| 00:16 | Oh, no, I see. OK, folks. Uh oh |
|
| 01:08 | sorry. Cool. All right. . Testing. Here we go. |
|
| 01:17 | right, welcome folks. Um Today starting uh unit three, we just |
|
| 01:23 | like a little bit to do um just to finish up unit one. |
|
| 01:30 | I know there was like, for reason there was like two, |
|
| 01:33 | they're, they're both the same unit quiz. It was both the |
|
| 01:38 | So whichever one you do, I know why that happened, but whichever |
|
| 01:41 | you do your, your grades So uh if you haven't done it |
|
| 01:45 | and you see two things, it matter which one you do, |
|
| 01:48 | they're both identical. OK. Um obviously the stuff this week um is |
|
| 01:54 | on the exam. Ok. So is one of the flip classes. |
|
| 01:58 | basically gonna be basically just the clipper questions. OK. So it's |
|
| 02:04 | to be all framed around um pro structure. Um If you've gone through |
|
| 02:12 | bio when you went through the eukaryotic , right? Kind of similar to |
|
| 02:17 | . Um But uh anyway, you a bunch of questions. So uh |
|
| 02:24 | see what else. So do So again, I'll send out the |
|
| 02:27 | . I haven't done it yet uh you of the same stuff. So |
|
| 02:31 | exam. So um there's two ways can take an exam at cost. |
|
| 02:40 | . Uh And I've done both. what I'm doing uh So what I |
|
| 02:44 | by that is you can take it what's called the uh CCS interface. |
|
| 02:50 | ? Which is kind of analogous to um the uh class, of |
|
| 02:55 | where the way they used to do , right? So they switch over |
|
| 02:58 | CCS which integrates with canvas. Uh what I'm doing, uh which I |
|
| 03:03 | is better because it basically gonna it's gonna be like you taking a |
|
| 03:08 | uh like you're doing on campus, ? So it's all gonna be through |
|
| 03:11 | . So what you see? So two things, right? I think |
|
| 03:15 | you go on the classic computer, ? You see this thing called a |
|
| 03:20 | , right? I like you. , it, it's, it's, |
|
| 03:22 | was labeled to game one, but la the placeholder to make sure that |
|
| 03:27 | this thing is, there's one for exam. It's, it's only for |
|
| 03:31 | . Casa uses that to enable you schedule exams at CASA. That's, |
|
| 03:37 | the sole purpose of this thing. ? So I modified it to tell |
|
| 03:40 | , OK? That this is not exam. OK? So you'll be |
|
| 03:44 | your CASA computer in Casa and you'll that and then you go to this |
|
| 03:48 | one here. Ok. You're going take the exam here. All |
|
| 03:51 | And I'll put it in the email and send it out again on |
|
| 03:54 | So you're not, you know, it doesn't that complicated, right? |
|
| 03:58 | like, it's just like you take exam on campus, like you've been |
|
| 04:02 | you quiz, unit, unit quiz week, last week. Um, |
|
| 04:06 | it has a respondent lockdown browser. don't need to worry about that because |
|
| 04:10 | , they are, it's already on computer, right? So you just |
|
| 04:13 | up and take the exam. That's you're doing, right? Um So |
|
| 04:17 | , it's so the interface will look like you're taking a weekly quiz or |
|
| 04:22 | or unit quiz. That's all. . So, uh I think that's |
|
| 04:27 | to do it this way. Um if you have to make up an |
|
| 04:31 | or something. It's easier. um anyway, so I just wanna |
|
| 04:34 | you aware of that. OK. right. So again, I'll send |
|
| 04:38 | out in the email. Uh Is anything that complicated? Ok. Um |
|
| 04:43 | yeah, but it's kind of the time I'm doing it this way. |
|
| 04:48 | did it last semester once remotely, that was for a different reason. |
|
| 04:52 | anyway, so this is like I , this, this is what we'll |
|
| 04:55 | and uh again, I'll send this in the email. We'll talk about |
|
| 04:58 | again on Wednesday. So you should uh good to go. All |
|
| 05:02 | So what else was there? I that was it any uh, questions |
|
| 05:09 | anything, any questions concern? So remember every, if you're puzzled |
|
| 05:14 | , so what's gonna be on on this exam exam? One review |
|
| 05:17 | ? Ok. Um All right. think I attached it to the email |
|
| 05:21 | week. So, uh obviously it's cost but um I'm sticking to that |
|
| 05:26 | . If it's not, if it's on there, it's all in the |
|
| 05:29 | . OK. Uh So let's just up this last bit of. So |
|
| 05:37 | in uh so we've been talking so again, this, this stuff |
|
| 05:42 | chapter 22 is really just an extension the me metabolism stuff. We've been |
|
| 05:49 | about 13 or 14. We're just at it in kind of this context |
|
| 05:56 | natural environment, how it, how , how it applies in nature. |
|
| 06:00 | . So, uh so we in the first half of that was like |
|
| 06:05 | treatment, right? Bod uh that the last half was kind of was |
|
| 06:13 | uh nitrogen cycle. OK. And remember the importance of that, |
|
| 06:17 | So all sides of these, the sides of the triangle and the modification |
|
| 06:25 | is not really a side of the . Um So just see the three |
|
| 06:29 | here and that, that um these all um I just summarize this kind |
|
| 06:35 | quickly, I'd say it's really about uh utilizing and making various forms of |
|
| 06:43 | available. The easiest way I can it OK. Um It begins of |
|
| 06:49 | , with getting it into the environment through fixation right. Thereafter, it's |
|
| 06:54 | different bacterial metabolisms forming different types. remember the more reduced forms are served |
|
| 07:05 | donors, right? So they're gonna at the front feeding electron transport |
|
| 07:09 | right? It's the way they produce get energy from OK. Lithos litho |
|
| 07:15 | , OK. The um then those forms, more oxidized forms become, |
|
| 07:21 | available as receptors, right? As , excuse me, as acceptors |
|
| 07:26 | to sustain a uh an aerobic anaerobic respiration. OK. That's the |
|
| 07:32 | notification site. OK. So, so you're kind of remembering the roles |
|
| 07:38 | each nitrogen form. OK? And uh on top of this assimilation, |
|
| 07:47 | , assimilation, right? So these uh metabolisms that can um the organism |
|
| 07:53 | them uh forms the product and then has enough of it doesn't, doesn't |
|
| 08:01 | it and it's let go. It's dissimulator, but it is then available |
|
| 08:07 | others that can assimilate to take it , right? So you have both |
|
| 08:11 | these processes going on, right? uh of course, it's sim simulation |
|
| 08:16 | these different n forms, right? um you know, is, |
|
| 08:22 | is part of a healthy ecosystem, ? So you have uh plants and |
|
| 08:26 | that require nitrate, nitrate as they get it, of course, |
|
| 08:31 | microbes doing that bottom part of the . OK. Um We get our |
|
| 08:38 | typically from breaking down proteins and things our food, OK, that releases |
|
| 08:43 | , which is then incorporate into our molecules. And so that's a |
|
