria and other stuff can in there and it's down inside the
18:16 fluid and it's going to go wherever fluid goes. And I also mentioned
18:21 do cancer cells move around the body they take advantage of the space that's
18:26 your body. And so, metastasizing will follow the flow of the fluid
18:32 breast cancer. The place they look see if you have metastasized breast cancer
18:39 the lymph nodes in the axillary right? They basically look for they
18:46 put a radioactive isotope in there and basically goes and binds itself to the
18:51 cells. And then they start looking see where it is. And if
18:54 get radioactive lymph nodes, they know the cancer has metastasized. It's the
18:59 thing that they do. All So, the idea here is lymphatic
19:04 themselves have a secondary pathway to Alright. So what we have here
19:10 we have a series of vessels. again, I'm just gonna go
19:13 So you can see here we have network and all the green things when
19:16 draw green in this. This these the lymphatic. So, this is
19:20 an easier view from your textbook. can again see your capillary bed and
19:24 the very end here, mixed in in the capillaries are these blunt
19:29 So you can see that they look little tiny fingers. They're blunt ended
19:33 capillaries. And these are the lymphatic . All right there called the initial
19:39 . Alright, now they are located the terminal end. So the smallest
19:45 is the beginning of the lymphatic And what we're gonna do is we're
19:49 create a series of vessels that are to get bigger and bigger and bigger
19:52 then returning back to the venus side the vasculature near the heart.
19:58 So, here, in the lymphatic don't have a pump system.
20:04 We are going to be dependent upon things to drive fluid back towards the
20:11 . Alright. And we're not going the heart. We're going to the
20:15 near the heart. All right. , our capillaries are the smallest
20:20 You can see that they're blunt ended intertwined. So, that means they're
20:23 that same space as the capillaries So, they're right in the place
20:26 they need to be in order to the fluid that has escaped. All
20:31 . And they're everywhere. They're all all the connective tissue, wherever you
20:35 capillaries. That's basically where you're going find these things. All right.
20:39 only place you're not gonna see them in a vascular tissue. What does
20:43 vascular mean without blood vessels? Okay. Now, what's interesting about
20:51 capillaries is that they're structurally different than we saw in the vasculature.
20:56 When we looked at capillaries, we blood cells or sorry, the helium
21:01 basically two cells are side by side they're attached to each other by a
21:05 of tight junctions that we said were . Remember, So, things can
21:10 in between the cells and you can the cells kind of going around,
21:13 I'll do it this way. So you can see the two cells are
21:16 to each other and that's what you in kind of a capillary here,
21:21 cells are arranged differently. They're arranged such a way that the cells are
21:26 shingles. You can kind of see the picture how they're looking like
21:30 Right? You can see this one that one which overlaps the next
21:34 which overlaps the next one and so all the way around. All
21:38 So they have what are called free . And this is beneficial because these
21:44 edges serve or act like valves. ? So when the pressure on a
21:53 that has overlapping, I'm gonna just over here since you're writing furiously once
21:58 push on this part. This this cell. Okay. Ur ur ur
22:04 hydrostatic pressure. And I want you push on that cell, that one
22:08 there. See does it open? on the other cell and it opens
22:15 when the pressure on the outside is . What it does is it causes
22:20 cell that is overlapped right to move fluid can flow in between but pressure
22:27 this side keeps that valve shut. on the back side where it's opening
22:33 keep that that cell or that pathway . So the movement of fluid into
22:40 out of the initial capillaries is dependent the pressure in the surrounding interstitial
22:46 Oh my goodness. We gotta talk pressures. Yeah. Remember I said
22:50 are gonna show up all over the . This is one of those
22:53 Okay, so what we're dealing with is an environment that we're looking at
22:59 pressure on either side. If the pressure is greater outside the capillaries,
23:04 causes that overlap cell to open fluid flows in. If pressure inside
23:11 capillaries greater than the outside, it the valve shut or the overlap cells
23:15 , fluid can't escape. It only one path and that's to follow the
23:21 of the capillary. That's what the picture kind of looks like here
23:26 look, see I'm open up. so the fluid is following the
23:30 Now, the other thing is because are blunt ended, they're kind of
23:33 just squiggle into the space and we want things to have freedom of movement
23:39 the body. We want things to stuck where they are. Right?
23:43 so they have what are called anchoring , very different. And so they're
23:47 into the space and that keeps them being shoved around and pushed around by
23:52 fluids in the surrounding environment. All . The other thing that does is
23:57 prevents the vessel itself from collapsing from pressure because you're being pulled in all
24:03 directions. So that's kind of our point is this capillary. So the
24:14 , as I said, is what the driving force behind the movement of
24:19 fluid as the pressure in that space the fluid wants to go into the
24:25 and because we now have flow which dependent upon pressure, anything in that
24:31 space is gonna move by bulk flow that fluid. All right, So
24:38 have a little tiny bacterium that's found way through a scraping your knee into
24:42 interstitial space. It's just kind of around going, well, this is
24:45 nice kind of place. Lots of around here, things for me to
24:49 lots of sugars. Oh, and warm too. I can divide every
24:53 minutes. This is awesome. I'm gonna hang out here and I'm just
24:57 move around with this fluid. Whatever me I'm gonna consume. And it's
25:01 floating along in that fluid and it's all right, and it's gonna follow
25:05 pressure and it can find its way the lymphatic system and now it's trapped
25:11 now your lymphatic and your immune system deal with it. Oh, I
25:15 escape proteins. I don't want to energy hunting down on my escaped
25:21 Right? I want my proteins to in my blood. What do I
25:24 ? Well, the proteins are gonna bulk flow. Oh, the fluids
25:28 this way. I'm just gonna cruise with the fluid. I'm not doing
25:31 . I'm just sitting here and I back into the lymphatic and now I
25:35 no choice but to return back to vasculature. So, what we have
25:40 is a mechanism that is passive dependent pressures, driving things into the lymphatic
25:48 to be dealt with. Alright, they're following the movement of the
25:53 which is what we refer to as flow so far. So good.
