| 00:00 | All right. So then we start Peers for reals. Um Remember to |
|
| 00:08 | that number in your um app uh , for, for this to |
|
| 00:16 | You gotta have obviously a register. . Um All right. The uh |
|
| 00:25 | today, well, this week's over much after today, but you got |
|
| 00:30 | first can quiz. Um Tomorrow opens noon. Ok. You got through |
|
| 00:37 | completed. Um Just remember that you um whenever you start, you start |
|
| 00:46 | Friday, you can start it on . It doesn't matter, but when |
|
| 00:49 | do your ticks. So you don't you can start it on Saturday morning |
|
| 00:54 | finish it Monday start, ok? But it's not a, it's not |
|
| 01:01 | lockdown browser thing. You can, can you take a whole class at |
|
| 01:06 | time? You can do that completely to you. Um The first mastering |
|
| 01:13 | is due on Monday as well. . So, um OK. Uh |
|
| 01:22 | else? Um Any questions above Ok. So, uh we're gonna |
|
| 01:31 | with, so remember we had a last time. That was one of |
|
| 01:41 | before and after attempts, right? , uh you're gonna see who's playing |
|
| 01:47 | the, but you all selected last in terms of your answer. So |
|
| 01:52 | we're looking to do it now now the after. OK. So that's |
|
| 01:57 | one here. So same question as . OK. Uh But another shot |
|
| 02:02 | its so is the majority answered? , whatever the majority answer last time |
|
| 02:12 | wrong. So I'll tell you that . OK. So we have the |
|
| 02:23 | . Mhm And nobody ever talked about to do that. It's a common |
|
| 02:30 | in div oh A big Yeah. trying to collaborate. Maybe one. |
|
| 03:14 | . Yeah. All right. Let's down from seven. See. |
|
| 03:30 | OK. There we go. Fine, good. OK. So |
|
| 03:43 | mines were swayed. Let's see. we increased the correct answer to from |
|
| 03:54 | to 1 16. OK? Because is correct. OK. So somebody |
|
| 04:02 | me or why? So who's uh who answered? Somebody answered f who |
|
| 04:08 | F So why is he wrong? . Yeah. Antibodies, right. |
|
| 04:16 | vaccines where by stimulating your body to antibodies? They respond to antigens to |
|
| 04:23 | that, right. So um So after, after for those, |
|
| 04:29 | those little tropes, OK. So just a brief recap. And the |
|
| 04:36 | thing we gotta do today to finish Checker one is the EIE ID emerging |
|
| 04:40 | disease. So uh so we last we went through uh pasture and his |
|
| 04:47 | through his um kind of a design that have air in the trapped |
|
| 04:53 | So he will fill the with, the a people. So you gotta |
|
| 04:58 | rid of air and then he get generation. So he had air but |
|
| 05:02 | spontaneous generation, right? So um we talked a little bit about |
|
| 05:10 | Uh We didn't go, we don't into like your book. It, |
|
| 05:13 | only briefly mentions Popes postulate, So the whole framework for how you |
|
| 05:20 | a microbe to a disease, We we go, we go through |
|
| 05:25 | in in middle of semester chapter we'll go through all the nuts and |
|
| 05:29 | of that. But uh for now to know that um his finding was |
|
| 05:36 | that microbes could cause disease. That's he established, right? Not all |
|
| 05:41 | , obviously, because not all diseases infectious diseases like cancer, heart |
|
| 05:46 | So don't, don't apply here, certainly infectious diseases. He established that |
|
| 05:52 | could be caused by microbes and that's he was able to work with. |
|
| 05:55 | . And so both test drive, know, all that work kind of |
|
| 06:00 | in developing the techniques of microbiology that beginning to learn lab. If you're |
|
| 06:04 | lab, uh a lot of people call basic stuff, but it's, |
|
| 06:09 | know, it's it's their ability to these things is what really revolutionized the |
|
| 06:15 | . So as a big technique bringing on liquid and so media, et |
|
| 06:19 | . OK. So and then we through uh so OK, you find |
|
| 06:25 | that micros and causes these one. how do you get rid of |
|
| 06:27 | Right. So that vaccination and such , antibiotics, et cetera, |
|
| 06:33 | And so, uh the basis for right is about recognizing antigen, |
|
| 06:39 | Antigens are on microbes in various whether it's molecules sticking out of the |
|
| 06:46 | , um whether it's element that's flopping anything on the periphery, potentially your |
|
| 06:52 | system cells can detect. And so detection of anakin leads to several effects |
|
| 07:00 | we'll learn later. But one of for a big production antibody and so |
|
| 07:06 | and it itself has a number of that have hurt. OK. |
|
| 07:11 | the, the goal is to the result is to get rid of |
|
| 07:14 | get rid of that. OK. so, uh then we ended pretty |
|
| 07:19 | on, no, we ended ended with that. But we, |
|
| 07:22 | the end, we talked about significance our COVID. So obviously, in |
|
| 07:28 | course, we're really hammering on the care aspects for the microbes and uh |
|
| 07:33 | bad ones that cause the disease and we diagnose and how we treat |
|
| 07:37 | blah, blah, blah. Um what we spend most of the |
|
| 07:40 | So I do wanna spend, we a little bit here, but we'll |
|
| 07:43 | a little bit more time down the about some of the good things, |
|
| 07:47 | ? Because that's far, far, , far, far out. But |
|
| 07:53 | , we need, we need them our own. OK. And so |
|
| 07:57 | , they're different metabolisms that they have are able to really uh bring about |
|
| 08:03 | cycling of elements, right? Where all need things like carbon uh |
|
| 08:09 | phosphorus, et cetera to make our and they make these available through decomposition |
|
| 08:17 | their types of metabolism they have. so that supports everybody in here. |
|
| 08:24 | . You include it. So um know that there was, the guy |
|
| 08:29 | to gray kind of found these kind little metabolisms, eating inorganic materials. |
|
| 08:36 | never heard of that? Yeah. um and then we finished up |
|
| 08:42 | with a little bit of uh micro disease. So my provider was in |
|
| 08:49 | on you, right? And um relationships you have with them are typically |
|
| 08:55 | two the mental relationship uh they benefit they don't harm you. So there |
|
| 09:03 | kind of passengers along for the ride they don't do anything to you but |
|
| 09:07 | of course, can, can, uh can harm you type. Of |
|
| 09:13 | you both are benefit. So uh number of these relationships. So most |
|
| 09:19 | the uh the side. So where , that they, their metabolisms |
|
| 09:26 | you think like vitamins, you wouldn't make amino acids, you wouldn't otherwise |