| 08:47 | So remember, you know, the line of this is what is, |
|
| 08:51 | is in, in, in, in DNA, it's an RN |
|
| 08:54 | it's in protein. So obviously, a, a vital nutrient. |
|
| 09:00 | And so, um so we look so at the end of the end |
|
| 09:05 | end of 22 is kind of focused on this part. OK. In |
|
| 09:11 | of a um in a biological, not biological but um obviously biological, |
|
| 09:17 | in a um uh natural uh phenomenon of context, right? So here's |
|
| 09:26 | example, I'm trying to say not well is real data uh showing the |
|
| 09:32 | of unification, which is a process leads to nitrogen loss right, from |
|
| 09:38 | environment, right? Because it goes as N two eventually. OK. |
|
| 09:43 | So, uh but also we can one of the um uh greenhouse gasses |
|
| 09:50 | those natural compounds is N 20, ? So that's released as part of |
|
| 09:55 | . And so, uh so kind of um how this all fits |
|
| 10:01 | the unification, the presence of high right can come from um a combination |
|
| 10:07 | uh runoff uh fertilizer runoff coupled with organic material dumped into bodies of |
|
| 10:17 | Uh the organic material contributes to the bod, right? So remember that |
|
| 10:22 | respiration, aerobic respiration, right? that organic material, the high bod |
|
| 10:30 | oxygen out of the water, So you get those hypoxic areas, |
|
| 10:34 | is what you see here. And so uh so then what does |
|
| 10:39 | do? Well, then that triggers next thing which is if, if |
|
| 10:43 | this material being discharged, you have of nitrate, for example, the |
|
| 10:51 | conditions promote unification, right? So you see is something like this, |
|
| 10:57 | , aerobic respiration, right? Using . So, nitrate goes down, |
|
| 11:03 | ? So we're following this pattern right? We're going as this nitrate |
|
| 11:10 | down, nitrite goes up, We're just following this 123 across the |
|
| 11:15 | here, nitrite goes consumed and then means an increase in N 20, |
|
| 11:22 | ? So, um and that's where prevalence of that greenhouse gas production |
|
| 11:29 | Uh again, triggered, beginning with an anaerobic area due to the high |
|
| 11:36 | influx, right? Causing that metabolism operate, OK. Taking oxygen out |
|
| 11:42 | the water, then that can promote lot of deification. If in that |
|
| 11:47 | being discharged is lots of nitrates in which can occur from fertilizer runoff. |
|
| 11:54 | . So uh these metabolisms, of , all all intersect, right? |
|
| 12:01 | Any questions on that. Yeah. right. So then um uh here |
|
| 12:10 | . So last thing really is this , right? So we looked at |
|
| 12:14 | so gentrification as we describe it to point was thought to be the m |
|
| 12:23 | way of deification. It was a way in which nitrogen is lost in |
|
| 12:28 | environment. But it turns out like the last 10 years, data has |
|
| 12:32 | that this reaction is actually the one results in the greatest amount of loss |
|
| 12:38 | nitrogen. OK. It's called anim . So basically ammonia uh is being |
|
| 12:45 | , right? That's a little OK. And then uh nitrate is |
|
| 12:51 | reduced to ni nitrogen gas. uh so that uh which occurs in |
|
| 12:58 | terrestrial environments in um aquatic environments in Genera Plank toys. They're kind of |
|
| 13:05 | really odd looking types of prokaryotes but very prevalent that do this. |
|
| 13:13 | Um They're really like amorphous blobby type rather on a large size for |
|
| 13:22 | But they do have these, this that they carry out. And so |
|
| 13:26 | you think of the vastness of right, that can contribute to a |
|
| 13:31 | of, a lot of nitrogen loss this reaction. OK. Um So |
|
| 13:38 | , so that's kind of uh the of 22. OK. So we |
|
| 13:45 | through all the different uh sides of triangle, uh electron cycle, the |
|
| 13:51 | asymmetry pathways, like I said you know, in terms of, |
|
| 13:55 | talked, I mentioned a few other of pathways but stick to the signs |
|
| 14:00 | the triangle, the imation and that reaction, those are the the main |
|
| 14:07 | . OK. Um OK. So , you don't want that. |
|
| 14:14 | Any questions, I think. All right. So let's flip. |
|
| 14:19 | we're gonna go now into um Three unit 234 and six. |
|
| 14:29 | So especially in four, about right? So what we've been talking |
|
| 14:35 | in metabolism, one directly uh applies growth which we'll get to next |
|
| 14:42 | not this week, but before we're gonna talk about just the basics |
|
| 14:45 | a prokaryote cell, right? Um of the features obviously being a |
|
| 14:51 | there's gonna be lots of things in , right? With the cell |
|
| 14:55 | you're probably most familiar with, you out cells. Um But there's certainly |
|
| 14:59 | gonna be some things that are gonna unique pro cars and we're gonna kind |
|
| 15:03 | explore some of those things. The so, so um the uh |
|
| 15:13 | so the pro cell types are gonna , right, in terms of their |
|
| 15:18 | , in terms of strictly on the part of the cell. OK. |
|
| 15:23 | They can have what are called not , but they have what are called |
|
| 15:29 | that can be um sometimes protein bound . They can be storage molecules of |
|
| 15:38 | types. Uh You may think, , that's an organelle. It's really |
|
| 15:41 | because remember an organelle is really a lipi uh phospholipid bilayer surrounds a structure |
|
| 15:48 | a chloroplast or mitochondria. That's not these are. OK. So, |
|
| 15:53 | they can, and oftentimes these OK, are kind of metabolism |
|
| 16:01 | OK. So they may appear as like uh questions coming up as something |
|
| 16:07 | these like little structures you see in cell. Um uh uh the plasmids |
|
| 16:15 | another feature we'll talk about more and detail on that in the next |
|
| 16:19 | But they're in addition to the right, small, just say the |
|
| 16:23 | of DNA. As shown by this , the pla pla would be something |
|
| 16:29 | this. OK. And um then structure here it's chromosome, right? |
|
| 16:37 | the chromosome is singular chromosome, single chromosome in a pro carrier, |
|
| 16:45 | So it's more an area the area by that, right is the |
|
| 16:52 | It's not an organelle, it's just area occupied by its chromosome. So |
|
| 16:56 | typically shows up like a a grainy blob, right? But it's just |
|
| 17:03 | chromosome circular chromosome kind of just folded some places and some places it's not |
|
| 17:08 | but it's just the area, it's area, don't think of it as |
|
| 17:11 | organelle. OK. And of the things all cells have, |
|
| 17:15 | A membrane ribosomes, sodium molecules, cetera. OK. Um But of |
|
| 17:24 | , the nucleoid is not a two different things, right? So |
|
| 17:29 | don't have, it's probably the signature when you describe what's a pro difference |
|
| 17:33 | between a pro and like they lack nucleus. All right. So, |
|
| 17:38 | nucleoid is not a nucleus. Um And so external structures like pili |
