| 01:10 | Is everybody there is anybody there? here, we're here. Some people |
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| 01:19 | here. Yeah, sounds good. . We just looked, we looked |
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| 01:25 | that slide, we were looking at slide and um this slide is uh |
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| 01:33 | of simulating Strat graphic thinning. And course, you can see that as |
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| 01:41 | thins to here, this unit thins there, this unit thins to |
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| 01:49 | And I was kind of messing around some of these uh share resistivity markers |
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| 01:56 | , or patterns here. It's a here. It's actually that feature right |
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| 02:00 | is, is a marker, sometimes called SRPS uh resistivity patterns. And |
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| 02:09 | so that's kind of how we do correlation. But if, if this |
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| 02:13 | pinched out in this direction, you see all of this unit um shrinking |
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| 02:20 | and more until it was eventually but this would probably shrink with |
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| 02:25 | Some cases, the sand will just disappear. So you'll see some strate |
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| 02:31 | thinning in this interval in that Uh But it's replaced with some shale |
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| 02:38 | and you'd be able to see the shale section above it. So being |
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| 02:43 | to see what's above it and below sand is important because when the sand |
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| 02:48 | , um, you know, it look like it's, it's gone, |
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| 02:51 | you'll have a marker here and you'll a marker up here that you can |
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| 03:00 | to see that the new shale in is just filling in where the sand |
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| 03:05 | . But whatever Strat graphic thing is on, normally in one place, |
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| 03:09 | will be happening above the sand below sand. And uh usually in the |
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| 03:15 | above and where the sand was will replaced with a section of shale you |
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| 03:20 | see in this well here or in , well over here. If you |
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| 03:24 | what I'm saying. In other there's a complete if, if this |
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| 03:29 | pinched out in this direction, you have shell over here perhaps uh thinning |
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| 03:36 | little bit, but with it pinched , it wouldn't thin any, you'd |
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| 03:41 | a new shale section and then you see that and it would be just |
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| 03:45 | it. So the section, the graphic section hasn't been removed, but |
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| 03:50 | been replaced from sand to shale. that's, that's really important to kind |
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| 03:56 | understand. And uh here's the correlation of how that would look like this |
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| 04:08 | uh based on a, this is what we would call a Strat graphic |
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| 04:14 | where it's based on what we think the same period of time. And |
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| 04:17 | the top of that sand. It isn't the top of a sanda. |
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| 04:23 | here it's based here, we have um kind of uh just correlated. |
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| 04:31 | you can actually visualize that's shrinking a bit better so that it's not, |
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| 04:38 | here, here, I have to you, it looks like an accordion |
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| 04:41 | this thing. The way it's plotted , you can see that it is |
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| 04:44 | an accordion. This unit thins, unit thins that unit thins, that |
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| 04:50 | thins that unit thins. And more this unit above here will be |
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| 04:55 | So what you see going on above sand that disappears and below the |
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| 04:59 | it disappears if the section is still but not sand, that's definitely a |
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| 05:04 | out. So to see a fault , like if this, this gets |
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| 05:11 | out in this, well over you'll see a section over here that |
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| 05:18 | exist over there. The whole section gone, the shale is gone. |
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| 05:23 | no change in the thickness on this either. This one, this one |
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| 05:26 | have Strat graphic thinning, but you have a more compound situation when you |
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| 05:31 | both Strat graphic thinning and missing At the same time, it |
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| 05:35 | it can be a little bit Uh But you ought to be able |
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| 05:39 | figure it out. But uh but no Strat graphic thinning in these two |
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| 05:44 | from one to the other. But you see here is there section between |
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| 05:51 | bed here. And if you look the shale marker down here. You |
