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GEOL 6381 Petroleum Geology - Apr 17 2023
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00:05 Oh, yeah. OK. I think uh we, we looked
00:26 these slides right here, that one that one and kind of what we're
00:32 at is um you know, once get into exploration and exploitation, you
00:37 to focus about a lot of these that we talked about earlier on that
00:41 to sediment technology and how they become important uh upfront in terms of how
00:48 uh developing prospects and how we're uh uh figuring out where we might have
00:55 and play fairways, which again, the end of this uh this
00:59 we'll, we'll talk about those terms in just a little bit more
01:06 Uh This is just showing you really porosity. Remember we were uh earlier
01:12 , we uh mentioned amongst other things uh in a perfect world uh when
01:25 have glass beads and that's it. they're all the same size, you
01:29 , you can get theoretically theoretical maximum uh with one packing arrangement of around
01:38 and another one around 27% some something there. And uh and this,
01:45 happens to be a good sandstone. got 28% porosity. Um It's got
01:51 that are uh sort of uh more uh in a uh squared off uh
02:01 like this where, where uh where might get, the higher percentage
02:07 is one of them. But then it, when it falls in,
02:09 gets into a rhomb uh type system things kind of fall into the spots
02:14 them, uh they close off, close off some of the ferocity.
02:18 in this case, there's a lot really good um primary porosity. And
02:24 is this sandstone? Got, excuse , permeability. And why does this
02:28 such good permeability? Two point two 2200 milli dacs or 2.2 milli 2.2
02:40 is quite a bit of permeability. does this one have it like
02:45 Just out of curiosity if you see in a core or somebody in the
02:49 does a thin section and shows you picture. Why is that such a
02:53 one? It's pretty well sorted. , that's, that's, I
02:58 it's not perfectly sorted and nothing in is, but this is fairly well
03:02 . Um The packing arrangement has slipped this sort of cubic thing to the
03:09 and uh and filled in some of space. So it's not 47% or
03:14 45 a half, or 46 a , whatever it is. And uh
03:18 that's, that's pretty good too. , here, it's showing you secondary
03:22 , which is oftentimes here, you all this ferocity that the permeability is
03:28 left. And that's because the green uh still have things around them that
03:34 lot of it is poorly sorted in lot of plays. Or maybe some
03:37 these plays are orthogenics uh that have in some of the po throats.
03:42 so they're not all connected and uh this, this is of course a
03:49 system. Uh but it um you uh have a lot of this type
03:54 thing going on in carbonate systems because the solubility, the uh relatively ease
04:00 which uh you can get carbonates in soluble state in a, in a
04:05 fluid system. OK. And this just another one showing you. Um
04:15 I think more than anything that when get into exploration and uh exploitation,
04:20 starting to look more closely at the . We're not just looking at the
04:24 on the outside, we're looking what's that actual basin. And uh
04:29 we can see grains with cements uh in the poor space and closing off
04:34 throats up there. And uh and a pore over here blue. Uh
04:39 you can see other grains kind of the background there. And here's clays
04:42 are probably uh uh you might have spars that are breaking down and,
04:47 expanding into clays and stuff like And taking up a lot of your
04:51 . And again, uh shutting off of the poor throats to give you
04:57 good permeability. Uh Here's um this uh a carbonate situation. And of
05:07 , um I think I've told everybody whole reason why I don't like to
05:13 to work with carbonation because most of porosity that we end up producing
05:17 is secondary. Although you can get primary porosity, it's very, it's
05:23 hard for that to happen. And the really good uh example that we
05:27 you from China, the Luau structure that in itself was a, was
05:34 good case of a lot of um porosity formed when, when that carbonate
05:42 was exposed at the surface and meteoric got in there and leached it
05:47 And uh and then uh when it was buried, that was somehow
05:53 probably stayed freshwater for a while. But uh but as it, as
05:59 was sinking and, and building up , why not? It got charged
06:03 all these cements could form form And so a lot of the bugs
06:06 left open. So you log out the cements like that is because you
06:11 see the dog and all that kind thing. It's um you know,
06:16 just like evaporating water and uh and , it's just, it's just so
06:23 to uh to lose porosity in a system that um when, when they
06:30 kind of considering drilling that. you know, one of the things
06:34 had to worry about was that porosity have been destroyed too, just as
06:38 destroyed as being there. So they a problem. But somehow they,
06:43 , and I, I still don't why they imagine that there would be
06:47 there. Um, that's again why don't like carbonates. Hate to keep
06:52 that, I mean, I love beaches and uh scuba diving off of
06:57 is a lot of fun and sometimes even fun. Scuba diving in cloudy
07:02 . You have to feel your way with a spear gun or something.
07:06 , uh, but nevertheless, you know, when you're looking for
07:09 , it's, it's a really tricky and it's always good to,
07:13 to get in on a carbonate play somebody's figured out why it's working.
07:19 , like a lot of the chalks the North Sea. Once, once
07:22 knows how the system is working, it's, uh, it's a lot
07:26 to do it. Um But I'm underscore this again. There are so
07:30 unknowns when somebody takes the risk to a well in a place where they've
07:34 drilled one before. Uh You don't all the answers. You can't know
07:39 the answers and you have to have management that's not gonna take you out
07:44 , and uh hang you so to just because you missed one because you
07:49 , part of the game of exploration , and even production sometimes is,
07:54 it's a hit or miss thing. only uh a sure bet when
07:57 when they call it a resource wherever you drill, you get
08:00 it's, but the issue with the is, is how much you can
08:05 out because the amount you can get in an unconventional, well, often
08:08 a high end that's very limited. know, you don't get these uh
08:12 open porosity and permeability in an, an unconventional system. So uh to
08:19 in that game and, and that's tough on the environment too.
08:23 just have to drill and drill and and drill to, to keep getting
08:25 oil out. So it's, there's , there's a set expense but there's
08:29 always AAA reward uh when you're working a, with an unconventional, but
08:34 may not be a big one until get a whole lot of wells
08:41 OK. So, uh here's another of these diagrams. Um uh that
08:46 of gives you sort of a global at what goes on in reservoirs.
