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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - 2301_lecture11_0929
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00:02 But I just Alright, here we . So today, like I said
00:11 we're gonna be doing um uh talking articulations or joints. Uh This stuff
00:16 actually pretty straightforward and the best way study to sit in front of a
00:20 with a friend and sit there and weird movements. Okay. So what
00:25 a joint specifically is where bone meets bone or where it meets some college
00:30 where it meets teeth. Alright. so we're going to be using I'll
00:35 saying joints all the time. But may see the word articulation, that's
00:37 proper term for it. And really we're gonna do is we're gonna classify
00:42 in one of two ways. You'll about these different types of classification.
00:45 you just need to be able to , am I talking about structure or
00:49 I talking about function? So when function, I'm basically looking at the
00:52 of movement they use or the type movement that they allow versus structure,
00:56 is which are the bones that are bound together. So you're gonna see
01:00 used like you'll talk one way or switch to the other way. When
01:06 were in kindergarten, you played with little toy or you were given,
01:10 know, maybe it was first I can't remember which but they gave
01:13 a tool for mathematics. You remember protractor, right? And you like
01:17 it maybe once if you used it all? Right. Well if you
01:20 to physical therapy, this is one your major tools and what you use
01:25 for is to help determine range of . And so this is just kind
01:30 an example of this for the Um everyone has a range of
01:35 You know, each joint you look has a range of motion. This
01:38 tells you the extent of mobility. is that joint supposed to do?
01:42 then as a physical therapist, what can do is you sit there and
01:46 move that leg, or the arm whatever the joint is that you're looking
01:50 and you're asking to the fall within acceptable range or if it doesn't.
01:53 how do we get it back to acceptable ranges? Alright, so range
01:57 motion also will refer to the movement . And typically, what we're talking
02:02 here are the synovial joints. We're learn that there are different types of
02:06 . When we think of joints, primarily think of the synovial joints,
02:10 uh but there are other joints that gonna be that we're gonna kind of
02:15 at here as well. But so you hear the word for range of
02:18 , you're probably talking about a synovial . And then the other thing that
02:22 gonna be looking at is the degrees freedom, um the degrees of
02:27 when I first learned it was mathematical . Alright, it's really a statistical
02:31 when you're taking statistics yet. So, you you hear that term
02:35 of freedom, You're like, that's mathematical. And what degrees of
02:39 really describing here is just a number axes on which movement is allowed?
02:44 right. So uh some joints like shoulder have, you know, multiple
02:51 of freedom. I can move in sorts of different directions, right?
02:53 my thumb is very limited in terms the degrees of freedom. Actually,
02:58 probably not. Thumb is not a one. It's uh maybe a finger
03:02 probably a better one. I have degrees of freedom. And we're gonna
03:06 at that again, we'll see how degrees of freedom. Different ones I
03:09 . Are they single access by axel axial so and so forth. And
03:16 , we're talking primarily synovial joints and using these terms. All right.
03:21 can be used for the other but we're primarily talking about synovial joints
03:25 they're the ones that we typically think . Now, there are many,
03:29 factors that affect joint stability. The is what is the shape of the
03:34 bones that are articulated or creating that . Alright, so, I want
03:41 to think about a golf ball, ? Got a golf ball. And
03:44 want you to think about the You put a golf ball on,
03:48 ? If you blow on the golf sitting on the T with a golf
03:51 fall off the tee. What do think? Does it take a lot
03:57 effort to knock the golf ball It does it takes a lot of
04:01 . I mean, if you've ever golf, trying to put that ball
04:03 the tee wrong, it just falls over, right, so that golf
04:06 has a big surface and it's slightly , but it's almost flat relative to
04:11 tea. And that tea has a , very small surface and it has
04:14 small dent or curve. And so that golf ball on there creates a
04:19 unstable interaction between those two items, is a good thing if you're trying
04:24 hit a golf ball because you wanna the golf ball going off a long
04:28 away. Alright, so not a of stability in that particular interaction,
04:33 because of the shape of the golf versus the shape of the T.
04:36 take that same golf ball and now it in a cup, Can you
04:40 that golf ball all that? no, now we have a different
04:44 , we have something that's like, that's wrapping the golf ball, the
04:48 ball can't move around in it. right, it has it has greater
04:54 . Alright. And so when we at those shapes, we're asking the
04:57 , do these two shapes allow for or do they provide for stability?
05:03 . So those two things are opposed each other? And that's what this
05:07 kind of shows you this graph is here, look and say, look
05:10 you look at stability, the most things are not particularly mobile but the
05:16 mobile joints are not particularly stable. we're gonna need other things to make
05:21 joints stable. And so the second that's important in terms of stability.
05:27 articular surface is creates stability but for of our joints we want mobility.
05:32 we're gonna see that it's not the important thing. So the second thing
05:37 , how many ligaments are there? what are the positions of the
05:40 Where are the ligaments located? Um you ever had your knee or your
05:44 or something taped up? Anyone ever that happen? Right, tape.
05:50 . So what you're doing is you're like ligaments, You're basically using those
05:53 of tape to cross over a joint provide stability. Alright. And that's
05:58 those are doing and that's what the do. So the general rule is
06:01 more ligaments you have, the greater strength of, the greater the stability
06:04 have in that joint. Still not most important thing though, if you
06:09 to create stability in an unstable right? In other words, one
06:13 has a high degree of mobility. you want is muscle tone.
06:18 Muscle tone is the most important thing creating stability when you want to have
06:23 of freedom or you want to have . Alright. So obviously if I
06:28 want movement, I can just create like jigsaw puzzles like we have with
06:33 and you're not gonna get a lot movement. But if I want to
06:35 movement and I don't want that joint pop open. Let me just ask
06:39 here, everyone had their shoulder Was it fun? No, it
06:44 . But was it hard to get back in? Yeah. Well,
06:47 mean apart from the pain, you pop it right back in here dislocated
06:52 finger. Isn't that fun? I remember falling down while playing baseball
06:56 a kid and I got up and finger was going the wrong direction.
06:59 freaked out and someone just looked at and pop it right back into
07:02 Right? So what I'm trying to here are basically joints that are,
07:09 know, being supported by their They're not particularly stable, are they
07:15 knee? Anyone here done some horrible like hyper extend your knee?