26:00 . So capillaries are going to get and bigger and bigger and they form
26:04 are called the lymphatic vessels. Which a very generic term for the vessels
26:10 there. We don't call them they're just lymphatic vessels. And so
26:13 can magic capillaries converge into a larger . These are the vessels they're found
26:19 over the place. If they're found the surface, we refer to them
26:21 superficial. Um I don't know, you have you ever gotten like a
26:26 infection that caused like cap like a a lymphatic vessel to kind of grow
26:34 the surface of the skin. It's a common thing, but I've seen
26:37 happen in several people and I guess we worked in hospitals and were around
26:42 little animals that like to bite us stuff. And so you can get
26:46 response and you can actually see on surface like this vein kind of grow
26:51 it's starting to fill with fluid that be superficial because near the surface All
26:56 , another one is deep and typically are like with the deep veins and
27:01 deep arteries. So when you think the arteries and the veins that are
27:04 through your body. Think about that not traveling by themselves, they have
27:08 third partner, that's the lymphatic that's with them. All right. In
27:14 of structure, they look exactly like blood vessels. They have all three
27:19 . So they have the the internal external and the media internals inside,
27:23 is on the middle, external is the outside. Alright. They have
27:28 because we're trying to drive fluid to heart. We don't want it to
27:32 around inside the blood vessel. Or , the lymphatic vessel. So the
27:37 are there to to serve as one to propel the fluid towards the
27:44 Now, because we don't have a , we're now going to be dependent
27:47 a whole bunch of different things to drive the fluid forward. Alright.
27:52 we have pressure that's pushing it towards heart, but it's not enough to
27:56 it by itself. So the valves gonna serve a purpose to make sure
28:01 the as that lymph is moving towards heart, that it's not gonna go
28:03 flow. But we're gonna use the pump and the respiratory pump, just
28:07 we did with the blood. Those used as a way to kind of
28:11 and pull the leg towards the We also are gonna have the musculature
28:16 the vessels that are near it. , if these three things are side
28:20 side, every time an artery expands contracts, it's gonna press up against
28:25 lymphatic vessel? And it's going to up against it. And every time
28:28 pushed up against is that causes a squeezing of the lymphatic vessel. And
28:33 that propels the fluid towards the So we refer to it maybe as
28:40 vascular pump. Alright. And then some smooth muscle. Remember if we
28:44 all three tunics, we have smooth inside that uh that tunica media.
28:49 so that smooth muscle goes through a of rhythmic contractions like so and helps
28:55 squeeze and propel the fluid towards the . All right. So smallest level
29:04 . Capillaries become vessels, vessels turn the second largest structure which are called
29:14 trunks. Actually, it's the largest . Sorry, I'm trying to find
29:21 button here. There we go. . Because I don't really know if
29:24 next one is really considered a vessel not. All right. Lymphatic
29:29 So, capital reserve vessels, vessels trunks. Now, the trunks are
29:34 kind of these very, very large . They're named for the region from
29:37 they are collecting the limp from the . All right. This is not
29:41 best picture. I've complained about it and I can't find a better one
29:46 isn't too complicated. So, I'm using this one. So, just
29:49 bear. All right. What I to point out here is that they're
29:54 . The trunks are paired except one , which is gonna be the intestinal
29:58 , which is way down here. jugular where's your jugular vein?
30:03 So that's where you're gonna be And you can see in our little
30:06 up here here you can see the , there's the left jugular or
30:10 left jugular and right jugular trunks. they are draining the fluid that has
30:16 up in the head region. the subclavian. Where's your clavicle?