|
| 09:31 | um um uh boosting your immune system not functioning in many different ways. |
|
| 09:40 | ? So lots of things to Then, of course, there are |
|
| 09:43 | I opportunistic um really about these ari types arise from your, your own |
|
| 09:55 | bike. Typically in scenarios where they're the chance to kind of get out |
|
| 10:02 | the habits that they normally live Basic example, is staff, |
|
| 10:07 | Staff are live on your skin or membranes, your nose, for |
|
| 10:12 | uh because they have, if they a way to like get into your |
|
| 10:16 | like a wound or something like then that's where they make some, |
|
| 10:19 | may cause problems. OK? Uh pas aren't normally live on. |
|
| 10:25 | If you have it acquire uh uh not that you, you would have |
|
| 10:35 | as part of the microbiome, So that would that, that would |
|
| 10:42 | um from health care standpoint, bio are all about its surface. |
|
| 10:51 | Hold on trying to get this thing . Oh I got it back out |
|
| 10:55 | just one second because if you get power point, you got a |
|
| 11:02 | you have to have it on presented speaker full screen or your pen will |
|
| 11:07 | . OK. Uh Fy I if ever do this, OK. Let's |
|
| 11:14 | . There we go. So bio . How about surface grow on the |
|
| 11:23 | , the earth and grow and OK. And so maybe you mentioned |
|
| 11:28 | surfaces you might encounter a health care , right? A uh breathing |
|
| 11:35 | a meter or some kind of body , the joint, they don't all |
|
| 11:41 | surface in the heart valve. Um all those surfaces where where can grow |
|
| 11:50 | if you don't handle it properly, come from your skin uh or not |
|
| 11:56 | when you open the packaging, you contaminate. You need to buy a |
|
| 12:01 | . So we'll talk more about that as well. OK. So that |
|
| 12:04 | us with the last thing um E Ds. OK. Um And so |
|
| 12:10 | just wanna show a quick quickie uh here, but I don't know, |
|
| 12:19 | back up to the audio in So let me just try this real |
|
| 12:24 | shame. You got try this All right. So let's look at |
|
| 12:36 | . Oh, no problem. OK. Sorry about that. Let's |
|
| 12:41 | here. That was crazy with several diseases. Diseases pose a threat to |
|
| 12:48 | health worldwide. One such example is ignore the virus outbreak in West |
|
| 12:53 | He claims thousands of lives and caused around the world virus outbreak. It |
|
| 13:00 | rapidly throughout the Americas and affected thousands people, especially pregnant women. There |
|
| 13:06 | also diseases like COVID-19 that emerged in . It has become a global pandemic |
|
| 13:13 | widespread illness, death and social Why are we seeing an increase in |
|
| 13:19 | infectious diseases? One reason is the interaction between humans and animals deforestation. |
|
| 13:27 | so um just to interject here, , let's try again. Here we |
|
| 13:33 | . So just to mention here, E I Ds um seemingly coming from |
|
| 13:39 | and all of a sudden boom, got this outbreak. OK. Um |
|
| 13:45 | often these are diseases we've known But when they were first discovered or |
|
| 13:51 | , um it was like on a small scale, right? And maybe |
|
| 13:55 | obscure region of the world they maybe , oh, this unusual organism |
|
| 14:00 | or, or, or virus or bacterium but never really kind of |
|
| 14:04 | anything. But then years later it a full blown infection. Ok. |
|
| 14:11 | became more virulent. Virulent is kind severity of disease. So cold virus |
|
| 14:17 | not that virulent, right? It's that deadly, but something like Ebola |
|
| 14:21 | super virulent. Ok. So it may have been a more benign |
|
| 14:27 | , but then all of a sudden morphed into this more infectious type. |
|
| 14:32 | ? Um so and and more and of these E I DS tend to |
|
| 14:38 | viruses. Ok? Not exclusively but often the case. OK? And |
|
| 14:44 | the animal connection as mentioned. And um zoonotic diseases are of animal |
|
| 14:52 | OK? And uh COVID uh um uh SARS virus, the the the |
|
| 15:02 | virus, um all all related all organs and bats. Ok. And |
|
| 15:09 | and so one of the other uh human interaction, it because viruses, |
|
| 15:15 | , even it's not a virus. it has to make a transition to |
|
| 15:18 | human, right? It's gonna affect , right? Just because an animal |
|
| 15:21 | mean it automatically affect us, So it's all about we'll learn the |
|
| 15:27 | uh interaction in in particular is about particular molecules on their cell that allow |
|
| 15:33 | to gain interest inside and they are gonna have that they're used to being |
|
| 15:39 | whatever animal is their host and they'll it themselves. So when it, |
|
| 15:45 | course a uh viruses, other they can mutate change, right? |
|
| 15:52 | that pattern and then be able to yourself. But, but you've gotta |
|
| 15:57 | the interaction between the two, It can't just my do on, |
|
| 16:01 | its own, it contact between humans animals that, that the organism kind |
|
| 16:05 | learns some like the, the human how to, how to breach the |
|
| 16:10 | uh barrier to get in there. ? And that's happening more and more |
|
| 16:14 | said through for like getting into because are expanding, getting into clearing areas |
|
| 16:20 | get in there and, and housing whatnot. And so you're gonna |
|
| 16:23 | you know, different types of insects, what have you, |
|
| 16:27 | Um Also our, our, our markets, right could be um uh |
|
| 16:36 | in Southeast Asia and other parts of world. And so you'll have, |
|
| 16:39 | know, animals, different types, cage, caged up for sale and |
|
| 16:45 | interaction. I saw one video of park in India that had uh facilities |
|
| 16:50 | they have like a lot of bats there's things around in this, in |
|
| 16:54 | country, just different parts of the States, there are stuff we eat |
|
| 16:58 | here, they don't eat up right. Crawfish, it's not that |
|
| 17:02 | , I don't think in Minnesota, it is here. Ok. But |
|
| 17:06 | other foods say that around the world are eating that we don't eat and |
|
| 17:09 | are where, you know, for example, are eaten. And |
|
| 17:13 | , that's kind of that, that brings the human connection and potential for |
|
| 17:18 | not. Ok. So, um just move forward, increasing the risk |
|
| 17:26 | disease, transition, political travel and also contribute to the spread of diseases |
|
| 17:32 | the border. Changing climate is an factor. Well, that's definitely |
|
| 17:39 | So climate change um is in terms like especially insects, insects are a |