07:19 That's fun. Yeah. That's that's fun right now, the strength of
07:24 knee, there's a lot of ligaments , but the strength of your knee
07:28 dependent upon the muscles that are surrounding structure. Same with your hip muscles
07:35 what gives it strength. So the tone you have and we haven't talked
07:39 muscles yet. What we're gonna find is muscle tone, muscle tone is
07:44 resting contraction in the muscle. All , it's basically a muscle that's already
07:50 of in a semi contracted state and what keeps the tendons taut and that's
07:55 strengthens the joints around that or strengthens the structures around that joint.
08:04 I would put a star by that I asked this question on every
08:08 Right. There's easy two points. right. What's the most important in
08:14 the stability of a of a Muscle tone? There you go.
08:22 , So joints fall under these two structures or movement. Right? That's
08:26 he said. We're gonna do So structurally, we have three basic
08:30 of joints. We have the fibrous , we have the cartilaginous joint.
08:33 those are our joints that we don't . Mostly think of as joints we're
08:37 look at them. But we don't think the ones that we think about
08:41 being joints are the synovial joints. here these are gonna be bones that
08:45 these unique uh arrangements around them. gonna have a fluid filled sac.
08:51 gonna have space in between them and provides cushioning. Um The others are
08:57 straightforward fibers. Is gonna have fibrous . Car legends has cartilage tissue.
09:01 . In terms of movement we're looking and asking the question, what kind
09:04 movement does this joint allow. All . And these words seem pretty big
09:08 scary, don't they? Kind All right, arthur sis the latter
09:13 just means joint. Alright. That's that word comes from? So we
09:17 have to look at the prefix what do you think Sin is
09:25 Okay. Empty. What did that ? Remember when amphibians like half and
09:32 ? Right sort of and then I look forward. You know I
09:36 actually I think too right. And best I can come up with is
09:41 you see diet kind of mean uh or or through is kind of what
09:48 is. So I think what it is two bones are being are together
09:53 so that allows for the freedom of . Alright so we're gonna look at
09:57 both as their structure and what kind movement they are responsible for. Now
10:04 it comes to movement there are different of movement. We have gliding
10:07 angular movement, rotational movement. And it doesn't fall into one of these
10:10 boxes, what we're gonna do is gonna throw it into its own special
10:13 called special movements. So gliding movements into bones slide against each other.
10:18 All right. So it's also called movement. And so the movements aren't
10:24 very much, they're just kind of like this angular movement that should be
10:27 obvious. What I'm gonna do is going to increase or decrease the angle
10:30 the two bones when it talks about . I'm gonna take the bone and
10:34 gonna spin it along its access like like so okay, so I'm moving
10:41 the axis of the long bone. those are the three of them.
10:45 special ones, We'll see how they . So this is one where you
10:47 of kind of have to practice them play with, you play with the
10:51 movements. All right, so gliding is a very, very simple
10:55 An example of this is, I they're using up here from your
10:59 they're using the joint that is the joint between the sternum and the uh
11:06 of the ribs. I think the one to look at is the
11:10 So this is where I get to fun with people in the first row
11:12 you don't have a long shirt Alright, there we go. So
11:16 these are the car pools and you sit there and you can manipulate someone
11:18 this and see how I'm making a a little bit. Not a lot
11:21 movement in there. Okay. The way you can do it if you
11:25 you don't feel it, you can say I'm gonna do the queen's
11:28 Although we don't no longer have the . So I guess we're going to
11:30 king's wave, but it's the queen's right? The, you know,
11:35 like. So, so those movements just there in those carpools. So
11:39 square bones, those short bones are sliding up against each other. So
11:44 going to see these primarily in the pools and in the uh parcels.
11:48 in in those inter carpal, inter joints. Alright. Very, very
11:52 movement. There's no real change in angularity. So, they're just kind
11:56 gliding up against each other. angular movements are the easy ones.
12:02 . Everybody flex. See the guys like Yeah. Alright. That's that's
12:07 an easy flex. Right? flexion is when I take those two
12:11 or take those two bones and bring close together. So this is flexion
12:15 the elbow and then this would be . Right, flexion extension.
12:21 If you're in the exam, you do that. People look at you
12:23 , but it's okay. But if want to be subtle about it,
12:26 can do with your fingers, I can do flexing and extension.
12:31 , flexion and extension. You can it with your body. This is
12:35 , this is returning and that's Alright? So when we're talking about
12:40 extension extension were working in the anterior airplane granted my arms out this
12:45 But I can do it this way well. Just move my arm
12:49 Do curls Hyperextension is when you extend joint beyond 180°. All right.
12:57 typically, um This term we might talking about when it's a pathology,
13:03 when I'm running in a hyper extend need. But that's not necessarily what
13:08 . Oftentimes you'll see them referred to this is flexion extension. And then
13:14 beyond would be hyper extension. All . But if you understand the definition
13:21 180°. You know, rather than just of it as extension, that's
13:27 You can also flex to the side we call lateral flexion. Alright,
13:31 , when you're like stretching this that would be a lateral flexion,
13:34 flexion, lateral flexion, lateral Now, you may not be able
13:38 see what your bones am I flexing extending when I'm doing that, I'll
13:42 do my net. Which which bones I doing? What do you
13:48 What bones do I have in my vertebrae? Okay, So, so
13:52 you're doing is remember the vertebrae they're on each other, like So,
13:56 , when I'm bending this way, I reduced the angle between them?
14:01 . And when I come back up go the other way, I've extended
14:04 angle. So, extension. Inflection occur between the vertebrae. All
14:11 It's not so obvious. But you have to think which bones are being
14:15 when I'm doing that. All All right. When the aliens come
14:21 get you, what do we call ? Abduction? Right, They abduct
14:27 . Right. So, when you your arm from your body, that
14:32 abduction. And when the aliens return back to earth. Well, we
14:37 call it abduction. But that's what should be called. So, it's
14:42 abduction. All right. So, up is abduction, putting your arms
14:47 down would be abduction circum deduction is you create a cone in space.