30:24 . So sub means below that. right. And if you look here
30:28 the picture we're gonna see here's the subclavian over here. Here's the right
30:33 . Do you see that they're converging at the same point with the
30:38 Alright, the left jugular and the jugular uh trunk. Then we have
30:44 fun one, the bronco medial Where's your media steinem? Alright,
30:50 your bronchi where they located? Over ? Within the lungs. So basically
30:55 we're dealing with the structures that are with the thorax. Alright, so
31:00 here you can see there is the media style. Notice the direction of
31:04 arrow that's pointing up. So here the subclavian, there's the jugular,
31:08 the bronco medial style over here. thing here we have the jugular here
31:13 have the subclavian. And over off to the side. Not this
31:18 one, but the little tiny one there, that is the bronco medial
31:23 right. So it's dealing with the regions? And the names tell you
31:27 they're coming from? All right. then finally we have the lumbar ones
31:31 that's way down below. So here's left lumbar, here is the right
31:34 trunk. So you can just think are they dealing with? Their dealing
31:37 the lower regions uh the abdominal structures what they're doing is they're branching off
31:43 deal with stuff further down as The last one is the intestinal
31:49 The intestinal trunk deals with the lower , the pelvis and the abdominal pelvic
31:53 . Alright, So what we're doing we basically we've divided up the body
31:57 we're saying this is where all the fluid is coming in, we're gonna
32:01 from these capillaries into these vessels into larger trunks and then larger trunks are
32:07 into the final structure which really is a vessel. Although this is a
32:12 large structure. So I'll go ahead call it a vessel which is the
32:17 . All right, so the ducks where we're going to enter into the
32:25 ? The venus vasculature. Alright, one of the things I want to
32:31 out there's just there's two of there's two ducks and they this picture
32:36 why it's showing here is because it what these two ducks are responsible
32:42 The right duct is responsible for just upper quadrant of your body. So
32:48 the upper right hand side. So the thoracic region, This half of
32:53 head and that limb. Alright. then the the thoracic duck is responsible
33:01 everything else. Okay, so fairly right lymphatic duck is basically you can
33:09 here I am joining together the I'm joining together the jugular and the
33:16 medial style, the right. They together and they join and create that
33:21 right lymphatic duck. That right lymphatic empties into the the the vein at
33:28 junction of the subclavian and the jugular and it's gonna ultimately empty into the
33:36 my voice is starting to go into . Um It's going to empty into
33:40 superior vena cava. So do you all that fluid from that right hand
33:45 ? That upper right quadrant is joining to go right back into the
33:53 When we deal with the thoracic duct going to join all the three of
33:58 left that we talked about, The subclavian and the bronchial final they're joining
34:02 with the structures that are further down this larger thoracic duct and then thoracic
34:09 again joins up at the junction of jugular vein, the subclavian vein to
34:15 empty into the superior vena cava. , so all the fluid from the
34:20 of your body. Now there's one feature and I'm gonna point out why
34:25 is unique in just a moment, you can see down here, we
34:27 this bulge. The large structure at base of the thoracic duct. All
34:34 , this is called the cistern. Kiely. Alright, so when you
34:38 sister, know what do you think ? I hope sister. And I
34:42 you think. And if you don't the cistern is it's basically a a
34:47 um jug or jar. And what is what it's referring to. And
34:52 this is where all the vessels are into from the small intestine and the
35:01 intestine is important because it's one of major places where horrible nasty things can
35:05 into your body. It's also how getting fats into the lymphatic. And
35:14 you're gonna have a lot of of lymphatic structures associated around the gut.
35:21 for defense and two for fat And so these vessels because there's so
35:26 of them create this larger structure. the lymph in this area is
35:32 very rich in lipids. And so has a special name. We named
35:37 Kyle. I don't know why that's it is. So the lymph here
35:43 called Kyle. And so that's why the cistern Achille because it's collecting the
35:49 . Now how do you tell this limp from other lymph? It's because
35:54 lymphatic so I'm just gonna go off tell you a little bit more this
35:57 not important. Now it's gonna come and digestive lymphatic surround the digestive system
36:03 called lacked eels. When you hear , What do you think of
36:09 Which is referring to milk. So when you hear lax, you
36:14 be thinking milk. So why do think they call them lacked heels?
36:19 ? I'm I'm gonna I'm gonna remind here, but I'll just name things
36:23 what they do for what they look . Why do you think they call
36:25 black hills looks like they're filled with ? And it looks like they're filled
36:32 milk because they're full of fat. color is fat? White? So
36:36 look like they're little tiny. And that white fluid converges and that's what
36:42 Kyle is. It's less milky looking that point, but it's still milky
36:48 . That's why it was named Okay. Anyway, so, these
36:56 the structures of the vessels. We with the initial capital, initial capital
37:01 the lymphatic vessel, lymphatic vessels form different trunks and know how these trunks
37:08 to form these two ducks. Those the structures. Any questions about
37:17 Huh? Now, easy. This part should be, which shouldn't be
37:22 scary. All right. And the is, is the lymphatic sar not
37:26 hard because what we're gonna see here just a moment is that structurally,
37:30 though there's different organs, they all kind of structured the same.
37:35 So, in terms of the the vessels are like the blood
37:39 There's just some unique nomenclature that goes them and they behave slightly differently.
37:44 it's very similar to what we've seen . Right. Any any questions about
37:54 ? All right. So, let's within the tissues in the organs.
37:59 we put tissues and organs because what have here are structures that aren't quite
38:05 . I mean, there's definitely tissue but they're not organized well enough to
38:08 be called an organ. And so just like okay, well, it's
38:12 . Alright. Now there are two types of structures. Or we classify
38:17 lymphatic into two types of structures. have primary lymphatic structures and we have
38:23 lymphatic structures. And I said when dealing with the immune system, we're
38:27 with primarily with police forces or All right. And so I want
38:32 use that that imagery to help you primary and secondary structure. A primary
38:39 like police academy or like boot camp the military. Alright. This is
38:44 place where you're going to actually create cells that are responsible for the immune
38:52 . Alright, so, primary structures gonna be making and maturing the lymphocytes
38:59 there's two primary lymphatic structures. This just one of those things you
39:04 We have red marrow is one and thymus is the other. All
39:11 And where do we find red marrow the bone. Alright. We're gonna
39:15 about where in the bone in just second. Alright. Secondary lymphatic structures
39:19 where we do surveillance. Okay. , now you've got your badge.