|
| 17:45 | of, of vectors. Vector is name for uh a a an animal |
|
| 17:50 | that is specific for carrying a specific and transmitting a tooth, right? |
|
| 17:56 | insects mosquitoes in particular are very common uh with Nile virus. Um and |
|
| 18:02 | others and climate change can lead to temperature differences now or maybe insects, |
|
| 18:10 | example, like warmer climates that now getting warmer in areas that weren't so |
|
| 18:15 | before that they can then migrate to areas and now they can occupy those |
|
| 18:19 | . They couldn't before same that migratory of other mammals can carry different vectors |
|
| 18:24 | things. So uh that can effect , increase the the interest perhaps of |
|
| 18:31 | spreading these types of E I OK. Natural habitats need to stop |
|
| 18:38 | balance, making it easier. Also the risk of Zinno diseases, the |
|
| 18:56 | crowding, whether it's crowd, crowds humans or animals, what not that |
|
| 19:01 | accelerates the ability to transmit, transmit the organism. So amazing, |
|
| 19:08 | as to develop new vaccines and therapeutics combat these diseases, improve public |
|
| 19:16 | infrastructure and surveillance systems are necessary to effectively. She win this campaign, |
|
| 19:26 | hygiene practices such as hand washing and food. We must also address the |
|
| 19:33 | factors that drive the emergence of these , climate change and unsustainable farming |
|
| 19:43 | I OK. So um let me . OK. So um yeah, |
|
| 19:54 | it, you know, in the we live in now, you |
|
| 19:56 | we travel everywhere and um uh more humans are occupying the planet crowding |
|
| 20:03 | . Uh climate change, all these gonna play factories, likely increase the |
|
| 20:09 | of having another outbreak. Uh hopefully pandemic wise, but certainly, uh |
|
| 20:16 | , I don't think COVID the last we may go to this but |
|
| 20:20 | that we did a couple of years . But um that's why it's all |
|
| 20:24 | more important to have people out there scientists out there on the front |
|
| 20:28 | out in areas of the world monitoring populations for these kind of things. |
|
| 20:33 | it's, it's uh obviously important to to get ahead of this before it |
|
| 20:39 | something and contain it when there is outbreak. OK. So, you |
|
| 20:44 | , so it really um the last here is you know, beyond these |
|
| 20:49 | of, of cultural and environmental factors so far. Right. Um, |
|
| 20:58 | you know, the actual organism itself , uh, because a particular factor |
|
| 21:04 | COVID environment but itself change you all . That's what it's all about. |
|
| 21:10 | so the, uh, you can . So, viruses, in particular |
|
| 21:15 | A viruses like COVID is, and other viruses. RN A virus, |
|
| 21:21 | virus are all we call RN A And these tend to mutate much |
|
| 21:27 | Ok. Uh DNA viruses less. , um I'll get into why that |
|
| 21:34 | we're talking about viruses but, but don't do that. Um uh Of |
|
| 21:39 | . So, um and then in process of creating new genes for acquiring |
|
| 21:49 | means, uh again, all, the agent has to give you a |
|
| 21:54 | , you just gotta be able to , I think that human itself, |
|
| 21:59 | ? And then gain interest and begin replicate. OK. So it doesn't |
|
| 22:04 | a lot of, it doesn't require to be. Uh so when the |
|
| 22:13 | , for example, two virus, practice the cell, you have more |
|
| 22:18 | . In fact, it is uh canine inside itself and that's how flu |
|
| 22:26 | evolve from like uh the bird flu flu, uh et cetera, these |
|
| 22:31 | variants kind of recombined with each Ok. Uh So, you |
|
| 22:36 | it's uh it is a definitely it's uh something to be aware of |
|
| 22:43 | sure and to have and to be and, um, uh, making |
|
| 22:49 | that, you know, we find before it gets too bad and contain |
|
| 22:53 | . Ok. So it's something we're be dealing with, you know, |
|
| 22:55 | the foreseeable future. Ok. any questions? But I think so |
|
| 23:03 | gonna flip. So this next next chapter is all about the. |
|
| 23:09 | . So it's gonna be a lot , ok, here's what's in the |
|
| 23:11 | cell and this is what it OK. OK. So um a |
|
| 23:18 | good test for this is um if , like I said, if you |
|
| 23:27 | to assess yourself on the knowledge of that topic, right? Simply |
|
| 23:31 | draw a huge cell on your call that a bacterium x whatever your |
|
| 23:39 | name is and then proceed to fill up with what you know about. |
|
| 23:46 | , starting from the outside and going . OK. What do you encounter |
|
| 23:54 | along the way? OK, So now you do that, of |
|
| 23:59 | , the pen and pencil and nothing . So if you can do that |
|
| 24:03 | the, at the end, you be pretty confident. OK. So |
|
| 24:09 | gonna do it in a similar fashion . OK. So with her |
|
| 24:16 | remember the bacteria? OK. So the various types of arrangements of |
|
| 24:23 | you'll see this stuff in lab when in there. Uh There's different terminology |
|
| 24:28 | these types, whether it's facilities, shape, they can be chains, |
|
| 24:33 | have single from, you know, to chemo Morph relates to kind of |
|
| 24:45 | non a non uniform you can see the py, right, they're all |
|
| 24:52 | rod shaped in chains, but they're uniform. Uh All these vibrio are |
|
| 24:57 | shape. Uh The spy are all shaped but pleomorphic is kind of the |
|
| 25:03 | of that. They kind of have irregular forms forms. That's classic |
|
| 25:08 | OK. The point is you can different arrangements and there's terminology associated with |
|
| 25:12 | means chains, coccus circular shape, stas with these great light plus. |
|
| 25:21 | . So that's characteristic of bacteria, . OK. So let's look at |
|
| 25:26 | question. Are before and after I'm get one of these again, |
|
| 25:30 | So we'll see this in a little . So which is false among eight |
|
| 25:38 | concerning this bacterial cell. OK. look carefully and all those little here's |
|
| 25:46 | . OK. So key, key here is bacterial cell. OK. |
|
| 26:21 | . Mhm. Mhm All right. count down from 25. OK. |
|
| 26:57 | right. 543. Yes. Like , let me take a picture of |
|
| 27:12 | . All right. Is that Hm. OK. Let's move |
|
| 27:21 | We'll come back to that little few from now. OK. So uh |
|
| 27:25 | know, your book does, but don't focus on itself. OK. |
|
| 27:30 | emphasis is pro Caros. So when do show something from you, I'm |
|
| 27:36 | gonna test you on that left side . OK. It's for comparison, |
|
| 27:42 | ? So, um so just keep in mind as you're going through chapter |