14:53 , you could do abduction with your too. Right. So, that
14:55 be abduction. This would be putting my arm up. Abduction.
15:01 . And then when I take my and then rotate it, what am
15:06 doing? I'm creating a cone, ? Because this point is not
15:09 but what I'm doing is I'm creating circular structure with my hand. And
15:15 the whole thing is basically a I can do the same thing with
15:18 leg. I did it backwards that . Maybe I should do it this
15:22 . Alright, sir, conduction. , this is just all those different
15:27 . We just described its flexion extension Abduction. Just moving that that structure
15:33 and over and over again. circumspection is just the spinning part.
15:41 rotational movements, rotation is what you when or what you do when someone
15:46 you to do something and you don't to do it, you say
15:49 Right, So that's a rotation. right. That would be the
15:54 Oh, axle joint, basically when say no, okay of rotation when
16:01 moving your arms. Right? So outward. That would be laterally moving
16:06 . That would be immediately. So rotation, medial rotation with my
16:12 lateral rotation, medial rotation. All , so rotation. Pretty basic.
16:19 two words have been stolen by the community and they're being used inappropriately?
16:25 , if you're a runner, do refer to your instep or out step
16:29 separate nation or pro nation? Seeing any runners in here, if you
16:34 to a shoe store and say how your step look? Well I'm a
16:37 nater that sound familiar to anybody. . Okay good. You haven't been
16:44 yet? All right. There's a word for that. Alright, so
16:49 and pro nation refer to the rotation the upper limbs. Alright, so
16:55 what is r anatomical position for our ? Palm out right? So our
17:02 and ulna are parallel to each When we are in that position we
17:05 separated. So when I move and my hand around, noticed my humerus
17:13 changed position. My radius which starts is attached there. And so look
17:17 happens. It crosses over now it's below and my ulna is now crossed
17:24 . Right? Sorry I got that is crossed over almost underneath. All
17:30 , so that's what I'm doing when move my hand. So now my
17:33 or my the back of my hands out. I'm now pro nated.
17:37 that movement is pro nation. This supper nation. Right? So I
17:43 to make it easy so that you see it's either parallel lines or it's
17:45 X. And it's referring to the and their positions in that forearm as
17:50 move. So palms outward. Supper palms backwards. Pronation destination pronation
18:03 Special movements. Are you gonna just at home? All right, ankle
18:10 when I point my toe towards my . That's called dorsal flexion. When
18:16 point my toes like a ballerina towards soles of my feet. That's plant
18:22 . The bottom of your foot is planter region. So what you're doing
18:26 you're saying I'm pointing towards the bottom my foot right so toes down.
18:32 reflection, toe up Dorsey flexion. is the proper way that we refer
18:40 our instep and out of step is version and inversion when I point the
18:45 of my foot inward, that's gonna inversion when I point the bottom of
18:53 foot outward. That's e. You can think of this way when
18:57 step on the outside of my the inside of my the bottom of
19:00 foot is pointing inward inversion. When stepping on the inside of my
19:05 my foot, you can't even see I'm doing, so not very
19:09 Alright, so here's my foot. I'm stepping on it This way I'm
19:13 on the lateral edge, that means bottom of my foot is pointing
19:17 That's inversion. If I'm stepping on medial side of my foot, my
19:22 is pointing outward, the bottom of foot pointing outward. That B.
19:25 . Version. Okay, so that's runners refer to. Sublimation and pronation
19:31 . Don't use those words. That's easy so far. Think you can
19:37 this. Yeah, I'll be in of them here. C cheat sheet
19:43 . E version when you see somebody this. The test, you know
19:46 they're doing? Okay. Pro traction retraction when you retract something. What
19:57 you do you take it back? pro traction when you give it
20:02 Alright. So let's use our jaw an example. This is pro
20:07 This is retraction. It's gonna be in the mirror. I promise.
20:16 right, can't do that one Do it with your head. Pro
20:23 . Retraction. Depression. It's not in just not in the psychology
20:29 Depression means when you lower something. , elevations. When you raise something
20:36 . What's elevation? I don't know depressed about it. Okay. See
20:44 just come up with stuff right? two things this this movement, opposition
20:51 specific to humans and really to Right? What is the characteristic of
20:58 primates? What do we have not ? The whole word is opposable
21:06 And you don't even think about What does opposable mean? An opposable
21:10 means I can take my thumb and can actually touch all my digits.
21:16 . Cats and dogs can't do They just sit there and go
21:23 Yeah. Alright so when I am to touch my digits they're able there
21:29 basically doing opposition. So that's And then when I return it back
21:35 its normal shape, Reposition opposition, opposition, reposition. Okay way to
21:44 that. Opposable thumbs allows me to my fingers. Okay, allows us
21:51 grab objects. One of those unique that makes primates cool. So what
22:00 you think movements easy. How long it take us? Like? 10
22:06 ? Yeah. So, questions about of that stuff might show you a
22:13 and say, what's this? I ask you a question when I do
22:16 . What does it mean? All right, let's talk about the
22:26 joints. three different types of fibrous . Right? So there are three
22:33 types of joints. Now, we're at the fibers ones. There's three
22:35 those. All right, we have emphasis emphasis are unique. This is
22:40 pagan socket joint, pagan socket means taking something and putting it into its
22:45 . The only place we do that our body is our teeth. So
22:49 is a type of sin. Arthur everyone grab a tooth in your
22:53 Does it move? Please say Alright, if it moves, go
23:00 a dentist or orthodontist please. Doesn't want it doesn't want to move
23:06 ? And the reason doesn't want to is because it's cemented in place by
23:10 periodontal ligaments that hold that tooth into so it can do its job.
23:14 is the only place where we see guy emphasis. Alright, so plural
23:19 gone. Theses the next is the . We've already seen sutures. We
23:23 the, sutures in the cranium. , what we're gonna see with these
23:27 we're gonna see these interlocking irregular It's kind of like a jigsaw
23:32 right? These edges are very closely . They have a little bit of
23:40 they have ligament inside them but it's very small ligament and it basically holds
23:45 place, you can grab your head try to move it around, you'll
23:48 movement but that's just the skin on top of your head. You cannot
23:51 the bones move because they're basically cemented . That would be suture.