39:26 ? Now you're being sent off to . This is where you are now
39:30 for the bad guys. All So, that's what the secondary structures
39:33 . So, this is where you're house the lymphocytes and other immune cells
39:38 other immune sites are going to be in these structures as well. And
39:42 job is to sit there and mark watch the fluid flowing through and looking
39:46 those things that shouldn't be there. right. And if they do,
39:53 attack it. So, the secondary include things like your lymph nodes,
39:59 your spleen, include your tonsils, these structures that are referred to as
40:04 nodules, and ultimately will call these that are referred to as the lymphatic
40:10 . So, I have one up called the malt. Alright. That's
40:13 mucosa associated lymphatic tissue. We'll see whole thing spelled out in just a
40:19 . Um But any place where you're see these aggregates of lymphatic tissues are
40:24 to as secondary lymphatic structures. so, primary red sorry, red
40:34 marrow and thymus. And so, gonna start with the red bone
40:38 Alright, This is uh a structure found within the tropically of the spongy
40:44 . So, if you didn't take P one, I encourage you to
40:47 back and take a look at the chapter in uh bone formation and bone
40:54 , really not the bones themselves, just what does this look like?
40:59 to understand where you're located. So, it's gonna be focused on
41:03 bone as adults, you don't have lot of red marrow. It's located
41:06 very specific locations with. So the bone for example is going to be
41:11 the flat bones of the skull. want to go there to get
41:14 It's going to be located in the , the ribs, the sternum is
41:19 place that we can go and grab again. Not a very fun
41:22 The Oscar doxa which are the ox . Do you guys remember the
41:27 Another fun place. And then the the proximal epiphany sees of a humerus
41:34 femur here. The femur. And you're looking at places that are
41:39 really hard to get marrow if you're to do a transplant. So just
41:43 of the hardest places in the body find this stuff. It's like it's
41:47 to get to. Alright, so who gives bone bone marrow transplant,
41:53 really going out of their way. right. So what do we do
41:58 the red bone marrow? Well, red bone marrow is responsible for meta
42:01 and so when we talk about how police is we've already seen all the
42:04 types of cells that are being made , but we're not interested in all
42:08 cells were interested in some very specific were interested in the lymphocytes.
42:14 And the reason we're interested in the because there's two basic types. We
42:19 the T cell and we have the cell? The T cell is named
42:26 T cell because even though it's born the bone bone marrow, it is
42:32 to the thymus for finishing school. of a better term. Alright,
42:38 other words, the thymus is where T. Cell matures and becomes immuno
42:43 cell. The B cell on the hand is born in the bone and
42:48 in the bone and matures in the . And then once it matures and
42:52 it goes to the secondary tissues. you now see where their names come
42:56 . B. For bone T for makes life easy, doesn't it?
43:03 . Okay, so the thymus is weird little structure, you probably never
43:09 think about it. In fact, time I think about the thymus I
43:13 confuse it with the thyroid. Please be like me. All right,
43:18 they're pretty close in terms of where structured and they both begin with th
43:21 that gets kind of confusing sometimes. right, let me just show you
43:25 here. There's your thyroid has nothing do with the immune system or the
43:33 . So ignore it for right our thymus sits down here near the
43:39 , between the lungs, further down trachea. Alright, now, if
43:45 pull it out this is kind of it looks like. Um If you
43:47 at this long enough actually you could turn around and see there's a big
43:51 picture of George Washington in this No one's gonna do. You see
43:54 big picture? You ever noticed that here? He's wearing a cravat and
44:00 kind of what it looks like. this big old, tough looking
44:03 If you see pictures of like the oats guy, you know, it's
44:08 thing that looks, does that kind looks like that, right? So
44:11 kind of looks like this structure and you are born, your thymus grows
44:19 , it just it's huge relative to rest of the size of your
44:23 And it will continue to be very active and very large and very
44:27 , primarily through the early stages of . At which point your body
44:32 well I think we've figured out t well enough and then it begins to
44:36 itself, becomes smaller and smaller and and it replaces all the cells and
44:40 tissues with fat because that's what your does. It does as you get
44:44 , everything gets replaced the fat and sucks because, you know,
44:50 but it's not particularly helpful or functional the adult. Alright. And the
44:57 for that is because we do pretty produce all the immune sites that we're
45:01 need to produce for a lifetime by time we hit puberty. All right
45:07 , the thymus is a unique structure it's one of just very few structures
45:13 the body that are separated from the of your body. It's what we
45:17 it, immuno privileged site. It has what is called a blood
45:24 barrier, or blood in this case a blood thymus barrier. So that
45:28 it's not exposed to the materials in body. It's separated from the rest
45:34 your body in that sense. So anything coming in because it does
45:38 to get blood right? It needs , but it doesn't allow the pathogens
45:44 foreign materials in your blood to find way into those structures. All
45:52 And the reason it needs to do , because the only way to produce
45:55 T cells in your body is to expose it to the weird things of
45:59 world. Alright. We're gonna talk T cell maturation two lectures from
46:05 Okay, So structurally, what we here is that it's encapsulated by connective
46:12 . So that's gonna be the first of its barrier and this connective tissue
46:17 down into the structure, creating these . Alright, so tropically simply is
46:24 a a strand is what what that . And so basically creates these compartments
46:29 we called lobbying. So you can this is a bi lobe by Lobel
46:36 . So there's load number one, load number two and has all these
46:39 tiny compartments. Those are the low . It's in these compartments where we're
46:44 doing a lot of the work of structure. Whenever we're looking at any
46:50 of structure, the outer region is to be referred to as the
46:55 The inner region is referred to as medulla. It's easy to forget.
