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BIOL 2321_Microbiology for Science Majors - 2321_MW4_4_25_23_Lecture
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00:19 Ok, folks. Um, So we are winding down.
00:27 so, so we'll, um, through most of the diseases we have
00:35 . We'll get through fitness and then leave a couple for, um,
00:44 . So Thursday session won't be, , certainly not take up the entire
00:49 time. So let me 30 minutes or take. Um, anyway,
00:57 , let's see. So usual But, oh, I,
01:02 was informed this morning. Oh, earlier class, a student said that
01:07 , um, um, coursework, , will be open tonight for,
01:13 exam four. So, for the , uh, 10th, 11th,
01:17 last exam that the sign up will tonight is what she said.
01:22 um, anyway, so if you're about a certain time slot, then
01:31 , uh, you know, obviously to be up tonight. So,
01:35 , but I'll, I'll mention that send it in this week's email.
01:40 , which is, I'll send it tomorrow, I think. Uh,
01:43 anyway, so, yeah, of , we're opens tonight to sign up
01:46 the last exam. Uh, let's . So, you know, quiz
01:50 up, it's gonna be more So, um, 20 something questions
01:56 something like that. And then, , this Friday through Monday and then
02:00 work, the last one, last assignments are due and those are like
02:04 two separate days. May one and . It's Monday, Tuesday. So
02:08 will wrap that up. Um, . Uh, let's see. Let
02:14 think else. I, so what we? That's a question coming
02:22 Uh, oh, well, let's and do it and I'll make a
02:24 of other things. So take a . So as you're um putting together
02:33 , you haven't yet when you get chapter 26 you start organizing stuff,
02:40 to remember a table is probably the way to do it, to organize
02:46 that 26 to me is, is like memorizing stuff. Um But,
02:52 know, we know the pathogen the disease um in some cases,
02:59 diseases uh factors and these, the ones are many suggestions. I probably
03:07 to this a couple more columns. uh obviously that's up to you,
03:12 it seems to be a logical way deal with this information. Um And
03:17 about, you know, there's disease and yada, yada. But then
03:23 about what's common among pathogens um to producers, some are to and
03:31 some are um have other similarities. kind of think about that too.
03:40 right, let's count down here let's see. So the pseudomembrane is
04:18 . So that's that um lesion up in the back of the throat during
04:23 infection with diphtheria, uh can often up, not necessarily block the airway
04:32 can certainly impair breathing. So, so again, that that would be
04:36 that column of uh probably be features of disease to the membrane.
04:44 So, uh just to recap when started this section, so we were
04:53 the antibiotics, we went to uh the soft tissue infections of staff.
05:01 strep we had the um um very tissue. Remember these are about,
05:12 know, especially more deeper type of . Of course, it's all driven
05:18 the types of factors that have uh staff time. Um Then we went
05:28 , we begin respiratory tract. So and lower if the defining line there
05:35 kind of the nasal therapy area, call it uh there and above this
05:41 respiratory system to the bronchial tubes that's the direction which we will start
05:47 today. Um So we got a , I mean, um, so
05:57 wanna have these two left over So, um, all right,
06:07 cough. So there was actually a , the previous lab, they had
06:11 cough, but she had it as adult. Well, and um anybody
06:17 had a whooping cough that you recall a little baby if I don't
06:22 Um, but she had that, described that she described it was exactly
06:26 symptoms of that that you get with disease. Um The, so this
06:33 uh A B B um negative. it kind of has that short rod
06:40 . That's what Coco bacillus is. not, you know, a,
06:43 large rod, a kind of in shape, but it is considered a
06:47 . Nonetheless, in any case, is a um uh this like many
06:55 pathogens, um particularly those that, fact, a lower respiratory tract effect
07:02 different ways that mucociliary escalator, that's major defense that you have uh to
07:12 things out of the box. And a combination of cells that have these
07:19 that constantly move, but also the . Um and it's not just,
07:25 it's actually the, the consistency of mucus can affect how well the mechanism
07:31 too as we'll see when we look pneumonia. Uh But both of those
07:35 together, movement of material trapping and moving the material. That's what those
07:40 things do. And so when you inhibit it or affect its function,
07:47 that can lead to um infection by of these pathogens. So, um
07:53 so Ella is a toxin producer produces toxins and um one of these affects
08:00 cells that produce aylia. Ok. So we go through different stages with
08:07 cough. So like, I probably all the conditions they usually all
08:14 with what looks like just like, my cold, right? So kind
08:17 like a runny nose, mild coaling kind of get a tired feeling,
08:23 is malaise is kind of the term use to describe, you know,
08:26 or fatigued feeling, um, brought my, my infection but relatively have
08:34 . But, you know, from point where you go, obviously,
08:39 on the nature of the disease, it a common cold? Really don't
08:42 much worse. Is it something flu it could be a little bit
08:46 Is it whooping cough? Yes, , much worse. So that kind
08:50 that goes again to what are the that the pathogen is? What is
08:54 pathogen? What are the virulence And so with this one, of
08:58 , so the the trachea to kill us is toxic is one that I
09:07 is like a um protein synthesis uh lethal the cells. And so
09:14 can actually uh travel through the body cause damage the um so the little
09:21 . Ok. So again, what more kind of benign common cold is
09:26 stage? But what's going on is has infected uh uh begin to colonize