|
| 17:45 | FLL of capsule uh these are things we will want a little bit more |
|
| 17:50 | later. But um these uh the structure is different from a eukaryote uh |
|
| 17:57 | temporary aerosols don't have these sort of like attachment the cell, other cells |
|
| 18:03 | to other structures. Um And uh then the envelope, so there's a |
|
| 18:12 | envelope itself, it's, that's a of terminology and we have a question |
|
| 18:16 | relates to that. So let's um just go to start with a bunch |
|
| 18:19 | questions, you know, we'll kind work around that. OK. The |
|
| 18:25 | of these OK. Which is true a bacterial cell envelope. OK. |
|
| 18:35 | uh ABC or some combination, Which is true. This really goes |
|
| 18:42 | the definition of what's an envelope. . Mhm So we got three questions |
|
| 19:03 | a row that we'll stop and summarize , two questions, stop and summarize |
|
| 19:17 | in a row. OK? Uh of clicking today. All right, |
|
| 19:24 | count down here from four. So the um the, yeah, |
|
| 19:34 | it it is the all those are . OK. So I use the |
|
| 19:40 | uh or the term envelope is used describing it pro cario because they |
|
| 19:46 | So they at the core, they're like all cells, they have a |
|
| 19:50 | cell membrane, right? And but beyond that prokos can have different |
|
| 19:58 | structures beyond that. OK. And that's kind of what this is pointing |
|
| 20:04 | . So, it could have an membrane, it could have a cell |
|
| 20:07 | , it may not have a cell . OK. So when we talk |
|
| 20:10 | the envelope, it's, it's what's on out here. OK. So |
|
| 20:16 | got the, I just call it this right? Here's your cell. |
|
| 20:20 | . Broad shaped cell. There's a membrane then what's what's out here? |
|
| 20:27 | mark, right? So that's what refer to as an envelope. |
|
| 20:31 | What's going on out there? And you wouldn't be wrong in saying |
|
| 20:36 | , the cell membrane is that part the envelope? Yeah. Sure. |
|
| 20:40 | . Um And that could be, may be all it has. So |
|
| 20:42 | are some bacteria that only have that nothing else out there, right? |
|
| 20:47 | don't have a cell wall or anything but then you go to gram negative |
|
| 20:50 | gram positives which we'll talk about in second, then it changes what's out |
|
| 20:55 | . OK? Um And a capsule be out there, right? |
|
| 21:00 | so it varies depending on what, , what the bacterial type is and |
|
| 21:04 | it's got. OK. So that's we just use the generic term |
|
| 21:08 | OK? Because it can have multiple out there depending on the type is |
|
| 21:14 | um so let's look at the wrong , sorry, definitely the wrong |
|
| 21:22 | Let's go this way. There we . OK. So uh what's in |
|
| 21:26 | cell stuff that's in a cell, ? Bacterial cell. So in terms |
|
| 21:29 | quantity molecules, molecules per cell. the most abundant molecule in a bacterial |
|
| 21:38 | ? OK. II I tend to put b prokaryote cell. I always |
|
| 21:45 | to use bacteria. But when I'm bacteria, I mean IKEA as |
|
| 21:48 | OK. So what's the most abundant ? OK. Oops, sorry, |
|
| 21:56 | remind me, open the pool. . There we go. Um And |
|
| 22:05 | hint this uh the answer here is same for really any living organism. |
|
| 22:12 | . So there's your hint. All . So again, molecule in the |
|
| 22:28 | cell, it's the same molecule in cells and in a frog cell and |
|
| 22:32 | cockroach, you know, name your life form. OK. 10 |
|
| 22:48 | It is. Yeah, it's water molecules, right? 70% |
|
| 22:53 | more or less, right? All things. OK. So water is |
|
| 22:56 | most abundant. So we look at kind of a snapshot, this is |
|
| 23:00 | coli um the portions of molecules. uh beyond water then what's, what's |
|
| 23:08 | ? OK. So, well, what I call like the informational |
|
| 23:13 | I lump them in one group, DNA S, your RNAs, your |
|
| 23:17 | collectively. It's about 25%. Um that uh lipids uh membrane, of |
|
| 23:26 | , the main contributor there. Um on the order of maybe like 434 |
|
| 23:33 | then uh uh your other stuff, ? Um uh um solute molecules of |
|
| 23:40 | kinds, et cetera, the um uh DNA. So DNA remember |
|
| 23:47 | is just one circular chromosome, So that counts as one. |
|
| 23:53 | Um Now if we look at the Glycan, right? So if you |
|
| 24:01 | this right here again, so for coli, uh if you look at |
|
| 24:08 | same number in staff, it's much than 0.8% pepto Glycan. OK. |
|
| 24:18 | something like uh two or 3%. . Much, much more significant. |
|
| 24:24 | what's the difference there, Staph and Coli anybody? So what's pepper look |
|
| 24:33 | in? When do you find that eee colon has an outer membrane? |
|
| 24:42 | it would be found like in between . What's what is that thing? |
|
| 24:47 | , all right. So the sell . So why does staff have so |
|
| 24:50 | more of it? Headline? Is a gram positive or gram negative |
|
| 24:58 | Right. So a gram positive has lot more of this material. |
|
| 25:02 | As we'll see when we go through structure today. So it's a very |
|
| 25:06 | layer of, of pepto glycan, gram negative. Much less of that |
|
| 25:13 | . OK. But they have something that the gram positive doesn't have, |
|
| 25:17 | have an outer membrane in addition to cell wall. OK. Um All |
|
| 25:24 | . OK. So this question So after this, we'll go a |
|
| 25:27 | bit about lipid bi layers. Uh liquid culture of E Coli right is |
|
| 25:35 | at 34 C. OK. You the information temperature to 42 jack up |
|
| 25:43 | T. Yeah. Which picture A B um with the inner membrane of |
|
| 25:53 | coli most closely resemble after responding to temperature change, the temperature goes |
|
| 26:00 | it will adjust, right? It adjust because it has to or else |
|
| 26:04 | won't survive. OK. Um So about when the temperature goes up, |
|
| 26:11 | would it need to change its membrane ? OK. What happens if temperature |
|
| 26:17 | in terms of holding stuff in hint where if it needs to do this |
|
| 26:21 | adjust right? To prevent that from ? OK. So you can see |
|
| 26:26 | in the membranes, right? You want a membrane that has more, |
|
| 26:33 | spaces in between the fossil lipids or want it to close up somewhat at |
|
| 26:39 | temp. Uh Yeah, let me this stupid pole again, it's OK |
|
| 26:48 | collaborate, right? Two heads better one maybe. Yeah. Through shipping |
|
| 27:00 | a higher temp, right? Think what happens if it doesn't respond and |
|
| 27:05 | would it have to do to counteract effect? OK. And again, |
|
| 27:27 | is an effect that's relating to bacteria . Do it all cells do |
|
| 27:33 | OK. Yeah. OK. So who answered uh a answered a so |
|
| 27:56 | did you answer a? Got What? I don't know. |
|
| 28:09 | Correct. Right. So you so think just envision, you know |
|
| 28:13 | you're 42 this is gonna have more occurring, right? Because that's |