23:58 again, no movement synthesis. So compasses and the future are both Cinar
24:06 then we have the cinema sees. , here's an example of a cinema
24:11 alright, the cinema so this is be between two bones. Alright,
24:16 connecting them by ligaments and there is gifts. Again, we're gonna go
24:22 to our example. Arm up. like great, thanks. Alright,
24:27 this. You see that kind of right in there. It's because there's
24:32 are theses between those two bones so can shimmy them back and forth but
24:36 that they're not spinning around each There's not a lot of movement,
24:41 some movement but not a lot where gonna see this is between the old
24:44 the radius as well as the tibia the fibula because we see some movement
24:49 fi arthur sis. Alright, so cinema sees our anti R. Three
24:54 . So these are the names, is the type of a movement they
24:59 where that's where it kinda gets a confusing. All right. Moving to
25:05 cartilaginous joints, we have two different of cartilaginous joints. Alright, the
25:11 is gonna be represented by this picture the left, right here, we're
25:15 to see an articulation with the bone we're gonna see highland cartilage there.
25:21 epithelial plates that we see in our bones are an example of the sink
25:28 . Alright. Sing Condra. Theses without movement. So there's Sinar
25:36 Alright. Sin again without con dro to being cartilage. The other place
25:41 going to see. These are in costal cartilage. Whereas costal cartilage
25:46 right? It sits between the rib the sternum. So those joints between
25:50 cartilage and the rib cartilage and the are also seen Congresses, there's no
25:58 movement between those two attachments, those different tissues. All right now,
26:05 you've ever given cpr to somebody or it or jumped on somebody's chest or
26:09 up on your little brother or sister ? You can make their chest move
26:13 and down. But what you're actually is the spring action of the rib
26:17 it moves around the angle bouncing up down is a function of that,
26:22 movement between the cartilage and the The second type of cartilage is joint
26:31 the synthesis. So synthesis are the . A really good example of a
26:38 is the one that's called the pubic . Alright, since between it sits
26:43 the two pubic bones in your Oscar during pregnancy. This little tiny
26:51 This cartilage or Yeah, this cartilage there breaks down and actually creates greater
26:58 so that when you are giving birth , you have more movement or freedom
27:04 your hips to widen the birth which is a plus, as far
27:10 I understand it. Okay, if you can't picture that and you
27:15 see that little dot right there. about your vertebrae. What do we
27:18 with between each of the vertebrae They're called inter vertebral disc. See
27:23 clever the naming is. This is a synthesis. Alright, It's cartilage
27:31 er dot college. It's bone inter disc, bone inter vertebral disc.
27:36 these things allow for movement? What you think? Yeah, a little
27:42 right there not full movement but there's movement. I can do this,
27:48 , and that's a function of all different vertebrae and the cartilage in between
27:52 , allowing me to have that kind movement. Alright, I could grab
27:57 of you up here and kind of with your hips for a little bit
27:59 you'd see that there's a little shimmy in your hips. All right.
28:03 because of the pubic synthesis. So are our three assists and that's what
28:08 picture is representing. So, remember one over here, that one for
28:14 synthesis That gets us like 30 minutes the class. We're almost done.
28:23 like, wow, I'm getting out here early today. I don't
28:25 I might start rambling on about You never know where you have to
28:32 nowhere. See. All right, last one and actually this one takes
28:39 all the time because it's the interesting . This is when we talk about
28:43 , these are the joints that primarily for movement. These are the synovial
28:48 . Alright. And what we said them remember is that there are basically
28:51 bones and there's fluid in between And in order to have fluid in
28:56 them, you're going to have to some sort of structure that holds everything
28:58 place. So the very first thing gonna see at these joints is there's
29:02 be a capsule. The capsule that the joint itself is called the articular
29:08 . Alright. And it's made up a whole bunch of fun stuff.
29:11 there's fibers, you know, and other materials. And then you're gonna
29:15 seeing ligaments that are maybe on the . They may actually be on the
29:19 . So, we just refer to as reinforcing ligaments. If they're on
29:22 outside their extrinsic. If they're on inside, we refer to them as
29:26 intrinsic. And then so you're gonna a structure here in that cavity that
29:35 is gonna be filled with fluid. the fluid is called synovial fluid and
29:39 made by the membrane that's on the . And so what you have here
29:45 you basically have a lubricated structure. this fluid serves two purposes. One
29:51 lubrication, basically the two ends of bones. You don't want them rubbing
29:54 against each other. All hearts are putting in a lubricant so that they're
29:58 gliding over each other. But fluid primarily in our bodies are primarily made
30:03 of water. Water is not particularly . So it also serves as a
30:08 absorber in those joints. Now, these joints or these bones are rubbing
30:15 against each other, we don't want to grind each other down.
30:19 grinding down bones. Bad, what you think? Yeah. Okay,
30:23 on the surface of the bones in joint we're gonna have cartilage and that's
30:29 be called articular cartilage. Again, name reflects its job. It's in
30:33 joint. And this allows the two to glide over each other and glide
30:38 better with that fluid. Alright, again, you want to go chest
30:44 this out, Go order some chicken from someplace, eat the chicken and
30:48 look at the bone, look at ends of the bone where the joints
30:51 be and you'll see that they're kind white. Right? That's the articular
30:58 . Okay, now these types of allow for high degrees of movement and
31:06 on where you are, what kind movement? Right? So we classify
31:10 joints as die arthur sees, So these are the movable joints typically
31:18 with joints are what are called bursa tendons. Alright? Or sorry,
31:24 or tendon sheets, you're gonna have because there's muscles there. Alright,
31:28 or tendencies, these two things are the same thing. The difference is
31:33 tendencies tend to be longer versus tend be shorter. Um So what is
31:38 bursa? I like to think of as the ball bearings of a
31:42 Alright. Anyone who knows what a bearing is? You know, its
31:45 is to allow for smoother movement. . But I want you to picture
31:49 a moment a tendon of the All right. And you're trying to
31:55 like your finger. For example, I want to squeeze, what I'm
31:58 is I'm actually pulling should do it way. So I have my muscle
32:02 that's pulling on a tendon that goes the way down the length of my
32:05 . So when I contract that the finger moves. But look,
32:09 crossing over a an angle, isn't ? And if I cross something over
32:14 angle basically it's rubbing up against it hard. And if you've ever done
32:18 rope along something like that, the will eventually fray and break. And
32:21 you don't have a tendon. So purpose of a bursa is to wrap
32:26 tendon or sit underneath that tendon. so now you have something that rolls
32:32 it and so you can roll over . Alright now where we see these
32:38 one that's easiest to understand is right in the wrist. Alright, now
32:44 guys are all on your phone so gonna have problems with your thumbs for
32:47 rest of your lives. It's gonna really bad. The generation after
32:52 they struggled with another ailment because they at keyboards inappropriately and what they end
33:01 doing because they're always on their keyboards this. What are the what's what's
33:05 ailment? Carpal Tunnel? Carpal tunnel . Right. That's the abbreviation of
33:11 tunnel. What is the carpal Well, where does carpools wrist?