09:35 that Nicoli escalator area. Ok, your throat and then begins to
09:41 toxins, begin to accumulate. You don't really see the bad effects
09:45 the system stage. And so that's by, by you've accumulated these
09:50 you kill off these uh tracheal Um now that mechanism, this mechanism
09:58 defense doesn't really work that well. uh mucus begins to accumulate, you
10:04 to cough it out, but you have that action of that the CIA
10:08 , and not working properly. So have a characteristic um whooshing sound when
10:16 breathe. That's that what the power from. And uh you get these
10:21 co thats trying to expel this So if you are a infant that
10:27 actually be a a side effect, to speak, that can be really
10:32 because the baby is violently shaking his her head during these periods, which
10:37 produce brain damage, neurological damage in cases. So, um the girl
10:43 , the young lady who described her symptoms, she was, you
10:47 your age, same thing, the coughing fits. Um And that,
10:53 takes a toll, you know, you've had a bad flu, you've
10:56 coughing a lot and that in itself you out, right? But you
11:00 imagine with these, these violent coughing , it's even worse. Uh And
11:06 , you know, recovering from that a while. And so the convalescence
11:09 , she said it took her three to, to get back to
11:13 Uh I remember she was never named , so to speak because she was
11:18 antibiotics. But just the the recovery the strain of going through something like
11:23 uh takes a toll. So, you know, of course, it
11:27 , it's treatable with antibiotics, of , it's preventable with vaccination. Um
11:34 um the, the you know, can progress toward that toxin of pain
11:39 throughout the body. Certainly, it's more uh a killer um of
11:47 if you're young infants, younger um with not the fully developed immune
11:52 , then they can suffer the worst here. But um, like I
11:56 , it's preventable, treatable the So remember the, um I think
12:00 it may even be called, may flipped the letters around to T
12:05 Um But nonetheless, so the initial was this for years, which then
12:12 to this form. Um There was surge in the number of cases of
12:19 cough about 10 years ago, among to 12 year olds. And that
12:26 traced to this vaccine, the D P which I kind of um waned
12:33 its effectiveness. And so those kids gotten vaccinated when they were younger,
12:39 course, even 10, 111 year or so. And so the effectiveness
12:45 the vaccine only last apparently about 10 . And that's when you see some
12:48 the surge of cases occur and they the vaccine to be one that's more
12:56 , more immunogenic better response. And that's not uncommon the vaccines to do
13:01 , right. And so this brings a point and not nothing either
13:07 but there are the fact that you have that information to know that,
13:13 , there's a surge in disease in of cases we're seeing and, and
13:18 falls in kind of the realm of . But we only are aware of
13:24 things because there are can't remember the , but there's a, a lot
13:30 infectious diseases that by law have to reported. So if you're working in
13:35 doctor's office or clinic or what have , and there's a confirmed case of
13:40 infectious disease that has to be And all that data is is provided
13:46 um the CDC. OK, which Center for Disease Control, which I'm
13:51 , you know, and then they weekly reports, uh M M W
13:58 for sure. It's morbidity and mortality the report. So it's all the
14:04 diseases. Uh you know, and we on a weekly basis,
14:09 track if there's something to see something that's maybe going up or whatever.
14:14 At the end of the end of year, they always have like
14:17 a year in report summer report of infectious diseases. We know of a
14:22 of cases that have occurred over the and all, you know, through
14:27 track the, the geographically state, areas of the United States, et
14:33 . So it can give you a good picture of what's going on out
14:36 in for infectious diseases. So quite helpful, certainly when making us
14:42 . Ok, here's something surging. it like a, is it like
14:45 geographical contact to it for some reason , you know, and knowing that
14:50 going up. So these are these are all things we want to
14:53 to certainly, to keep us control it as best we can, we
15:00 . So, anyway, so I let me get back on track
15:01 So, um, ok, so is, uh, so pneumonia.
15:11 , so whooping cough, for is a very specific disease,
15:14 Single pathogen causes it very characteristic, , symptoms, right? Um,
15:21 pneumonia by contrast is um not caused one specific organ, many things cause
15:29 mouth. Ok. And so it be, I think protozoal, certainly
15:35 um bacterial viral. Um, there's lot of you can see the different
15:42 in this chart here. Ok. number one in terms of cause
15:48 ok, like a quarter of the I think are due to streptococcus
15:55 And so, um it has, of course, a capsule is very
16:03 in terms of its um girl fat also has like these m proteins.
16:08 the streptococcus 10.5. Um, it has another one called, um,
16:15 too can affect that mu mucociliary uh . It has this one called
16:23 new mo A cell. This is that actually can effect of cell just
16:32 the uh whooping toxin can. So can affect the the uh functioning of
16:39 cilium. Um So typically, uh , staph, streptococcal pneumonia and most
16:49 bacterial pneumonia um occur as a secondary . So, you may have
16:55 bad, cold, bad flu and you handle something like that, if
17:02 have a cold, cold flu in bed, whatever, you can't take
17:07 because it, it's a, it's virus. Right? So, what
17:11 , if they were taking care of ? What do they tell you?
17:14 lots of, yeah. Take drink orange juice or water. What
17:23 ? Right. Most of us don't that enough. So that affects the
17:30 . Ok. The consistency, the you the mucus gets thicker, can
17:36 , it gets thicker. So that doesn't work as well, right?