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| 05:56 | , you're not, they, they have it labeled, but this shell |
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| 06:00 | over here right there is the same that one right there. And you |
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| 06:06 | see that it comes up through that part of this and then all of |
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| 06:13 | section over here is gone, but thing above it is not going. |
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| 06:20 | when you're trying to figure out Strat a pinch out or an erosional |
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| 06:26 | um you need to see something In this case. Uh This could |
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| 06:32 | , this could have been an erosional or it could have been a normal |
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| 06:35 | , normal faults and erosional events look similar, except with wells nearby. |
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| 06:41 | you have erosional events, they're usually regional and you'll see uh more of |
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| 06:45 | impact. But uh I'm gonna show an example of where it became very |
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| 06:49 | to understand what I just told And that is correlate the shells below |
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| 06:54 | sand of interest above the sand of . And uh and then see what's |
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| 07:01 | in between. And in this the shale and the sand is |
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| 07:05 | So the section is gone. it's not just a disappearance of the |
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| 07:11 | but also the shale is gone in interval. This interval right here in |
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| 07:16 | rock record is missing here. This pushed up and that's dropped down and |
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| 07:24 | a from a correlation exercise, this , this would look a lot like |
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| 07:29 | un conformity planning across here. But this was structurally higher at the |
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| 07:36 | it got rid of the section there didn't get rid of it here. |
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| 07:41 | . So the reason why there's missing in a normal fault and we're, |
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| 07:46 | we're gonna be looking for normal reverse faults will, will aa uh |
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| 07:54 | pattern. But this is what happens you go across a normal fault. |
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| 08:00 | If the displacement of the sand is complete. In other words, |
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| 08:04 | some communication, you'll see part of sand, you'll see, you'll see |
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| 08:08 | part of the sand. You won't this part of the scene. You're |
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| 08:15 | the edge of this, so you see any of it. If this |
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| 08:18 | just a little bit higher, you pick up a little bit of the |
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| 08:21 | of the sand, missed the rest it underneath it and then pick that |
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| 08:26 | . But with the, the layers shale, though, there will be |
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| 08:29 | layer of shale heel here that will you whether or not it's been |
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| 08:35 | And uh in this case, you have removed this much. Uh this |
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| 08:40 | would have been removed over here. you see the sand, you have |
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| 08:47 | same shale unit above same shale unit , but the sand's thinner. So |
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| 08:51 | total missing section in this configuration uh missing sand. If you go like |
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| 08:58 | , then you will miss the shale uh below it. And this |
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| 09:06 | what comes in here is gonna be shell that was down here. What |
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| 09:12 | in there will be the shale that up in here somewhere. And so |
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| 09:17 | , you'll have that shell left, you'll be missing shell on the bottom |
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| 09:21 | . So when you're, when you're some shale and your uh and the |
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| 09:27 | , then you really can tell without doubt that it's a fault. So |
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| 09:32 | little bit of shale part of the , you know, it's a |
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| 09:37 | this is uh a reverse fault You'll see repeat of this section. |
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| 09:44 | You won't see this part of but this part right in here would |
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| 09:49 | . So to a certain extent, see a little bit of the top |
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| 09:52 | then you jump down into um something was right in here because you're already |
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| 09:58 | it up there. So you come to that section and hit it right |
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| 10:02 | there because if it goes further, you'll get a complete repeat a section |
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| 10:10 | the shale of the shale marker above will look like the shall marker |
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| 10:16 | The shall marker here will look like shale marker down there. We're not |
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| 10:20 | see any reverse faults, but that's you recognize one. Uh Even |
