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GEOL6372 Petroleum Geochemistry - Day2 10-30-2021-Part1
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00:35 do you? No. Yeah. . Oh, move sure.
01:18 Yeah. Mhm. Uh huh. . Right. Can you go ahead
01:35 put your name here? Yeah. . Yeah. Yes. Yeah.
01:55 yes. Okay, address yeah. what into reset every time.
02:35 Yeah. Thank you. Yes. yeah. Yes. Listen.
03:15 Yeah. Thank you. That will . Yeah. Yeah. Yeah.
03:52 oh, came back. Yeah. . Mhm. Yeah. Mhm.
04:11 . Okay. Mhm. Good. . Mhm. Okay. Okay.
04:37 now? Uh Mhm. What's your ? What? Yes. Uh
05:37 Yeah. Mhm. Yeah. Okay. Yeah. I just
06:15 That's it. Uh huh. Uh . It's strange. Yeah. I
07:01 for uh Okay. Right. Did see the southwest country? So that's
07:12 yesterday and you know what have this great. Great. Yeah. Just
07:31 Yeah. Yeah. Okay. mm hmm. Mhm. Yeah.
08:06 huh. Okay. Sure. Really? Uh huh. Uh
08:44 Uh huh. Yes. Oh, problem. Oh, recently present?
09:03 ? Beautiful. Sorry? Yes. , mm. Yeah. Sure.
09:34 . Mm hmm. B Yeah. . Mm hmm. Yeah.
10:06 Okay. Okay. This program, impressed. Yeah. What?
10:18 yeah, that's it. Okay. . Right. Good morning.
10:45 It's changed a bit. Goodbye. . Mhm. Yeah. Well,
10:52 well. This is my last last . So About four years of professional
11:40 . Mhm. So I was looking somebody for me. Yes.
11:51 Yeah. Yeah. Mm hmm. , don't support houses we looked,
12:03 you can tickle their necks or Huh. People for doing, let
12:12 do a little bit rocky about. really about it. I mean it's
12:17 good chemistry course. My undergrad and with this sort of market street right
12:28 the beginning. Uh huh The what hell is this? Right.
12:47 yeah, yeah, yeah, Yes, that's right. Mhm.
13:07 ? I just didn't want to Yes. Mhm. I'm interested in
13:14 letter. Why don't you? right, mm hmm. Yeah.
13:33 you're right. Yeah. Uh I didn't put it all together,
13:50 . Yeah. Mm hmm. Yeah, I can put in place
14:00 the right. All right. Uh . Mhm. People okay. Not
14:31 how to move the stage, I that's me. Okay. Um,
14:39 let you, I couldn't change. , Children, Children. Uh
14:51 Mm hmm. And you're fine. 2 90 10 people discuss is so
15:08 . Mm That uh, excuse you All right. Um, okay.
15:25 in case you're wondering uh huh The uh, you hear, um,
15:38 two surplus opening new languages. So anybody is I didn't want to miss
15:48 dead when I have a quick So I want you to understand one
15:59 the things that I see. answer the questions. I don't to
16:08 about every question that I ask most my questions and a simple basic
16:14 but right. Mhm understand. So can answer. Uh huh uh I
16:29 to elaborate a free of this. can see for yourselves here. Hopefully
16:34 gonna be a good class or Okay, suitable. Yeah. He
16:43 attention to what I sing and listen me is that you can learn.
16:59 how do I know? So let me go. Oh There are
17:08 very weird books as we do to should and in the library it's the
17:22 yeah but they're very terrific. Two could in your opinion. So I
17:34 to acquire or have access to uh nazis. So and the exact text
17:42 with all information and occurrence. I want you to uh read the book
17:51 the classical book by john Hunt. really gentle history and geology. Who
17:58 kind of carve out your chemistry but really part of the geological uh
18:06 artistic geology knowledge. So uh to a good geologist, every good geologist
18:15 be familiar with the language and Quality of petroleum chemistry should be one
18:23 your touristic to do your big league activities. Okay, there are some
18:36 which I want everyone to be familiar . Um the first one I want
18:45 to read. You have you have don't have that list. So you
18:50 want to write it. You know your mind throwing system from social trap
18:57 Liz mccune And they're worried out. huh. It's a very comprehensive pieces
19:12 before the new chemistry. Simple You must have must really must
19:25 What is condenser then I want you be familiar with the paper by the
19:31 High Zynga. It's published in the PG bulletin. Uh huh 91 Genetic
19:41 of petroleum assistance classification. Petroleum The next paper I want everybody to
19:51 familiar with is everybody is someone here environments and all sorts big terraces is
20:00 fundamental treaties in these subjects. Um one. Organic fishies strata, graphic
20:12 and exploration tool by jones and uh Jamison both chevron graduates if you
20:22 Uh huh. It's published in the of the Council on Petroleum and Energy
20:27 I think I may uh I may it to everybody so that you have
20:36 your library um the term geochemical Can somebody tell me what you think
20:50 title means? Geochemical inversion. Are your eyes product from the from
21:04 chemistry of the produced oil and Yeah, she came from english.
21:10 inverting yeah. The properties of the oil or the gas too. Where
21:21 came from. Okay. I actually that. Yeah, it's these
21:38 You know what forward, what's this ? Different. Mhm. Uh
21:55 Thank you so much. Um that is infecting that you what what
22:04 have is not so strong. That's . Uh Oh, but anything
22:18 Each from which the key you invert on the chemistry of the Yeah.
22:36 physics? Yeah, actually right to Iraq's Okay, acknowledge back to traits
22:56 in darkness because she didn't want Thank you two. All right.
23:10 Okay, we're going to spend a bit of time on organic photography,
23:15 photography. You know what photography It's knowing something about drugs, the
23:22 and so on. Organic photography is something about the organic material that makes
23:30 the oil or the gas. Um paper is kind of old is published
23:43 way back in 1981, but it's but it's it summary of this course
23:52 and and it takes you very, simple terms through the language, through
23:59 methodology that we use in our business geo chemists as a practicing geologists.