17:40 plus if it has this growing back pneumolysis affecting a Celia that even further
17:47 , can um um inhibit that mechanism it to cause disease, a secondary
17:54 . So, uh so, you , getting over the flu or cold
17:57 have, you can often lead to secondary infection and 30 or 40% of
18:04 population just carries the strip accomplished pneumonia the throat. So it's there,
18:09 ? Uh under the right circumstances, it can cause a secondary infection which
18:14 often worse. The second that pneumonia typically much worse than having a bad
18:19 flu and can lead to hospitalization. so um what happens is um if
18:26 get into your long bypass that and just in the fence and they get
18:31 your, then uh that triggers you have macrophages in there wandering around
18:38 they can begin to phase the ties that will initiate the whole inflammatory response
18:44 . And so uh fluid build not occur. So, remember,
18:48 right, manipulates some of those factors they their blood vessels and cause fluid
18:53 come out. And so of neutrophils, that's what you see here
18:57 the picture corner. Uh these are PM MS are neutrophils. So we
19:04 to flood the area uh for the which is re strep grand positives or
19:12 . The streptococcal pneumonia tend to be diplo pair pairs. And uh so
19:19 folks then the fluid, so you the x-ray, they call this um
19:24 bar. You know, it's very to have both lungs affected, you
19:29 one or the other. OK. so you can see the chest x-ray
19:34 obviously partial covering. I think the of shadowy area here that's this fluid
19:40 up of bacteria and macrophages, fluid characteristics of what you'd see in a
19:48 with pneumonia. OK. So, you know, it, it
19:52 you know if um it can be situation where you go to the hospital
19:56 because you have trouble breathing, you get that fluid out of the
19:59 et cetera. OK. It is . I still think it's treatable with
20:04 . Uh There is a vaccine, vaccine though is more for uh people
20:12 age. So it's recommended when you're 50 or more to get the
20:17 The P PB vaccine, which is there's a number of uh it's to
20:21 capsule, there's like a number of variants. So the vaccine itself is
20:26 multivalent, we call it, it , it has the various antigen types
20:30 there. So you can protect against various uh the different variations. Um
20:37 it's also if, if it's I mean, maybe if you begin
20:42 get treatment, it can still spread meningitis, which we'll talk about in
20:47 little bit. Uh It's the number cause of meningitis right behind the,
20:53 one I'm not sure if you have that requires it. Uh Does U
20:59 require the, the meningitis vaccine or this recommended? Is required?
21:04 So is, is required some, recommended. But um uh so my
21:11 , that's what you got the vaccine . So that's number one, this
21:13 is number two in terms of Um So um what else I wanna
21:20 about this? I think that it was any, any questions
21:25 Yeah. So uh here's a So again, this is kind of
21:32 to know about these different diseases and , right? Reservoirs, right?
21:38 , oh I got a list right . That's what we've covered so
21:45 But these, so what would be reservoir? OK. Let's count down
22:48 . Yeah, it's, it's other , humans have a reservoir for all
22:52 , right? Um This is the . So we're gonna look at uh
22:57 that's not humans aren't a reservoir. it's um legionella. OK. This
23:05 kind of found pretty widespread in the uh using freshwater environments. Um It's
23:13 it's, it's one of these that's intracellular um facultative intracellular pathogen. And
23:20 it lives, goes inside your OK. It actually in the environment
23:24 in an amoeba. OK? For most part. And so um it's
23:31 gram negative. It has uh so can see um the organism side here
23:39 this is a and so the strange about it, it, it,
23:46 contract it through uh air typically linked , to these commercial uh H VAC
23:57 . So H VAC is your right? AC heating and in commercial
24:04 , of course, they're bigger, units are bigger because you have to
24:07 cold, cold air to, you , or heat to uh lots of
24:11 , right? Typically uh uh hotels these kind of things. Uh but
24:15 um not just the hotel room but also uh hot tubs,
24:22 things like that. Um These all water. So I'm not gonna go
24:28 the discussion of heat exchange and how H VAC system works. But,
24:32 they rely on uh a cooling tower , which has water and involves uh
24:41 that water and then it creates like aerosols of the water and then that
24:47 the air. And so then you fans blowing this cool air now through
24:53 system, right? Hotel rooms, have you, right, part of
24:56 , the ac right, providing a air. And so if those cooling
25:02 , those receptacles holding the water, those things are disinfected and drained out
25:08 disinfected, that's where these things can , right? Even forming bio phones
25:13 cases. Ok. And so now have a mechanism right to transport this
25:21 the air and how many rooms are with that, right? So it
25:25 spread, affect the number of people , very quick. Ok.
25:33 um, so here's an example of killing car, right? So,
25:39 , ok, so this disease first to prominence in about 40 years
25:47 Ok. I mean, it's always out there. We just never had
25:50 kind of outbreak like we saw 40 ago. So that was, let
25:54 go ahead, let's say let me show you real quick. So every
25:58 you'll find multiple outbreaks, not necessarily ones, but outbreaks usually related to
26:05 . Um, let's see, uh system to uh uh H VAC
26:12 Uh um cool hot tub. hot tub. So you, this
26:22 just, this is from 2019 and looked for 2022 is not the same
26:26 like six or seven or eight of things. Ok. Um Yeah,
26:31 as I said, 40 years ago when this four years ago, 50
26:34 ago um outbreak in 7, So in 1976 was a huge year
26:43 the United States because that is if you remember, uh, 17
26:51 . All right. Minus 1976 200 , right? Bicentennial. So,
26:58 your, see, I'm probably younger I'm probably older than your parents.
27:03 , ask your grandparents, I guess how it's frightening. So, about
27:07 , 1976 the year of Rocky was , anybody know the movie Rocky.
27:15 yes. Um, uh, so 1976 obviously, you know,
27:22 was all kinds of stuff. and, um, Philadelphia, right
27:26 the Liberty Bell is, right? , they had a convention.