33:16 , so you got that? Tunnel, what does that tell
33:19 Something is going through? Right, , that's it right there. All
33:24 . You can see it's a you can see here the tendons going
33:28 through the fingers and there's the burst that sits around it. And if
33:32 sitting there rubbing over and over again the same structure, what am I
33:37 do is I'm gonna create friction and your body do when you create friction
33:42 hot and it in flames. And now you have a bursa that's loose
33:48 normally your tendons move through it nice easy. But if my burst becomes
33:53 , it tightens around it and now to move becomes painful. That's what
33:59 tunnel syndrome is. Is that inflammation that bursa? All right. So
34:05 purpose of a bursa or tendon you can see the tendon sheets along
34:11 fingers there, they're just there to the friction. That's gonna normally take
34:17 while you are contracting muscles and moving over these bones. A lot of
34:28 joints have these structures associated with They're not part of the joint but
34:34 closely associated. All right. Most you guys have done some sort of
34:42 of math where you're dealing with planes learned of the X axis and Y
34:46 . Right? So if you're talking dimensions, what would be the next
34:50 ? Z. So here's X. , here's X. Here's Y.
34:54 would be this way. Right. so it's really kind of easy to
34:57 in three dimensions along those lines but not usually how we work.
35:00 I'm gonna look anyone here know how fly a plane or knows how to
35:04 a boat. Anyone do any of stuff. Boating or planes,
35:09 So, do these terms sound familiar ya, pitch? Right,
35:15 Okay, so you can think about like this? I mean it doesn't
35:18 to me really. I mean if ever done a flight simulator. All
35:21 . So what this is referring to you're in the center of this and
35:25 refers to the movement of the boat the plane along these different axes.
35:31 . And so your bones are gonna like that. All right. They're
35:36 to roll or pitch or yaw or can move up and down and left
35:41 right. All right. They have these different types of movements that are
35:45 to them. They're not just moving the X and the Y and the
35:48 . Which is kind of confusing. you try to wrap your mind
35:50 you have to think in terms of . So, when we look at
35:54 synovial joint, we ask the how many degrees of freedom, in
35:58 words, how many axes is it to move in? Does it move
36:02 one of these planes? Does it one of these things? Does it
36:06 two of these things or can it more than two of these things?
36:11 right. And so it's either gonna uni axle by axle or multi axle
36:15 terms of its movement. All So, when we look at a
36:20 joint, we'll see things like plain . Alright. The plane joint is
36:25 flat joint, right? It provides movement. So, again, that
36:29 the picture they used but we would in a in a synovial joint where
36:38 have these plain joints, it would be this really, really a stiff
36:43 . Right? So it'd be gliding along those lines in a plane
36:48 Alright, so this is a non joint. It's not moving, appreciative
36:54 in any of those planes that we kind of saw hinge joints a little
37:00 easier to think of. All And think of a hinge on a
37:04 . So what you have is you a bone that kind of has a
37:08 cylinder at its end. I know hand is not a very good round
37:12 , but you can imagine this is of round. Can you can you
37:15 with me for kind of round? right. And so what I'm gonna
37:18 is I'm gonna take that and I'm put it into a socket that has
37:23 round shape. And so what now I'm gonna do is I can move
37:28 and forth in that socket, basically the angle. So it's angular movement
37:34 that hinge joint because I'm only doing flexion and extension only rolling in this
37:42 . That's only one movement, That's uni axle or one plane.
37:47 one movement one plane a pivot And the example they give appears the
37:51 low axial one. That would be rotational one. And so here what
37:55 have is we have a bone that up inside another bone like.
38:02 Alright. And what this does allows to rotate around the other bone.
38:08 , so that rotation in your No, no no. Is an
38:13 of a pivot joint. Another example a pivot joint is for pronation and
38:20 . All right here we have two side by side but we have a
38:26 that goes around another bone. So the old and the radius. So
38:31 have a ligament that goes around the and allows me to rotate the radius
38:37 that's why it allows you to prone and 78. So pivot joints permit
38:45 . That movement is along the long , That's one movement. Uni
38:51 Alright hinge joint. Easy rotational Mostly easy. And we get to
39:00 weird shapes. So that first word Lloyd comes from cond. I'll have
39:10 seen the word con dial yet? that's at the end of bone we
39:13 it and really what it's describing here the shape of the bone that's kind
39:17 oval. Alright so again look at fist is my fist kind of oval
39:22 kind of kind of right? So of oval shaped. Alright so what
39:27 gonna do is you're gonna take that shape that you're gonna put it into
39:29 cup that's kind of oval shaped. so again just pretend that's oval
39:34 So it's gonna go in there and I can do is I can rock
39:38 back back and forth in one I can also rock back and forth
39:42 this direction right? But I can't because if I spin along this
39:48 I'm actually popping the con dial outside the cup can't happen. Alright so
39:56 we're doing is we're providing two types movement. We're going back and forth
40:01 way and back and forth that Alright and where do we see the
40:06 dial? Well we can see them the wrists, we can also see
40:09 in the figures. You ready for finger. Everyone go no no no
40:15 one direction and then you can do red room talk, you guys have
40:20 shining right? So I can go way, I can go that
40:26 I can do those two movements but I can't spin my finger in
40:30 direction, can I? He doesn't to go that way because that would
40:34 it out of joint and pop it of its socket. Alright, so
40:39 , I'll will be back and Excuse me. The saddle joints is
40:44 , very similar. This is what going to see in our thumb.