24:11 , um our objective Are very Number one provide you an understanding of
24:18 language and the technology. Organic geochemistry you an appreciation of the potentials and
24:34 and limitations in essence, emphasizing that knowledge we gain is not complete in
24:47 of all the respect on obtaining Chemical, different organic Okay. Um
25:01 going to discuss skills and guidelines for , duplicate data as it relates to
25:11 petroleum generation migration and that delicious. gonna give you some introductions to predict
25:22 chemical models to interpret and extrapolate source attributes across regional scale. Um I'm
25:35 to introduce you to the petroleum system process because I do have a course
25:43 another semester where I go into the of petroleum system analysis. So in
25:50 course we're just going to get an into the concepts of petroleum system.
25:55 my analysis guidelines for reserve estimation because your objective. Your objective is to
26:03 geology and your chemistry to assess that's that's your job. Wherever you
26:12 to work, you're going to be the question how much reserve should I
26:17 in this play? And because once it gets into an entrapment site
26:28 changes. So we're going to try we'll give you some guidelines assessing the
26:35 and degree of petroleum operations. What alteration of petroleum? And what the
26:43 are when you imagine the attributes of petroleum? It is no longer,
26:52 it used to be when it was emplaced in the reservoir. Right?
27:00 The whole objective is mitigating exploration Yeah, probability of occurrence of producing
27:09 is a function of have you got charge? It can't be charged
27:16 You can you guess what charge Did you can't be charged? How
27:25 hydrocarbons are going to come into this ? Um And when in time did
27:37 come into the trap? Why is important? What? Why is timing
27:45 important, anybody? It's also believe me the chance to happen at
28:03 time. Right. All right. right. The trap has to be
28:11 place before subsidence allows for generation expansion migration of hydrocarbons. Mhm.
28:25 What? What? What? Because it wasn't there from the minute of
28:33 , then a fraction of the oil be generated is lost. Right?
28:39 the timing is critical, not only you need to know how much oil
28:45 generated from the source rock with these , but when it is hydrocarbons get
28:52 from the sauce truck into the Into the interaction inside. Something really
29:00 yesterday that along these lines about Mexico we look at a cross section,
29:06 very deep section of the gulf. these prospects around 60, start way
29:12 there up to generating oil for leather the last the flats in for the
29:20 . It's just now getting cooked Yeah, I always thought that are
29:27 there from where we are that close land and that's not how it
29:32 It's actually more sequentially what large church . The fourth visit it just
29:40 You got the will. Yeah, movement of the hydrocarbons is relatively quite
29:49 . It's surprisingly rapid. It is over geologic still time scale. It
29:58 quite track. Once the, once rocks get into the proper conditions for
30:07 of the Karajan into hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons expelled and they move relatively fast.
30:13 they move relatively fast and they work , is subjective, depends on many
30:21 . The angle reliability ferocity, all of the things that impact the rate
30:28 movement hydrocarbons from the expansion point into entrapment point. All right.
30:38 so petroleum system is actors for the from zero, or 0-1. Probably
30:46 hydrocarbon charged in proper timing accounts for of the um, necessary,
30:59 activity plumbing and re migration maybe doing probability, adequate reservoirs, 70%
31:11 I say .5 million, 50%. adequate trap geometry, meaning topsy lose
31:18 lateral seal. Was there 70%? when you multiply all these probabilities to
31:25 the probability of success, you will the probability is quite quite small.
31:33 this particular example, the probability of is going to be about 15%.
31:39 other words, There is a 15% that you find Patrick arguments in a
31:45 play because the conditions of generation expulsion entrapment are complex and each of them
31:56 has risk factors as cheated with. the game is really a risk in
32:06 and you cannot, with any certainty I, my reserves in this play
32:15 gonna be so many million barrels, gonna say it is likely that my
32:21 are gonna be. So the key here is lightly rather than absolute certainty
32:30 this is what you're gonna find in any given exploration claims. Uh and
32:37 probability of success is quite small when think about it. So, the
32:46 objective is uh, problem system analysis assess the volume and character of hydrocarbons
32:54 for entrapment in the expression play, estimation of hydrocarbon charge. In other
33:02 , the type of hydrocarbons you expect the play and the volume of hydrocarbons
33:07 the play. Um you have to inferring or identifying migration pathways and you
33:15 to know what to expect in terms the quality of the accumulation that you
33:23 going to be investing money to exploit of sulfur content prediction of racks content
33:32 of Co two. Mhm comparison to a thing or what not and other
33:42 in the oil. And actually I so. What are the chances that
33:48 hydrocarbons are going to be contaminated with fir with wax with CO two and
33:56 contaminants. Ouch thank you. Why that important? Because sulfur compounds can
34:11 very various effects on the not only reason we're properties but on the production
34:23 and facilities that you're investing money Mhm Extradition process rex. You know
34:37 we're talking about when we talk about crudite, these are components in the
34:44 oil. They are normal para fist carbon, carbon, carbon carbon cheats
34:51 the oil. They can create havoc your economics because they cause big problems
35:01 the production facilities max green. Uh . To do your exploring and investing
35:14 producing natural gas instead you get And co two. That's guesses components.
35:26 have very little value. Okay um first statement in this slide effective petroleum
35:42 and must entail integration of all aspects geoscience. Good to chemists. He's
35:51 one that memorize these. The chemistry is one that understands the petroleum geology
36:04 the way. So uh classical geology physics will focus on the trap
36:13 trap capacity Luger. Um, and evaluation. These are the independent risk
36:25 in the base. They are independent each other christian permeability of the,
36:34 the reservoir is not dependent on feels not dependent on source rocks. Hello
36:46 petroleum systems until all those aspects and should be cognizant and familiar with the
36:57 we apply geological knowledge, do physical sometimes to our game of finding and
37:08 oil and gas header. Carbon charge and effective expulsion flew down dynamics.