08:50 think it's, uh here's um you , this chart is not exactly right
09:00 I, I just know too much it, but uh this is Jurassic
09:06 uh but anyway, um what they're to show you here is that when
09:11 get down to uh uh some of older things, uh you can
09:17 especially here where it's where you have do fractured, uh, reservoirs and
09:21 . You can lose it. Let me see if I got
09:25 I can't see the top of Um, but some of these have
09:33 , ok, really good ferocity like but the permeability is, is not
09:38 good. And this, here they're about pre chalk and car uh
09:44 The eco of the hide can have high porosity over over 20%. But
09:51 uh but again, it's, there's been some uh you know,
09:55 have these things that are five these little plates. And even though
09:59 a lot of ferocity in there, , the pore throats can be uh
10:03 small and that reduces the type of but one of the things that's trying
10:08 show you here too is that uh and death trend um as we uh
10:16 we get into things that are older they're older, they're usually gonna be
10:20 , right? Not always. Um that does have an overriding impact on
10:27 global scale. It's not, it's a straight line uh linear regression or
10:33 like that. But you can kind see that as we, as we
10:36 these younger things, we're gonna have permeability out there. And why would
10:39 have more permeability sort of in the ones that have been charged less
10:46 Probably. Yeah, it's a lot , a lot of that. So
10:50 there's, there's a lot of these . Um Sometimes engineers look at these
10:54 they, and they make decisions based it but, but whatever uh made
11:00 things at the top of this chart in terms of porosity and permeability were
11:06 down here. Um And uh and all the, not all the pot
11:12 are that lower, but uh they to be lower than what you would
11:17 for something that has really hot, , that you saw the picture with
11:21 . So stuff where, you a lot of the ferocity was um
11:25 grains have been uh dissolved out, licious grains have been dissolved out and
11:31 that, that they weren't connected So these are the kinds of things
11:36 think about it again. Um Because of these things uh in the US
11:40 some reason, you know, this a North Sea thing in the
11:44 We don't use formations very often. one of the reasons they use them
11:49 there is because they can kind of track of statistics on this unit.
11:53 that unit, it's not just unit of company three and uh and that
11:59 of thing, there's, there's actually name to it that is recognizable by
12:03 in the industry. And uh there a, there is an incredible value
12:07 uh to understandings photography and using it uh in the US. It's kind
12:13 uh I still haven't figured out But for some reason, us geoscientists
12:19 to avoid uh formation names as, much as they can. But
12:23 it, it gives you some information someone says, you know, we're
12:26 go over here and drill uh anywhere the North Sea that has been drilled
12:30 they say we're gonna do, say Camelot um, formation. Uh
12:37 then the thing is, is uh or a field in the
12:42 uh then they kind of know what is. They'll know that it's Jurassic
12:45 Cretaceous or Tertiary, they'll know, know the age, they'll know everything
12:49 the, and uh it kind of you uh sort of information upfront,
12:54 necessarily where you're at again, but around where you're at, you
12:59 from the outside sort of a repeating theme that I keep bringing up
13:05 And uh, and I think it's , it's one of the reasons why
13:10 unconventional and conventional uh are very different the way we actually approach uh how
13:16 get as much out of, out each of those different types of uh
13:22 fields as we can. Here's another showing gas and oil. Um What
13:29 you see? So if we look oil, it's nice that there's some
13:36 and you could tell the difference, I would have made the oil black
13:38 the gas gray. But, but nevertheless, what do you see?
13:43 going on as we go down in . Excuse me, there's a big
13:52 in, in what we're gonna be with the Urian actually has a puff
13:56 something there, doesn't it? So why do you think that's
14:02 They really have the ocean before Ok. Well, um,
14:13 there's a, there's a whole lot packing it. But, uh,
14:16 11 of the things, uh, know, um, plate tectonics can
14:21 an impact on it, of but I think what's really important is
14:25 things are older and they're deeper, been cooked longer, they've been cooked
14:32 . And uh notice there's a lot they're pretty gassy, right? And
14:39 and that's because because of that, very reason. Now, um
14:44 this is, um I'm, I'm sure where all of these fields are
14:49 from. The book. The book written by people that work the North
14:54 . I'm not sure if these are the giant fields. And of
14:56 now we have fields that we call giants or super, super fields or
15:03 . And uh and that's where, know, if you had a giant
15:06 then you go back and you get resources out of it, the resource
15:10 . Uh uh then, then we it a super duper field. And
15:15 I don't uh put a lot of into whether something's giant or whatnot.
15:19 I'm looking for are big, big . Uh that I can poke holes
15:23 now and, uh, ones that produce a lot per day because
15:27 that's what keeps your cash flow. , nevertheless, uh, here you
15:33 see we've got lots of resources. do you think the Cretaceous might
15:38 uh, one of the best ones because we had our requirement, do
15:45 in time. So, it was good time to have. Uh,
15:52 , ok. Well, um, , I mean, uh it
15:56 it all, there's good marine stuff through the earth history. And uh
16:02 the Cretaceous was a particularly warm period time. But I think even,
16:07 , something that I've pointed out in , even even more remarkable about that
16:16 right underneath the Cretaceous is Jurassic. Jurassic has a lot of uh source
16:21 . And so the Cretaceous reservoirs might been the first to be able to
16:25 a lot of the stuff from the . And I think that has a
16:29 to do with why the Cretaceous is , is so amazing. And of
16:34 , um I think to some a lot of around the world,
16:38 lot of the source rocks are ju uh and you can see that as
16:43 go higher up, you start to a little bit of that. But
16:47 later on in the paleogene, we to get the development of some source
16:52 . Uh And you can see that impacting stuff in the now when I
16:56 working, which was a long time , people thought you couldn't find anything
17:00 the place to see. There were that wrote papers saying you can never
17:04 anything in the place to. There a, a theoretical reason that never
17:10 any sense to me. Uh Like lot of things that went, went
17:14 the book pages. But, but a lot of people thought that
17:18 wouldn't see Plio Pleistocene reservoirs. And course, uh when I was working
17:24 , uh I got to read the , but I was looking for oil
17:28 gas and uh Pliocene sands in uh Marsh Island 1 28. And I'm
17:34 sure that, uh that, uh a few years before that people thought
17:38 would never be able to find it , part of it was, they
17:41 the containment pressure wouldn't be great enough hold, to hold resources in.