46:59 those confused the way that I remember for middle. Alright. So when
47:04 look at the low beall, we see we have this outer region that's
47:09 to as the cortex and as you inward, that's where the medulla is
47:13 be. So materials from the blood not gonna be allowed to penetrate through
47:18 because of this barrier between the blood the structures on the inside. In
47:24 words, the end epithelium sit there only permit those things that it wants
47:29 pass in into that structure now. P1 people where did we see a
47:34 barrier before the brain? Right. brain is a unique structure that doesn't
47:41 for pathogens to pass through it. only way that pathogens get in is
47:47 if there's a tear through the blood or if something gets into the into
47:52 cerebral spinal fluid, and then that's all sorts of horrible things happen.
47:57 when you have a blood barrier, means the immune system can't pass it
48:02 . Alright. It's an immuno privileged is what is referred to as All
48:08 ? So, in terms of it's a whole bunch of epithelium,
48:12 produce a whole bunch of hormones that responsible for the T cell maturation
48:16 which we'll get into later. And you're gonna see is you're gonna see
48:20 cells all within this structure that are through this this this maturation process.
48:26 basically starting up as these really naive , you know, naive means,
48:33 mean if someone said you're naive, are they, what are they telling
48:37 ? Not? Stupid. Unknowledgeable. , so there's a distinction,
48:43 A knowledge means you've never been right? You've never been taught.
48:48 so what our t cells are doing they have to go through a process
48:52 being taught. Alright. And so gonna they're gonna mature here in this
48:59 and so in there you're gonna see levels of maturation and once they mature
49:05 they go, so secondary lymphatic structures a little bit different. So you
49:12 over here, you know, we this kind of cortex region, medulla
49:16 , we have these ridiculous, we've cells jammed in there. If you
49:19 closely, you'll see that there's some vessels as well. I'm trying to
49:22 where I can see one. Um , there's a core puzzle right
49:26 So they're just there, it's all up and so, you know,
49:29 basically maturing this, you've had this space, you have cells that are
49:35 and they're gonna be leaving as a after the maturation process. And what
49:39 gonna do is you're gonna arrive in that kind of look like this and
49:42 again is not every tissue looks like . This is just an electron
49:46 Trying to show you the mesh and network of what secondary lymphatic tissue
49:52 Alright. And so here you're not see lymphocytes, but you'll see macrophages
49:57 dendritic cells. So, a macrophage a mono site that has matured and
50:03 two different types of macrophages. One those macrophages that hang out in the
50:08 and don't ever move. We refer them as residents. So you'll see
50:12 macrophage sometimes they'll have other names as . And what they do is they
50:17 there and they just surveil it's let me see what what crosses my
50:22 . If something that's not supposed to their crosses my path, what do
50:25 do grab it and I gobble it . Big page eater, right?
50:33 me, I'm a big eater. right. The other types of cells
50:38 dendritic cells. Alright, when you the word dendrite, what do you
50:41 of? Do you think of little arms? Right. You think of
50:47 dendrites probably of the of the Those are those little tiny arms.
50:51 cells look like that they look like . Alright. Not pretty starfish,
50:55 the ones with like the thing. what they do is their arms are
50:58 there like this and they're kind of catch and they're just trying to see
51:02 anything comes my way that I can that's not supposed to be here.
51:06 grab it. And what I'm gonna is I'm gonna hand it off to
51:09 immune in sight. And I wanna that immune insight. No, here's
51:14 that shouldn't be here. And then immune insight is shouldn't recognize. It
51:19 will be uh be activated so that can attack it. So these are
51:24 type of what we refer to as antigen presenting cell and we'll see that
51:29 come up over and over again. . So they capture things that they
51:33 be here and they present them to immune insights primarily in the lymph
51:39 All right. So then you have immune cells that might be located within
51:44 . And what we're looking at here this network of articular fibers. And
51:48 if you sat here in A and . Wanna go, why do I
51:50 to learn all the different types of tissue? Because the primary lymphatic tissues
51:55 primarily ridiculous sites. Or not ridiculous . Reticulated nature. There's basically these
52:01 on which cells just kind of hang . So you can imagine fluid flows
52:06 in that space and gives them the to be able to access that
52:12 Now. Secondary lymphatic structures are either to be organs or what they're gonna
52:17 is they're gonna be not as well . And so we just refer to
52:21 as tissue or nodules. Alright. if you have a capsule we refer
52:30 as an organ. Complete capsules are be like the lymph nodes and the
52:34 . So what we're gonna do is gonna look at the lymph node and
52:36 once we look at the lymph we'll see that have the spleen
52:39 It's like, oh, they're exactly same in terms of their organization.
52:43 don't do the same thing. Otherwise would be both lymph nodes. But
52:48 they're very, very similar if you're a capsule or if you have an
52:52 capsule, that's just kind of the or this nodule. So when you
52:56 about your tonsils, everyone here still their tonsils who didn't have tonsils.
53:01 don't have tonsils. Alright. We're cool kids rest of y'all. You
53:07 find stuff, we have to work . You'll see why in a second
53:11 . Alright. Actually there's a lot than just the valentines, which is
53:14 they cut out tonsils. We have malt, we have the gulf,
53:17 have the we're not gonna talk about and all these other different types of
53:21 that are located all over the All right, not as well
53:25 Don't have capsules or have a partial . So let's start here with the
53:31 nodes. All of your body vary size and number. They're basically found
53:40 the length of the lymphatic vessels, vessels are traveling, you'll interrupt them
53:46 the way with lymph lymph nodes, can see in this picture kind of
53:49 they're located. There's some that are near the surface. There are some
53:52 are located deep within the body. and they're typically found in clusters.