27:31 I mean, the disease was, so prominent, they may, you
27:33 , cover of Time magazine, you , you, you used to have
27:37 go to a, a newsstand and magazines, right? And nowadays on
27:42 cell phone. Anyway, um, what happened was pretty much kind of
27:48 perfect store. Ok. So you to fix this agent that could travel
27:54 an H VAC system system. Then have a hotel who didn't take care
28:01 that system. Ok. So you're this organism through the ventilation system and
28:07 filling up the hotel with American Legion . All right. If you know
28:13 about American Legion, it's veterans of War, I guess it used to
28:17 World War Two or World War Ok. So you're filling that place
28:22 with old people. OK. Each probably underlying many with underlying conditions already
28:29 types, OK. Uh Compromised immune and throw them in a, throw
28:35 in a, in a place that's know where this infectious agents being sprayed
28:40 . OK. So of course, is what happened, right? So
28:45 and 82 this is all trace of hotel, right? 100 and 82
28:49 out of 2000 came down with 30 almost 30 died. So,
28:55 so again, they trace it to cooling system, all right. And
28:57 organism that lives inside these amoeba and so it infects your infects you,
29:04 in your cells, your macrophages triggers . Um So again, it's a
29:10 disease. It's a type, this what we call is what we
29:14 I don't know if I have the here, but it's called a,
29:18 I mention it? Yeah, atypical ? Ok. So in terms of
29:28 , we, by this time, knew so much about streptococcus pneumonia been
29:34 for decades and you know, any of pneumonia it causes, that's what
29:38 call the typical pneumonia. Ok. anything that kind of deviated from
29:45 that actually was not as serious as, as the coccal pneumonia,
29:51 call those atypical or you may have the term walking pneumonia. Ok.
29:55 it represents a more or less serious of the condition. And you
30:00 for people who have immune systems legion is typically is a cause problems,
30:07 ? Um, you get kind of mild effects of pneumonia and then you
30:10 over it, right? But you know, the perfect storm we
30:14 showed you here people with immune systems yeah, you're gonna get the brunt
30:19 the bad effects. And so, , it's still, each year accounts
30:24 the percentage of almost 10% of the of pneumonia. And so, and
30:29 , this, this value right here gonna be for those that are likely
30:34 this kind of category of more elderly underlying conditions, that kind of
30:39 Um But it is prevented, uh through basically maintaining your system.
30:45 hot tub, the cooling towers, , disinfecting these kind of things.
30:51 ? Um It's, it is treatable antibiotics still. Um But again,
30:58 , you see these outbreaks sporadically here there usually related to some kind of
31:03 hot tub hotel and that kind of . Um ok. So now we're
31:10 leave the lungs and go into the I tract. Ok. So like
31:16 I tract like respiratory infections, G tract is primarily viruses, viral.
31:23 . Um Usually the viral version is less severe form. It's when the
31:28 come in or protozoans um gives you worse effects. Ok. And we
31:36 heard the term stomach flu that's, primarily due to this one. Uh
31:42 . Ok. Uh Probably almost every baby kid has had this.
31:51 Um, highly infectious but not lethal . Although you can, um depending
31:58 severity, you can like get a , especially with little kid, you
32:02 , but usually they, they do with it. Um, the neuro
32:09 is very close related cousin to the but heard cases of cruise ship where
32:15 been some kind of a similar outbreak gastro test gastroenteritis is kind of the
32:21 term. Um, that's typically due the neuro virus. You see
32:25 but again, similar in terms of these G I tract infections are common
32:30 that the effects are dehydration, loss water and diarrhea. Ok.
32:35 where it can escalate from, there be that plus um more severe uh
32:42 severe water loss uh accompanied by severe cramping. These are kind of
32:48 more worst effects. Ok. Uh , it depends on the pathogen type
32:53 the factors. Ok. So we of break down uh the bacterial types
33:00 two camps. Um So this again back to the those types that can
33:07 inside cells, right? Your intracellular . Ok. So um other bacterial
33:15 . So what we call invasive, ? Those are ones that have the
33:19 can get into the cells, hide , maybe even use that as a
33:23 to spread throughout the body. And some are some aren't OK. With
33:29 coli you have often have with the types, these four letter designations,
33:35 E C and all the abbreviations stand E Coli. But you can have
33:41 E I, you can have E uh you can even go into U
33:49 and some other U names I can't of all of them, about seven
33:53 eight different ones. The U is because E coli also causes urinary tract
33:57 . So you can have ural pathogenic coli uo invasive and blah,
34:02 blah. So just different names for different types of uh pathogen strains.
34:09 , um uh OK. So the and tia and semi losis that's often
34:18 in uh chickens. And so these factory farms that, that cultivate
34:24 which is like a a billion of things stuffed in these warehouses,
34:28 All crunched up together. Uh You antibiotics to, to slow this.
34:33 , if, if you get a outbreak, they can spread so quickly
34:37 these, in these uh in these . Um And so it's that one
34:44 , it's very acid acid resistant. , in all these um g tract
34:51 have that feature because they have to into your digestive system, which initially
34:56 very acidic, right? It's kind a P H one. OK.
35:00 they can um they, they're able tolerate that. Plus they often have
35:06 or burs factors for them to stick your intestinal wall. Um And
35:11 some have toxins. Some don't, toxin here, the toxin um that
35:18 protein synthesis So we can, it can still kill cells very often
35:23 you have a toxin involved like this is what creates the blood that
35:27 occur as a result of the of infection. Um And so this actually
35:33 in but it's able to do the gene transfer. So, because e
35:40 salmonella sula are all very closely related they often pass these kinds of genes
35:46 them. Um And here's just, seen this before. It's just an
35:51 of, here's a salmonella, here's intestinal wall and it can uh do
35:57 transit tosis thing, right? And into the other side. So remember
36:02 your intestines are very highly vascularized, of pail areas to facilitate transfer of
36:09 to your tissues, lymphatic system also . And so cells can hit a
36:15 , get out through chaos, get your bloodstream, lymphatic system travel throughout
36:20 body. Ok. That will certainly um increase the, the severity of
36:28 disease doing that by going through your now. Ok. Um OK.
36:34 non-invasive types. So this is our friend. Oh, 157.