40:46 is what provides that oppositional movement in thumb. And so here you have
40:51 things that are shaped like saddles, ? So you have one bone that's
40:55 of shaped like this, another bone shaped exactly the same way. So
40:59 of two Pringles. You guys know , right? You take the two
41:04 and you can kind of cut them so this bone moves back and
41:08 like so along its saddle. This can move back and forth along its
41:12 . And so together they provide that movement so I can go back and
41:17 this way and go back and forth way and that's the two saddles but
41:21 can't twist them right so I can't my thumb, it doesn't want to
41:25 that direction. Alright so these two provide by actual movement, con dial
41:34 condo Lloyd and uh the saddle Bye axel, the last type of
41:44 , the sock and this is the joint, this is the one we
41:47 to make all the joints right? and socket is you have, the
41:50 of the bone is spherical. The bone that it's articulating with is a
41:57 . Alright, that's also spherical. if I have something that spherical I
42:01 move back and forth I can move and right right and I can twist
42:06 it right, That kind of makes . So again I know my fist
42:11 not round but pretend my fist is , my cup is round, I
42:16 go in it, I can go direction, I can go that direction
42:19 I can go this direction because I'm gonna pop out of the joint,
42:22 is a perfect example of this I can go this way, I
42:25 go that way, I can go way and I can go that
42:30 Now notice I can't spin it around right and the reason for that is
42:35 I have ligament and stuff holding it place right, but I can move
42:41 another way? You can do that take your foot foot is pointing
42:45 start moving your foot this way I'm Right? So if I move my
42:51 90°, that's up here has taken place the hip. So this is a
42:59 axle or what we would say is multi axle that's greater than two.
43:07 you guys yeah go ahead more than . Alright, so a hinge.
43:20 what I'm It's more like a So my cup sits in one direction
43:25 I can only rotate in one right? So think of a hinge
43:29 a door which we can't see. don't think we can see.
43:33 these are totally useless. Um So idea is here this is the end
43:40 the bone, right? So you imagine here's the bone belong shaft.
43:44 end of the bonus kind of shaped this. So what I can do
43:46 I can rotate this way, can't that way. Can't go that
43:50 All I can do is move that . So that's why it's uni axial
43:55 the hinge. Yeah. Yes, so good to the table and stocking
44:03 ? Except condolence is an oval So think of think of the cup
44:08 being oval shaped as well. Can twist an oval inside an oval,
44:14 ? So try try to think about this. All right, just make
44:16 like this if if I want to my my fist in my cup right
44:20 , it's gonna have to come isn't it? Right? So now
44:24 separated away from from the socket in I'm located. If I'm a ball
44:29 I'm in a spherical cup and um spherical head, I can twist all
44:32 way around without moving outside of the . This is much better if I
44:40 had a thing. Let me see I can do this with the
44:42 I don't know. Alright. Everyone that the pin works alright. Maybe
44:52 see. All right. I'm trying draw in three dimensions. Please don't
44:58 mad at me. Alright, so I have something that is shaped like
45:05 right there is my cup. The that's gonna have to fit into it
45:09 gonna have to have that exact same , right? So if I'm around
45:15 gonna try to around now. I that's not very helpful, right?
45:19 if it's around then this thing is be round as well. So when
45:23 goes in there it can rotate all way around without coming out. If
45:28 comes into this socket, then what's happen is when it turns um it's
45:33 be out of out of Fames or of shape of that, it would
45:37 like this, right? It pop like what? Well, I know
45:48 told you I'm not an artist. of this is you have to kind
45:53 visualize it yourself. But the point is that spheres fit, fit
45:58 Their their uniform right there uniform all way around in terms of the radius
46:03 you're dealing with an oval, it's uniform. So the long side as
46:08 try to twist would start popping out it gets too short side when you're
46:12 with an oval and that's condo But if your sphere there is no
46:16 short side it can go anywhere because whole thing think of the bottom of
46:20 rolling chair. We don't have a chair in here, right? Those
46:23 chairs, you remember the old ones like 40 years ago that you may
46:27 in the house is still not the ones that have the two wheels that
46:30 off when you buy from Office Never mind. See this is a
46:34 . You guys are too young. don't know everything. All right
46:40 spherical. Our our our uniforms so can spend without disengaging from the joint
46:47 you're a condo Lloyd your oval. will disengage because you have a long
46:51 a short side and it'll pop out that's not workable. Yeah. Oh
47:02 like that ping pong ball. A egg is a better example. See
47:11 . So put the think of the class. Everyone's familiar with Shot
47:17 No, that's a good answer. since I'm recording right? No,
47:23 have no idea what a shot glasses wayne. Alright, ping pong
47:26 putting the shot glass. Can you ? Can spin this ping pong ball
47:29 the shot glass right? Now. the egg on its side in that
47:33 glass. Right? What would happen you try to spin it? It
47:38 ? Right. Wouldn't work? Good . Let's talk about some some important
47:49 . Alright. Ready for the first . TmJ temporomandibular joint, boy.
47:58 is a big mouthful, Right? your job. All right, temporal
48:04 mandible. That's where it comes. where it gets its name from.
48:08 right. The things that we need be aware of here. All
48:11 You can see the mandibular conned. . Alright, so that's the mandibular
48:17 . That's the part that's sitting into socket. The socket portion.
48:22 Here is the mandibular fossa. next to the mandibular fossa. Is
48:28 articular to brickell boy. These names hard, don't they? After a
48:34 . All right, This is an one. Alright. I'm looking around
48:38 room to see if I see anyone gum. This is where everyone pretends
48:42 they're not chewing gum. Oh, gonna be my example. She's trying
48:45 hide it. It's like why not gum? This is not high
48:50 I'm not the little old lady that's come spin it, spin it in
48:52 hand. Yeah, that's what our used to do, and it's
48:58 really? You want me to spit your hand. Okay. All
49:02 now there's a hinge joint, Think about what your jaw does open
49:06 close. It doesn't do anything Kind of. You can kind of
49:12 , But not real. Well, what happens is when you open your
49:16 and put food in and you close mouth. What's gonna happen is is
49:20 con dial the mandibular condo falls forward that articular to brickell. Alright?