17:46 at the same time, uh there places in the Gulf of Mexico where
17:50 have really high rock accumulation rates and have, and you have that uh
17:56 present Jurassic oil bubbling up looking for reservoir still is. And uh,
18:02 then you get, start getting some in the, in the I,
18:08 have a question. Why is the is almost, why is that almost
18:13 ? Yeah. Uh That's a good . I have no idea. Uh
18:17 I would say is that, um maybe, maybe this,
18:23 the confining pressure is low enough to generated here, uh, went out
18:28 here. You, you've got more trapped in and, and can't get
18:32 . And, uh, there, , there's a lot of different complications
18:36 could have caused that but I, don't know why and it could be
18:39 we don't understand the Saurian very Uh, that happens there, there
18:44 a few, you know, uh epics where we, we're not
18:48 sure. Um um where the top the bottom of them are in the
18:54 place, somebody might be producing sour and not uh not even know
18:59 they're producing urine. OK. uh distributions of porosity and flow are
19:07 important. And again, this, keep saying this almost in every slide
19:16 systems are strongly influenced by primary porosity carbonates are strongly influenced by uh diogenes
19:24 uh diogenes, of course, uh hurt any porosity and it can also
19:29 enhance any, any porosity that may . It's just uh more prevalent when
19:35 working with the calcium carbonate because it to uh it likes to dissolve and
19:42 to dissolve, concentrates and anything that can precipitate. OK. So,
19:50 in, in your book, they through a lot of different things
19:54 and uh I'm just gonna look at few different depositional systems just to kind
20:01 kind of give you an overview of . We uh we, we touched
20:05 this a little bit earlier on and depending on how, how fast classes
20:12 , I can, I can give details. But in in this
20:16 we're just gonna really focus on uh of these different stream and uh plastic
20:22 systems. And as a reservoir what do you think is important uh
20:29 a diagram like this? Why would even bother to look at, look
20:33 this diagram? Why would I do the point in? So exactly,
20:45 the, the key is that you're to look for where we face is
20:49 . And uh I don't know if in here knows what A is.
20:53 everybody here know he didn't. Uh anyway, um we have these things
21:01 point bars and uh this is where have the buildups of sands, you
21:06 , as uh because the velocity goes to its highest on the outside and
21:12 and then you get this of rifles here. And, and so
21:16 these are trying to indicate a road these sides are getting cut and these
21:20 , these sides are moving that And of course, if these things
21:24 of expand a little bit and the curvature flattens out, they can kind
21:28 be interconnected slightly. Uh When we when we first started looking at um
21:37 amplitude attributes, a lot of people see things that look like this and
21:42 would call them river systems or And uh and if you see
21:49 but as it turns out, um channel system right here, uh kind
21:57 repeats itself through its deposition and uh you know, it can mean out
22:03 way, you can get um things cut through like this so that you
22:08 , you might actually in a, a channel bell system where you've got
22:12 of channels and uh lots of these of deposits that may be uh depending
22:19 the um how fast the accommodation space created by society. It's real
22:25 They might actually coalesce at some level if it's, if it's fast they'll
22:31 separated. So you have both uh you have these obvious breaks between
22:39 good ferocity and permeability in this meaning system. But uh vertically, you
22:44 also see some variation too, depending uh how fast it subsides. And
22:51 you know, you always think these that uh that look like rated streams
22:56 the really good uh systems for um and gas production in some places they
23:07 , especially when, when uh you to the head of one where you
23:11 have a fan or a uh oh fan that's, it's developing out into
23:17 marine system that will get charged with . Uh But a lot of times
23:22 things aren't very good. Why do think um um rated streams often are
23:28 good targets? Yeah, they, know, they can move around and
23:38 . But, uh, but, , but you can see that
23:41 if we have a, a drop flow, uh the flow of seasons
23:48 is gonna settle out and you're kind separate them. So that's one
23:51 But another thing is that a lot times bright streams for us are,
23:56 , usually in places where we have pretty good dip, depositional dip.
24:01 so they're moving fast and that has big impact on sorting of the,
24:07 the, um, of the plastic . But also it happens in places
24:13 , um, you're not so close the funeral and you're not so close
24:18 , uh, maybe programing out into marine system. That's, that's full
24:23 algae. Um, and quite often nowhere near large lakes. And,
24:32 , they can be though when you , uh, fan deltas and stuff
24:35 that into a big lake or fan right into, uh, the North
24:40 , like the, like the bray , things like that. So,
24:46 , that's one of the things that we get, we get to these
24:49 streams. The whole reason we have streams is because you're getting like the
24:54 , the gray becomes very slight. that's why the water is kind of
24:58 , gravity is actually trying to find lowest point up here, the low
25:04 points in that direction wherever it you know, and, and down
25:08 , sometimes he has to go sideways uh to find that lowest point because
25:12 might be subsiding a little bit faster here um than it is over
25:20 And of course, the sand build is gonna um put a little structure
25:24 there um to kind of keep it from compacting as fast as those clays
25:29 compact. Another interesting thing from a is that um how these develop has
25:39 lot to do with heels Fromm's diagram the velocity slows down just enough to
25:44 off the sands here, when we around the bend, high velocity
25:48 velocity drops off in that direction because is some typical um aspect of
25:55 So you have the high velocity low velocity there, it slows down
25:59 enough to drop off the sand of place. He uh you do get
26:03 drapes on these things when you have stages. But uh again, it's
26:08 another example of Hillstrom uh diagram uh of showing you how uh it's dictated
26:15 , and of course, the whole itself is um confined by a floodplain
26:23 which are hard to erode and that's it exists. And that's why sometimes
26:27 you have flooding instead of the thing eroding all the way across here,
26:31 goes over the top and it creates crevasse play or something like that.
26:38 . And here, here again is you how um from a reservoir of
26:44 , a braided stream could be a good thing, but you do have
26:48 shale breaks but sometimes they coalesce and could actually, there, some of
26:53 services may impede, uh, be or they could, could actually be
27:00 again. A baffle is something that down. The blow of a barrier
27:04 something that, um, in of, and here is,
27:12 here's showing you some of these places let it fill in with big clay
27:16 when, when the blow stopped. in, in, uh, in
27:22 sense, uh these could be, be some of the best uh reservoirs
27:26 are, except quite often where these of deposits occur where you've got that
27:31 grade. Uh, you're, you're usually near a marine, um,
27:36 production, but that, that there's to that, of course, especially
27:42 the basin's reversing. Ok. Um is not a shepherds and uh,
27:52 it's showing you, um, the way you might want to produce
27:57 and here, here is a, a theme here that's, um,
28:04 right here at this point because of high porosity and permeability and have to
28:08 with it. Uh looks like it's well sorted, but it starts
28:13 uh it can start to produce, , if you look down here,
28:19 can uh produce quicker than uh the up above it. Uh So it
28:25 pulling water straight up this thing. you might have had something here,
28:28 other words, some, sometimes you to go into a place like this
28:32 not open it up. Uh Sunday, um but will, will
28:38 so slower. And um and this this happens to be um related to
28:47 somebody trying to do a water But uh if you are producing this
28:51 well, uh you can also see same thing where you actually pull water
28:55 the oil water contact. OK. is uh meander belt or channel belt
29:03 . And here you can see the things are uh various point bars and
29:09 configurations of the channel. The thing you see often in, um and
29:15 amplitude attributes is gonna be something that like a channel and it's actually the
29:20 belt, it's not a single it's usually a channel belt and it's
29:25 size of these channel belts that's really in terms of getting good production.