36:39 right. Some Chipotle executive ever heard recordings as many times as I
36:47 Chipotle E Coli I might be sued now. But um the uh that
36:54 is uh a toxin producer as does mean kind of um juicing
37:02 so to speak. Ok. Um , and so it's easy enough to
37:08 about with the oh 157, for , that you eat, it's a
37:15 born. All of these are food or, or uh from contending to
37:20 sources typically. Uh but the you can think of a reservoir is
37:24 cow is a reservoir for this cattle unaffected by it. They just carry
37:30 . Ok. So if you eat contaminated, that makes sense.
37:35 It's, it's lives in a cow you get meat that's not properly handled
37:39 the animals slaughtered. And uh then might come down with it and that's
37:44 . Oh, 15 oh 157 has transmitted through contaminated meat as well.
37:51 . And you go, ok. , that makes sense. But how
37:54 the heck can something that lives in cow end up on my lettuce,
37:59 ? Because a number of the cases the Chipotle out, right? Were
38:02 to produce. Um Well, that's hard to fathom because cattle do
38:11 right? Plop, plop on the here and there, right? And
38:16 if you have water runoff or what have you that can carry that
38:20 nearby farms, right? That they're crops or even on the same area
38:25 the cattle are erased. And so but then you have to remember how
38:31 hands does this go through before it on your fork? Boom,
38:39 people that pick it, distributors, cetera. So you gotta, you
38:43 to care has to be taken the way to minimize transmission of, of
38:49 these types of agents. And so , if you, when you buy
38:53 in a store, wash it your own, your own thing.
38:58 anyway, so the, so one that's kind of, I should have
39:04 out the whole name, but in you forgot the s there for
39:09 OK. So this one is unusual the other. So the other one
39:15 the E coli and salmonella. These all get into you through eating contaminated
39:22 or water. So the cells are you growing in your gut.
39:28 So they're built for that for that environment, right? Acid tolerant.
39:34 , et cetera. Staff is staff is not built for that.
39:39 ? So you can't eat ingest staph get a infection. What you can
39:46 is the en endotoxin they produce. the classic example of this kind of
39:54 food poisoning if you will is um salad at the picnic. Ok.
40:03 a person prepares it, you you peel potatoes, top them
40:07 right? You typically don't wear OK? And then um then you
40:13 you uh have it sitting on a picnic or whatever sitting out there,
40:19 ? And cells are grow up, so stas in there can begin to
40:24 , produce toxin. Then you ingest food and you eat the toxin uh
40:30 with it, that's how you get gastroenteritis. Ok. Not from these
40:36 but themselves that you ingest but from toxin they leave behind. Ok.
40:42 Z types. So, uh, cryptosporidium. So very often there's
40:49 there's amoebic dysentery, there's, bacillary, dysentery bacteria. When you
40:56 that, that's typically some of the effects of G I tract infection.
41:01 typically, so be cramping uh uh, most dysentery produce, produce
41:08 of water loss. Um, and among the protozoans, probably Giardia
41:18 there's like something like 300 million cases so worldwide each year. Um
41:25 water contained water. Um It's a common worldwide cause this is the
41:34 Um in terms of protozoans, it the most I tract infections. This
41:39 r um like most Puerto zols, gonna have a convoluted life cycle in
41:49 cases. Ok. Involving different very often different forms. Ok.
41:54 you see here, this word OK. That's common for these types
42:01 protozoic. So you have like what's a trophy stage. Uh a Mroz
42:08 , uh they can undergo schizogony, is where they multiply their nuclei,
42:12 very weird and um malaria, for , goes to mosquitoes, then they
42:19 your red blood cells, then it to your liver and pesos. So
42:23 has point of different hosts and different in many cases. And so uh
42:28 and many of them can form a . So a cyst is kind of
42:33 dormant form. They they kind of a pseudo spores or something.
42:38 So the cyst is kind of um , they're in the feces and so
42:43 feces contaminates water, for example. that's how you can ingest these
42:47 And um the um gets in your , it attaches to your gut many
42:55 the attachment to your intestines ca triggers and issues as well. And so
43:02 sit there, the simply kind of break apart the cyst. So then
43:06 begins to grow. And so a stage operative part of the world there
43:11 troph. So I mean, that to eat. So it's kind of
43:14 the feeding stage for this thing and it begins to grow multiply and uh
43:21 it's you do like with most of , with all these um you don't
43:28 treat um you don't give antibiotics, ? Because most of them are caused
43:32 viruses, ok? Um You, just really just give supportive care.
43:39 ? And so it's what we I'm sure, you know, rehydration
43:42 , right? Just give electrolytes. would have salts and water,
43:47 Just rehydrate the person. OK? And you just let it run its
43:54 , right? You typically over it two or three days, usually,
43:58 . Now, obviously, if a uh has gastroenteritis and they're suffering the
44:05 effects, they're already immuno compromised, . So, you know, they're
44:10 get the worst of this. That , yeah, of course. You
44:12 to give antibiotics. But uh a you, if you do diagnose as
44:18 , if it's viral, you, not sure what therapies there are for
44:23 , but generally the viral forms don't you the serious effects like this.