49:27 when you bite down now you have structure that is thick enough to create
49:33 . Look at the thinness here relative their if you bite down, you
49:37 break that. But when you bite that condo sits against that to brickell
49:42 now you have something that you can against. And so that resistance as
49:47 begin biting against the food and the is going to provide resistance is going
49:51 cause the jaw. The mandible to to the side and it slides to
49:57 side and then slips back down into fossil and creates a grinding motion.
50:03 the gum now chew your gum like like, you're supposed to write for
50:08 ? You're chewing your gum. What ? And tell me what is your
50:11 doing while you're chewing gum? What of motion can you feel it?
50:17 you feel your mouth grinding? All ? What do we do? We
50:21 choo? We're like a cow. you're not cows, but that's what
50:25 like when we chew we grind to side, cows have it very very
50:29 motion. And you see that and what you do is you get
50:31 then you slip that gum over to other side and then you chew and
50:34 jaw slips the other direction. And creates that grinding motion. That's how
50:40 break down food, temporal mandibular Alright, so the motion is called
50:46 gliding motion. But we're grinding down food. All right, it's a
50:50 excursion. So that's how that joint . Right? It's a hinge joint
50:56 when it closes it creates the gliding to the side your shoulder joint.
51:05 oh, humor. Will notice the of the bones are both named in
51:08 joint. So, it kind of this kind of easy when you look
51:11 all right, So, we're dealing the glen oid cavity of the
51:15 we're dealing with the humerus and the of the humerus. Now this joint
51:20 a ball and socket joint. And , you can see you can have
51:24 incredible range of motion in your shoulder you can twist and you have you
51:29 go over here and scratch your shoulder way right? Because it allows your
51:33 to go way up and you can way back. So and so
51:37 Alright, So here what we have we have very little stability in that
51:43 . In fact, what stability is is provided primarily by a bunch of
51:50 . If you look at the cavity , it's actually very, very
51:55 See how it's almost flat and in what we have is we have a
51:59 bit of tissue called the Glenwood Um That actually creates a little bit
52:05 a lip to kind of hold the of the humerus in place in the
52:08 cavity. And so that's what you're there. Right? There's the
52:14 there's the labrum right there. So fossa very, very, very
52:19 So the three important ligaments, they're for what they're attached to core kodachrome
52:26 . So if you look at the from the core coid process to the
52:31 . So basically crosses over cork cork to the humerus. And then
52:37 Glenna humor basically is going from the and across again. And what you're
52:41 is you're basically just crisscrossing this joint of create a certain degree of stability
52:45 without that you would basically slip your out completely and it would probably rotate
52:50 . Which would be a very, bad thing. All right. Cut
52:54 blood vessels. Cut off nerves, sorts of horrible things. And then
52:57 have muscles that are going to cross and provide stability as well. So
53:03 the muscle that, you know, should be an easy one. Even
53:06 we haven't learned it. What's the that sits on our shoulder.
53:10 Right. And so that muscle is of the things that reinforces and strengthens
53:16 shoulder. All right, so that be an example and then there's a
53:20 bunch of birth so that we're not bother mentioning here uh in the
53:23 I think when you look at that you'll see the different structures that are
53:29 . So glenn or humor, well very stable bunch of ligaments. Um
53:36 , loads of fun elbow joint is three different joints. All right.
53:42 you gotta remember each joint is a plus another bone here in this
53:46 So we have the humerus ulnar. that's the humerus and ulna. We
53:52 the humor radio sets of humorous in radius. And then we have the
53:56 of the radius. So that would the radio owner. So those three
54:00 together make up this entire joint. right now the humor owner joint is
54:06 hinge joint. We talked about the on the humerus. We talked about
54:09 truck clear notch. So there's your hinge portion. Right? So the
54:14 leah was kind of this roundish That's kind of this shape Trow clear
54:22 was this shape. You put that the other one. So what you
54:25 is you create the hinge. And that's the primary movement that the shoulder
54:30 the humor radio basically articulates, but doesn't play any sort of appreciable
54:36 It just kind of helps stabilize that that you've created with the Oh
54:42 the radio owner joint on the other provides movement between those two bones.
54:49 it's what allows pro nation separate Alright so this is allowed because of
54:56 radio and owner joint. This is of the humerus and the ulna.
55:03 help from the humerus and the Alright so that was the capitulate.
55:10 here. Alright so how do we this stuff? Well we have a
55:15 of ligaments, radial collateral ligament. which side of the arm do you
55:19 that's gonna be lateral and medial Very good. Why where's the radius
55:27 ? Alright when you see the word , think about collateral damage. What
55:32 collateral mean? On the outside on edges? Alright. So radial collateral
55:39 on the lateral side, owner collateral side. All right. And then
55:47 annual ligament was the thing that allows that rotation. That's that pivot
55:52 All right so what you're doing is going around the neck of the
55:56 So here's your radius. Here's your . It's a ligament that goes around
56:02 from one side of the ulna goes the radius head and around to the
56:05 side of the ulna attaches. So is what allows the radius to rotate
56:10 annular ligament. Okay so that's what for the pro nation insemination to occur
56:20 far? We. Okay. All hip joint Like the shoulder joints.
56:27 and socket. Alright differences. Is the ball and socket of the
56:33 The Illinois cavity? The fossa there very very limited. Very very shallow
56:39 the socket at the A. Tabula um is very very deep and
56:43 also reinforced by a labrum. Alright you have already a deep socket then
56:48 gonna put some more stuff on the to make it even deeper to lock
56:51 in place. Alright so there's some there. These are gonna be reinforcing
56:57 capsule. So we have the What are those between the ilium and
57:07 S. S. Femur. Thank . So ephemeral the scheme and the
57:17 and the ephemeral between the pubis. do you see what we're doing
57:22 I'm attaching in different ways to make that I'm locking in that humorous.