29:30 also, um again, if you uh uh accommodation space uh increasing through
29:43 , very or just through time, very rapid. Um These bars will
29:48 separated by shales from the flood When the, in other words,
29:52 have a channel here and you'll have channel down here in the channel over
29:57 , but they won't coalesce. Like subsidence in one of these uh uh
30:03 uh monitoring stream systems is really You have the opportunity to get a
30:08 of uh coalescing with each other with barriers and uh and uh mostly baffles
30:16 of barriers to flow, but uh will affect the overall flow characteristics and
30:22 heterogeneity of the system. And of , uh geophysics try to look for
30:28 isotropy in, in systems like this figure out which way uh is the
30:32 way to uh to produce. In words, what direction do I want
30:36 be producing my oil and put, in my injection wells if I need
30:40 do it. And then there's these things as I was pointing out,
30:48 because these plays from the um the plains are more resistant. Uh They're
30:55 just completely through this life plan and like they would a sandbar. Uh
31:03 uh actually create these things that look little dolphins as we call them
31:09 It's just called the Slay. But in the Gulf of Mexico, we
31:13 the term CVAs and I think everybody uses that too. And um,
31:20 so it's like a little crevice is in it. And if you uh
31:24 over the Mississippi Delta, um the world looks like as far as you
31:30 see in the helicopter, you you would say to um you see
31:38 big massive small marsh and uh and know, when you get out to
31:44 front, you see the distributer channel Elvis, but all through the
31:50 the meandering streams through the, the itself, which is really large
31:55 Um You see these places and they just like little miniature buildings and they're
32:01 creating uh different places where you could accumulations. There are, there are
32:07 of where uh these sands are so and permeable that at some point in
32:12 . Again, like an example I you with barrier uh bars, barrier
32:18 versus uh blood tidal s sometimes this get submitted in where these uh the
32:25 of solute is slowed down. And then the porosity and permeability gets preserved
32:32 it ends up being uh uh a thing that uh you can produce will
32:37 smaller. But now in a, a uh herd system, one thing
32:42 different is these things when they you know, you're, you're already
32:46 the sur you're below the surface of ocean. So when it flows
32:51 it just, you know, it comes up and rises over everywhere and
32:55 has uh you end up with uh levee deposits can be all the way
33:01 these things and sometimes the levee deposits up being very good targets in a
33:05 system. OK. And here's uh showing in the permeability profile. Um
33:14 the, the gamma ray, here's and ferocity and uh where, where
33:24 you think would be good places to uh perf in a, in
33:28 well, like this? Like where you think you should be in
33:33 It was, there is more uh, uh, from 20 to
33:43 you must try to stay away from really poorest part. Right.
33:46 just the, but you wanna be the top of it and get a
33:50 right about here. Yeah. And way you might be able to produce
33:55 oil without getting, getting, water shooting into it. Right.
33:59 that would be a production thief zone not a water flood thief son.
34:07 . And this is just uh from outcrops and whatnot. And this again
34:11 in shepherd. Uh Here you can uh wing bars get stacked and they
34:17 separated. So there's, there's vertical to flow. Uh There's not so
34:24 lateral ones the way this is but you can end up with vertical
34:30 . Uh If it, if it , you had, um this was
34:37 subsiding relatively slowly. You might have that's here and then one that comes
34:43 in that might be here, but in there and then come back and
34:47 another one so that you could have a secure flow like this set of
34:52 that you're all kind of interconnected on end. Uh You could get a
34:56 like that. But in general, , this doesn't really show you a
34:59 example of uh if you have a stream system. Um In other
35:04 , this would be the, this be the whole channel built over a
35:07 of time. And, uh, this might be one channel here.
35:12 play shows you exactly where a channel at one point in time.
35:17 um, um, but some of ban could be still, this could
35:22 be a channel belt here and that be a channel belt there too,
35:26 on how much time it's separated and or not somewhere, uh, in
35:31 other plane and, uh, this showing you again how, um,
35:38 , uh, you'll get these the clay plugged between them.
35:42 um, that's sort of anybody's but it's kind of showing you something
35:46 your ear and, uh, and sort of thing in ear.
35:52 this one of course, is showing exactly we're talking about in the other
35:57 you don't want to sweep it and bypass wheel, uh, by producing
36:01 low on the thing. You want get up a little bit harder with
36:04 , of a seal, a bottom . Ok. And here, here
36:16 can see this one an outcrop and can see stack, there was a
36:22 bar development then something slows down and new point barb builds up on top
36:28 it and another one on top of , it's almost, it almost looks
36:31 what does that look like besides point ? Yeah, they're a little bit
36:39 foreign uniforms. And they also, , but, you know,
36:43 this could be like an bank or barrier island. And,
36:49 you know, when you see, these little ring edges, like you're
36:53 beer and you see a papering edge , it usually means there's something out
36:56 front of it. In other you know, I'm, I go
36:59 here, I'm not producing this, I'm not produce that. But when
37:02 see that little paper edge, I that down deposition will dip.
37:06 there's probably another one down there. . Ok. And here's, here's
37:14 another, uh, look at um, heterogeneous, the nature of
37:20 things are, you know, this a, and that, and they
37:24 the word is and a, a . And, uh, and
37:30 um, they're trying to show you , you know, you may have
37:34 nice and here there, uh, know, you need to be careful
37:39 you start producing, um, and producing out of here. You might
37:45 up here and, you know, , but I might not know that
37:49 , off the start of, if happened to you were, you
37:53 the person. Um, I think point here is that, um,
37:58 know, these are, these are kinds of shapes for re eyes that
38:03 would see and they can be very in a mean, very extreme
38:08 And, uh, you know, hit a, get a really
38:12 well here and then you go there it's, uh, then over there
38:15 there's a good one, everybody's scratching head and their voice is happening and
38:19 , it's just geology. And uh why as geologists, we need to
38:25 we need to keep promoting the value understanding of these depositional systems that have
38:32 sandwich parts and definitely shall ridge And then of course, we know
38:37 if we get a, a flood the middle of one of these
38:40 uh we'll have a real barrier there that point in the uh in the
38:45 section. OK? And again, delta systems and it's all about,
38:52 all about um curve and how we sand to move and every for sand
38:57 move to a spot and then be and everything else get. And uh
39:04 that's kind of what this is, is really hard to see and uh
39:12 just going through a lot of these and um here's something that's title dominated
39:19 these things always look to me my streams in a, in a
39:23 but the flow is, is the the water energy is great as perpendicular
39:31 the coastline this out. So it's make sand bodies linear things. And
39:37 you can't see in the picture are sand bars that are in the channel
39:41 , but they're gonna be linear, same thing as the coast lines,
39:45 know, instead of having barrier Uh the girl that was the coastline
39:54 this. Yeah, secondary er maybe theory. And um and this,
40:12 , what, what type of title would this relate to? I had
40:23 nice barrier island and the behind it the second area and, but
40:29 the, but the same, the motion forces that impact um delta has
40:38 been uh barrier on any other So, um how, how many
40:48 you had a class in uh So wait. OK. OK.