44:25 usually the bacterial or protozoal types that give these worst effects. Um Let's
44:34 . Um Anything else? Yeah, course. Yeah. Yeah. I
44:44 you have, yeah, I think variations of toxin producers, nontoxic
44:49 Yeah. Yeah. And you have . OK. So um let's look
44:57 this question, see what kind of we know here. OK. So
45:04 infamous, infamous figures, history all this in common and let's see here
45:33 all of them less. So Julius , I think, but I think
45:39 in life, all of them are by mental issues. Ok? Um
45:47 usually, usually later in life, thought that uh this contributed to their
46:05 and I can't speak for Ivan the or Julius Caesar. But I know
46:09 Hitler wasn't a 5 80. That's be cap is in the Caesars
46:26 Sure. Yeah. See all that had had syphilis. So syphilis has
46:35 different stages, tertiary syphilis infects the um central nervous system. So brain
46:42 impairment, that kind of thing, not common, you know, it
46:46 can happen. Um And there's other figures, I think Leo Leo Tolstoy
46:52 war and peace is is in this too. As well as others,
46:57 think, uh, very advanced You can actually see evidence of this
47:00 the bones or like a scarring and or something like that, which is
47:03 they can determine whether Caesar or some these other figures had, had,
47:07 have had this, um, of course, Sophus as you
47:11 is a sexually transmitted disease. it, uh, and, and
47:18 still in terms of, you you're gonna rank in terms of uh
47:24 of, of disease syphilis is still there along with gonorrhea. And uh
47:29 think HPV, I think is probably near the top now. But um
47:35 point is these things haven't gone, away. I mean, uh so
47:39 um syphilis, this is this the heat. OK. So, recall
47:45 from way back, right? It's unusual motility, right? So they
47:51 , so you can have bacteria, moile with a flagellum that's of
47:56 rotating, right. It's free it's out, it's, it attacks
48:00 body, of course, but it's doing its thing rotating out
48:04 right? Well, the spring heat the flagellum wrapped around its body.
48:15 . And attached at both ends. when it rotates the whole body,
48:22 . So it, it, it's axial filament if you would call
48:26 So the whole thing rotates like a , OK? Very characteristic uh
48:32 OK. And then you can see is a spiral key to appear in
48:36 photo micrograph and so very characteristic. uh if you see that in a
48:42 sample, that's pretty much diagnostic for . Ok. Now, um the
48:51 disease is often called the uh Great . So there's a stage of disease
49:00 the rash is formed and the rash pretty, you know, like several
49:05 can cause a rash, right? , different types of infection,
49:10 bacterial. Um but even non non diseases can produce a rash. So
49:15 that point, you know, you think that the, that the rash
49:19 due to something else not to Ok. So it begins typically
49:25 um with what's called uh sos or are produced. So we call primary
49:31 . Um you can track it. the sores themselves are loaded with the
49:38 , right? And uh you can take a sample, look under the
49:44 and look for the shaped movement of organisms um and treat with antibiotics.
49:52 if untreated. Uh but it's more in men than in women, women
49:57 get these sores, but it's not visible. And so they may not
50:00 know they have it. Uh because don't really have any symptoms, there's
50:03 kind of distress or pain that you're , but you do have these visible
50:10 . And so, um of uh often those who are afflicted with
50:15 are embarrassed about it, don't wanna any treatment, right. So
50:19 and it does go away after a of weeks typically. And so you
50:23 , ok, well, it's I'm, I'm fine, but you
50:26 are infectious and the organisms are multiplying spreading throughout your body. Um And
50:32 what happens is you get into secondary . So you have a, a
50:36 that you see there on the bottom . Uh you know, and it
50:41 , it could vary somewhat in terms appearance. Um But by that
50:45 you may have really forgotten about that had the primary sy those sores.
50:50 so, because this may not rash occur for several months. And so
50:54 then you, you typically go, is actually um I'm gonna scratch that
51:04 . The late stage actually occurs between secondary and tertiary. OK. So
51:13 in stage. So, so the goes away, then you'll enter a
51:18 stage. OK. So put that and then usually it doesn't progress beyond
51:25 . Usually body takes care of it you don't go any further.
51:31 But it could, and that later can last a couple of years or
51:36 not, yeah, a couple of , then it may go into um
51:42 cyp. OK. And now I don't know, maybe like 10%
51:47 the cases will actually go to that syp. OK. Uh If it
51:54 , then of course, you can , you know, central nervous
51:58 which means neurological impairment and these kind things. Uh But again, it's
52:03 something that's very common to go that . Ok. Uh, but certainly
52:07 are infectious during secondary syphilis phase. , certainly during the primary phase.
52:15 , uh, it's certainly a danger , you know, a female who
52:18 know if she has, it can it on to her child if she's
52:23 . Um, the, uh, in fact, in congenital syphilis,
52:28 , the infant can be, have kinds of defects like a palate,
52:33 these kind of things can happen. But again, it is syphilis in
52:39 , is treated with antibiotics. Um But uh again, so the
52:45 things here are this unique is the heat. OK? Um No,
52:53 . So let's, so now we're switch gears and look at diseases of
53:00 central nervous system that and so to any doubt away, let's eliminate one
53:13 these. We pick e pick count down. OK. The exception
54:19 , yeah, rabies, rabies, are are uh hippo coccus is the
54:26 of the um central nervous system. um babies uh certainly affect the central
54:32 system, but it just doesn't um doesn't cause inflammation of the, of
54:38 meninges. So that's what the meningitis . Inflammation of the layers of the
54:42 layers of the brain. Ok? affects, it affects it in a
54:46 way. So, um so OK. Um So if you're a
54:57 of the central nervous system, you to be able to cross the protective
55:05 . So you, you protect your , your spinal cord, right,
55:10 . So um through uh different membrane , certainly a skull. Obviously,
55:20 protects the brain. Um you have that protects the spinal cord uh underneath
55:25 bone, you see the layers right of brain radio meninges. So a
55:34 of membrane layers that are meant to be protective. OK. Now,
55:40 a lot of space in there. if you do have inflammation, the
55:45 can, these membranes can swell and , right? And you can create
55:52 areas where it's pressing against the Uh little hemorrhages can occur. And
55:59 , that's a serious situation. And uh meningitis can, can lead to
56:05 . Ok. So, but you've got not just these protective layers
56:12 the type of system, you also specialized cells that help out your neurons
56:17 protect them. Ok. So collectively call this the blood grain barrier.