37:16 shared risk factors for the entire These are the entire play is dependent
37:25 geochemical aspects. The prospect is So sharks are shared factors. So
37:35 a very critical enemy in your Most of us are from here with
37:42 exploration. I'm going go find a and assess its properties in terms of
37:50 instability. What's missing in our thinking died. Carbons that death trap
38:00 And how did these hydrocarbons end up there? And when did they end
38:05 being there? When in terms of to trap development. Great. So
38:13 charge source, ineffective function, fluid are the shared risk factor for entirely
38:21 risk depends on finding a trap and determining how high the probability that petroleum
38:29 migrated from the mature short shots into trap and that the petroleum has not
38:35 or being destroyed. Bye replacement Yeah. All right. So the
38:51 line here is the green disks in place you're going to have a lot
39:00 prospects. A lot of probability is success. Forgive me. I I
39:07 for this faltering during class. You , if I can turn it
39:20 Okay. Yeah. Okay. So yeah. Okay. Sorry guys,
39:31 do bed and chip, that's Yeah. All right, thank
39:37 Yes. So here is a situation happens to be from the North
39:46 Uh We have so many prospects. of them I'm going to have less
39:54 100 million barrels. Some of them gonna be having more than 100 million
39:58 . Why is this 100 critical? , it's not because our objective is
40:03 determine quantitatively how much hydrocarbons to but the magnitude of the reserves impacts
40:12 economics. And so it is important recognize those prospects in huge slew prospects
40:20 your play that are gonna be economically and you can do that by applying
40:27 the principles and concepts that we're going address in this course. Mhm.
40:46 , at the basin scale the Mhm. We depend on identifying areas
40:55 a basin where there are so reservoirs and traps. Those are the
41:02 elements it must be recognized, identified mapped out in your plane. Uh
41:11 prospects in those areas rank the prospects risk, risk is a volumetric thing
41:19 drill the best ones, then re others. Uh the risk factors will
41:34 hydrocarbon, charge social quality, use content carriage in time. Uh
41:44 Majority of the source struck migration pathways the play impressive words of course,
41:51 on ferocity, reliability, traps, on closure, that's the truck
41:58 feel trapping efficiency and of course the development of the trap relative to hydrocarbon
42:09 and migration. Okay, virtually intuitive . Creamy I'm screwed because I want
42:34 to be able to write down the if you want to. Okay,
42:53 back in 1958 Party, he uh sometimes we find oil in new
42:59 with all ideas. Sometimes we find in all places with new ideas
43:06 Um Right. But it is seldom we succeed in finding much oil in
43:15 places with an old idea. We exhausted the old ideas. Finding in
43:23 places. Um We keep saying we're out of oil when in reality we're
43:32 out of ideas to find I there's file, it's how we go about
43:39 for it. So what is the system and why do we care?
43:49 huh This is a cartoon, if will a dramatic expression of conventional conventional
44:01 system. The elements and the the elements of the petroleum system,
44:08 source carrier reservoir and see you. . Um we can look at the
44:25 graphic textural scale. Uh huh Uh . We can examine the rocks at
44:39 , you know, with ECM microscope or examined the content of the rocks
44:51 the molecular your scale. Should we from structural scale, all the way
45:01 molecular scale. We'll focus in this . On the molecular scale.
45:10 So the cooling system is defined as natural system that encompasses a part of
45:17 source trucks and its related oil and includes all the geologic elements and process
45:29 . So shock over virgin rock migration , it isn't Moira seal rock and
45:42 trap processes are for me, the entrapped, then the generation expansion process
45:58 , the migration process and treatment and process. Once the hydrocarbons have entered
46:09 a trap site, what happens to in that trap? So we need
46:16 assess the probability that preservation. It good and that alteration was minimal.
46:29 There is a lot of redundancy Petroleum system elements, source trucks,
46:35 rocks, reservoir rocks migration route, rocks and traps ferociously. Elements a
46:44 rock Iraq with abundant hydrocarbon prune organic . The key word here is hydrocarbon
46:50 or any matter President wanna rock the components. Our curiosity and humility.
46:59 don't need to define the term for . Gentlemen, ability. Everybody recognizes
47:06 those terms mean migration route avenues in rock through which oil and gas moves
47:12 the shortstop to the trap. C , the rock through which oil and
47:16 cannot move effectively, mud stones, stones, gypsum soul type here.
47:22 kind of stuff. It's that is structural and strata, graphic configuration that
47:30 is oil and gas into an The key word here is focus the
47:40 of the oil and gas into an relation. Uh Okay, okay,
48:00 dwell a little bit on the terms are key terms in the petroleum systems
48:08 generation burial of salt trucks to temperatures pressures sufficient to convert organic matter into
48:16 in volumes that exceed the retention capacity organic inorganic matrix. In other
48:24 I'm emphasizing here the inefficiency of those to release their hydro carrots.
48:37 so there is of the social temperatures pressures sufficient to convert the organic matter
48:43 hydrocarbons in volumes that exceed the retention of the organic and inorganic matri's organic
48:53 itself is anything to if factor drugs attentive factors. Okay. And we
49:03 to the term expulsion culture. Is accumulation of generations. Hydrocarbons within social
49:11 spaces, influences that cause excessive pore to develop beyond the little static pressure
49:20 resulting in catastrophic crop failure structure, , the stability augmentation and flush hydrocarbon
49:29 into the carrier system. Mhm keith is different from expulsion migration is the
49:48 of the hand, the car through reservoir towards and into the trap
50:06 By definition is volume hydrocarbons migrating into trap faster than the trap leaks and
50:16 the hydrocarbons coming in are more than carbon is going out. You'll end
50:23 with the next generation system was very . Okay, preserve a issue.