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| 10:25 | even if you have fossils in a , sometimes the fossils in here are |
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| 10:31 | be identical to the ones in Uh But we do see a repeat |
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| 10:35 | often because, uh, just the things are, sometimes we'll see more |
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| 10:40 | this part of it than we will that part. And we'll pick up |
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| 10:43 | tops that didn't occur, uh, one of these or the other, |
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| 10:47 | it did the other. So you'll something that indicates that age and that |
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| 10:52 | through the sequence, that age through sequence sitting right on top of each |
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| 10:57 | . But if you miss that at end of the day, this, |
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| 11:00 | couldn't, you could not fool the , this shale would be that shale |
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| 11:06 | right next to this shale, which that shale and uh and the shale |
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| 11:12 | markers would beat um the litt and bios stray if, if all the |
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| 11:20 | content in both of these was seen the samples that you collected. |
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| 11:27 | uh that's just something to consider. so, um now the same |
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| 11:36 | um these were funny diagrams because this exactly like that one. But in |
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| 11:49 | case, they've told, he told that the section hasn't expanded, but |
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| 11:53 | well has been deviated a certain angle to come up with a pattern that |
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| 11:58 | like this just like the expanded The uh deviation in this part of |
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| 12:03 | well would have to stay at the angle or uh something different would happen |
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| 12:08 | this expanded more uh than it did this one, which it didn't, |
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| 12:16 | expanded more that would have. That meant the angle was getting farther off |
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| 12:21 | vertical at that point and making it longer. Like in the very first |
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| 12:26 | that I showed you like this the sand gets thicker as the angle |
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| 12:35 | . Here's, here's near horizontal, away up from horizontal, away from |
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| 12:40 | and really far away from horizontal. section expands and looks thicker. |
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| 12:55 | And here's, here's a deviated well vault where you actually see some expansion |
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| 13:00 | this section, but there's missing If you reverse this, it gets |
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| 13:06 | little bit more difficult. If this was ex if this one expanded and |
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| 13:11 | one was shrinking. Uh the um would have both uh reduced section due |
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| 13:20 | the due to the thinning of the . And you would also have that |
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| 13:26 | section. But again, the shell markers would be moving up and down |
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| 13:30 | an accordion because they correlate with each . And then you'd find missing section |
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| 13:36 | included a big chunk of the shale parts of the sand. In other |
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| 13:40 | , part of this is missing. As you can see here, part |
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| 13:45 | this sand is gone over here, shale is completely gone because here's the |
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| 13:52 | marker there. Uh We come up this pattern, we see that and |
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| 13:57 | see that but then everything above that all gone, it's not there and |
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| 14:03 | goes right up into the sand. right here. And uh since it's |
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| 14:10 | the same log, you can correlate sands because they, they have to |
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| 14:14 | correlated. It's not a function of . It's a function of the way |
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| 14:19 | was done to kind of illustrate the I'm trying to make. Ok. |
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| 14:25 | here's another way to plot a deviated , with a fault in it. |
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| 14:30 | uh, and this may also be that would make more sense to you |
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| 14:35 | you, if you saw deviated, , and you had the fault |
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| 14:39 | you could also do the same uh plotting the fault it, |
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| 14:44 | once you know where it is, you're trying to correlate, actually put |
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| 14:49 | fault up here and the fault down . But uh and you know, |
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| 14:54 | have a gap in it but you'd able to see it, but you're |
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| 14:57 | gonna have to do that in this . Ok. So you've heard me |
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| 15:04 | structural sections and you've heard me say graphics structural sections are hung on a |