56:24 . So again, you know, meningitis cases are believed to be due
56:30 viruses. Environment. Meningitis is relatively . Ok? You'll get maybe a
56:38 fever, stiff neck doesn't progress much that and you get over it.
56:45 . Again, the bacterial versions that you the worst effects, ok?
56:52 those worst effects go beyond just headache fever and stuff like two nausea,
56:59 convulsions, right? These and also meningitis is a when you get to
57:06 point of nausea, vomiting. Now on a, you're on a timer
57:12 very rapidly things can go downhill and like a 24 hour, 72 hour
57:18 frame, you can be dead. . Um And so, um,
57:25 like this kind of condition, uh cerebos spinal fluid CS F coats your
57:32 , spinal cord. It should be of any cells, right? So
57:38 if you see, um, so meningitis is gram negative diplo pairs.
57:45 you certainly see that in your CS , that's gonna be uh diagnostic.
57:51 But also they do this is hallucination is a type of, you mean
57:58 antibody engine testing. So it rapidly it. Um So this is just
58:05 show, but this is meant by what's meant by the blood brain
58:09 So here's a capillary feeding brain Ok. So you see a layer
58:17 cells here, astrocytes, dendrites, cells, Schwan cells, coy
58:28 So lots of supportive cell types, ? Surrounding the neurons. OK.
58:36 so, so any kind of you know, feeding the cells from
58:42 blood, right? Nutrients, et , they're gonna be protected. So
58:47 very these cells create a very specific for these neurons to ensure their safety
58:54 their function, right? So um also means that if you have to
59:01 drugs that can have an issue as , they have, they have to
59:05 out into this area as well. , but you try to pick certain
59:09 are better at this than others. , but, but it it could
59:12 a concern but regardless uh this is ? So pathogen that's gonna get in
59:18 and do damage has to have certain factors that enable this to happen.
59:24 . So we're already familiar with, Nyyia, right? It has the
59:29 tosis ability, right? So the P A proteins, the pill I
59:34 of course, gonna be virulence factors enable it to do this. And
59:39 they can cross. So typically it's in about the Niya meningitis organism
59:46 or meningococcal organism they call it is uh found again re humans at a
59:57 for meningitis. And it's found in almost half the population carries it in
60:02 throat. OK? And so it could um cross that so
60:11 OK? And then get into the , right? And in the
60:17 that's basically what blood vessel. And so uh it can then hit
60:24 ride in monocyte, a granulocyte. remember your, your neutrophils eosinophils,
60:32 are sites so they can get inside in your blood and hit your ride
60:37 to, to and cross that blood barrier. OK. And so um
60:45 with this one sort of negative dippo . So you can see the cells
60:50 , these are already inside of a . OK? Um And here's a
60:56 right of a person that died from . Uh The red splotches, these
61:02 where little hemorrhages have occurred to the of the brain. Um uh it
61:09 , it has this have a thick . So the O P A and
61:12 proteins and the pill eyes are also uh and the phase variation. So
61:18 that's where it can change. It's surface agen, it can come in
61:23 one type then switch to another type hide from the body's immune system.
61:30 The uh again, like with respiratory , this one begins also as kind
61:36 a mild cold, maybe sore throat then leads to um them getting a
61:42 up blood brain barrier into the central system. Yeah. Thing. So
61:51 is kind of, this is um blood supply into your brain tissues shown
61:58 by this capillary has to get through barrier are basically the cells here support
62:06 that are shielding your neurons. So it's all about protecting neurons.
62:13 . In your brain tissues. Yeah. Right. Right.
62:16 Sure. And um the um, I, I only have one experience
62:24 this. Um, when I was little kid, I guess in junior
62:27 . No, fifth grade, I um the friend, not a close
62:33 , but um he came, he symptoms of a, after the fact
62:38 found this out, he had symptoms meningitis on Friday and he died on
62:41 Sunday. So it's um, I , it's serious obviously and so completely
62:48 with antibiotics, preventable with vaccine. vaccine has a number of variants as
62:53 see there. Uh So it's gonna all the various agents in the vaccine
62:59 account for the different types. Um um but like I said, if
63:06 , if it gets to the you know, stepping up, of
63:11 , lots of things are called a neck, you sleep wrong,
63:13 but you have a stiff neck, little bit of a fever. It's
63:16 thing. But if it progresses any than that, then you obviously need
63:20 seek medical attention as fast as you because it, it does, it
63:25 take long, you know, go to 48 72 hours. So um
63:32 . Um what's next? Here's the , any questions about that?
63:37 OK. So here's the question. right. It's a famous painting.
63:43 , this is a quick backup There we go. So uh this
63:52 is uh not having any fun. ? It's not. Yeah, he
63:58 , he has a bad back but not that um this is a,
64:05 soldier in the Napoleon's army at 18 18, 12, 14 somewhere.
64:17 pause time. OK. That's uh a few seconds on that.
64:35 Chang. So it is, it tetanus. OK. So he actually
64:46 so tetanus and um so this these diseases caused by that group clostridium,
64:55 ? So, soil organisms find them the soil. Um This guy must
65:04 gotten a puncture wound, right? being in battle or so wounded um
65:09 contamination in the wound and those spores cluster in those spe forms very
65:16 Ok. And so they can begin multiply in the wound, uh produce
65:21 and create tetanus creates these kind of contractions uncontrollable. And whether it's botulism
65:29 tetanus dili from respiratory of failure, quickly by heart failure. So kind
65:38 hand in hand. And so um remember these things are both controlled by
65:43 , of course, right? Heart , but breathing as well, the
65:47 , right, that muscle there pulls to expand your lungs, air comes
65:52 et cetera. So these are both be impaired both by 10 and botulism
65:57 slightly different ways. Ok. So number one is going back to that
66:05 these um notifiable diseases, right? have to report and the incidence of
66:11 different cases, botulism is probably count one hand, the number of cases
66:17 die in botulism in a year. . So it's not like prevalent.