50:42 going to cover that in detail as go through the course preservation implies that
50:52 there is no preservation then there is means the properties of the hydrocarbons are
50:57 to be changing in the reservoir alter what they were when the source
51:03 gave them off and hydrocarbons remain in reservoir altered by by degradation or water
51:13 . So here I'm introducing you to degradation. As the term implies bacterial
51:21 of the hydrocarbons. Water washed because petroleum hydrocarbons some of them are soluble
51:32 motor water flushing of the reservoir can up in reducing the reserves. Most
51:41 end up in altering the chemistry of currents. Of course. Critical timing
51:58 discuss that. Is that opportune time the grab when the reservoir and traps
52:10 already in place before the hydrocarbons come because hydrocarbons, our late in coming
52:19 the treatment side fraction of them is to be lost to blue sky.
52:28 . So the critical timing is transformation and during hydrocarbon migration. Help me
52:41 ? How old? That's a great . But chris brown that whatever is
52:49 there could be, why not? , no, great, no petroleum
53:01 all turned only if mature IQ water into the reservoir because it is the
53:11 of that water and and the content that water. If there is bacteria
53:17 the water is bringing into the The bacteria are gonna chew up on
53:22 certain fraction of the oil. It it will eat up. Sorry come
53:31 . Right basically this is a big you can stay there from polis OIC
53:38 to modern time. The reservoir and can be monitor social work. Maybe
53:45 OIC as long as the expulsion is the time when the trap and reservoir
53:52 in place so that any hydrocarbons being can be captured and pressure. Not
54:01 happens in the reservoir just by simply in there as a woman. It
54:08 what the reservoir can receive other than hydrocarbons. Did you recruit your reporter
54:19 . In two ways. No The water itself symbolizes certain components that
54:24 soluble in water and removes them. recorded brings in bacteria and bacteria like
54:35 and I we have preferences in what want to digest and they like to
54:43 the simple things. The street chain . So if your oil consists of
54:51 chain hydrocarbons, cyclic hydrocarbons And shoes 14's. They will take the normal
55:00 first. This is the most valuable of the oil. That's what the
55:06 like to chew on. They're They can digest them and they do
55:12 them up in preference to other components toys. Crude oil is a mixture
55:21 complex compounds. Some are starting with water. Some are nuts to report
55:31 in. It will tend to trick oil I think not the there certainly
55:43 we're going to spend quite a bit time on patrolling corporation in reservoirs towards
55:49 latter part of the course. Mhm. The key. Uh
55:57 Line in the slide is that critical is that we have to have a
56:03 that's in place before and during Yeah. Okay. So here I'm
56:17 the elements and the processes, the being sourced rocks, migration, avenue
56:23 that seals the process. Our migration, stagnation and preservation, timing
56:32 of all these elements is the critical to keep in mind. Okay,
56:43 understands the concept of timing. Okay. Um, okay, so
57:00 system can be, you find by aspects the generative subsystem in my aggression
57:10 subsystems, generative subsystem is critical part that is charge charge charge can be
57:24 in three ways. I have a system. I have a normally charge
57:31 or I have an undercharged. So is the quantity of hydrocarbons that are
57:38 for interest. 2nd element of migration drainage style. I have to be
57:46 that hydrocarbons are going to move either or laterally. Any trackman style,
57:57 high impedance, no impedance. My is very good ceiling situation you experience
58:06 not such an effective retardant to migration So the story um, system is
58:16 according to these qualifiers. Mm hmm . Mhm please. A low impedance
58:29 . Mm hmm. One with the are not, I don't have very
58:36 seals where the migration happened uh much early before the system was completely they're
58:50 place with all its elements. So are the risk factors seated with
59:04 Yeah. So we can define systems terms of associated reservoir source systems where
59:15 reservoir and the sources are intimately geometrically close to each other. The top
59:25 state in terms of our solar system see where the source and the reservoir
59:32 geometrically connected. This is stated as system such as the gulf of
59:40 You have the source like distinct and simply connected to the sfr probability of
59:58 are much higher in a disassociated reservoir system. Yeah. Yeah. When
60:10 think of false as avenues for we think that the hydrocarbon just come
60:17 the full plane and just look That's not really what happens migration of
60:28 . You ever circumstance requires availability, avenues, requires what the angle that
60:45 for buoyancy june help the hydrocarbons to in an upward fashion. Yeah,
60:57 showing a source system. Metacarpals are . They move uh huh. It's
61:09 . If you have full system that like this, I regard me to
61:17 simply up and then they change direction follow the tours of the, there's
61:26 choir. Okay. And since traps more like this than just simply like
61:38 , you can see the implications of migration direction and the implications or volumetric
61:45 on migration direction. Mhm. Why we care? We're trying to assess
62:00 quantify all these parameters because probability for critical cardinals are a function of charge
62:08 work seem trapped. No. Uh we take an example in the Wilcox
62:15 the central of Mexico, The the factors from 0 to 1 Probably hydrocarbon
62:24 and proper timing can account to The probability of adequate reservoirs can be
62:33 hi probably very trapped and seal can quite high. Um probability thing that
62:42 have, the right track geometry Can up to 50%. When you want
62:48 fly all those risk factors you have the probability of success To only about
62:59 . So the system is very, inefficient. Uh There are many software
63:07 out there um that geologists used to to the bottom line probability of success
63:17 it's that is that probability of success finding it as mass that's not taking
63:27 account probability of a certain following the . It's all volumes of reserves.
63:38 this large and then the chance probably is fighting what you've actually described.
63:45 just anything. Yes, when you that large, what do you mean
63:51 that large? That's strike capacity It can feed. It could
64:04 Yeah. and they say well then 22% chance that is this But there
64:12 be a 40% chance to attack that . That works. Not really.