|
| 27:47 | , OK? That you're not gonna testing on new periods, right? |
|
| 27:50 | you know what you're gonna be tested because it's on the exam one |
|
| 27:53 | right? So just follow that. . So just comparatively speaking, |
|
| 27:58 | there's obviously a difference between inside the of the cell, right? All |
|
| 28:03 | membrane folding, the nucleus, et , characteristic of way you carry |
|
| 28:07 | right? Protic cell doesn't have OK. Uh That type of membranes |
|
| 28:16 | organelles or folding or whatnot. They've an area containing the chromosome, right |
|
| 28:23 | 08 is the key term is not , void, basically means is is |
|
| 28:28 | like OK. But it's not it's not a membrane bound structure. |
|
| 28:34 | . So um I'm gonna, I no uh different. I'm gonna show |
|
| 28:39 | this just for uh just let's go . OK. So again, basic |
|
| 28:45 | , I think you can probably write list already of basic differences between the |
|
| 28:49 | and pro Caro. OK. Uh you see here, uh all the |
|
| 28:53 | of instructions you see compared to a Caro. And obviously it is not |
|
| 28:57 | scale. This would be a much fraction of the size of the cell |
|
| 29:01 | the right. OK. So um main thing, pro nuclear region, |
|
| 29:14 | ? It's not membrane bound, it's a new leaf, that's the |
|
| 29:21 | Um All these, we see some that will have like structures in |
|
| 29:27 | but they're not membrane bound organelles. uh They do have cell wall, |
|
| 29:33 | of them do, but it's not wall like a, like a |
|
| 29:36 | It's different. Um Of course, like the Bible binary excision, there's |
|
| 29:40 | sexual reproduction in a bacterium or right? So, uh and a |
|
| 29:47 | is basically we have 46 linear right? We inherit 23 from each |
|
| 29:55 | . OK? Um And that's typical your current cell linear straight in that |
|
| 30:02 | chromosomes in multiple. OK. So most eukaryotes are diploid. OK. |
|
| 30:11 | can be some variations. We're diploid and IKE are haploid one chromosome, |
|
| 30:17 | circular chromosome. OK. So this area here is occupied by one single |
|
| 30:25 | chromosome you can have uh but we'll that on the next picture. |
|
| 30:30 | So let's move ahead this question right? So about molecules that make |
|
| 30:36 | a cell, right? So here about abundance, abundance of molecules. |
|
| 30:43 | um so in a pro Caro the abundant molecule numbers of them. |
|
| 30:54 | Um Would be what? So when see abundance stick in terms of quantity |
|
| 31:00 | molecules per set. OK. One these are molecules for cell, don't |
|
| 31:08 | about it. Let me cover it . I need you to see |
|
| 31:10 | Yeah. Beep. OK. OK. All right. Let's count |
|
| 31:34 | for 21. Mhm uh Hint is the most abundant molecule in anything in |
|
| 31:53 | living thing. Yeah, I hear changing answer is changing. Yes, |
|
| 32:07 | . We are molecules. We're, all 70% water. What's the, |
|
| 32:18 | isn't a quicker question. What's the abundant on? What's the least abundant |
|
| 32:23 | the list? Molecules per cell? see you tonight. DNA? There's |
|
| 32:34 | circular DM. I, you Ok. One. Ok. |
|
| 32:41 | so collectively don't need to know But DNA, ah, DNA, |
|
| 32:48 | RN A, what we call like molecules. That's about 25% of the |
|
| 32:55 | . OK? Um lipids fats 0 something like that. Uh But |
|
| 33:02 | so water molecule is most abundant. Let's look at the Malibu cell |
|
| 33:08 | bacterial cell. OK. So this envelope, OK. Um Get out |
|
| 33:17 | the habit of referring to the bacterial , I guess maybe as a cell |
|
| 33:25 | , right? Use the term OK. So here you see that's |
|
| 33:31 | to be a cytoplasm memory. We it inner membrane. We'll talk about |
|
| 33:36 | because many bacteria have stuff beyond So we refer to the inner membrane |
|
| 33:44 | that that initial barrier that defines it a cell, right? Cytoplasmic membrane |
|
| 33:51 | membrane. However, you wanna refer , right? That's the one that |
|
| 33:56 | the cytoplasm. OK. Now the we say envelope, what's the envelope |
|
| 34:02 | refers to really here outwards OK. it'll include the cell membrane in a |
|
| 34:11 | . OK? But whatever else is there and we'll see there can be |
|
| 34:14 | stuff that's out there. So, you say cell envelope of the |
|
| 34:18 | you say, well, it's, got the inner membrane, of |
|
| 34:21 | but then it's got blah, blah blah. OK. So when |
|
| 34:25 | say cell envelope, that's, that's that term refers to. OK. |
|
| 34:29 | um OK. So in your you probably are familiar with membrane structure |
|
| 34:35 | fossil libid and whatnot. That's what gonna see here. OK. Um |
|
| 34:39 | well as the various proteins for et cetera. OK. OK. |
|
| 34:44 | . So basically everything inside there is cytoplasm. You have cytoplasm, we |
|
| 34:50 | cyzone. So cyzone is basically just lid portion, the a portion of |
|
| 34:54 | pla the cytoplasm is basically everything that's the cell, it's inside that |
|
| 34:59 | OK. Which you can imagine already that is, right? All the |
|
| 35:04 | molecules, DNA RN A et cetera . OK. So the nuclear, |
|
| 35:11 | grave parents. So if there's no to really without you thinking that there |
|
| 35:20 | that this might be a mem, ? It's not, it's not a |
|
| 35:24 | , it's just an error and it's the way to draw it without, |
|
| 35:28 | know, kind of bring that. it's, it's just an error. |
|
| 35:31 | not, it does not represent, not represent a membrane which is represents |
|
| 35:37 | area occupied by the chromosome and we it a nucleoid. OK. Um |
|
| 35:47 | , the the number one function in cell, including you, yours is |
|
| 35:52 | proteins and be doing that on ribosomes gonna have a ton of ribosomes in |
|
| 35:57 | cell and they're, they are uh can be, you know, a |
|
| 36:04 | about microscope, you know, with little bit with 1000 X, but |
|
| 36:10 | they have do have some size to , OK. But nonetheless, that's |
|
| 36:16 | . So um let's see. So back to the cell envelope. |
|
| 36:23 | , the cell envelope for most bacteria a cell wall. OK? So |
|
| 36:30 | can be thick, it can be . OK. We'll get into the |
|
| 36:33 | of the cell wall here shortly. . So the point is it's not |
|
| 36:37 | on the cell, it's made this look like. OK. And so |
|
| 36:43 | so gram positive version is gram OK? Very easy to distinguish |
|
| 36:49 | right? The ram native is the cookie. Basically, it has |
|
| 36:54 | the cookies are the two layers in middle white layer is is the cell |
|