53:57 so they're specifically located to serve as site of intercept in very, very
54:03 locations. All right. So you you'll see them embedded in connective tissue
54:08 you're not gonna be easy to find right? You have to kind of
54:12 around for them. But you will these very large clusters in some very
54:17 areas. So if you look here can see we have them in the
54:21 region. We have them over here the axillary region. We have them
54:25 here in the inguinal region and then have them here in the abdominal
54:28 in the mezzanine terry. Now, are four locations. What do these
54:36 locations have in common. What do think? It's like? Weird.
54:44 do you think? Say you say again, locate the middle of
54:51 Alright. What else? What I someone where you move. Okay.
54:56 . So let's think about what a node does remember. It's part of
55:00 lymphatic system. We know that we the lymphatic play a role in immune
55:05 but we don't know how yet. what do you think immune defense has
55:10 do with the cervical region, The region, the inguinal region as well
55:15 the mesen terek region. They have . Alright. And I know it's
55:23 sometimes it's like really that that's stupid obvious. Yes, but we have
55:28 kind of explain it sometimes. Let walk through. You don't hear live
55:33 the 5 2nd rule. Five second . You know? The five second
55:37 is right, right? You drop heels on the ground, you look
55:39 it, it's like picking up, on it. Eat it right?
55:43 . Five second rule. Right. knows what horrible bacteria hit ever ever
55:48 at a uh fast food restaurant? here worked at a fast food
55:54 Would you eat at your fast food after? See I look at the
55:58 when they do and they're like yeah not gonna tell you what they do
56:01 there. But let's just say there's why they put those signs up.
56:04 wash your hands. Alright. There's real horror story. Are you
56:10 No immune system. Alright, horrible can get into your body because we
56:17 everything into our pie holes. Number two, excellent region. Do
56:24 actually have any holes there? I some very very tiny ones. They're
56:28 basically little tiny pores right there, . Right? But because this is
56:34 space that's hot and warm and I um uh sermon is the word.
56:41 looking at not seb um No it . It's it's not cinnamon basically I'm
56:47 with proteins and fats and stuff. know this is like the ideal location
56:52 bacteria and the bacteria can work its into the slight small tears and
56:57 So this is a really good place bacteria can enter into your body because
57:01 won they reside there to begin And number two you provide them
57:06 And so this is another one. right inguinal area. What's overt about
57:11 one? Any any passageways in your in the England area? We'll just
57:19 with urethra and anus and then vagina do all those three things. Sound
57:26 to you guys. Yeah. So their horrible things that can find their
57:30 to your body in that way. . Right. So let's go ahead
57:34 just put like guard posts right around because really obvious. Alright, Mesen
57:42 , the Mesen terry is the fat surrounds the small intestines and the large
57:47 . Does it make sense that we put guard posts around the gut because
57:54 that we didn't kill or catch here going to find their way down into
57:59 digestive system and it's like that's like ride into the body. So lymph
58:06 are located where the things are gonna into the body. That kind of
58:12 sense. Right. Yeah. All right now you'll find them in
58:19 other places as well. They're located all sorts of areas Now. Let
58:23 just kind of point out what we're here is we're filtering out the
58:28 Alright, this is a filtration the lymph nodes are a secondary structure
58:34 there. A lymphatic second or secondary structure. And so their job is
58:39 surveil to create a place that allows immune insights and lymphocytes to surveil and
58:46 whether or not they need to activate immune response. All right, so
58:50 gotta macrophages that are there. Just of like Alright bring me the
58:54 bring me pathogens. Whatever happens to coming in. I'm just playing
58:58 Alright, Danger. And excels are the same thing. I'm just playing
59:01 . And then the lymphatic cells are there going I'm waiting to be told
59:04 be turned on to be activated. ready for the alarm to go off
59:08 that I can be activated and sent to where the site of infection
59:15 So that's the goal. Anyone here sick this year and felt their glands
59:21 swollen. Those are glands, those your lymph nodes. And what you're
59:28 when those glands swell up when your swell up is the proliferation of
59:35 You know what the word proliferate means to make many of. And so
59:39 you're doing is the nodes getting bid you've alerted the army and they're saying
59:44 need to make more soldiers right And so they start multiplying themselves so
59:49 they can attack that very specific So when you look at the structure
59:53 the lymph node, you need to in terms of those, those different
59:58 that we just described there right. need to have a place where the
60:01 comes in, where that fluid passes the cells and then ultimately serves as
60:06 place where the fluid can then leave then go to the next one.
60:11 that's what the structure looks like Alright. We have a capsule that
60:15 of serves as the boundary or the right? You can see that we
60:20 a little tiny tropically that move inward create these little tiny lobes. These
60:25 areas that can then focus in on activity that we just described. We
60:30 an outer region. What is the outer region called, starts what they
60:36 cortex. Inside region is called the . So we have an outer cortex
60:43 is divided up by these ridiculously, serves as the activation site for the
60:48 cells. So remember B cells are in the bone marrow, what they're
60:53 once they've matured and made they go to a structure like the lymph nodes
60:57 they hang out in the cortex and sit there and they twiddle their thumbs
61:01 they're activated. We'll talk about the later. Alright. But when they're
61:06 , what they do is they want make more of themselves, they clone
61:10 over and over and over again so they have an entire army to attack
61:14 one thing that activated them. Let me put it this way,
61:19 say you want to go beat up . Alright, A bully, A
61:23 who's trying to do horrible things to is are you going to attack one
61:27 after one person? After one I know you want to create an
61:31 of yourself. You want millions of to go and beat up on that
61:34 bully. And that's what the immune is doing. It activates itself and
61:40 and that's why the lymph node gets , really big. All right,
61:44 that's taking place out here. if you look at this, see
61:47 little white patches, those are called germinal centers. That's where the activated
61:52 cells localize. And then they start and then the outer region, this
61:56 where you're gonna have the surveillance immune where the macrophages are hanging out,
62:01 dendritic cells and the t cells are out. And what they're doing is
62:06 just kind of waiting to see what's my way. And how do I
62:11 these B cells in the inner This is where you're gonna start seeing
62:19 these uh cells as they're kind of from point to point to point.