64:17 . Each factor in the generation expulsion process is fitted with are not definitely
64:29 all probabilities. So to in order get the overall probability of success,
64:36 have to address the probability that each the components that are required to have
64:44 accumulation. Are there? If the of one of them is zero in
64:50 whole thing. Yes you pretty much I have a number by zero,
64:56 get zero. So you've got to all the parameters and give them probabilities
65:12 being there. Okay. So if can quantified the expected value of an
65:28 . M. P. Investment in of probability of discovery, totally expected
65:37 the price that you expect for the . That depends on the quality of
65:45 hydrocarbons. Um then you have to into account that you are investing a
65:56 of money in finding developing and operating . Then you have to recognize that
66:04 is a probability that you're going to a dry hole. And what are
66:09 costs of having such a dry So he bans all this out by
66:15 flying the discovery probability by the total reserves by the wellhead price. Did
66:22 could expect for your it's worse. subtract from it, finding and developing
66:29 , operating costs, All the costs doing a dry hole. All this
66:44 telling me is that it is never jazz that you'll find or even going
66:57 probabilistic rather than absolute terms the discovery please Right, they make up the
67:27 . The only thing I want to your mind is that you've got to
67:33 with every aspect and the probability of aspect. So I discovered probability,
67:42 hole probability. Then you have the total expected reserves. Well, head
67:51 , which depends very much on the quality. You have to remove the
67:59 of preaching that play. So discovery depends on petroleum generational migration.
68:11 How good are you at at assessing extent of petroleum generation and migration?
68:19 good are you at finding these Um in order to address totally expected
68:31 , you have to do quantities hydrocarbon and focused migration analysis. Well,
68:38 price depends on quality. They're off truly H two S content, carbon
68:49 content, nitrogen content, sulfur wax content, all these impact the
68:57 quality. Um then of course, got to factory, what are my
69:09 , where is my floor of my deserves? How deep can I go
69:16 infant or is it limited? Is definitely indicated. It is one
69:29 to say, I expect so many barrels of crude oil in this
69:35 Some other matter be finding if the . But for me, a connected
69:48 or in bunch of small accumulations, fluid connectivity assessment and zone and production
70:02 . Fight really well. And I many zones containing hydrocarbons. I'm gonna
70:07 the zones how much it's coming from of these zones. Um Then you
70:17 the problem of quality Elizabeth more salary definition souring means H two s.
70:27 . What are the chances that my we're going to have a lot of
70:33 two s in ink then? Um happens if I put natural guests into
70:45 reservoir to enhance the recovery? Enhanced can be by gas injection can be
70:55 water injection. What are these injection going to cause in terms of alteration
71:04 my resource? Um So we we do pre injection impact studies.
71:16 Yeah. Doing simulation work. If but natural guessing what do I expect
71:26 I put formation water, what do expect? If I could treat it
71:31 . Water, what should I Pre injection. In fact, studies
71:36 you are enhanced oil recovery can improve recovery operations. Then You've not got
71:54 . Once you have with the you've got to be able to defend
72:06 from those that will come after you saying you have caused it's Phil and
72:13 spill cause that much damage to my . You've got to be able to
72:22 whether this is your only how much it is your oil, how much
72:26 it somebody else's so forensic characterization of spills and the ability to monitor the
72:38 process. Well, that depends on Quality of the oil in 1st
72:47 Yeah, mm hmm. Sure. And you retreat what day elements?
73:04 elements of a petroleum system, but essential processes in petroleum system. Essential
73:10 of petroleum system hard. Petroleum so the volume of that source shock which
73:17 the area and thickness of that source . Then the organic enrichment with that
73:25 shock in terms of toc terms of to convert generation potential if you
73:35 can give you some clues as to much the reserves are going to
73:41 But you've got to know something about generation potential of these. So
73:50 We're going to know something about the type and petroleum products. Right.
73:58 to do something out level of thurman . In order to do the job
74:05 . You have to know something about everything wrong. There is a void
74:11 migration route and the three dimensional trap and the effectiveness of the seal rocks
74:22 order to do their job properly. have to know something about the essence
74:26 essential processes prison for transformation generation and process which are a function of thermal
74:37 of the organic matters. The the rate of generation of hydrocarbons from
74:44 given source struck under any given set conditions, rate of transformation according to
74:53 of hydrocarbon generation. They just Um and of course the migration
75:04 the accumulation process and the preservation process we're good but that's all of these
75:10 our course. Mhm I really covered . Um This is almost trivial geology
75:52 geophysics actresses trapped, recognition, track , reservoir properties. I call these
76:00 risk factors. They don't depend on other. Chemistry addresses petroleum supply composition
76:09 fluid dynamics, which is a shared factor in the entire plane. I
76:16 you to recognize the term independent risk and shared risk factors. Feet.
76:41 really? System analysis requires objective evaluation current effective traps. Nothing estimation of
76:50 capacity, structural analysis, determination of supply and mapping of migration patterns is
77:02 all these things that allow you to proper petroleum system analysis two so far
77:29 Hey, Yeah, okay, Talked about the conventional place. How
77:38 done conventions? Yeah. So conventional can be expressed in terms of or
77:47 Rayfield giant fields. Supergiant fields um structural accumulation meaning you have a an
77:59 line or closure of some volume with , oil and water. Yeah,
78:10 . You can have the conventional accumulation nothing but natural. Yes.
78:24 You can have convention strata graphic gas such as the one depicted here.