| 37:00 | actually has two membranes. It has inner and an outer membrane and a |
|
| 37:04 | . OK? Very thin, very , very thick cell. OK? |
|
| 37:09 | just it resides on that inner OK. So uh we'll talk more |
|
| 37:17 | that later. OK. Now, most bacteria have one or the other |
|
| 37:24 | positive but there, there's certainly plenty don't have a cell wall. |
|
| 37:30 | But more do than don't. IKEA, it's probably like 50 50 |
|
| 37:35 | terms of a cell wall. I . So OK. Um And the |
|
| 37:39 | cell wall is also similar to but exactly like pepper the like him. |
|
| 37:45 | , but yeah, we'll mention that a little bit uh Right. So |
|
| 37:50 | things, OK, these little circles kind of a circle over um these |
|
| 37:57 | the DNA, that's DNA, And so you can have a pro |
|
| 38:04 | have um uh the chromosome, the DNA, we can have these |
|
| 38:11 | chromosome in addition to the chromosome, pieces of DNA and circles we call |
|
| 38:21 | . And so these are segments are entities that can be changed exchanged |
|
| 38:27 | cells transport between cells. OK. talk about that in uh you need |
|
| 38:34 | . And so a cell can inherit and you can donate plasma to other |
|
| 38:39 | . So um it's a way for to acquire different genes. OK. |
|
| 38:45 | you can have the chromosome, then can have plasm the totality when we |
|
| 38:50 | about both of these together, that's cells genome. Yeah, the genome |
|
| 39:02 | anything is the totality of DNA. genome consists of 46 chromosomes. This |
|
| 39:09 | could be the one chromosome plus however plasmas it's got OK. It's, |
|
| 39:13 | , it's all this genetic information. . Um OK. So external |
|
| 39:21 | So going outside this structure, like uh attachment uh also uh kind |
|
| 39:34 | a weird kind of motion. You do a cruise type of motion as |
|
| 39:37 | . OK. Talk more about these a little bit uh flagellum fla. |
|
| 39:44 | you can have very different, they different arrangements. They can be all |
|
| 39:49 | the cell on just one end, can be a bunch of at one |
|
| 39:53 | . And what have you obviously it motion capsule. So you see the |
|
| 39:59 | blob show up that's an outer a thick outer layer. So many |
|
| 40:06 | , pathogens are disease causing microbes can a thick capsule on it. |
|
| 40:10 | That capsule basically covers. So any of molecules here on the surface of |
|
| 40:16 | bacterium are now covered. It has capsule. That's one of the a |
|
| 40:22 | bacterium that's a pathogen. That's one the ways it can avoid your immune |
|
| 40:27 | , right? So the capsule is covering the energy. So your cells |
|
| 40:32 | see them that well. So it's common feature of many pathogens that they |
|
| 40:39 | an organism you got vaccinated for is of those very thick capsule. Uh |
|
| 40:45 | bacteria, streptococcus pneumonia comes with obviously very thick act. So you |
|
| 40:49 | see this uh very uh micro is just a generic term that describes kind |
|
| 40:58 | this. If it, if there's outer layer, it's not just a |
|
| 41:02 | , but it could be like just of slimy extra Saar material that's stuck |
|
| 41:06 | it. That that's also called it it's kind of this material that external |
|
| 41:11 | the hm uh out of membrane for long. Ok. So um so |
|
| 41:21 | other thing here bring it back kind in the context of clinical medical microbiology |
|
| 41:29 | . OK. So the that this what a pathogen has that enables it |
|
| 41:37 | cause disease. Ok. And so uh what we see in this page |
|
| 41:45 | , what could be various factors? , pill and could be real |
|
| 41:49 | A flagellum could be a factor. uh There are certain components of the |
|
| 41:57 | wall can be factors. It's anything enables it to cause disease, things |
|
| 42:02 | being able to stick to your cells producing a toxin, although you don't |
|
| 42:07 | it here. Uh but toxins can to. Um so again, anything |
|
| 42:14 | will enable it to cause disease is real factor. OK. And we'll |
|
| 42:18 | about that second half of the OK. So um a capsule is |
|
| 42:24 | real factor. OK. So I say like can be uh a capsule |
|
| 42:31 | be a real factor. Plage flagella can be a real factor. So |
|
| 42:36 | just depends. OK. So, so now it's kind of break |
|
| 42:42 | we'll go individually through these various structures a little little bit more detail. |
|
| 42:48 | . So the, the approach here the book is let's start outside and |
|
| 42:54 | go in. All right. So just mentioned glycolic. And so |
|
| 42:58 | it's kind of a generic term for . Uh it can be. So |
|
| 43:03 | the basic 35 capsules, fine layer a bio, right? So the |
|
| 43:11 | slime layer is really a loosely Uh I can get to call |
|
| 43:20 | But you often see it uh as byproduct of metabolism, it, it'll |
|
| 43:26 | some metabolic byproducts and maybe it's kind a sugary car carbohydrate mixture. And |
|
| 43:34 | it's kind of sticky, it just on to the outside of the |
|
| 43:38 | OK. That's really where the slime is. OK. It, it's |
|
| 43:42 | , it's not a gene encoded feature capitalism. Right? Again, is |
|
| 43:49 | of really just a byproduct of right? And these things just secrete |
|
| 43:53 | of the cell and get stuck to and it could by, by being |
|
| 43:57 | to the cell, it could maybe in some ways. It's not a |
|
| 44:01 | structure that's always there necessarily. And there it should be just part of |
|
| 44:06 | byproduct of metabolism. OK. That's of how I think about that. |
|
| 44:11 | capsule is tightly integrated structures. You see it's tightly bound to that |
|
| 44:19 | OK. There's a capsule stain. the the clear areas are the a |
|
| 44:25 | here are the cells are pink and clear area is the capsule, it |
|
| 44:29 | be quite thick. OK. The can't penetrate the capsule. And so |
|
| 44:34 | uh so the these aren't gene encoded . OK. So it's for the |
|
| 44:39 | of uh covering this cell. And , if you see a capsule, |
|
| 44:43 | usually in the, in the associated a, with a pathogen typically of |
|
| 44:47 | sort, right? Um phagocytosis is your immune system cells way of |
|
| 44:56 | rid of packages, it engulfs I think you're probably all familiar with |
|
| 45:00 | and having to cancel it actually kind makes it less able to be. |
|
| 45:04 | it has a number of features that it to, to avoid your immune |
|
| 45:09 | . And so finally, we talking biofilms briefly last time. But so |
|
| 45:14 | are a collection of bazillions of, bacteria, ok? But part of |
|
| 45:19 | process is to make a decree and it all together. OK. So |