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| 15:09 | datum like sea level. And they're called structural sections because they show |
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| 15:15 | current structure and they reveal the dip in traps that currently exist. But |
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| 15:23 | you wanna see how something was situated the past, you would do something |
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| 15:28 | little bit different. But here here's a, well and uh this |
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| 15:32 | a structural cross section and when these were laid down, they might have |
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| 15:38 | closer to horizontal. But now, of uh structural uplift in um and |
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| 15:45 | drop, you have um you have structure that could with faults and other |
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| 15:51 | structural features like say a um a diaper or a salt diaper, they |
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| 15:57 | block, block the flow of hydrocarbons be one side of a trap. |
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| 16:02 | other words, if you have some of a barrier here, it could |
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| 16:04 | fault, shale could be a it could be a salt dome or |
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| 16:09 | could be a um a mud lump a or a shale diaper. |
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| 16:19 | So then the other type is a cross section and it's hung on a |
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| 16:24 | graphic data rather than sea level. lot of times it's hung on marker |
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| 16:28 | . I showed you lots of examples they were hung on marker beds. |
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| 16:33 | uh when you do that, the is penny contemporaneous with the timing of |
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| 16:39 | that marker bed was so that it's the way it's tilted. Now, |
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| 16:45 | you can see my hands, it's tilted like it might be now. |
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| 16:49 | back when right after it was uh it a structure developed that might |
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| 16:55 | been more like this instead of like . And you can, you'll be |
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| 16:59 | to see the uh nearly the same interval, uh structural configuration of the |
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| 17:11 | . Um And one of the things important about it is it can also |
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| 17:15 | the, the um the time that trap first formed. So if you |
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| 17:20 | go back and do say you have , a trap that was um potentially |
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| 17:31 | in the Jurassic, you might want do one on the upper Jurassic a |
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| 17:35 | on where the upper Jurassic boundary. Jurassic boundary is, then you may |
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| 17:40 | go further up and keep drawing a Strat gra section further up through |
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| 17:47 | Uh Also to see if it was earlier uh migration time. A time |
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| 17:53 | maturation was later much later than Say. Uh um The geochemist sorted |
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| 18:01 | that the source rock was mature, and charging around the, then you |
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| 18:08 | want to draw a Strat gra cross and see what the structure looked like |
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| 18:14 | that potential reservoir rock and trap. other words, is the trap still |
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| 18:18 | when you get up to that period time. And so structural cross sections |
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| 18:26 | important because they show us what we're be draining. But Strat graphic cross |
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| 18:31 | can show you when that structure that a trap became a trap and was |
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| 18:37 | to hold um migrating oils after they mature and started to migrate. |
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| 18:45 | So here's a, a Strat graphic cross section and uh it's on a |
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| 18:52 | graphic datum and uh I don't know this red line is but uh but |
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| 19:00 | you can see it's hanging here. so you, you're seeing that uh |
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| 19:05 | that you have uh these things that building like this and given the dip |
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| 19:11 | this. And uh I'm uh what would think that we're seeing here is |
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| 19:18 | stacking uh cross sections of channel uh That first started to build out |
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| 19:25 | here. Uh Then, then this a little bit of a high and |
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| 19:30 | can see things dipping here. So got some kind of, it looks |
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| 19:34 | like pro gradation in this direction over and then a little bit more pro |
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| 19:39 | and it just keeps pro grading like . Uh If you hung it on |
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| 19:43 | date right here, it would definitely flatter because this shale is getting. |
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| 19:48 | other words, a, a new center up here is starting, but |
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| 19:51 | looks like from this, you can that the Depot center used to be |