78:32 how long unconventional traps are sometimes called um traps with retained oil and
78:44 Conventional traps will have the guests water and oil leg and water
78:54 So oil and gas. He tracked water, unconventional tracks will be diffused
79:04 boundaries. No hydrocarbon motor contacts. buoyancy. Yeah, they can below
79:14 it's extreme ability. Uh huh. they require intimately associated short person reservoir
79:24 . They can be normally pressured. may not have an obvious sealer
79:33 Conventional trap will have a discrete geographic . Uh, delineated hydrocarbon water
79:40 their buoyancy, trapped hydrocarbon matrix, metric form ability. That is
79:47 they can be as stated in the sources of our assistance and all the
79:53 system elements and processes, processes including seals and traps have to be
80:02 Yeah. Okay truly system analysis is mass balance process. Um, you
80:21 to assist the residual like a carpet . So you need to understand uh
80:32 The shell gas concept and the gas and oil. The shale oil
80:38 . Um, in any play, going to have organic matter in the
80:48 trucks of that organic matter. A fraction can be fixed carbon inner components
80:57 are not going to participate in the process in any way. Uh,
81:02 going to have the inert components and convertible components convertible that region that is
81:15 of converting to hydrocarbons. Not all is convertible to hydrocarbons. Only a
81:24 of the character is convertible to So you've got to make that
81:29 Was a convertible hydrocarbons. Some of has been converted and therefore is available
81:40 entrapment. Some of it may not been converted. And so it is
81:46 in the form of character of the constitute hydrocarbons. Some of it is
81:55 un expelled oil and gas. Some it is expelled oil and gas of
82:02 expelled oil and gas, some of is retained in the carrier system.
82:07 of it is bill done by pest only a small fraction is strength.
82:12 the total hydrocarbon generation expects immigration. must be performed to assess how much
82:17 the total generated hydrocarbons are in conventional . How much escaped from the
82:23 right, aerodynamic flushing and she enriches how much remains. All right.
82:41 spend a little bit of time talking the fate of organic matter during
82:47 There is a lot of organic matter is being generated in the floating zone
82:54 a lot of organic man center is into the basin from rivers and streams
83:01 99% of the photo synthesized organic matter consumed by decay by die genesis.
83:11 already you can see that the system very, very inefficient. Mm.
83:19 very rare anoxic conditions, organic matter preserved. uh an upper limit of
83:30 4% of the total organic matter that being formed in the system is
83:40 That is because of my degradation trust is by degradation can continue even in
83:51 buried sediments themselves. Um, at much lower rate for first by suffering
84:04 . Then buy back bicarbonate using The very genesis. So the suffering
84:12 bacteria's Children behind the back carbon introducing is gonna chew on the hydrocarbons,
84:20 rise to the standard genesis. Sometimes methane is trapped includes species. Sometimes
84:29 forms hydrates? Methane complex is with water forming gas hydrates. It's uh
84:43 these hydrate become effective seals. Transitory that may be necessary to preserve the
84:53 that are being floored from early from to inform these transitory seals. That
85:03 has effective seals for the early generated card fees. Yeah, so there
85:20 two simple concepts that I want to able to remember patrolling generation is a
85:29 of variant die genesis of organic rich expulsion is a consequence of oil
85:43 I do carvings exist in sediments from sediments to ancient sediments. The difference
85:51 modern settlements in the models. It contain compounds that are not commercially
86:00 Ancient sediments will contain hydrocarbons that are generated and expelled from the socials.
86:09 oil expulsion is a consequence of oil . Hydrocarbons are not going to be
86:15 how to the source rocks until there adequate quantities to overcome their attention capacity
86:20 the substance. The retention capacity of matter itself. So, oil expansion
86:26 a consequence of oil generation. don't try to plant. I
86:40 Does everybody recognize what they're trying to me? Organic components. I was
86:53 that are um in the Growing in 14th round it's our flutters to the
87:04 water. Try to plant try to sunlight. Plankton means flutters. These
87:15 organisms that are floating that are forming photosynthesis. Try to play is there
87:24 Doctor Nous? There's just a lot tennis. The doctor is organic matter
87:30 organic matter that's formed in place. . Organic matter is organic matter that
87:37 brought in to the opposition environment. for two seats, this needs to
87:45 to us. Organic matter, drainage off determines deadlocked in this organic
88:02 Let's also remember the term organic carbon accumulation. Right, what source mint
88:16 ? Yeah, we're going to distinguish the potential. So shock and
88:21 So struck and exhausted. So struck non so shock An answer. Shock
88:28 one that doesn't have adequate quantities of matter to become so struck in the
88:34 place. Destructs that are not enrich material for the social islam that has
88:52 matter that is capable of being converted hydrocarbons. That's a potential source and
88:59 . So shock is one that can shown to have generated and expelled hydrocarbons
89:08 exhausted social means it is those source that were once upon a time point
89:17 reach, but a lot of the generation capacity has been expected already.
89:26 optimism social announcer strokes of course are rocks the don't have any organic matter
89:34 the first place. The turmoil shape information. Corado is an oil
89:50 It's in the geologic information consisting of the minerals and a lot of organic
89:58 . Karajan not forgetting why is We can sum times exploit oil shales
90:10 these scooping them out and reporting them the laboratory artificially we can exploit source
90:20 by putting heaters in the ground and the social in place and creating hydro
90:30 in place artificially. That process exists colorado. We have lots of short
90:42 that have not generated and spilled out coverage. But they are ready to
90:46 an experience if I induce it in . These are only chance student to
90:59 73. Uh, I'm putting page . In fact, you don't have
91:07 book and Mhm. So work with on making sure that they get the
91:18 suits keep. Not today, but the week. So, um,
91:32 is consistent of hydrocarbons meaning compounds containing and hydrogen. Mm hmm. In
91:46 given fool, hydrocarbons are compounds continue and hydrogen only truly consistent hydrocarbons plus
91:59 hydrocarbons. Okay, compounds containing carbon hydrogen compounds containing carbon, hydrogen,
92:11 , sulfur and oxygen, then Okay, natural guests. It's a
92:21 of these hydrocarbons in the gaseous phase are also a phase. These are
92:34 that occurred as vapors in the subsurface condensed into liquids at the surface.