40:58 uh the way, the way we up our delta is, of
41:01 uh it's, it's artificial, but , it helps explain a lot.
41:08 One thing is fluvial input. In words, the force of a
41:12 if you have a strong fluvial you're gonna be bringing sediments down that
41:17 , lots of sediments down that river that's gonna be a major building
41:21 OK. And uh we have fluvial uh in del, but we also
41:29 wind and waves. Uh And so uh wind and wind and waves
41:35 of go together. Uh Tide is thing and then the other one
41:39 is glub dominated. And um and we have wind, wind slash waves
41:47 it, you get something that looks like this, which is uh the
41:52 Delta, all that. It's never been just that. So, one
41:57 the things that um when people come with these bottles, this is the
42:02 dominated one and there's a vital dominated . But uh if uh for
42:12 in the, the fluvial dominated uh which looks similar to this in
42:17 Mississippi River Delta, there's always gonna a wind or a wave component that
42:21 alter it a little bit. But , the point of these types of
42:25 is the main, the main depositional is the influx of material coming down
42:33 and it also brings sand, but often ominate systems often have a lot
42:38 plague and uh the wind and the are dominant because if they were,
42:44 would, they would move it away some other places. But it just
42:48 of moves it around and uh it of puts an imprint on that.
42:52 might have a better picture and these things. But um here's the very
42:57 mouth run of a distributor channel or flu dominated system and it's the flow
43:06 out of here that's creating uh this and it's the fine grass stuff is
43:13 the foundation out here. Uh Then have uh the distal bar uh that's
43:19 be oh, some silts, some , some clay. And then you
43:27 the distributor amount bar that's mostly And uh when you look at something
43:33 this, uh think of this as jet that flow to it and it
43:38 out into a body of water and about G G C what's going on
43:52 basis. Exactly. So we we have the philosophy coming down this
44:02 uh it is, this is an , but you have a grade,
44:09 have a grade in here which creates jet flow coming out of the
44:14 So here's the tube coming out of . Right. And that thing,
44:18 , it starts to slow down and heavy stuff falls out first.
44:23 There's not much uh how many cobbles whatnot because they're, they're way
44:28 dip somewhere. They got, they left behind or broken down. So
44:33 , you have the high velocity coming here, you drop out. So
44:37 go from coarse to finer and finer stuff. The finer grain stuff is
44:43 a slab of shales out in front this thing. Then um and you
44:49 to have a lot of sediment to this and then you, and then
44:52 like the Mississippi has a lot of grain sediment. Then you have uh
44:56 silts and fine grain sands here in little bar and then the quarter to
45:01 sands, you make the distributor your . And when I talk to you
45:06 um some of these other uh energy impacting. This is the typical bird
45:13 delta, but almost none of them symmetrical. No one would ever expect
45:17 to be symmetrical because there are hurricanes and there are waves and winds in
45:22 Gulf of Mexico and they come along they sort of get a long,
45:26 current that's gonna be going in a . So most of these things in
45:29 Gulf of Mexico, uh at least the Mississippi Delta is, they're gonna
45:34 sort of a, a westerly swing them. In other words, these
45:39 will actually get rework a little bit the uh the wave action and the
45:44 of it. What, what else also really neat about this is when
45:49 a flood stage, it comes over thing and it starts to uh deposit
45:56 here and not just here. and the, as this builds
46:01 it's creating more and more of a flow along this. And when you
46:08 here, uh this is this is some aerial, this is stuff
46:15 So you see these levees forming under , under the surface of the water
46:20 are sort of tongues preceding be where flow comes out like this. And
46:26 it just spreads out when it spreads , it drops sediment as a velocity
46:31 . And it's actually uh the reason I show you this is that it
46:34 like a living or uh that's actually itself. And uh and uh this
46:43 this really was like this when the was way back up here. Uh
46:49 was all surveillance but as it builds and you keep getting success of the
46:54 the lending gets stronger and stronger. markets get bigger and bigger where you
46:59 have a distribution base. And uh it just keeps growing uh in this
47:05 as far as it can until there's much accommodation space and not enough.
47:13 uh and then of course, if some part of the delta starts to
47:18 faster than this area, these channels be abandoned, we can shoot over
47:23 another part like the Mississippi is trying do today even though we have a
47:31 . OK. So this is just you uh a diagram of how complex
47:37 the faces can be. And the types of porosity and permeability you can
47:42 in a limited area. Uh you go from really uh certain channel,
47:47 nice ferocity uh to sometimes less in mouth bar and sometimes more in the
47:54 bar. But as you move out uh this uh as you start to
48:04 out of the pistol bar, uh start seeing more things like this and
48:15 a lot of times uh in, uh in these distribution panels, what
48:20 you think uh the sandstones look like it? Some of you know,
48:26 happens again soon, right? What with the, in terms of uh
48:34 great side? Yes. Other Um It's finding out, yeah,
48:54 try not to say the words. hoping you remember them, they're finding
48:57 words, we're saying up words. , but uh but you know,
49:02 a, in a distribution channel and is sort of the end of the
49:06 distributor. Excuse me, this is end of a man or extreme and
49:10 meter extreme. You see that flying and in a distributor channel, you're
49:14 close to the coast and you have jet flow and as long as the
49:19 is flowing, um, you're gonna sands building up. If it's sinking
49:23 little bit, it'll keep building up it sinks and it's gonna, it's
49:27 have, rather than having a um channels rather than looking like this a
49:35 a lot, which is what a and three looks like. OK.
49:41 might have something that looks like this it's, it's just uh in of
49:47 higher velocity load. In other it's the base, it's the base
49:51 the distributor channel that just keeps filling as it's sinking. The weight of
49:56 sand is sinking down into the place uh created the DEA foundation. And
50:05 mud lumps that I showed you actually shales that pop up through that uh
50:10 sometimes. And this, this is showing you different uh angles that you
50:18 look at these things. And um the delta platform play and here's the
50:25 channels themselves building into it. And , this, this is uh Hilton's
50:31 in action and in preservation. And you can see it really well
50:38 you know, he's, I used have great aerial photos with 35 millimeter
50:44 . And uh you can see all of sediment technology and some of them
50:50 the air. But uh but it's this is kind of showing you how
50:58 can be isolated. But again, , uh you have to say long
51:02 occurrence this way, they'll take a bit to the right and to the
51:06 . But uh in, in the of Mississippi would be the best Johnny
51:15 a whole paper on, on how deltas are asymmetrical because people showed
51:24 model to the world uh where it's much symmetrical. But as I pointed
51:31 , even though the fluvial system is creating this whole system, so it's
51:37 , but wind and waves can have impact on it. And in the
51:40 of where we're at that impact, , without even writing a paper
51:45 it is gonna be pushing it towards current in the direction of long
51:53 And so these are some of the types of pan uh patterns you can
51:57 in uh mount uh the channel These are kind of a real obvious
52:03 and this would be a mount Why is that course in numbers?