62:24 they basically it's just that lymphoid tissues kind of moving out. So if
62:28 proliferating B cell, what you're doing you're growing and you're moving towards the
62:32 and then you get released and then you go into the body and you
62:38 see here that there's space. So we pointed out the white space in
62:41 , those are the germinal centers, out and around there and that yellow
62:45 in there, those are sinuses. when we hear the word sinus,
62:49 you need to think of is not thing that makes my nose get all
62:52 and stuff. When you think of sinus, it's a space in
62:56 So when we talk about the sinuses our bones, that's an open space
63:00 our bone. And so when we about a sinus and a lymph
63:03 it's an open space. So this where the fluid goes. So the
63:07 is wrapping around cells on these networks there's this open space of sinus.
63:13 we have a cortical sinuses, That's the white and that yellow space
63:17 there's a medullary sinus. So fluid gonna flow. This is just a
63:24 picture, It's the same thing we said, it just kind of shows
63:27 how this cartoon is supposed to match and you can kind of see in
63:31 , do you see the space the stuff? That's the sinus, you
63:34 up here where it's darker, that be the uh the uh proliferation center
63:42 the cortex. Alright. And then here that's that matrix that is sitting
63:46 watching the fluid as it comes So when we look at flow,
63:53 we're gonna see is we're gonna see whole bunch of different vessels entering into
63:56 lymph node. Think of it like all these streets going in the same
64:01 , what's gonna happen when all these converge, everyone keep going the same
64:08 ? What happens? You slow down that's what happens is all this fluid
64:14 to lymph node converges and it all down, which gives the immune
64:20 time to kind of check out what's on. Let's see what's here,
64:25 ? Police checkpoints guys ever ever driven like a drunk driving checkpoint?
64:32 I mean you usually see them kind out in the outskirts and stuff and
64:35 do they do? All the cars to slow down and what are the
64:37 doing? They're just looking for something looks suspicious, right? People sitting
64:43 straight doing this right, all pull them over, they're not looking
64:48 the people who are just like Get me through this, right?
64:52 they know there are certain signs that , hey, this person shouldn't be
64:58 . We need to check this one and that's what we're doing is we're
65:01 everything down so we have time to out the fluid that's passing through and
65:05 that fluid that passes through then exits through an different vessel. So you
65:09 in via a ferret and you move through the ferret and in the process
65:12 gonna pass through the cortex and the . So you're gonna go through the
65:16 , the cortical sinus and then you're ultimately move through the maxillary sinus before
65:21 leave. And then once you go the different you're now in another vessel
65:25 that vessel becomes an apparent vessel for next lymph node. So basically you're
65:30 go from vessel to node, two to node, two vessels and
65:34 And along the way you may not caught. If you're a pathogen in
65:38 first node, you might not be in the second node. You might
65:41 be caught in the third note, you will eventually get caught because eventually
65:47 gonna be a macrophage or an immune that's gonna recognize you and say you
65:53 toast, your trouble and we're gonna and get the whole immune system
66:00 All right. So lymph nodes are in clusters. So with the lymph
66:06 in mind, are we okay with lymph node? Does that kind of
66:08 sense? Those little tiny structures are over your body structurally does the structure
66:13 sense cortex medulla. Tropically capsule germinal . That's a little bit complex.
66:20 basically you have a surveillance center on outside and then you have that germinal
66:23 on the inside where all the cells waiting to be activated. That all
66:26 sense. Kind of sort of everyone trust her, you all all back
66:32 the back. You guys get it , have it over here. You
66:38 get it. So, that's that's danger when you're like, I don't
66:41 then. The question is, is is it that's confusing. Other than
66:46 you just learned it like three seconds , huh? Just lots. I'm
66:54 give you a hint. All This is the hint that you guys
66:58 hearing. Draw it, draw a . Simple. Just draw it
67:05 What are the different parts And what they do? Because if you know
67:08 lymph node, you know the That's where we're going next. The
67:14 . Lymph nodes are located along lymphatic . Okay, the spleen is a
67:23 structure. We don't have lots of . We only have one. And
67:27 located in association with blood vessels. right. You have the splenic
67:34 Splenic artery goes into the spleen. have the splenic vein coming out of
67:39 spleen. Okay, so, single blood vessels. Alright, structurally?
67:46 located on the left side of your . It's sits right over here,
67:50 to the kidney and the stomach. , how do I put this post
67:55 poster or lateral side sits next to diaphragm. So, you can see
67:59 sits right over here, But I mean, internally, in terms
68:03 the mat the micro structure, it's the same thing. I mean,
68:06 still have a capsule. We have ridiculously we have these different regions where
68:11 gonna be germination, and then we're have this particular structure on which immune
68:15 are gonna be localized. Alright. , structurally it's very, very
68:19 It's just now we're dealing with blood of dealing with length. So,
68:24 are we surveilling were surveilling blood? in my blood whenever you're looking at
68:33 organ and you're seeing where the blood enter and nerves enter. That's referred
68:37 as the helium. We're gonna see term again and again and again.