|
| 28:22 | I mean, it's still trying to because I'm not really, I haven't |
|
| 28:25 | in here of proteins as well. . So, but uh protein |
|
| 28:29 | you gotta maintain that number 12, ? It gets more fluid, you |
|
| 28:33 | get more, more if it's like , that's gonna leak out and come |
|
| 28:38 | . Right. So, the cell very selective about, well, in |
|
| 28:43 | , mainly due the membrane itself, very selective about what comes in. |
|
| 28:47 | . So you've got proteins and to , make channels for things that are |
|
| 28:53 | for the stuff that's supposed to come and out, right? So it's |
|
| 28:56 | supposed to be a fluid, fluid with stuff just going willy nilly in |
|
| 28:59 | out, in and out, that'd controlled. OK? So the cell |
|
| 29:04 | gonna say, OK, I'm curren high temp, tighten it up, |
|
| 29:09 | ? Because it wants to counteract Basically, it wants to counteract this |
|
| 29:14 | look like that, ok? Because will be less, less leakage |
|
| 29:20 | right? Because you're bringing those, promoting, you're promoting um those fossil |
|
| 29:27 | um the fatty acid, right? two little legs there are fatty acid |
|
| 29:31 | , right? Very hydrophobic. So want to promote those coming together to |
|
| 29:37 | uh um maintain that membrane integrity. so that's why um you see some |
|
| 29:43 | these fats, fossil lipids have a kinks in them right here here. |
|
| 29:48 | creates separation. OK? So you to straighten those that, that's, |
|
| 29:52 | has to do with the saturation You want to make them um more |
|
| 29:59 | , I'm sorry, more saturated. ? Um More, no double |
|
| 30:03 | double bonds are what create the kinks want, you want those out, |
|
| 30:06 | want saturate because now you have um , they stack together and you have |
|
| 30:12 | interactions, keeping them together, which high temp you want, you kind |
|
| 30:17 | want that because the tendency is for to go like heat kinetic energy, |
|
| 30:22 | ? Wants to separate those things. you wanna promote chemical effects that will |
|
| 30:29 | them together, keep those hydrophobic interactions . OK? And so yeah, |
|
| 30:34 | with it's not and it's not all nothing, it doesn't go to completely |
|
| 30:38 | like this. OK? But there's less of the unsaturated types, |
|
| 30:44 | Every cell has kind of its optimum proportion of saturated unsaturated. It's certainly |
|
| 30:51 | change if you go high temp or low temp it on low temp. |
|
| 30:56 | the the membrane can freeze and that cause complete um membrane to lose function |
|
| 31:03 | , right? That's the opposite it freezes comes together. So you |
|
| 31:07 | of want to create more separation, ? So you try to, trying |
|
| 31:10 | be more like b and as it to freezing temperatures, right? For |
|
| 31:16 | same reason to maintain the membrane right? So um so if it |
|
| 31:24 | , if it's not clear, the answer here is a OK. Every |
|
| 31:31 | that make sense? All right. like I said, it's not just |
|
| 31:36 | do this, I mean, think , you know, crops and plant |
|
| 31:40 | and things, you know, uh gonna, they're probably stretched to their |
|
| 31:43 | in the last summer, right. the heat wave going through Texas. |
|
| 31:48 | , uh but they definitely have to that effect. OK. And not |
|
| 31:52 | the membrane when it, when it's , it's not just the membrane, |
|
| 31:55 | also internally in your proteins and stuff that. But right now we're just |
|
| 31:59 | on the membrane. OK. So let's look at just to recap real |
|
| 32:07 | . So I I'm sure you've all through the structure of a fossil lipid |
|
| 32:11 | , right? Fluid mosaic model and that kind of stuff you learned in |
|
| 32:14 | bio. So, um you the main concept here is the selective |
|
| 32:20 | , right? That's due to the lipid bilayer. OK. Restricts what |
|
| 32:25 | come in. OK. So remember your, your very polar water level |
|
| 32:34 | uh especially if they're charged and their uh that restricts their movement through a |
|
| 32:41 | . OK. Um uh And so why you have to have the inclusion |
|
| 32:45 | proteins in the memory. OK? give that membrane functionality if you |
|
| 32:49 | OK. Um And so the saturation relates to the double bonds you see |
|
| 32:57 | . Uh So having it more uh I creates more heroic interactions with its |
|
| 33:06 | , the uh unsaturated, putting double in creates the kink and create separation |
|
| 33:11 | the proportion of those saturated unsaturated varies , you know, depending on the |
|
| 33:17 | and self experiencing. Um you can introduce things like cy organization which prokaryotes |
|
| 33:23 | do, OK? These things that too stabilizes the membrane, particularly |
|
| 33:31 | , in making those chains straight, ? And uh packing them together. |
|
| 33:37 | . Which would happen under more elevated . OK. Uh Our key in |
|
| 33:42 | think of those who talk about thermo and hyper thermo files. They're obviously |
|
| 33:48 | , you know, keeping a membrane these conditions. So they've, they've |
|
| 33:52 | even different molecules. So these di g Glycerol dither molecules are not, |
|
| 33:58 | not these, OK? They do those but they're interspersed with these |
|
| 34:04 | which are very, very long hydrocarbon . OK. So they can actually |
|
| 34:10 | uh polymerize them, like make them long, which will really enhance the |
|
| 34:17 | interactions. And obviously, these things growing at boiling temperature in many, |
|
| 34:22 | some cases. So that's something with structure like that's definitely gonna help keep |
|
| 34:26 | membrane together. OK. Um Let's . Yeah, this is just so |
|
| 34:34 | , and they too can do the thing here, right? So what |
|
| 34:38 | does, whether it's that or that again kind of um you can you |
|
| 34:44 | of have to envision in your So when you put those rings in |
|
| 34:48 | , it's a triangle or a uh cyclops ring. Um it helps flatten |
|
| 34:53 | out 23 dimensional kind it gives them flat structure and linear that helps to |
|
| 35:00 | with the packing of these together, ? That's kind of what the, |
|
| 35:04 | and, and kind of helps some the integrity of it as well, |
|
| 35:08 | it intact. So that's kind of the cy organization does. OK. |
|
| 35:15 | Any questions about that. So se is something that you don't see |
|
| 35:19 | in our, in our membranes and these are adaptations for life at high |
|
| 35:25 | . OK. Um All the, look at this. So talking about |
|
| 35:32 | , of course, one of the things with membranes is transport, |
|
| 35:37 | Of materials. Um sos et And so uh obviously, uh microbes |
|
| 35:45 | the environment are at the mercy of solute concentrations that are around them. |
|
| 35:53 | . And so remembering the basics of molecules uh tend to, to, |
|
| 36:01 | uh diffuse down their gradient, Um but not all the sites are |