66:20 used to be more prevalent that you from it again, not in huge
66:25 , but it was certainly more prevalent it is now, probably back in
66:29 early 20th century when um home, preservation of foods was a big deal
66:36 do it at home, right? uh vegetables and fruits and things like
66:41 . And so, um if you do it properly, right? Because
66:46 what an auto does for you, you have to reach temperatures that will
66:50 the endo sprees. And so you know, fruits and vegetables you
66:54 out of the ground, you and so you can have the uh
66:58 sprees in there. Home canning uh a pressure cooker which is basically gives
67:04 auto tape temperatures. But if you do it right there and those boards
67:09 . And so uh they can um in those, in those conditions.
67:14 so uh so remember, Clostridium is like strict, I'll be a can't
67:20 in the presence of air. So those improper canning conditions can lead
67:26 an aerobic condition where they proliferate and toxin. Um Of course, there's
67:32 Botox, right? Uh injections that know, get rid of wrinkles.
67:40 ? Nobody can hear us wrinkles except . Um So um if I to
67:45 Botox, I could uh relax the muscles, right? Creating the wrinkles
67:51 then be um like 20 years old right now. Ok. Um So
67:57 , um now, how does this ? The type of paralysis it
68:03 right? We call it flat So um so real quick again.
68:08 , Clostridium is grand positive endospore Ok. Um You see the end
68:15 spores here, right? They have one produces these club shaped kind of
68:21 and the end of them is where end those spors forming. Ok.
68:25 Any case. So communication between neurons muscles both tetanus and botulism but affects
68:33 a slightly different way, right? in botulism, so just real quick
68:38 the uh action potential and how motor work, right? So you have
68:44 a stimulated motor neuron, the action goes down to the axons,
68:50 The axons are holding the vesicles full neurotransmitter which is acetycholine. Ok.
68:59 potential causes the vesicles to fuse with membrane and release the contents,
69:06 So here comes this cole and they to the muscle in the right and
69:11 the muscle is contracts. Ok? um botulism toxin, so binds and
69:22 enters the axon. OK. Oops up here as you see right
69:31 OK. So s and it prevents fusion of the vesicle with the
69:37 So it never gets released. So though the motor neuron is stimulated,
69:43 muscle is not because the messenger is getting to it. Ok. So
69:49 what we call a flat paralysis. muscle would like to contract, but
69:52 can't, right. So picture the muscle, right? It's getting a
69:58 to OK. Let's contract. So can breathe right. It's not getting
70:01 , it's not getting there. And respiratory failure, of course, that
70:07 the heart all by heart failure and . Ok. So um again,
70:14 number of cases, this happens in year, you know, count on
70:17 hand. So it's not like it's , a botulism uh pandemic going on
70:21 anything. Ok. But you if you do see a, a
70:24 in the, um, of food the grocery store that's kind of blown
70:28 . I wouldn't need it. That could be, uh, so
70:31 could be botulism. Ok? Because anaerobic types, when they grow,
70:35 produce lots of, they ferment and lots of gasses and that's what caused
70:38 bulging to occur. Ok. tetanus. So I just threw this
70:44 here just to because it's, it's little different how tetanus toxin works.
70:49 . So let, let me remind that. So both botulism and tetanus
70:54 , we call neurotoxins because they work , on the messengers of,
70:59 of the nervous system. OK. uh here, I just wanted to
71:04 out that if you have a you're moving a limb, for
71:08 right? It's a coordinated effort on the part of the opposing muscle
71:15 , right? So to move the , for example, that leg like
71:19 , OK. The old reflex um tester testing of reflexes that to do
71:27 motion, you have to contract the muscle. OK? Um And then
71:33 the hamstring. OK. So that's you do with the opposing muscle
71:38 Of course, relax one, you track the other to get a smooth
71:42 . Be it, be it uh leg would have you. OK.
71:47 in order to do that, you , you have um neurons that are
71:53 . All right, we're gonna excite one. So we can contract that
71:57 and we wanna relax this one. we need to inhibit that one.
72:02 we can relax that muscle. So one gets inhibited, excited.
72:08 And you differentiate that by um using neurotransmitters. OK. So some types
72:16 neurotransmitters are excitatory like you just saw are inhibitory. And the example of
72:23 is what tetanus acts on. And that's this G A B A
72:29 is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. So with , again, it's also a soil
72:36 . Um it um you can track to a puncture wound uh typically,
72:45 then as the organisms enter, typically, at the point of the
72:50 , there can be some dead tissue will be slightly anaerobic where they can
72:57 to grow. Ok? And as do, they produce toxin and the
73:02 can then be traveled up through the . OK? And the effects is
73:10 for destroying the inhibitory type neurotransmitters, G A B A. OK.
73:18 so what happens is now you don't a, a an inhibitory effect
73:25 So you now don't have controlled muscle . So it's, that's why you
73:30 that spasmodic kind of effect. And again, you know, affecting
73:37 diaphragm, for example, that doesn't a controlled smooth contraction. So that
73:42 your breathing, which will then affect heart. So again, in a
73:48 , you die from respiratory heart just like with botulism but just getting
73:53 in slightly different ways in terms of it affects the um the uh
73:59 Ok. And so not surprisingly, being neurotoxins and working on, on
74:05 affecting uh muscle contractions, there's a to them. Ok. So,
74:13 but again, with tetanus terms of of cases of 10, there gonna
74:17 more case of teus near than botulism people are vaccinated the, so you
74:23 see uh really a lot of fatalities as a result. Ok.
74:30 I think, uh, yeah, my cue. Many questions,
74:35 uh, they will wrap it up Thursday, hysteria and
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