92:42 have natural gas which is simply Hydro governments condensates, those hydrocarbons that
92:50 as vapor facing the subsurface and condense liquids at the surface crude oil is
92:59 is that existed. It's a liquid the subsurface and liquid at the
93:05 Okay, The terms the terms sour by implication means sulfur rich crude
93:16 sweet cruise, sour crudes and Sweet . You don't want to be testing
93:21 to see if the suburbs. Sweet simply know that Sweet cruise by definition
93:27 crude oils with that are not enriched sulfur compounds depleted cell. Fair
93:39 It's our guests in much the same sour gas consists of hydrocarbons, but
93:45 cases plus non hydrocarbon gasses meaning Two S. +02 except bye,
93:56 gas. By definition bacterial contamination, can accumulate biogenic gas accumulations. These
94:22 strictly of methane because there informed by bacteria in essence forming methane. If
94:35 are means by which you can because and you end up biogenic gas
94:46 A unique in the sense that they only of methane and that methane is
94:56 I just optically distinct from Thermo genic . Hygienic method Will consist of CH
95:08 molecules but these molecules are formed by transpiration of bacteria if you will.
95:20 , kidding. Yes. Yeah. . It's really remember petroleum products.
95:34 you have heard the term light you've heard the term medium cruise.
95:39 may have heard heavy cruise, you have heard the term have very heavy
95:50 . The definition of these terms depends the gravity on the density of the
95:58 mixture Like roots. Are those that the gravity's of 38° density can be
96:10 in FBI terms and can be expressed a P. I decrease. So
96:18 crew's we haven't hit the high gravity more than 58° Medium proves the crude
96:25 with 38 increase. Have you meant ? Yeah. Uh, by gravity's
96:35 more than 38 In Greece. Heavy more than 29°. Very heavy. Food
96:43 FIB gravity's of 8.5° or lower. can describe the density of the crude
96:57 in terms of the gravity, which very much on the complete position.
97:07 , hydrocarbon accumulation. If we did temple of crude oil and distillate in
97:22 laboratory, we're going to get boiling boiling fractions. Those fractions that boiled
97:30 temperatures less than 100 C. I'm to call them light gets really infraction
97:39 night Cassidy infraction, that fraction of oil 300° and 200°. The lesser fraction
97:52 track Action points between courtesy. Between Police and 304 decrease. 330°. Perhaps
98:04 and Gasoline do I stuff you could lubricating your car Boils between 320° to
98:19 That's lou boy, The residue is boiling Higher temperatures than 400°C. So I
98:31 take it a barrel of crude oil distillate into the light gasoline's the nafta
98:39 kerosene and gasoline. Gas oil. lube oil and the residue by distilling
98:46 in the laboratory. To these No, I can describe my crude
98:58 composition by the compounds that makes it I can have the liquids, I
99:08 have the condensates and the guests are different. Find natural gas as those
99:15 mixture containing methane all the way to maintain and then Enter five. Come
99:26 , I can define the condensates as molecules containing four carbon atoms to 10
99:32 atoms. These are condensates. They will have given boiling point range in
99:41 boiling point of beating the boiling point decade. You came Ben gay and
99:58 update. No nie obtain no name to those things. Those are pulling
100:12 of these different components. The conferences have molecules with four carbon atoms to
100:20 carbon atoms and therefore boiling points between boiling point of until the public public
100:26 of decades crude oil then will be boiling higher than seton can be in
100:38 form as hydrocarbons. By definition hydrocarbons carbon and hydrogen only. Yeah for
100:48 hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons, carbon hydrogen plus doing sulfur and oxygen bearing compounds.
100:56 can be in the form of aromatic or saturated components Sitit components can be
101:08 normal para fits three chain compounds. I saw or branch components or the
101:15 glue. So normal person should be carbon. Carbon carbon carbon carbon party
101:25 support eventually carbon carbon carbon branch the would be the cycle components. Carbon
101:43 carbon carbon carbon insight click forms. can be five member dreams. They
101:48 be six member dreams or there can multiple brings. So maxie mm not
101:57 components. Right. Uh, so normal para fits the icing parabens in
102:07 cyclo paraphrase or nothin is we sometimes to them. Have you heard the
102:14 before? She knows what these are about. The young lady in the
102:26 some of them she heard office. . Yeah. Is this clear?
102:40 can also character characterized And describe the oil by their Sarah content or the
102:50 1? Sarah implying saturates aromatics reasons that's from antiquity. And these saturates
103:00 be the the normal parabens dyes or and then have these. So it
103:06 a crude oil separated into the saturates . The resin is um, that's
103:10 teens with the saturates be separated into normal para fins, ice operations and
103:16 Athens I have a lot of redundancy but Okay, okay. And he
103:25 to you, okay, sarah and group types for example in this west
103:33 , crude, 33 degree high gravity would be the saturates The aromatics the
103:42 , that's 14 in this particular That's accurate. Make up 44% of
103:47 crude aromatics makes up 31% of the . The resident makes up 11% of
103:52 S, 14's and and uh, components for the forms, 14% of
103:59 crew. Okay, so colloids can quite variable. They don't necessarily have
104:05 have that solution but they can be of that distribution saturates can also have
104:15 normal better please the parents and the 36%. 52%. But they can
104:23 quite variable from that distribution. Okay. Okay. Well to something
104:40 hope won't insult you too much. simplest organic molecules is smithy.
104:52 Yeah. Let's see. This is compound containing one carbon atom and four
104:59 atoms. It has a structure. carbon and hydrogen are distributed in a
105:10 specific she and science. The carbon bonds Are about one angstrom in
105:24 The angle Between all these bonds is No so it's a very definitive
105:39 Has this composition CH four. And angle between the carbon hydrogen bonds Is
105:47 of nine. The length of the between the carbon and hydrogen is very
105:52 . It's 1.1 extra. It's the Ganic Malik. Okay, so the
106:07 This compound is methane CH four probably just simply write it as c.