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| 19:55 | of in this area and it's migrating in here uh with uh with uh |
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| 20:03 | um I don't know enough about this tell you whether this is pro grading |
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| 20:07 | this direction or if it's transgressing from uh arise here. It looks a |
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| 20:14 | bit like a transgression. Uh And also looks like a slightly tilted pro |
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| 20:20 | , but nevertheless, it looks like sediments are grading and, and uh |
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| 20:25 | in this direction and there's a, re an erosional surface that cuts through |
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| 20:30 | that cuts into some of these, beds that were already positive. |
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| 20:34 | um I would want to draw in this thing just to see how that |
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| 20:39 | because, um, you can see , if I, if I straighten |
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| 20:43 | line out, we would see thickening here, which would make this look |
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| 20:47 | pro gradation right now where it's hanging almost, you know, I'm not |
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| 20:53 | if, uh I've got something coming on a high in this direction or |
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| 21:00 | something actually probating out in this direction it looks deeper because of that. |
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| 21:04 | if I hung it on this, would see this distance right in here |
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| 21:09 | increasing in that direction. So it like it's, it's actually prorating that |
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| 21:15 | uh rather than transgressing in that OK. Now, here's an example |
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| 21:24 | the use of a Strat graphic paleo and this is something I did with |
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| 21:29 | Scott Field to find the 90 million of oil there in one of the |
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| 21:34 | fault blocks that had lots of oil no one could find it. This |
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| 21:38 | actually from the Piper field and it's model that Arata he used in Cork |
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| 21:43 | say that all of Amoco's acreage uh no sand on it. They were |
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| 21:48 | to show that there's uplift on some these rotating um uh sin riff blocks |
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| 21:56 | you've had erosion here and that erosion of goes down in this direction comes |
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| 22:02 | in this direction. But one of clear point of this in the piper |
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| 22:05 | is that your sands then in this . And in the Scott Field, |
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| 22:11 | they were trying to say is they sand over here. But in our |
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| 22:16 | it's played off like this is like is in the Piper Field because it's |
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| 22:20 | of the same. Uh it's later time, but it's, it's an |
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| 22:25 | of the sort of post rift erosion opposed to sin rift erosion. |
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| 22:32 | what I did was uh I did at something uh there was a fault |
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| 22:38 | here on this end in the And uh I noticed that there was |
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| 22:44 | in this direction. I hung it a Strat graphic thing at 100 and |
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| 22:49 | mega years uh which I used instead mega well my is years ago. |
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| 22:55 | , but when I first did I had mega ans nevertheless, uh |
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| 23:02 | uh this is uh there's a lease well over here. Um This well |
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| 23:09 | uh uh down structural dip today, down structural dip today, down further |
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| 23:16 | dip today. What Arata he was to say was that this end was |
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| 23:21 | at the lease line fault that was uh in which this well cut |
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| 23:26 | And they were sitting over here draining heck out of uh out of our |
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| 23:30 | telling the courts that that the actual this was situated was that this end |
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| 23:38 | low and this end was high. doing the Strat graphic thing at that |
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| 23:44 | in time. You can see that thing was thickening in this direction, |
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| 23:50 | unit above it, the shale above , the Cambridge clay was thickening in |
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| 23:53 | direction and the uh pre piper shale thickening in this direction. So it's |
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| 23:59 | like just the opposite of this. is trying to show you uh this |
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| 24:04 | you thickening in this direction below Uh They, they don't really get |
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| 24:10 | of the top of it to show , but it is, it is |
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| 24:13 | in the top of it, in direction, it's thickening in the top |
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| 24:16 | this direction. And it's, and also thinning a little bit at the |