|
| 36:08 | lined up for the cell, So it may have to do something |
|
| 36:12 | and can't rely on that feature, ? So what we've got is a |
|
| 36:19 | is a little, little rectangle OK. It's got a 0.1 millimeter |
|
| 36:24 | sodium, a pond that has much . OK. But it's maintaining this |
|
| 36:35 | , right? Even though it's much outside the cell, right? So |
|
| 36:40 | is it doing that? How is maintaining that particular sodium concentration inside? |
|
| 36:52 | . OK. OK. Cat down did they do all right. So |
|
| 37:17 | . OK. So it's all about concentration grade. Let me get |
|
| 37:21 | Oops. So uh it would be . So the, so what's going |
|
| 37:26 | in this? We are, it's in sodium ions, right? So |
|
| 37:32 | basically low here. Hi inside the . OK. So you would think |
|
| 37:42 | be flowing out, right? Because the tendency of molecules is to diffuse |
|
| 37:47 | the gradient, right? But they're doing that. OK. It's maintaining |
|
| 37:52 | internal concentration even though it's less So it can only be doing that |
|
| 37:56 | its active transport, pumping them OK. So um none of the |
|
| 38:03 | , it's not listed here. So if you answered e you are |
|
| 38:11 | . OK. Just facilitate diffusion, diffusion. These are movements of solutes |
|
| 38:18 | a gradient. OK. Facilitate, facilitate, just means you have help |
|
| 38:23 | because not all molecules can get in diffusing across a membrane. You need |
|
| 38:27 | . That's what facilitated is through a , the pinocytosis that's a process in |
|
| 38:33 | cells. Um osmosis that relates to . OK. So it's it's using |
|
| 38:40 | to keep sodium mines, pump them the cell. OK. Um So |
|
| 38:52 | next one. So then it's uh more question I think. And then |
|
| 38:55 | got and break here. All So again, this is about transport |
|
| 39:00 | . OK. So we got the hypotonic thing process, simple diffusion group |
|
| 39:12 | , the common transport mechanism and bacteria the membrane permanent weak acid bases. |
|
| 39:22 | . And then ee is basically a we talked about in 13, a |
|
| 39:28 | of times. OK. Let's count here. OK? All right. |
|
| 40:38 | So I just go from the bottom . Um So kind of uh separate |
|
| 40:44 | into two parts, right? So got the old proton pump, we're |
|
| 40:48 | with that, right? We have process here. OK. So we |
|
| 40:55 | that we let protons go down the gonna release energy, right? So |
|
| 40:59 | the thing about the concentration gradient, ? If it releases energy going |
|
| 41:04 | you have it takes energy to go other way. So, so here |
|
| 41:09 | using a protein gradient to help pump molecules. OK. So the sucrose |
|
| 41:14 | going from low. So hi and a classic gotta put energy and do |
|
| 41:23 | right? Where's the energy coming from the flow of protons going down? |
|
| 41:27 | ? So again, the concept of releasing process with an energy requiring process |
|
| 41:32 | those together, right? So ee sense uh membrane permanent weak acid base |
|
| 41:39 | us on the next slide. But is true. It can cause in |
|
| 41:44 | ph problems. Many of your food work by this mechanism on the food |
|
| 41:50 | . Next time, just like you'll see citrate citric acid or uh |
|
| 41:55 | AD A Peren Benzo acid, those associate inside the cell creating acidity and |
|
| 42:02 | inhibits growth. OK. Uh group . Yes, that's also true. |
|
| 42:08 | . Again, I'll review these on next slide. Uh B simple diffusion |
|
| 42:13 | not involve use of a transport That's true. It facilitated diffusion involves |
|
| 42:19 | use of transport protein. So things gasses, generally water can, can |
|
| 42:26 | without any help. OK. But talking about water, waters, osmosis |
|
| 42:32 | the transport of water. OK. so a a hypotonic cell interior, |
|
| 42:38 | ? So that would be, so these terms, right? Hypotonic hypertonic |
|
| 42:46 | are relative to each other. So was hypotonic on the inside, it's |
|
| 42:51 | on the outside of the cell, ? So with water, I always |
|
| 42:56 | it this way water flows to the solu side. OK. So that |
|
| 43:04 | mean water will move in this water moves out of the cell not |
|
| 43:09 | , right. So water always goes the high salute side. Why? |
|
| 43:12 | basically to hydrate those sos OK. that's why it flows that way. |
|
| 43:18 | . So this is a false statement . OK. So remember the hypo |
|
| 43:24 | always relative to each other, You can always safely assume if it's |
|
| 43:29 | on one side, it's hypertonic on other side. OK. Um Any |
|
| 43:35 | about the hypertonic hypertonic thing, So uh again, just mentioned |
|
| 43:43 | So here are the kind of the basic transport mechanisms I'm sure you're already |
|
| 43:46 | with um facilitated fusion. I remember that are big. They are polar |
|
| 43:53 | loving that um charge especially are not easily travel only very, very slowly |
|
| 44:00 | the memo. So you give them to a transport protein, um osmosis |
|
| 44:05 | of water. The um yes, molecules can, they're small enough even |
|
| 44:11 | they are polar, they're small enough travel through the membrane. But if |
|
| 44:15 | cell is experiencing osmotic stress, then it can enlist the help of |
|
| 44:23 | ports and those are specific water they'll fill up their membrane with |
|
| 44:28 | And that will cause the rapid movement water either in or out. |
|
| 44:34 | So the cell is under stress this can quickly get rid of water using |
|
| 44:38 | aqua ports, right? Uh And general rule is that, um certainly |
|
| 44:45 | , for kots, I'm guessing for life, uh the uh cells tend |
|
| 44:50 | keep their cells hy slightly hypertonic on inside for bacterial cell. That's the |
|
| 44:56 | uh among other ways, among other , a way to keep the cell |
|
| 45:01 | , water comes in, presses up the cell wall. And so it's |
|
| 45:05 | of keeping the whole cell shape and kind of thing. OK. So |
|
| 45:09 | tends to keep themselves slightly hyper OK. Um And then the last |
|
| 45:15 | here is the, the movements, way the movement is occurring in or |
|
| 45:22 | , right? Is depending on if a passive process that doesn't use energy |
|
| 45:30 | the movement will be always high to . OK? Regardless of where the |
|
| 45:35 | and low is at, that's the it's gonna go, if you |
|
| 45:38 | the cell wants the the solute to a particular direction, it may need |
|
| 45:44 | use energy to do that, especially it's going from, obviously, it's |
|
| 45:48 | from low to high concentration, it energy to do that. OK. |
|
| 45:52 | we'll have to uh do active transport those cases. OK. Um And |
|
| 45:59 | these other mechanisms mentioned in the So group translocation uh relies on |
|
| 46:05 | the concept of molecules diffuse independent of other. OK. So where that |
|