57:29 ? Not that humorous that femur into so that we strengthen that joint and
57:34 have a whole bunch of muscles. have the gluteal muscles for example we
57:38 the quadriceps for example that are gonna over that reinforce that. And this
57:44 for a large range of motion but though than the shoulder girdle. Now
57:51 old and feeble so my movement in hips are less but you can see
57:56 can move my leg. Okay. . I know some of you can
58:02 it a little bit better you know can do the hokey pokey. Put
58:06 left foot in. Put the left out. Put your left foot in
58:11 then we Yeah, that's right That's a lot of the work
58:16 But you get the idea what does hip do? Can I lift my
58:21 ? Can I lift my my my , my leg really at my hip
58:25 up to my ear? I can't can some of you probably.
58:31 so range of motion. Lots of of motion but not as much as
58:37 shoulder. It's a ball and socket for the last one. I don't
58:45 the joint. Alright, primarily a joint, but it's a weird hinge
58:50 . All right. So when you about the hinge joint, what do
58:52 think about you think about the receiving ? Right? The cup the fossa
58:56 be shaped like this. You expect end of the other bone right to
59:00 inserted in that so that you can in there here. What we have
59:04 we have a by cond alor All right. And so remember at
59:09 end of the femur we have the con dials. Remember I kind of
59:12 like this. And so you have lateral and medial con dial. And
59:17 they're doing is they're sitting on top the tibia. The tibia is for
59:20 most part is fairly flat. So we do is we need to create
59:24 of a socket for those con dials sit in. And this is what
59:28 menace Keilar for. All right. here is the meniscus, that's basically
59:33 cartilage that C shaped, there's there's two. And so what we've
59:37 is we've now created sockets for each those con dials. Alright, So
59:42 got my two little sees, I've my condo sitting in them. And
59:47 what that's gonna do is I'm gonna for rotation in that condo because they're
59:54 . I'm not gonna try to go way and I'm not gonna try to
59:57 that way because then I'd be separating the bones from each other. So
60:02 knees don't appreciably go left and right and laterally right. If I stood
60:08 and was able to hold my my femur in place, I can't bring
60:16 tibia and my favorite my lower leg , can I? Right. It
60:22 it doesn't want to go that And really it's because there's very limited
60:27 there. But what I can do I can flex right, and I
60:33 extend and so what I'm doing is basically creating two structures that allow for
60:38 hinge to be formed by those two dials. Now, if I'm
60:45 So, you know, just picture getting kissed. Right, look at
60:51 , I have more flexion or I I have more movement. There's still
60:54 lot of movement up here in the , but I have quite a bit
60:58 movement than when I'm in the extended . There's also another joint in
61:05 that's patella femoral joint. What do think that's between the patella and the
61:09 ? Do you see how there's there's tricks to any of this stuff.
61:13 just if you know the names of bones, you know the names of
61:16 . Alright. I'm just gonna tell right now. I mean you've heard
61:19 say before we can name things really . This is also true in the
61:23 system. Once you learn the names the parts you're gonna find out,
61:26 this is going from here to there that's just the nomenclature. All right
61:33 we said with synovial joints that we articular cartilage or an articular capsule that
61:39 the joint, The knees. We have three sides, not four
61:44 covered the reason we don't need the side coverage. We have the have
61:48 patella plus the tendon and the ligament protects the front part of the
61:53 All right, so the articular cartilage the articular capsule is responsible for the
61:59 , the medial side as well as dorsal side. Whole bunch of muscle
62:06 and stuff crisscrossing. So that's what this structure. And so whatever movement
62:12 there's gonna be restricted by those joint as well as some tendons. Last
62:17 the ligaments. What ligaments do we to know? All right. There's
62:21 fun ones. Alright. There's the ones or you know? Or the
62:26 ones. We have the cruciatus and we have the patellar ligament. Those
62:30 the only ones I need you to about. All right. So what
62:33 the collateral ones they can be You'll see them sometimes like in this
62:37 they're referred to as the lateral and medial collateral ligaments. Historically they're named
62:42 the bone that they're attached to. the fibula one and the tibial
62:48 So it's just basically saying if you which side of those bones on.
62:50 remember fibula is on the lateral tibia is on the medial side.
62:54 fibula collateral ligament, tibial lateral ca . It's just referring to the ligaments
63:00 are reinforcing on the outside on the and the lateral side. These you've
63:07 of before right here torn the it's anyone a cl both you told
63:16 man that's the worst. All right called the cruciate ligaments because they cross
63:24 are intrinsic ligaments meaning they are found the articular capsule. You can see
63:31 here being drawn here is the anterior the posterior purpose of the anterior cruciate
63:37 is to create hyperextension. Alright, what it does is supposed to stop
63:43 knee from going backwards. The posterior ligament is to prevent hyper flexion.
63:50 right now not a lot of people hyper flex their knees. I have
63:54 flexed my knee and I've got to the story and then you can go
63:58 I see you try to back All right long time ago I was
64:08 with my then girlfriend who's now my and her family. You've never been
64:13 . Oh my goodness. Alright. is fall. This is not the
64:17 to go tubing, it's too Alright, tubing is when you go
64:20 a river out in the hill you get a whole bunch of
64:24 a whole bunch of friends, you rent a bunch of tubes and you
64:28 to the river, they drop you and they say you're going down the
64:32 and then there's white water like in . Whitewater's you know, it's not
64:37 much right, but we happen to on the frio river and there happened
64:41 be some white water. There was a four ft waterfall, right?
64:45 going over. It's like we you , they go over, well I
64:48 to go down the wrong way and foot got stuck underneath the tube and
64:52 got squished, my foot tried to through my but it was really the
64:57 way to describe it. I heard crunch but I was there with my
65:00 and her family and so I had get up and walk around.
65:03 I'm cool. You know because everyone the crunch and it was like
65:06 no, I'm good. I'm I don't think I ripped anything but
65:10 PCL is there to prevent that from . The last one is the patellar
65:15 , you can see here it's attached the tibia and the patella. It
65:19 is there to hold the pull the into place. All right. I
65:23 you guys are running out of You think you guys have it?
65:27 . I'm gonna warn you now. next lecture is going to be less
65:32 and more physiology and it's more So I'm just gonna prepare you for
65:37 one week till the exam. That's right. Lots of fun.
65:45 we got out
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