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| 24:20 | . But above within the sands and the sands, everything is thinning in |
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| 24:26 | direction. Uh But in, in Amoco acreage, everything is actually thinning |
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| 24:33 | this direction, not that direction where fault is. So it's not being |
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| 24:40 | . It actually, in fact, buried deeper. And the reason they |
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| 24:44 | see, we couldn't see oil in field was the um the management at |
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| 24:52 | time, couldn't quite figure out how drill the middle of a, of |
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| 24:55 | um, of a play and I'll it at that for now. But |
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| 24:59 | I'm trying to show you is the of, of these kinds of Strat |
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| 25:03 | cross sections and uh in real terms the uh and you were getting something |
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| 25:15 | looked like this and uh but it in the wrong direction, they had |
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| 25:19 | in the wrong direction. It wasn't fault, it was thinning. He |
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| 25:24 | Strat thinning and then truncation would be happened from an, from an erosion |
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| 25:30 | . It would have been up here . And uh but in, in |
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| 25:35 | fact, that wasn't even happening. uh after this study proved that they |
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| 25:41 | wrong, I made a presentation to . They got really mad because, |
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| 25:46 | uh they literally had to lie to court to say this wasn't going |
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| 25:50 | But they from other methods, they knew it. But we had to |
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| 25:53 | the, I almost had to well, I did have to do |
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| 25:55 | to prove to my management that they drill a well in here and get |
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| 25:59 | uh that get that acreage and just add more uh uh information to |
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| 26:05 | I added some more. I did line above and you could see there |
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| 26:09 | uh the depino that was way over at one time, was actually shifting |
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| 26:13 | Amoco's acreage later on. And uh , well, um had its um |
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| 26:24 | well over here. The number well is, is uh you can |
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| 26:30 | that it's been restored and it's, it's completely opposite of what am he |
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| 26:35 | was saying? Uh We've got thickening this thickening in this direction, not |
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| 26:40 | from here to here, but it's from here to here. True. |
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| 26:46 | had a structural uh erosion point up , but it wasn't at the lease |
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| 26:52 | , it was way back here at bottom of the reservoir. So with |
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| 26:58 | , um this is what the um exercise is gonna be like. Uh |
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| 27:05 | is a dome right here and this kind of the structure. I uh |
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| 27:10 | don't like to show students this. but this is the way it would |
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| 27:15 | structurally except there's a lot of faults the, in the uh expansion of |
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| 27:21 | section is not even through time. the s Wiley, well, that |
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| 27:27 | be the thickest act actually ends up being the thickest. So um I'm |
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| 27:35 | um put all the data online for to uh to have to start working |
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| 27:40 | and, and um then I'll give more information about it later. But |
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| 27:44 | I'll suggest that you line them up little bit differently. And the key |
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| 27:49 | though, how many wells do you to find a fault in a |
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| 28:02 | At least two. Yes, you to have at least two. You |
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| 28:07 | to have uh if you have well, you just have a vertical |
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| 28:11 | . If you have two wells, can compare two different vertical vertical columns |
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| 28:15 | see if there is missing section or there's thinning section or both. And |
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| 28:20 | will see both, you'll see thinning you'll see missing section. And uh |
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| 28:26 | so basically, uh you take the wells that you think have the shale |
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| 28:34 | markers and, uh, patterns that like they're the most consistent between the |
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| 28:42 | and try to correlate them first and pull in the third. Well, |
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| 28:46 | , and figure out which one of wells the third, well, most |
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| 28:49 | resembles. And, uh, and , I'll give you a preferred order |
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| 28:54 | this, uh, uh, later and, and I'll post the stuff |
|
| 29:00 | . You're gonna get a composite This is the upper half of it |