| 46:14 | into play is glucose, right? in through a transporter, OK? |
|
| 46:20 | as it comes in, it's right? So glucose and glucose, |
|
| 46:27 | phosphate move independent of each other, ? So what that means is glucose |
|
| 46:33 | keep coming into the cell as long we as it's being converted to glucose |
|
| 46:39 | phosphate. And that's the first step glycolysis, right? Nanos, similarly |
|
| 46:45 | is con man atol, excuse it's converted to meat and phosphate. |
|
| 46:49 | it keeps coming in, right? if you didn't have that right, |
|
| 46:52 | you didn't have this, OK. conversion going on and you're relying solely |
|
| 46:59 | just coming in with glucose. you had 10 molecules of glucose here |
|
| 47:05 | zero here. It keep coming in you got to five and five, |
|
| 47:12 | ? No more movement. But because keep converting that to a different |
|
| 47:17 | right? It keeps coming in, ? Um Very common mechanism of sugar |
|
| 47:25 | and other things and bacteria. ABC is another way as well. This |
|
| 47:30 | uh specific uh as this one is . Uh but it has a specific |
|
| 47:35 | molecule that brings it to the And here you see a um this |
|
| 47:40 | an active transport mechanism bringing it OK. Uh These are also very |
|
| 47:46 | in terms of transport of nutrients and . Um So the main difference between |
|
| 47:51 | and group translocation is the fact that it has a specific molecule that binds |
|
| 47:55 | the substrate and binds to the OK. And energy expenditure to do |
|
| 48:02 | . Um the membrane, permanent weak basis. This is all just about |
|
| 48:06 | weak acids and bases work basically. . So unlike something like HCL, |
|
| 48:14 | , hydrochloric acid, right? This dissociates into H plus and chlorides, |
|
| 48:23 | ? Completely, right. So in test tube, once you plopped eight |
|
| 48:28 | in there, you'd see nothing but ions or chlorides. That's it, |
|
| 48:33 | ? That's complete dissociation, right? acid, OK? A weak acid |
|
| 48:39 | completely dissociate, right? So you always, and that's the, |
|
| 48:42 | the really the the key here, ? So here's a generic um weak |
|
| 48:49 | H A, it partially associates that you are left with a a neutral |
|
| 48:55 | here that can diffuse right, small uh molecule, it can diffuse through |
|
| 49:05 | once it gets inside the cell, the partial dissociation occurs and that's what |
|
| 49:10 | lead to acidity in the cell. a weak base right? Can create |
|
| 49:15 | alkalinity inside the cell. OK. these as I mentioned, these are |
|
| 49:21 | molecules like this are used as preservatives different, different foods and things and |
|
| 49:26 | to inhibit growth, uh prevent Ok. Um because it inhibits growth |
|
| 49:32 | the cells getting affected by this, can't live in the it's inside, |
|
| 49:37 | be acidic or too acidic or too , it won't function, right? |
|
| 49:41 | . Remember by keeping proteins happy, ? Any kind of conditions that affect |
|
| 49:47 | proteins aren't gonna make the cell resulting in either slow or no growth |
|
| 49:51 | depth in some cases. Um The , and you know, and, |
|
| 49:59 | cells can counteract it. You they can use things like, so |
|
| 50:03 | , amino acids have different uh So they have the amino group and |
|
| 50:08 | carboxyl group and so they can, can actually act as buffers. So |
|
| 50:12 | will neutralize the effect of an acid base. And so the amino acids |
|
| 50:16 | the cell often serve the role of , I think it's a ph |
|
| 50:23 | OK. So they can counteract it a degree. Of course, if |
|
| 50:25 | too much and they can be OK. Um Any questions about transport |
|
| 50:32 | general? I think I'm sure everybody gone through this once before. Um |
|
| 50:38 | uh OK. So now we'll focus the cell wall. OK. Um |
|
| 50:47 | , let's phrase it differently. Let's uh bacteria whose envelope uh may be |
|
| 50:56 | as gram negative or gram positive. just do it that way. |
|
| 51:00 | Now, I, I've started including specific groups because these have shown up |
|
| 51:05 | , you know, I'm sure lots you are taking MC A T and |
|
| 51:08 | dental exam and these things and I've these names show up on their ficus |
|
| 51:13 | proac Toia. Those are two classes your gram negatives, gram positives. |
|
| 51:19 | ? Um The and so as a , OK? If you're in the |
|
| 51:25 | , you'll be doing unknown projects starting week. Uh and thereafter. And |
|
| 51:31 | the one of the first things you is gram stain because you can differentiate |
|
| 51:37 | of bacteria. You be, you begin to id identify bacter types based |
|
| 51:43 | the gram stain. OK? not every car, not for every |
|
| 51:49 | carro is the gram stain applicable. ? But for many it is |
|
| 51:54 | And so it's typically a first OK? The gram negative gram positive |
|
| 52:00 | can really kind of weed out, know what you're dealing with. |
|
| 52:04 | Uh This is stain has been around 1900 I think. Um and it's |
|
| 52:11 | used today, you still use it a clinical uh setting, OK? |
|
| 52:16 | has a strep throat or suspected strep , put on blood auger and do |
|
| 52:21 | gram stain. You see gram positive and chains pretty much tells you it's |
|
| 52:27 | streptococcus that cost strep throat, So there's different diagnostically it's still |
|
| 52:33 | OK. Um OK. So I the um next 56 questions. Holy |
|
| 52:47 | . OK. Are all about OK. So let's start here. |
|
| 52:58 | . All right. So we got one and type two cell envelope. |
|
| 53:04 | . Um So I think I'm not doing anything away by saying something is |
|
| 53:13 | positive something is gram negative, And each one has its own, |
|
| 53:18 | some commonality between the two but some are different. OK. Mhm The |
|
| 53:56 | OK. Can happen. Oopsy. did you go? Oops timer. |
|
| 54:08 | are you? All right. Let's down. OK. All right. |
|
| 54:17 | Let's see. Um Hey, that going to be um this is the |
|
| 54:35 | what he is, it is this play saccharine layer. Um Let's look |
|
| 54:41 | the, let's look at these questions we're gonna recap all this. All |
|
| 54:44 | , let's go to the next OK. And again, you |
|
| 54:47 | all these sides are gonna show up canvas with the answer. So don't |
|
| 54:51 | got too much, you know, it down. All right. Next |
|
| 54:54 | . Same picture. What, what's the black strands? OK. |
|
| 55:38 | Cutting out from 54. Wow. . See the strands are OK. |
|
| 55:52 | . Let's take f acid oops right . Uh All right. Next |
|
| 56:02 | Oops open. There we go. . All right. Two bacterial |
|
| 56:08 | So we're looking for what's the lipoprotein ? Lipoprotein, lipoprotein. OK. |
|
| 56:53 | OK. Come down. OK. is H OK. Yeah. Uh |
|
| 57:14 | then this one, OK. Uh one is in acetyl nic acid? |
|
| 57:26 | . Which one? What do you that? OK. OK. |
|
| 58:10 | Cut down from seven. Yeah. Yeah, it's gonna be this one |
|