68:40 , just get used to seeing that , The helium. So connective tissue
68:49 . So, you can see in picture here's your connective tissue that right
68:53 ? That would be true, All right. Uh You're gonna see
68:58 it. You're gonna see lymphocytes, , you're gonna see macrophages and other
69:01 sites, just like you saw in node. But there's two regions within
69:08 structure. We have what is called pulp. And we have something called
69:12 pulp. All right. What do think they call it? White pulp
69:15 red pulp? Because when you look a microscope, you see something that
69:21 mean, stain looks a little white then out here looks a little
69:25 That's where the names come from. right. The white pope are like
69:32 germinal centers that are localized in the node here. We have branches,
69:38 splenic artery. So you have the artery comes in and it branches up
69:42 the spleen and those branches penetrate into center of that white pulp.
69:50 And so here is where you're gonna the T. Cells and you're gonna
69:53 B cells and you're gonna see macrophages they're just hanging out and they're looking
69:58 what is that blood bringing within this . Alright. So it's surveilling the
70:04 as it travels in. Alright. then that blood flows through sinuses in
70:11 area. So you can see all space, right? There's all that
70:14 stuff in space. So it flows the little blue things here are supposed
70:18 represent the sinuses in the picture up and so that the blood flows through
70:26 around those immune insights and is watching and then that blood then flows out
70:31 the red pulp. And here you're still have more B cells and macrophages
70:35 stuff. But the other thing that gonna have sitting in here are
70:39 Remember we talked about platelets, we majority of platelets aren't in circulation there
70:43 out in the spleen. So this why it's all red, is because
70:47 those platelets are sitting in there. right, And this is your platelet
70:52 . And so here those capillaries, those that side of space is allowing
71:00 fluid to come through and then it's eventually get picked up in the
71:05 Soy, do you remember that We talked about the capillary sinus
71:09 So the sinus swords form and now picking up fluid and then it's gonna
71:14 up and ultimately going to a small and then eventually joins up with the
71:19 splenic vein and then it leaves. so what the lymph node did for
71:24 lymphatic six, the spleen is doing the blood. So in terms of
71:29 , you're going from the splenic artery these small arteries. These branches are
71:33 central arteries from the central arteries, go into the sinus toys from the
71:37 oils, those join up to form . The venue will ultimately form up
71:41 form the splenic vein. So, watching the blood, looking for things
71:49 shouldn't be there. We're cleansing the . So here we're talking about those
71:54 blood cells, remember we said the is responsible for picking up the old
71:59 dying red blood cells, that's what do. They basically hit in that
72:04 and they start smashing up against the of these blood vessels and in the
72:08 and they tear themselves apart and that's you start cleansing the blood. And
72:15 , we said, it's the storage for the reservoirs. Now, one
72:20 thing about the spleen, this is your insights are produced very early on
72:24 development before you actually have bone So it's an early organ that's formed
72:29 its role kind of switches all I went a little long here,
72:38 I'm gonna just do the tonsils for real quick and then we'll be done
72:45 . I have three slides can we get the three slides since I talk
72:50 . Alright, so tonsils real These are are not quite organs are
72:54 more of a tissue. They have incomplete capsules, they're three pairs of
72:58 . You're most familiar with the The palantine is what those of us
73:02 got our tonsils taken out. Those to sit on the sides of your
73:06 right here. Kind of guard post make sure that the five second rule
73:10 get trapped in them. But we have one that's lingual that's further back
73:13 the tongue. And we have one up near the nasal cavity. This
73:18 is referred to as the forensic. , so nasopharynx. Alright. So
73:23 we're doing is we're protecting what we're what we're consuming and what makes them
73:29 is that they have this capsule, ? But what they have are these
73:34 so food particles and horrible nasty things trapped in them. And really what
73:39 looking for are those things that would uh pathogenic to your body. Should
73:45 getting trapped in there. This is bacteria would kind of hang out and
73:48 that bacteria are being exposed specifically to lymphocytes in these germinal centers and that
73:54 up the immune system so that your knows how to fight things.
74:00 So the things we put in our are alerting our immune system through the
74:06 . And then if you look at structurally, you'll see that they have
74:08 little nodules everywhere. Those are where gonna see these scattered lymphocytes with those
74:14 centers. So counsels fairly simple, . They're protecting against what I'm
74:22 The last little bit here is we're deal with the malt. There's others
74:25 these. These are just found all the body. These are lymphatic
74:30 What we're looking at this picture is digestive system and you can see each
74:34 these little circles right here is the nodules. So this right here would
74:38 the outer wall of the small There's your smooth muscle, this is
74:43 epithelium and up here would be the . And so what you can see
74:47 the lymphatic tissue sits between the lumen the rest of your body. It
74:52 a line of defense against the things you're trying to put through your body
74:56 the digestive system. And this is only place where you're gonna find this
75:01 of tissue. You have it in eye, You have it throughout the
75:05 , you have it um in the system, you have it in the
75:10 track, You have it in your . This stuff is everywhere To prevent
75:15 sorts of horrible things happening. You a line of defense between you and
75:20 outside world through these types of And again, what do you have
75:25 here? You have scattered immune You have macrophages and all they're doing
75:30 they're looking for those things that shouldn't there to alert your system to create
75:36 t cells that can then fight things are going to attack your body over
75:41 over and over again. So when come back, I'm sorry. It
75:45 so long. I'll get all the up because I'm an idiot. When
75:49 get back, we're gonna start dealing the immune system specifically and how it
75:53 and how your body is protected against . It's really
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