|
| 45:29 | is material that's on the outside of cells and they are produced, produced |
|
| 45:34 | by the cells. OK. Um . So capsule slime layers and |
|
| 45:41 | all right. Um So let's look led quickly. So um from, |
|
| 45:52 | the ear is much different in terms structure and how it moves. |
|
| 46:02 | So these ways visualize this is a plume is a propellant. So it |
|
| 46:08 | it winds like this. OK. eyo flagellum is more like a |
|
| 46:15 | It does this kind of motion, ? Not rotating more like this. |
|
| 46:21 | . So very different. And uh structure of a bacterial plume is actually |
|
| 46:26 | simpler as well. OK. And it has uh this structure that rotates |
|
| 46:32 | it's called a hook. OK. this is anchored in by this what's |
|
| 46:37 | the basal body in the membrane, ? This is actually a a gram |
|
| 46:43 | . And I can say that because gram negative has a inner membrane and |
|
| 46:47 | membrane and here will be the cell . We'll talk about that shortly. |
|
| 46:50 | nonetheless, but it's positive, negative of itself. OK. So, |
|
| 46:57 | of course, it's flagellum protein units make it up. And the uh |
|
| 47:04 | here we're talking about which is associated the flagellum. We also have what's |
|
| 47:10 | the o antigen. OK. o antigen H and so this comes |
|
| 47:18 | proof uh 50 60 years ago or uh was developed this system. |
|
| 47:25 | Really for identification purposes. And it around this because it can produce an |
|
| 47:33 | response. So a the immune response O A is associated with the out |
|
| 47:42 | memory. OK. So this was developed for brand natives, like your |
|
| 47:47 | coli and your salmonella and for disease types. OK. So we've got |
|
| 47:55 | an two various types of all kinds E coli H A&E coli, |
|
| 48:03 | OK. And so it's a, a way if you identify the more |
|
| 48:08 | important types. For example, you have heard of E coli 0157. |
|
| 48:18 | . I call it the Chipotle. , and they've had a number of |
|
| 48:24 | in the last three years, typically with produce lettuce, et cetera, |
|
| 48:29 | with life intestinal uh disease. Um the o we can identify from the |
|
| 48:39 | to this. So they pretty much need it for, that's kind |
|
| 48:49 | that's what that's about. OK. These are what we call uh serological |
|
| 48:57 | that involve like antibody engine reactions. very common nowadays in terms of |
|
| 49:04 | to use antibodies uh to, to ID, we have, we have |
|
| 49:09 | to so many different patterns. It's way to rapidly ID very quickly. |
|
| 49:13 | the hospital. A lot of tests based on that. OK. Um |
|
| 49:20 | . So I'm not gonna, there's names for all these things. |
|
| 49:23 | not, I'm not gonna go into that, but you could have um |
|
| 49:26 | point is they have different arrangements singular one end. And rule of thumb |
|
| 49:34 | if a car is motile 999,000 times of 10,009 million times out of um |
|
| 49:53 | rarely. Let's put it that If you have a bacteria, that's |
|
| 49:57 | that it will be nothing other than rock. The bottom line is |
|
| 50:02 | Bacteria are typically one with a because , there's a couple but not very |
|
| 50:07 | of, of examples of coile moile in a small. Um All |
|
| 50:16 | And you could, it's not very , but you could use flag arrangement |
|
| 50:22 | a way to ID some, some these, but that's not commonly |
|
| 50:26 | It's actually very tricky thing to but nonetheless, um motion. So |
|
| 50:32 | talk about motion with these things. . So, um all right, |
|
| 50:38 | best way to look at this to us through this thing here. Um |
|
| 50:45 | . Not that let me just go and go here. OK. So |
|
| 50:52 | our bacterium swimming along. And so flagella you see there are kind of |
|
| 51:00 | rotating in unison. OK. So they're in unison like that is when |
|
| 51:08 | get a straight line motion, like see this thing moving a lot. |
|
| 51:15 | . So these are counterclockwise rotations, ? Let me pause for a |
|
| 51:21 | So this guy in the middle here having these counter clock rotations and they're |
|
| 51:27 | that brings all the uni to move line. OK? These ones you |
|
| 51:33 | out here like this guy, That's when they move clockwise. So |
|
| 51:38 | kind unraveled, right? And something this is kind of just spinning in |
|
| 51:44 | , not really going anywhere. So let's just move ahead here. |
|
| 51:51 | you kind of then it alternates between motion and you see this guy unwrapped |
|
| 51:55 | tumbling, right? So straight line and tumbling. So it alternates between |
|
| 52:02 | two. So when it's tumbling, not moving anywhere, it's kind of |
|
| 52:06 | spinning in place. OK? And any kind of movement like this is |
|
| 52:12 | we call taxes, right? Like , but you pronounce it taxes. |
|
| 52:18 | ? So moving to, to light , that's what we're talking about |
|
| 52:24 | We're talking about chemo taxes to right? So what's the thing? |
|
| 52:29 | are they gonna move to? What they gonna move to something that's a |
|
| 52:31 | they can eat, right? uh the movement is, is, |
|
| 52:36 | stimulated by that, right? So fur of the cell will have receptors |
|
| 52:43 | various chemicals. And if it's a chemical that will promote the movement to |
|
| 52:49 | counterclockwise to keep moving toward it. . As it keeps moving that way |
|
| 52:56 | impacts more. They keep telling you in a straight line on a clock |
|
| 53:03 | . Right. Um If there's kind nothing out there for it to eat |
|
| 53:08 | , or to buy to its self to move it then spins more |
|
| 53:14 | So this is all about frequencies. much is it, how moving |
|
| 53:19 | How much is it tumbling? So about the frequency of those two. |
|
| 53:25 | . So let's move ahead here. there is an attraction, right? |
|
| 53:29 | something it would, that would stimulate movement. OK. So it's going |
|
| 53:34 | and now, oh there it starts tumbling, but the frequency of |
|
| 53:38 | will be less as it continues to and be um bound with that attractive |
|
| 53:46 | . OK. Let me. So like receptors on the front. |
|
| 53:51 | So there it goes moving, let's it up a little bit. So |
|
| 53:55 | see kind of the movement it that's what we call um kind of |
|
| 54:00 | ran looks looks somewhat random, Kind of like a OK. But |
|
| 54:06 | is biased toward moving toward the right? So that's the net net |
|
| 54:11 | is moving toward the attractive but less . OK. So, um so |
|
| 54:17 | what's called a random walk, Leave these points here. Ok. |