|
| 29:05 | it shows you um no, they're doing it in here, but I'm |
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| 29:11 | want you to do something you aren't in here. Uh One thing that's |
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| 29:15 | is that there's an un conformity right that's actually drawn on it, I |
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| 29:20 | , yeah, an attempt at drawing un conformity. But uh the wells |
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| 29:26 | gonna be looking at are sp Uh And the, at the scale |
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| 29:33 | at the um this scale, the scale on the sp log is not |
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| 29:40 | broad. So you're um something that really, it's kind of what you |
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| 29:46 | call a subtle response is actually a . This is a subtle response and |
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| 29:54 | may not know, but that could be considered a sand up there. |
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| 29:58 | I just want you to be These are real obvious SANS and because |
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| 30:02 | bigger and more obvious looking sands, more apt to misc correlate them. |
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| 30:08 | you see them in the other wells , because in some cases there could |
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| 30:13 | be a sand in the middle of this, that's not on this |
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| 30:20 | And that's just the way it You're gonna get the data like this |
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| 30:25 | Strat graphic data. Um, it you the zones and, uh, |
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| 30:31 | here's pretty much what they're called, , uh, here as, as |
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| 30:38 | come down in the, well, see the different ones when it's not |
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| 30:43 | , That doesn't necessarily mean it's an conformity. That just means it wasn't |
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| 30:47 | in the samples. That doesn't necessarily that's an unconfirmed, it just wasn't |
|
| 30:52 | same over here. Some of these actually would plot out a little bit |
|
| 30:59 | than the uh graphs that I the logs that I give you. But |
|
| 31:03 | can sort of get a ruler and out the scale and just for |
|
| 31:08 | just put a point on the log underneath the part where you have the |
|
| 31:15 | . And uh this is, this just a piece of it. But |
|
| 31:19 | example, if, if something uh to be hung 100 ft below |
|
| 31:25 | there was a fossil top, 100 below this figure, what the scale |
|
| 31:29 | in terms of 100 ft here and and plot it down on the piece |
|
| 31:33 | paper so that it would be sort laterally. So you can kind of |
|
| 31:38 | it from there to the next well like that. If the other wells |
|
| 31:41 | in the air and it's on the . Does that make sense to |
|
| 31:50 | In other words, you, you have the record to plot it down |
|
| 31:55 | from the log. But if well, if you had the |
|
| 32:01 | the point in the, in the , would have been down, you |
|
| 32:03 | , a couple of 100 ft down , just plotted in line with this |
|
| 32:08 | then you'll be able to correlate that point to that same marker bed |
|
| 32:13 | another in another well, next to where it's higher and in the record |
|
| 32:18 | that'll help you with the thinning and thickening at the base of, of |
|
| 32:22 | one of the wells actually, uh of the wells involved, OK. |
|
| 32:31 | of the um the things you can for marking your sands is to color |
|
| 32:37 | in yellow and here you can see subtle some of these sands are and |
|
| 32:43 | this was just crudely done and uh scanned, but here you can see |
|
| 32:50 | shale section and there's a sand sec and you wanna be working on the |
|
| 32:55 | markers of the um of the shale . You don't wanna, you don't |
|
| 33:05 | work on a marker down here. is a sand section. You don't |
|
| 33:09 | look at this, this column over in the logs. Um I'm gonna |
|
| 33:14 | you the headers but it doesn't matter some cases, it may be a |
|
| 33:18 | log in other cases, it's an resistivity log, but it's, it's |
|
| 33:23 | log they use to correlate with the that's used in correlation. And you |
|
| 33:28 | see in some cases there's a lot uh similarity uh to, to |
|
| 33:33 | this one's probably got conductivity and magnified resistivity. And uh and so you |
|
| 33:41 | of see the same thing and you use this one too because this looks |
|
| 33:44 | little bit more consistent than this. you see features like this in a |
|
| 33:50 | interval. That's a really good marker there. I can tell you that |
|
| 33:54 | an excellent marker. And uh you know, here I see something |
|
| 33:59 | it's underneath the sand here. I something that's the opposite of that. |
|
| 34:05 | above the sand. Here's a little more, uh another marker here that's |
|
| 34:11 | the sand. But this thing right here says SRM three, make sure |
|
| 34:18 | it is below that sand right And it is. And, but |
|
| 34:23 | thing here would be in the See that is in the sand that's |
|
| 34:27 | the sand. Ok. So the right channel is the one that you |
|
| 34:33 | to correlate in the most. For most part here, you can see |
|
| 34:37 | , it's complete through here, but kind of gets kind of ha haywire |
|
| 34:40 | because it's skipping cycle. And uh uh you may not want to use |
|
| 34:45 | the whole way, but uh when did it, I did 25 logs |
|
| 34:51 | the, in every well that you a fault in. I could find |
|
| 34:54 | because I had more wells to compare complete section to it. You're only |
|
| 34:59 | have three wells. So, um of them may in fact have faults |
|
| 35:05 | close to the same period of So you won't even see that missing |
|
| 35:10 | . Uh But not too many. go ahead. What's fo ok. |
|
| 35:22 | haven't gotten that yet, but uh you for bringing it up. |
|
| 35:26 | this is a fault out here and there's a marker there showing you |
|
| 35:31 | the fault at. And this is symbol we use. It's a line |
|
| 35:35 | the section. In other words, is on one side of the fault |