| 58:25 | . So uh it's in B and D, right? So this next |
|
| 58:31 | is not a quicker question, but kind of just uh going through the |
|
| 58:36 | of a cell wall. So certainly this is the Graham negative OK, |
|
| 58:47 | positive. Um So you can see by side the basic distinguishing features, |
|
| 58:55 | ? What do they have in Well, they both have the cell |
|
| 58:58 | . So when we we refer to , so the inner membrane, so |
|
| 59:03 | you'll hear that term as well. inner membrane is what we use to |
|
| 59:08 | to the gram negative, right? the the cytoplasmic membrane if you will |
|
| 59:13 | border that defines the cell, which all cells have, we call |
|
| 59:18 | the inner membrane in the gram negative it has this additional outer membrane, |
|
| 59:23 | . So in other words, the inner membrane of a gram positive is |
|
| 59:28 | cytoplasmic membrane. The inner membrane of gram negative is is to differentiate it |
|
| 59:33 | the outer membrane it has right, is of course a a is an |
|
| 59:36 | membrane. Um uh of course the is the cell wall. You see |
|
| 59:42 | difference in thickness between gram negative gram uh labeled these all here are the |
|
| 59:55 | acids. You, you got that the question. That's g the strands |
|
| 59:59 | the o antigen, right? That's green. So that's associated with the |
|
| 60:03 | polysac. We'll, we'll go through in a, in a, in |
|
| 60:06 | second here. Um Para pla So because you created this outer |
|
| 60:11 | you have this outer membrane, now have a space in there, |
|
| 60:14 | That's what we call Perlas. So specific to gram negative. OK. |
|
| 60:19 | if I had to specify here, ? Um and GM is might be |
|
| 60:27 | from a gram gram negative um gram . OK. Uh gram positive. |
|
| 60:38 | . Per plastic 3 g negative. . Uh Endotoxin. Net two is |
|
| 60:44 | with a OK. So gram Yeah. Uh ce so that both |
|
| 60:55 | that of course, right? Um bridges both pepper like in both uh |
|
| 61:07 | a gram negative uh both for these right? And lipoprotein is gram |
|
| 61:18 | OK. So uh something's in something is different. OK. Um |
|
| 61:25 | uh so it also that outer membrane . So when you look at, |
|
| 61:29 | know things like effective antibiotics on these , effective different disinfectants and antiseptics every |
|
| 61:38 | the presence of that outer membrane creates in responses to antibiotics, disinfectants and |
|
| 61:47 | septics. OK. Gram negatives are sensitive to things like your kind of |
|
| 61:54 | type of disinfectants. OK? Think are kind of soapy if you will |
|
| 62:00 | that dissolves the outer membrane material Think of things that a fossil would |
|
| 62:06 | in right, ethanol, the ethanol , right, it is effective in |
|
| 62:11 | breaking down the outer membrane. um whereas grandpas may be a little |
|
| 62:16 | more resistant to that. Ok. each has kind of its, you |
|
| 62:21 | , conditions, things that affected Ok. So that's why oftentimes choice |
|
| 62:27 | antibiotic, you know, can be big deal because it may not be |
|
| 62:31 | effective against one of the other. . So kind of big picture that's |
|
| 62:35 | of where this can play a role from a practical standpoint, right? |
|
| 62:40 | And so, you know, it affect the types of molecules that effectively |
|
| 62:45 | into the cell, basically bless So um the outer membrane can have |
|
| 62:51 | have a place of influence in OK. Um All right. So |
|
| 62:58 | the cell wall itself provides structure. you combine that with the hypertonic |
|
| 63:04 | right? Think of a balloon in cardboard box, right? Cardboard box |
|
| 63:09 | a cell wall. The balloon is of the cytoplasm, the membrane holding |
|
| 63:14 | cell contents, right. So water in, presses up against the cell |
|
| 63:20 | that kind of help keep cell shape integrity. Um You know, it |
|
| 63:25 | go too far. But because you that cell wall, you know, |
|
| 63:29 | you're the cell is protected, especially you think of gram positive versus gram |
|
| 63:33 | , right? A gram positive is protected against that because it has a |
|
| 63:36 | thick cell wall. OK. So type you are negative and positive, |
|
| 63:42 | structure is the same of that the pepto glycan, right? The |
|
| 63:46 | think of an analogy here is like your DNA structure and the um sugar |
|
| 63:53 | backbone, right? Um This kind is is similar. So you have |
|
| 63:57 | sugars repeating, right? Um And you have connections between, so the |
|
| 64:03 | it's hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides right . It's, it's covalent bonds between |
|
| 64:08 | pep peptide chains. You cross bridges link the strands together. OK. |
|
| 64:15 | Again, this is showing you the, the, the role of |
|
| 64:19 | hypertonic, how that helps keep so . OK. Um Here, |
|
| 64:25 | we connecting. So here's the, the peptide cross bridges. OK. |
|
| 64:31 | it's not enough. Let me go here. It's not enough to just |
|
| 64:36 | the strands. OK. Um And think of the cell wall as a |
|
| 64:41 | wall like it's very rigid and un it, it, it is |
|
| 64:47 | There is some flexibility there, but don't want the sellers wanted, wanted |
|
| 64:52 | to be too flexible, right? that's what the cross bridges help to |
|
| 64:55 | integrity as well as those um Tyco are that bridge the whole thing as |
|
| 65:04 | . Help with that. Uh When do interfere with these cross bridges, |
|
| 65:09 | does make it too pores, too and the cell membrane underneath starts to |
|
| 65:15 | out. OK. And lice that's effect of many antibiotics is to interfere |
|
| 65:21 | these cross bridges, the ma the of them. OK. So, |
|
| 65:26 | so bottom line is the cell, cell wall material has to be kind |
|
| 65:29 | kept um in intact, right? the cross bridges, uh et |
|
| 65:34 | OK. And so the connections between through this. Uh and these are |
|
| 65:40 | a, a series of amino OK. Um One of these is |
|
| 65:46 | , we don't, you probably haven't this before. Di amino acid. |
|
| 65:51 | ? You don't need to memorize the of this. OK? But |
|
| 65:55 | it's at those particular amino acids where connection is made. OK? You |
|
| 66:00 | it comes here like that and initially a 12345 um amino acid long |
|
| 66:10 | But when it makes the connection, terminal alanine is released. So now |
|
| 66:15 | have uh the crossbridge form, And this, this uh cross bridging |
|
| 66:22 | between the mic acid sugars. You see the mic acid sugar is |
|
| 66:28 | the connections are being made. Now again, as I mentioned, |
|
| 66:33 | are a target for these are these prokaryote specific proc specific process, |
|
| 66:40 | With Procar specific enzymes, right? these are natural targets for antibiotics, |
|
| 66:47 | ? There's a lot of enzymes involved doing this, OK? That the |
|