|
| 54:25 | the idea here, think, think , think of it as a cell |
|
| 54:29 | trying to find something out there, they can buy into it and move |
|
| 54:34 | a nutrient, right? So by more often, it may, it |
|
| 54:39 | it off in different directions randomly, ? With the idea of being, |
|
| 54:43 | , ok, if one of these will be something I can use and |
|
| 54:49 | if it encounters it, then it to be less tumbling, more straight |
|
| 54:55 | . That's really what this is all . OK. So, and that's |
|
| 55:00 | you see here, alternated between these types of motions, tumbling and |
|
| 55:07 | OK. So it's all about the of those two and the presence of |
|
| 55:13 | is what will, will increase the of runs of clock counterclockwise motions. |
|
| 55:21 | . Uh So the left versus the . OK. Um Any questions about |
|
| 55:28 | ? OK. It's about, am gonna tumble or try to find |
|
| 55:32 | Well, if I do, then be less tumbling and more runs |
|
| 55:36 | toward the track. OK. So , no type of motion this to |
|
| 55:44 | bottom of the jar, but the is attached. So here you |
|
| 55:50 | it's called the Axio filament. So of it as a flagellum wrapped around |
|
| 55:56 | covering of itself wrapped around and then at both ends. OK. So |
|
| 56:04 | still, it's still a flagellum that like the one above, but it's |
|
| 56:08 | wrapped around the cell gives it a unique most cork scream. OK. |
|
| 56:15 | so um this is what we we see this Inspire Keys. |
|
| 56:21 | And those are the two main types spies both cause disease. Uh Cryan |
|
| 56:26 | um syphilis. OK. And uh fact, the itself is very |
|
| 56:34 | So, syphilis, one gets like sores as in initially when you get |
|
| 56:39 | syphilis and the sores themselves will contain organism. It's, it's very easy |
|
| 56:44 | identify as a microscope. Your body these type of bacteria, they have |
|
| 56:50 | cross shape. So if you've got , you can be pretty sure it's |
|
| 56:54 | syphilis. And so, but also cross motion is how it actually can |
|
| 56:59 | penetrated into your tissue. So I of course you bore in it pours |
|
| 57:04 | your tissues and, and it can penetrate your body and uh get deeper |
|
| 57:09 | your tissues. Ok. Um So kind of a different kind of motility |
|
| 57:14 | . OK. Um OK. and so these are um they're made |
|
| 57:25 | the same uh protons, right? proteins, I tend to be |
|
| 57:33 | more numerous. OK. Like you in this picture here, the |
|
| 57:38 | I tend to be more specialized OK. So really about uh |
|
| 57:45 | So you can see forms or the to the surface. The um uh |
|
| 57:55 | can be a factor. The I the 015 70 coon has trim those |
|
| 58:01 | Trib don't cause disease. Because it's it attaches to your intestinal wall. |
|
| 58:07 | Kline less numerous but 10.5 specialized Uh conjugation, we'll talk about that |
|
| 58:15 | . That's what you see here in picture. So sex pilots can transfer |
|
| 58:19 | DNA between cells. Um You can pill I that involved in transformation. |
|
| 58:27 | is the update of DNA from the . And so if you have a |
|
| 58:31 | that extends and grabs onto it and into itself, uh it can also |
|
| 58:37 | a mechanism of movement too. And so we see that here. |
|
| 58:42 | so here is a uh bacterium for pe uh specialize in movement. |
|
| 58:51 | This is what we call twitching OK. And again, it's all |
|
| 58:55 | . So the movement of this with for a cell kind of suspended in |
|
| 59:02 | aqueous me swimming around in there. . This is strictly movement on the |
|
| 59:07 | . OK. And so you can here on the surface here, the |
|
| 59:12 | extend is simply just taking units of protein and adding polymerizing, right? |
|
| 59:19 | it longer, right? Or taking off and making it short. |
|
| 59:24 | So the pylos extends, it attaches . E polymerizes or it takes units |
|
| 59:31 | and then it moves forward. So can see a net movement from where |
|
| 59:34 | started where it ends. So it's way for it to move along the |
|
| 59:39 | . So this is a kind of really kind of weird motion. |
|
| 59:42 | Think of, think of like a on dry light, right? Or |
|
| 59:47 | a p like that. So gives kind of a weird motion. |
|
| 59:53 | Um If you remember from lab, looked at um proteus, OK. |
|
| 60:01 | so they form colonies on the but then they'll, you'll see a |
|
| 60:07 | film of growth extent away from OK? And that's due to this |
|
| 60:14 | of swarming behavior, this twitching due mo and that's why the cells are |
|
| 60:23 | out of the colony and just swimming more nutrients. OK. So uh |
|
| 60:28 | again, it's all on the that's the common thing or all occurring |
|
| 60:32 | the surface. OK. Um Any about? Yeah. OK. So |
|
| 60:40 | say this, this is a We talk about all these already, |
|
| 60:44 | ? So um get your breath So talking about cell walls after |
|
| 61:01 | OK. So slime layer haploid vi . The one. No, |
|
| 61:54 | let's count down from 10. There we go. You see. |
|
| 62:14 | . Yes, it's a a is . OK. Yeah, we just |
|
| 62:22 | about the ailment can be involved in . Um OK. So Waltz. |
|
| 62:34 | . So probably say a big deal made about cell walls in the context |
|
| 62:41 | bacteria in particular. Um It provides so identifying the so type you do |
|
| 62:52 | , OK, you're new through a OK, which you do a lab |
|
| 62:57 | a couple weeks uh that you were lack of. So you gonna come |
|
| 63:01 | of there with pink hands and pink and blue hands. Um So |
|
| 63:08 | as a gram positive or a gram . So what? Well, uh |
|
| 63:14 | and 20 something years since was first , but it still used as a |
|
| 63:19 | as a maybe a first step in because you can, you can really |
|
| 63:23 | out a bunch of organ microbacteria uh doing work a little less. But |
|
| 63:32 | that, it has diagnostic value OK. So it all and here |
|
| 63:38 | give us an example of, of here. OK. Uh These and |
|
| 63:45 | more besides meningitis, um pneumonia, , throat, um and common denominator |
|
| 63:54 | of these three is what is the , right? Cerebrospinal fluid, lung |
|
| 64:03 | uh throat swap, right? depending where you get the sample |
|
| 64:07 | you find as you see there a negative dioxide pairs uh from CS F |
|
| 64:14 | pretty much diagnostic for meningitis. Of , you confirm that uh throat swab |
|
| 64:21 | a doctor's office, you get ram uh oxide chains, streptococcus. So |
|
| 64:27 | still has that still the right clinical . So, um now the nature |
|
| 64:38 | the cell wall itself, right? don't need to memorize chemical structure. |