106:14 If I 51 years before that it's three other types. The normal tariff
106:23 . Normal street chain parasitic compounds examples the normal painting five Carbon atoms in
106:33 chain. She three ch two ch ch to the three five Carbon Hatton's
106:42 the chain C. N. H N plus two. So C5 H
106:49 c six et cetera. Okay. . Super officials and branched components for
106:59 I supreme team. So you have carbon atoms in the structure with one
107:05 those carbon atoms in a branch. we name that compound. two methods
107:15 beauty for carbon atoms in a chain and the branch in position to two
107:31 beauty. Everybody looking nice at this . Later guys, it's I so
107:43 with a method branch in position to can call it to methane butane.
107:54 they named it. Uh I saw . It's a nice summer of
108:03 So Containment and I Simmer 20. US Supreme droids are a group of
108:13 consisting of these elements. These links isil contained links. So here is
108:22 compound called fighting your hands slink stink link and this link. So you
108:31 that as a paranoid link repeated four for me. Fighting key. The
108:44 is exactly the same. Except it one less carbon. Okay. And
108:58 seems her cyclo oh exactly. Compound of them is cyclo taxi. Each
109:11 is satisfied with four valances in the of two hydrogen and then the valances
109:18 are shared between the carbon patterns. this is cyclone vaccine. six Carbon
109:27 the same site click for me and the complement of hydrogen around it and
109:35 saturated. Every carbon atom is saturated either hydrogen atoms or other metal
109:46 I can have a psychic structure but an unsaturated structure. Camera's not every
109:55 . An atom is satisfied with four insists, yeah, lacking hydrogen.
110:02 the electrons are shared Between these two hatton forming these double bonds. So
110:10 is an aromatic structure. This is structure. This is psychedelic scene.
110:18 is benzene energy electrons are shared with the carbon. Whereas we draw it
110:32 as if it's a double bond. reality it's an electron cloud that is
110:39 inside that structure. It's a meeting this structure. You can do it
110:50 at any given instant in time it have is shared electrons in this
111:00 We drew it as we draw this vaccine simply ring. We draw this
111:07 Ben Z. Because of this right? We can have of
111:15 mixtures of these rings together with these forming this kind of structures, psych
111:25 . Benzene and this would be in aromatic compound called tetra hydro nasally.
111:34 it's a national in because there's these rings and there is hydrogen in position
111:42 and four. There's extra hydrogen to the solution of electrons in that
111:52 1, 2, 3, Tetra hydro Jocelyn is a two heck
112:01 structures fused together with these bonds. shown in this drawing. So methane
112:13 be referred to as C1, carbon hydrogen. A. Sane referred to
112:19 C two. To correct propane. you're to a caesar three, I
112:30 be retained If it is I see , Surely his chain of three carbon
112:38 with one of these programs having a stuck to it. In this case
112:44 the branch stuck to the middle carbon if I put it anywhere else is
112:50 to be a normal para fill of chain length. Right? Yeah.
113:01 term guest witness term guests witness. heard the term dry guests. You're
113:11 with gas. Yes dr guess would mm hmm compound or a mixture of
113:26 consisting of you see I think Praveen . If I have methane,
113:41 propane, butane and I have I the amount of C two C three
113:51 forest. Oh and seafood divided by um amount of hydrocarbons I guess guess
113:59 . I describe that gas mixture in of witness say this is weakest when
114:06 is dry gas depending on the ratio could you see nothing in that
114:19 Sure nothing is in propane. Normal is a beating maintain ISA pain
114:32 So painting is five carbon atoms in chain and straight chain normal as contained
114:39 the branched carbon. All of this carbon chain or two branches in this
114:50 change. So three carbon atoms in chain with without groups connected to the
114:58 . Carbon net new guilty. So B 1717 you being paid nothing's um
115:14 components so you can have secular painting missile cycle painting, she went to
115:24 , miss outside to painting it's cyclo just like this one where we took
115:30 of the hydrogen and replace it with method group in position one methane cyclo
115:41 . This is die missile cyclo See the two national groups. This
115:50 like a vaccine. Missile cyclo Very simple. Die missile site takes
115:59 position one and position too because I have dimethyl cycle extent but with the
116:05 groups not adjacent like that, but anywhere in the structure. Great.
116:15 I call this 12 diamonds outside. saying what if I were to place
116:19 method group in this position? Can volunteer to tell me what would that
116:25 named as? Can you name the that has a method group here in
116:36 method group here. And another structure has a method group here. And
116:41 method group here. Mm hmm. , no, no. Did I
116:52 three methyl groups. I see two groups but placed in different locations on
117:01 structure. That's it. It's So of course, but this is
117:10 dot amazon right Position one position I mean I can have one
117:18 I can have him if I grew here instead of here, what would
117:21 call that? This is one to midnight. If I had one here
117:27 one here, what what would I that 1? three Diamonds.
117:34 That makes it All right. If had the method group here instead of
117:41 . Why what would I call that ? Wow 123, 4 time
117:57 exactly, pixie, simple nomenclature. questions on that? Okay. I
118:12 also have structures where I have to fused together. This company is called
118:21 in, but I can call it else. I can call it guy
118:28 hydro nationally Because gasoline is two rings , with the situation in them.
118:36 when they are saturated, I call deca hydro Natalie. So afternoon would
118:42 two benzene rings fused together with lots situation. But when they're saturated,
118:50 call them deca hydro history. So is Kathleen when I hands. Uh
119:14 . Okay. So this is Ben . Remember this is double bond,
119:23 is the double bond and this is bond. Yes. Oh,
119:30 sorry guys. Yeah. Okay. glad you reminded me because I can
119:38
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