| 66:51 | has. And so things like penicillin um the these connections of the making |
|
| 66:57 | these bridges. Vancomycin does. So a different way Ok. Um, |
|
| 67:04 | interferes with the cross bridging of Oops, sorry, too far. |
|
| 67:12 | will sit down. Vancomycin sits down here. Ok. And that's how |
|
| 67:21 | doing that, it basically blocks the from making the connection. Penicillin works |
|
| 67:26 | a different way on a different Um, the end result is you |
|
| 67:30 | make the connection. Ok. now, of course, we're antibiotic |
|
| 67:36 | bacteria naturally. And so, uh have evolved uh enzymes that can basically |
|
| 67:43 | penicillin as we call uh beta OK? They also have resistance against |
|
| 67:49 | . So, um if you if Vancomycin acts by sitting there, |
|
| 67:58 | what might happen in ac that's resistance bank of Mycin? It's a natural |
|
| 68:03 | that might occur there. Bye. of having Aine there, you have |
|
| 68:10 | else there, right? Uh They've variants that have a mutation in which |
|
| 68:16 | alanine, the terminal allen has been by lactic acid. OK. And |
|
| 68:23 | those, those um variants will not bank of mice and it's resistant to |
|
| 68:29 | , right? So all, all bacterial type has to do is |
|
| 68:34 | you know, one mutation here, mutation there. That's it and it |
|
| 68:37 | potentially cause it to be resistant. . Of course. What promotes |
|
| 68:44 | right? What promotes the resistance is presence of the antibiotic? OK. |
|
| 68:51 | that the presence of it promotes those have the change and they proliferate, |
|
| 68:56 | ? So, if you limit the to antibiotic um to only those |
|
| 69:03 | you know, are susceptible to right. Then you can not influence |
|
| 69:09 | much resistant types. Ok. That's whole nature of being smart about taking |
|
| 69:15 | and handing them out. Right. of course, the nature nowadays is |
|
| 69:19 | broad spectrum antibiotics which you know, , it may get rid of the |
|
| 69:24 | causing the disease, but it also all the other populations around. |
|
| 69:29 | not necessarily a good thing. In any case. So um |
|
| 69:36 | So right, again, same right? See this, see the |
|
| 69:39 | the side by side comparison, Quite obvious difference between the two. |
|
| 69:45 | And so we look at gram just back one more the um uh tico |
|
| 69:50 | . So specific for gram positive, span the whole width if you will |
|
| 69:56 | ply and they're more of just like . OK? Keep it together. |
|
| 70:01 | gram mega is very small thin OK? Um With the proteins are |
|
| 70:06 | of what hold it in place, ? Um out of membrane. So |
|
| 70:11 | of stuff going on out here. . And even you can look at |
|
| 70:15 | halves. Uh obviously there's a difference between here and here, but also |
|
| 70:23 | that half in this half of the membrane. OK. So the LP |
|
| 70:31 | layer um also has uh toxic OK. So let's just look |
|
| 70:40 | OK. So specifically this lipid a , OK. Um So basically any |
|
| 70:48 | negative infection, right? Could potentially to this effect. OK. And |
|
| 70:54 | we learn about this stuff at the of the course. But um basically |
|
| 71:00 | negatives if you have an infection by of those, uh the danger typically |
|
| 71:05 | when it, if it gets into blood, what we call septicaemic infection |
|
| 71:09 | then it has access to your entire through circulation. Right? And so |
|
| 71:14 | , um when, if, uh your, your own immune system cells |
|
| 71:18 | and in combination with antibiotics kill the , OK. The cells then they |
|
| 71:25 | and then that's when this material is . Ok? And if it's a |
|
| 71:32 | infection gotten into your blood, then , you know, lots of your |
|
| 71:37 | system cells can now respond to that toxin. And that's, that's the |
|
| 71:44 | . Too many cells respond. It an over response by your system and |
|
| 71:49 | body can go into shock and you . Ok? Typically it was a |
|
| 71:53 | negative infection that's localized and hasn't Not a problem. But when it |
|
| 71:57 | , that's the issue. It becomes , a numbers game, lots of |
|
| 72:02 | now available for themselves to respond too a response. You, you will |
|
| 72:07 | this later. But when your immune cells respond, they have a number |
|
| 72:10 | different effects and that's fine if it's local infection because it only happens |
|
| 72:15 | But it's body wide, it's too and you can succumb to shock. |
|
| 72:21 | . Um So again, it potentially gram negative has that feature, |
|
| 72:27 | But of course, the only ones , we our interests are those that |
|
| 72:31 | pathogens. OK? Um The O the O Engine H Engine OK. |
|
| 72:39 | is uh relates to the um antigenic . So, antigens, you respond |
|
| 72:48 | antigens by producing antibodies, right? so the O antigen is one that's |
|
| 72:54 | to induce an immune response. O is specific for this O polysaccharide |
|
| 73:02 | of the, I remember that the we'll talk about later. That's the |
|
| 73:08 | . OK. So both those illicit immune response by your body. A |
|
| 73:12 | time ago, they've actually uh classified use that as a classification particularly for |
|
| 73:19 | E coli and salmonella and other medically gram negatives um to as a way |
|
| 73:26 | quickly identify, right? So that's you often see a number, an |
|
| 73:31 | or an H and a number after . So the 0157, which I've |
|
| 73:36 | the Chipotle E Coli, right? always pop up when Chipotle has an |
|
| 73:41 | with, if we produce or something that tainted, so they can, |
|
| 73:46 | can take a sample and they'll have antibodies to the 0157. And if |
|
| 73:51 | , if it reacts, then they they've got it. So it's a |
|
| 73:53 | to rapidly ID, a lot of uh many of these gram negative types |
|
| 73:58 | can cause human infections. OK. same with the H. So the |
|
| 74:02 | also have a specific H number with . OK. Um So periplasm again |
|
| 74:11 | to gram negative, right? It's space between the OK porosity of a |
|
| 74:16 | cell wall. The cell wall itself pretty porous that can get in. |
|
| 74:20 | not really restrictive that much. Uh membrane is where the restriction comes |
|
| 74:26 | So you have specific proteins and things allow stuff in um the outer |
|
| 74:32 | inner membrane, negative outer membrane is but not as much as the inner |
|
| 74:39 | . The inner membrane is kind of the the real gatekeeper so to |
|
| 74:44 | But the Adam can have some of selectivity but it's it's it's primarily the |
|
| 74:49 | membrane that has the most selectivity. . Um Let's let me just see |
|
| 74:55 | more thing. I let you guys . Um Yeah, we can we |
|
| 75:00 | , is there any questions? We wait, we can finish it up |
|
| 75:02 | time. OK. So um we'll up the sale envelopes and get into |
|
| 75:07 | other structures. OK. Thanks OK. Yeah. Question I sent |
|
| 75:31 | an email. |
|