|
| 64:44 | ? Uh But obviously you can't talk it, show it to you. |
|
| 64:48 | . So uh so the short, acronyms are used are mag and |
|
| 64:54 | So and acetic acid and acetal So these repeat repeat throughout the whole |
|
| 65:01 | of the OK. And so all is synthesized as a single molecule, |
|
| 65:10 | ? And they wrap around the OK. And so it's the see |
|
| 65:16 | we're having acid where connections are made the chain itself, right? They |
|
| 65:23 | cross bridges. OK. So uh is an example of that. So |
|
| 65:30 | have that's in the cross section, . But here are um the tubes |
|
| 65:36 | the peph like hand sugars repeating units connecting them are these peptide cross |
|
| 65:44 | So, peptides are amino acids uh four or five in length that connect |
|
| 65:51 | N ac acid units. OK. are supposed to. So, uh |
|
| 65:57 | like uh if you saw the road going on in Collin, uh even |
|
| 66:05 | you're in the summer, you would , you would have seen that when |
|
| 66:08 | dug it all out and new they put down these metal rebar right |
|
| 66:14 | pour concrete. So it kind of to reinforce the concrete. That's kind |
|
| 66:18 | what this is about, right? the the peptide cross bridges are kind |
|
| 66:23 | about reinforcing the base structure here. . And so these are gonna, |
|
| 66:29 | are gonna be, you know, the whole cell uncovering the whole |
|
| 66:34 | right? It could be, it of together held together are these cross |
|
| 66:39 | . OK. And so um of course, this cell wall |
|
| 66:47 | right? There's a number of, , of enzymes that catalyze different parts |
|
| 66:52 | the process here to bring it all . And since this is a process |
|
| 66:57 | need to bacteria, um of course for many antibiotics, right? There's |
|
| 67:05 | of antibiotics that end with that Pyin amoxicillin, penicillin, right? These |
|
| 67:15 | target different aspects of cell synthesis. ? And if you interfere with the |
|
| 67:21 | to cross bridge, that really damages cell because then underneath the psycho spasm |
|
| 67:28 | kind of spills out into it and licensed. Ok. Uh The |
|
| 67:36 | And so here it shows you kind how this wraps around such one continuous |
|
| 67:42 | . In fact, uh the SAS another term for that. And then |
|
| 67:46 | that this this type of light hand is not like you think of this |
|
| 67:50 | a brick wall, right? It's very porous, OK? Um The |
|
| 67:56 | membrane kind of set of plastic memory will restrict what comes in. So |
|
| 68:00 | so hall itself is kind of porous and flexible actually. OK. So |
|
| 68:05 | think of it as a rigid brick . OK. So here I put |
|
| 68:09 | picture in because you just see the side by side right here is gram |
|
| 68:15 | , gram negative. OK. And can see here's the equivalent parts |
|
| 68:20 | Here's this inner membrane, right? gram negative, they call it inner |
|
| 68:26 | because it has another layer out right? There's the outer membrane, |
|
| 68:31 | ? So you can see in terms the peer of G I can how |
|
| 68:35 | it is a gram negative and how I'm sorry, gram positive and how |
|
| 68:41 | ingram negative. OK. And so , as I mentioned, he I |
|
| 68:45 | like an Oreo cookie structure. There's cookie layers, outer membrane, inner |
|
| 68:50 | in the inner is the cell wall thinner. OK. Uh thick, |
|
| 68:56 | layer. OK. So um so grand positive cell wall, OK. |
|
| 69:05 | simple, we can compare it to granite, right? You have the |
|
| 69:09 | membrane and then start off of the couple of layers, several thick |
|
| 69:16 | cross bridging. And beyond that, have what are called the little black |
|
| 69:21 | here. OK. Those are OK. Um It's kind of a |
|
| 69:29 | sugar poller units. Uh but it the purpose of reinforcing cell wall. |
|
| 69:36 | . So wall of ones link, it to the uh link to |
|
| 69:40 | I can uh as you see OK. Uh Lipoic acids are kind |
|
| 69:45 | backwards. So these, these link to the membrane here. So that's |
|
| 69:52 | guys going this direction, OK? vertically and then the wall ones are |
|
| 70:01 | horizontally, right? So they all of mesh together and maintain the integrity |
|
| 70:06 | the cell wall. OK. Um that's the go again, don't worry |
|
| 70:11 | memorizing this. This is what these black strands of tyco acid, that's |
|
| 70:15 | it looks like. And so it have these phosphate are negatively charged that |
|
| 70:21 | does play a part somewhat in um certain ions out and things like that |
|
| 70:30 | binding certain ions. So man, worry, don't worry about that. |
|
| 70:33 | it's function is really just for reinforcing structure. OK. And so um |
|
| 70:40 | are negatives by contrast have other stuff it, right? So we have |
|
| 70:46 | inner membrane, we have the black , right? Uh But then we |
|
| 70:51 | another layer. OK. So you see uh here's the outer membrane, |
|
| 70:59 | . Inner membrane, outer membrane. so now we create a space in |
|
| 71:05 | these two membranes. That's where the wall is at. We call it |
|
| 71:09 | persic space that doesn't exist in a positives because there's there's not too large |
|
| 71:15 | just wrong um type of and then proteins these are would connect cell wall |
|
| 71:26 | the outer memory, right? Keeps in place, right? Um The |
|
| 71:32 | is what you what you need about grand negative. It's a liberal poly |
|
| 71:37 | . OK? Um It uh it produce an immune response, right? |
|
| 71:44 | contains mentioned earlier the oo right. it is reactive to um your immune |
|
| 71:53 | . Um And it's actually right the old place that road. |
|
| 71:58 | And so uh the and so the rams state itself is these differences that |
|
| 72:07 | this outer membrane material is very soluble ethanol. And that's one of the |
|
| 72:12 | of the branch thing. And so you add ethanol kind of dissolves all |
|
| 72:17 | membrane material and the dye you put in the beginning called crystal violet, |
|
| 72:21 | is purple, it leaks out when add ethanol. And so now you're |
|
| 72:26 | with a colorless cell. How do see it? Well, you add |
|
| 72:31 | dye called saffron and that's red and pinky. So you put that in |
|
| 72:37 | the end and it holds on to . Uh and then that's why gram |
|
| 72:42 | are pinkish colored and ram positives aren't by the ethanol. So they hold |
|
| 72:47 | to that purple color dye. And you have the contrast between the |
|
| 72:52 | OK. So um we'll review this . OK, folks. So |
|
| 72:59 | Have a good long weekend, You got a holiday on |
|