52:25 . Why is this one up? . Yeah. Well, what's happening
52:34 you have this um you have the velocity channel in here and uh
52:41 it's pretty much uh higher velocity deposits being granted being dropped out. And
52:52 that's what's going on here. Then river channel may switch or the distribution
52:57 may move and it builds in and another one will grow out later when
53:01 one sinks, this one will grow on top of it. And uh
53:06 uh this is kind of an interesting . So it's like a little one
53:09 , it made enough room for that , a bigger one sank and it
53:12 enough room for this. And uh the key here is, is each
53:18 of these is coarsening upwards. And general, the whole thing is coarsening
53:23 to where at some point in this may not be a mouth
53:26 but it might be a distributor channel has that look to it because it's
53:31 but fast flow um deposition. And uh we looked at this really quickly
53:42 and here's the timelines and these offshore are being built out as a foundation
53:48 front of it. In other here and here we have these different
53:57 . This is silky, more or candy, more or less flavor.
54:03 uh and this really builds up a thicker than they're showing in this
54:06 You get really thick kind of sequences a play and then uh the the
54:13 of brain stuff builds out or programs on top of it. And what
54:18 we call these again? Somebody in knows what these are. OK.
54:25 , and we look at the seismic quite often, we will see these
54:34 because what we're seeing is at one in time, this was Sam and
54:41 to simplify it, this is This is still in play so that
54:46 have that discrimination of, of But the reflector reflects off the hips
54:53 the next reflector reflects off of It doesn't, it doesn't point out
54:57 sand versus the scale. Why would happen? And it's, it's,
55:03 happens in coin of forms of a scale that. But uh but why
55:08 you think that we're getting the reflectors that one? If, if I
55:16 to look at this as a as , like a really big uh um
55:22 deposit that had lots of time lines like like this whole section right here
55:28 come pat and you might get one off there instead of one here and
55:31 here and then three more of these , you would see the next
55:36 The reason it's happening is because you uh these sediments, these sediments are
55:41 related and deposited. At the same , these sediments are genetically related and
55:50 . In other words, what's causing to fall here is causing silt to
55:54 here is causing shale to fall So you're seeing the discrimination and faces
55:59 the g slows down. But through , uh the next one will
56:06 the next one will prograde uh at seismic scale. We have a lot
56:10 these things would be like this or a reflector and maybe a bundle of
56:15 more in a reflector and three more a reflector. And it's because the
56:20 in the first three has progressed farther the compaction in the se second
56:26 And so what, what it, fact, it does is it creates
56:30 it creates so the top of this the sediments above it, the three
56:37 above it, there's gonna be a gradient that gives you that reflect and
56:42 size of. And so it's a of it has to do with uh
56:48 the sediments pro out and how they the rate of compaction that's uh impacting
56:54 the, in the time of uh . And that's why it ends up
56:59 oftentimes uh equivalent to timelines because everything sometimes sometimes those breaks between, did
57:11 do something? Sometimes those breaks between two different uh masses uh can have
57:18 conformity on them too, like the move, you know, 10 miles
57:22 the, down the coastline. And it came back again here again,
57:28 can see on a fine scale, we can get um oh lots of
57:36 things that might interfer with these And uh here it's a Babe Pro
57:42 Shell. And so these delta scenes course, will be out for the
57:49 you may have in the bar. this also would look like that,
57:53 like what you would get if you her and it kept building up,
57:58 , off the side of a channel of, uh, being the main
58:01 , uh, distributor or distributor Ok. Um, then we get
58:13 these complicated things called deep water And, uh there's a lot
58:19 uh, prior to, um, early nineties, uh I would,
58:27 think it would be safe to say geologists knew almost nothing about. We
58:33 they existed and we had an idea they were there. We even had
58:36 single lot. And, uh, single model basically, uh, was
58:41 the base and for of Exxonmobil, wouldn't have two sources. It only
58:46 one source. And, uh, , uh, and I'll, I'll
58:51 you something that looks up a little like that. And, uh,
58:55 here you can see that, the face is, here's, here's
58:59 diagram of what it looks like. , here's what it looks like there
59:03 here's what it looks like right And so this is very vital.
59:09 , this cross section here would look like this one. This one right
59:14 would look something like that one and one right there would be similar to
59:18 over here. OK. So they're showing you that as we, as
59:23 get, here's the source, as more at this or farther away from
59:27 source, we go from something that like that to something that looks like
59:31 and something that looks like this. uh and you can see um that
59:37 persistence of uh sand masses changes Uh They're very channelized because you're coming
59:46 that this is the slope. And it kind of fly you down that
59:50 and um as it comes down to , so there's a lot of
59:54 they eventually start to build out into . And uh and that's what these
60:00 . And uh then as you come here, the mass of the sediment
60:04 flowing spreads out, it's, you know, it's a turbine flow
60:09 it's losing energy. It's inu speed intending as it moves me into the
60:14 of. And uh so it's already a, in a, it's already
60:19 the water. It's, there's no in her face and uh it just
60:24 out like a pancake, you pretty quickly, especially if you have
60:29 lot of butter on the bottom OK. So, um but that's
60:36 you see some of these complex things uh this doesn't go into how complicated
60:42 of these cress plays, but you that there's cress plays all over the
60:46 comes out over here. So a of uh reservoir development is on the
60:51 of these, of these channels. . Um When you, when you
61:02 in the Gulf of Mexico and you about many basins, this is a
61:06 that I think um I think even I was doing more characterization and petroleum
61:13 . I have to start that The picture wasn't as colorful but uh
61:21 used to have, you know, shell in a slope and mostly seven
61:29 five. As you can see there's a lot of seven and five
61:32 the and then this stuff that's flying out of the basin for it makes
61:35 of these big loaves and the, uh Basin Ban Lo model. Sometimes
61:41 call it the Walker Model because uh, back in the, I
61:45 it was the eighties, early eighties out with a origin depositional systems handbook
61:51 or less now. And, uh think buying nine or 10 has been
61:56 by now. It's got a little complicated, but this was, this
62:00 what everybody's idea of a para system . That's, that's weird and it
62:07 looks like it is can be like and like that. And of
62:11 you're looking at it, you're looking it from different aspects too,
62:15 but you could get it shingled a bit like this. But most of
62:18 time it's like this, like there sand deposition and deep water, sand
62:23 in deep water. Uh These buildups look a lot like the delta's sometimes
62:31 if you saw this. Um, what would, uh what do you
62:36 ? The one thing is, it make it easy for somebody to drill
62:40 a termite to figure out that it's equal that you have. Ok.
62:53 . Well, we can get things little bit like that. Not exactly
62:56 that you like in it for. , uh, there's an outcrop,
63:03 of the name of the TV show PBS. Um, but there's an
63:10 on the youth in the UK, , west of the Chalks Dover
63:17 It's all seems, um, a 100 years ago it was a river
63:24 in Boston. Then they learn about deposits. It became a coastal deposit
63:29 became a very um so it went river channel to do something that was
63:35 of a uh setting to something that a little bit offshore even end up
63:40 another. Now, everybody knows that no problem looks just like this came
63:49 with a sequence which is very specific the turbid flow. But that turbid
63:55 that you pick up this particular signal . It's just a basic and curs
64:01 here doesn't occur, there doesn't there doesn't occur in these.
64:07 you, you would see a little of it here, but it's uh
64:10 primarily uh right at the, the end of these, of these uh
64:16 where you get, you get that good sequence, the high energy
64:19 a very low energy and um and sort of thing. It's,
64:24 it, it does uh definitely doesn't these channel that and that was,
64:31 was all we had until the And uh and the oil industry started
64:36 , I have to be careful who say this to because most people that
64:39 in academia, I think that they everything. But when they get the
64:44 from the oil companies, they can it up and publish it and uh
64:49 then it makes uh makes it important uh I don't know, I'm putting
64:53 down if somebody has to do it , you know, when you guys
64:56 along, you would have a But uh but the oil industry is
65:01 spearheaded. It just uh very similar the opposite. Research had a lot
65:05 do with the, just because they all those crazy. I'm looking for
65:14 , but I think it's always good point out who, who some of
65:17 re responsible parties were in us actually major discoveries about uh earth sciences.
65:25 . Um What do you think this is, this is where the model
65:34 a little different. And I think that works in the Gulf of Mexico
65:38 , or uh Li lives in Yeah, you should know this particular
65:53 . And why do you, why you think that is? So
65:59 it's pretty obvious uh on the diagram , you know, basically, normally
66:05 would be your uh slow from here the way down. But in the
66:12 of Mexico, we have places through where the slope at salt or
66:18 and the salt was moving up in places where the salt was moving
66:23 things were uh you have these uh highs created and the sediment and in
66:33 it, you have salt withdrawal and have those uh down in and uh
66:38 are called mini basins and these are highly pond. Um It's when people
66:47 aware of this, they start trying correlate all these things together. And
66:52 in other words, if I see san in this one, I think
66:55 the same as a sand in that saying in that one, the way
66:57 works out though is it's even more than this picture. But uh a
67:03 of times what happens is this one fill in until this one fills
67:07 it won't pour down into the next . And so all of these sediments
67:12 are younger than those sediments and they're separated, uh not always by salt
67:17 sometimes by, you know, And uh but this, this is
67:22 a pond of depression. In other , you get salt moving up,
67:25 have a ridge and you have withdrawal between another ridge. Um I had
67:30 uh student on a project that worked Devin when they had acres in Brazil
67:37 he um they gave permission to do they wanted to do with about the
67:42 uh sense. And uh he was to uh do time lapses of the
67:51 of the structure and the seism uh time. And you can actually see
67:58 the development of, of these um and then built into the depressions.
68:03 when they built in, uh it the set of it to go in
68:07 direct and started building another. And course, when you use high resolution
68:11 stray, uh not just stray that trying to get to match a world
68:18 all layer cake, but recognizing that might have happened before that. And
68:24 so this is younger, that's older you may have uh in some
68:30 there's like three or four of these before you get to the edge and
68:35 and so on. So you could like a one fills in and then
68:38 stops and maybe it fills in over . Then all of a sudden it
68:42 coming down this channel again, it over to the next and then it
68:46 spilling over. But when it goes , when it spills over again,
68:50 it gets pretty. So just can read the whole, the whole label
68:57 there? I know you can't see , but it's on your slides.
69:02 . This is the slope mini basin mud rich, fine grain submarine fan
69:08 . And uh this is basically uh the um the base model paid something
69:17 this and the walking model look like . But all of this kind of
69:21 stuff uh came from uh research by oil companies that had the most to
69:27 out there and look at stuff and paint stuff uh with high resolution no
69:33 penetrating, you know, seism. nowadays, uh we have somewhere on
69:40 order of 1000 different types of models uh T systems. And if
69:46 if we were, if we think it, deltas are the same
69:49 it's just that we never put that energy into the deltas. Uh The
69:54 we were able to do it with with the deep water stuff and the
69:58 and the seismic ships that we OK. Here is another thing that
70:03 think is pretty spectacular. Sometimes these don't die down and they're flying through
70:10 creating their own levies as they spill . So they're creating channels with a
70:17 and a high around it and these , um they've uh they've done a
70:22 of beet on these, this, is kind of early on the next
70:27 . I'm gonna show you, but , we knew that there were that
70:35 the flow just keeps going and it these channels way out into the,
70:41 the base and way out of a , very unique part of the build
70:45 Mexico. And uh some people did modeling on the draining system and what
70:51 know about the be theme of the of Mexico. And they suggested that
71:00 coming off of, of these shelf here then we have channel systems like
71:08 all the way across the bottom of Gulf of Mexico and um the chica
71:13 and stuff that I was looking at be somewhere over here where those big
71:17 are that I showed you uh in earlier slide, those big potential
71:22 they're not fields now. But uh there's orders, there's several billions of
71:29 of oil in terms of volume. if the oil is trapped in
71:36 And this uh just shows you uh the complexity of some of those
71:41 , those deep channel levee complexes. other words, there's a, there's
71:47 levee component and there's a channel And you can see that uh uh
71:52 can have these stack levee complexes. sometimes, uh again, because of
71:58 ferocity and per ability uh um being in here, sometimes you end up
72:05 target and they're, and they're very . They're very widespread. You can
72:10 any ever seen on Gulf of Mexico a very big. That's why when
72:15 find some of these fields, the in place is huge. But the
72:21 of uh of how the sandstones are and stacked can be very complicated.
72:27 those end up being places where a characterization becomes very important. OK.
72:36 a little three point thing that um always easy to, to make a
72:41 question on and uh usually half the get it wrong. So, so
72:49 try to go really slow. Um migration is when it comes out of
72:55 oil, out of, out of source rock. Rather secondary migration is
73:02 from there in here. And tertiary when it goes actually from, you
73:12 go from, yeah, or hear surface. In other words, it's
73:19 if it goes straight up with that and if it stops, it stops
73:24 a trap, uh charging and trap secondary m version. OK.
73:33 At least if it leaks around the of that and goes to another
73:36 that's another second room. It's only when it cuts loose and goes to
73:43 sky. And this is just showing a nice diagram. And I like
73:51 put diagrams that are similar to Uh This is the source rock.
73:55 is the source rock. Here's a . This is, this is often
74:00 , but here you can see a rock is feeding this channel, this
74:04 sandstone and uh gravity is forcing it this trap up here. So you're
74:10 , you're getting uh a reservoir charged something that's on top of it and
74:16 can't happen. It's just, it's that frequent. Um I um Oh
74:23 Jason. It's another example of older charging younger rocks. See the younger
74:38 charging over rocks. Here's um Pinnacle in the Bohai Basin. These were
74:52 and we got all of them some of them are just the uh
74:58 uh and sometimes it's complicated but there be one over here, there might
75:04 one over here. This is and same here. These are the Sahai
75:15 uh sodium bicarbonate enriched tails. And this has bing ferocity because at one
75:25 in time, it was exposed to service and it gets charged out you
75:31 by the. And so this kind thing doesn't happen too often. But
75:36 we have this, this is primary right here. Um There you
75:47 So that's, that's it when when it, when it squirts
75:51 that's primary migration traveling along here, migration. As long as it finds
75:59 , this one didn't find it. it's gone. So that's secondary
76:02 Here's some more migration. But if slips out somewhere and goes all the
76:07 to the surface, that's OK. . There's uh a lot of mechanisms
76:22 your book talks about. And uh think things have only gotten stronger in
76:27 of that. Uh Because because we that water has a lot to do
76:32 uh it's weird gonna get electrocuted. shouldn't try this a, a lot
76:48 times with uh with migration in a rock and also producing now that we
76:54 this uh producing unconventional, there's often lot of water associated because the water
77:00 a void. And um and, uh water is, as we all
77:07 , water is not one of those that's easily compressed. So, so
77:10 water is in the, in the source rock is gonna create these voids
77:14 could be interconnected. And if oil into it burps into it, uh
77:19 basically, um it doesn't mix with oil but it can flow with,
77:25 me, it doesn't mix with the but it can flow with the
77:29 And uh so a lot of times know a lot, a lot of
77:34 , primary migration depends on there being water in that source rock. In
77:40 words, if it's all organic there may not be any way
77:43 out, out for it. But other thing that happens is when it
77:47 into oil, it, it becomes liquid, set up solid and all
77:52 the stuff that, that was a starts to create a wood but the
77:57 because it's less generally starts to stand it create an over pressure system,
78:03 kind of burps and moves and uh how a audrea explained it to me
78:08 time. Sort of like a less burse. If you're in the middle
78:12 a source rock, you gotta burp way all the way to the
78:15 Another way of thinking about it. mean, if you put a screen
78:19 on your own, on your uh , cell phone, you get a
78:24 in there, you gotta squeeze it , kind of the same thing you're
78:28 getting, you're getting that, in, in that case, you're
78:31 the air of it. And the case, you're trying to get that
78:34 out of that, that solid And, and as, as the
78:39 as the carros turn into a liquid , they start to create overpressure when
78:45 release and escape, uh you start lose volume of the organic material in
78:52 rock and you get more and more uh that can be interconnected and
78:56 it does help that, that the is an expanding thing and uh and
79:01 allows it to, to push its through a rock. And uh I've
79:07 observed that, but I'm, it makes sense and uh there's
79:11 there's a lot of uh things about . Um you know, it can
79:17 complicated where you just have uh an phase, but it happens definitely in
79:22 uh a lot of systems and sometimes with gas can kind of help it
79:29 uh and vice versa. Uh You , because that gas of course,
79:34 gonna have that expanding uh element to as well. And um again,
79:44 fractures can always uh well, that of the problems with organic material is
79:50 not really that brittle, uh but can get brittle when it's buried at
79:55 and when you get something that does like a carriage and can be very
79:59 . And uh but, and uh I don't know if any of
80:03 carros are often, you know, pieces, but there are lots of
80:07 grains. And so there's gonna be little bit of a framework. And
80:13 not only does it follow the framework the character and it kind of,
80:16 follows the, the, the framework created by the changing, you
80:22 that heritage to make a framework, solid. When that framework turns into
80:28 , it creates slow. And there's example there, you can see fractures
80:38 of course, um you're probably having , as this flows out of the
80:43 rock, um you're getting a contraction volume and uh and it's still stretched
80:50 so you start to split it and fractures and, and creates that.
80:56 here's another thing just uh showing you of the same thing. Um uh
81:03 a lot, there's a lot of models. I just think it's important
81:06 you to know that we have It's, it's the kind of thing
81:10 , you know, we can cook in the lab, uh getting them
81:14 the right temperature and pressure and everything we can kind of observe this kind
81:17 happening. It's still, it's still not the same as being able to
81:22 a camera down there and see what's going on uh at uh ambient pressures
81:26 temperatures and it looks like everybody's getting anyway. And uh I've gone through
81:34 lot of things, but I'm, trying to I'm trying to give you
81:38 sense of uh uh the significance of . He a and uh the different
81:46 that you might see and also how can identify certain faces. Because,
81:52 you know, if we're, if in a river channel, we know
81:55 certain kinds of faces associated with that can uh produce both uh source
82:02 and better reservoir rocks in different And bar is the same thing.
82:07 the same thing, the heterogeneity is . You just have to recognize it
82:11 understand what it is. And, , and, uh, I think
82:20 almost done with this section, but a couple of more key points
82:23 in this lecture and then we'll get appraisal and we'll, uh, we'll
82:27 moving along with your next exercise uh, shell if you're there,
82:34 , or, uh, uh, in your size, please. Have
82:41 turned? What was that? Have turned in your third exercise yet?
82:46 correlate. Uh, when did, did you put it? I sent
82:53 to you via email. Did you it? Ok. I'll,
82:56 I'll look for it. I thought were gonna deliver it to my
83:00 Oh, sorry, I can, can send it. I can bring
83:02 to your office if I, I'll for it. It's, it's buried
83:06 my emails. Ok. Ok. . I'll resend it, uh,
83:10 class. Ok. Thank you. , sir. Ok. Any
83:24 No. Ok. Well, I'll see you guys on Wednesday.
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