|
| 35:39 | on the other side of the You draw a line through it and |
|
| 35:42 | draw these little things to indicate there's dip. Uh If you knew uh |
|
| 35:48 | orientation of the, well, you could know the orientation of the |
|
| 35:51 | so you could draw it any way want. But normally we do it |
|
| 35:54 | on this side, up on that . Uh When you start looking at |
|
| 35:58 | things in fence diagrams, you might able to figure out which faults line |
|
| 36:03 | and even make a fault plane. but you won't have enough data to |
|
| 36:07 | that. So um so just make symbol that looks something like this and |
|
| 36:12 | either here or on top of it's easier to do it over here because |
|
| 36:17 | might be coloring things over there, say fault out 200 ft. And |
|
| 36:24 | is the Holen. Well, and says W RT with respect to swi |
|
| 36:30 | one. In other words, there's section in S Wiley. Number one |
|
| 36:34 | fills this gap and this, it's gone. You, you follow |
|
| 36:38 | little, your little markers and stuff you can see that here. Uh |
|
| 36:44 | is sitting on top of this, which in the s Wiley, |
|
| 36:49 | has a big section in the middle this. And, you know, |
|
| 36:52 | sort of a strange truncation here like it's like it doesn't even belong |
|
| 36:57 | , you know, you're going along this and then it's over here like |
|
| 37:01 | and this seems to be relatively continuous and then some things could be going |
|
| 37:06 | where there's a shift up here and of these other shifts you may see |
|
| 37:10 | and you may not um near the of it. Uh There's a lot |
|
| 37:16 | uh mark, there's several markers, markers that look very in uh convincing |
|
| 37:22 | very uh persistent across the field. , uh those are, I would |
|
| 37:28 | start with the top of the And um I give you, I |
|
| 37:35 | you the um the Strat graphic the bio Strat markers, see if |
|
| 37:42 | have it in here. Now, don't, I'll pull it up later |
|
| 37:47 | are there, here's the list of . And uh but the thing |
|
| 37:51 | is that you discover ac A you'll find this and you wanna try |
|
| 37:57 | get these to correlate as closely Um Unfortunately, I don't have it |
|
| 38:05 | . Uh But you'll be able to the shell markers that are close to |
|
| 38:10 | . Now, fossil can occur a bit low or a little bit |
|
| 38:14 | But once you plot this on the , what you wanna do is make |
|
| 38:24 | you line up the shells so that tops are real close to each |
|
| 38:29 | And uh and uh and then, , and I normally wouldn't do |
|
| 38:36 | But in this exercise, that might the easiest thing for you to uh |
|
| 38:39 | do and understand so that it fits because sometimes it's slower because there's an |
|
| 38:43 | conformity. But uh but just for purposes of this, if you have |
|
| 38:50 | markers that are close to these two , line them all up and then |
|
| 38:55 | shell markers that you can't see, to line them up uh with the |
|
| 39:00 | , the two and the, and one that Davis one, excuse |
|
| 39:03 | Davis two and the Holland one with swi because you don't have that bug |
|
| 39:09 | and uh and you wanna get those markers to line up so that you |
|
| 39:13 | kind of hang it on the top uh of your first good shield |
|
| 39:18 | Around the equivalent of these depths. can see that this will be higher |
|
| 39:24 | that. And just looking at this is gonna be lower than that |
|
| 39:32 | , and higher than this. So um if you do a Strat, |
|
| 39:40 | Strat graphic uh column or excuse me section, this, this will be |
|
| 39:46 | , this will be up and this be in between. So the, |
|
| 39:50 | logs will be like if I go Holland one Davis two to S Wiley |
|
| 39:55 | , the Holland one will be down little bit. The Davis one will |
|
| 40:00 | highest and the Swilley will be somewhere between it. So it'll kind of |
|
| 40:06 | , the top will kind of go this if you plotted it on |
|
| 40:12 | But what I want you to try do is is hang it on |
|
| 40:16 | which would be uh these two the equivalent shall marker beds that are |
|
| 40:23 | to these two and then the equivalent marker beds and this one without the |
|
| 40:29 | that are close to both of Does that make sense? Hm. |
|
| 40:38 | make sense? Ok. Ok. If I look at this, |
|
| 40:51 | maybe I wanna look at, I've another set of slides that might help |
|
| 41:28 | . OK. So here's, here's Davis two. And OK. So |
|
| 41:45 | you look at the Davis two, a marker at 82 18. |
|
| 41:56 | And so here's a 200. So a marker there So you plot it |
|
| 42:03 | it is at 82 18 and, , and you have to write it |
|
| 42:08 | the, on this, on the . You know, there's no point |
|
| 42:10 | knowing this if you don't put it the well, to help you |
|
| 42:14 | so you have to draw a line kind of put off to the side |
|
| 42:18 | that marker exists at that point. ? And here we have a sand |
|
| 42:25 | we have a shale resistivity marker just it. We have another little sand |
|
| 42:30 | above it. But here we have of a marker and here we definitely |
|
| 42:34 | a marker. OK. So you'll the top of the fossil here. |
|
| 42:40 | then in the next well in the , well, that marker is gonna |
|
| 42:53 | at um this down, OK? the Holland, well, it's gonna |
|
| 43:18 | at 95. The, the disc . Yeah. Or, yeah, |
|
| 43:22 | can do the dy, the DY or even just put E fossils top |
|
| 43:29 | and uh one is at 82 The next one is at 95 |
|
| 43:42 | And so in the Holland it, 94 95 10. So that markers |
|
| 43:47 | here. So this sand, uh know, it's just below the |
|
| 43:54 | So you do see this marker take a look at that marker and |
|
| 44:09 | marker right here and here's a shell marker. And here it was here |
|
| 44:16 | , the fossil was above the sand the other one, the fossil was |
|
| 44:20 | the sand and the shale marker tells that that happened. So here you're |
|
| 44:25 | the bio, uh they're using actually lithograph to help the bias geography and |
|
| 44:31 | Biery to help you correlate the It's sort of a, um, |
|
| 44:36 | team effort there. So, here's , here's that same, uh ha |
|
| 44:41 | shape thing, uh, right about and the, it all, |
|
| 44:51 | fossil is below that sand, whereas the other case, it was above |
|
| 44:55 | sand. So in the sand, probably not gonna see the fossils. |
|
| 44:58 | if it missed it, that little just above it, it's gonna first |
|
| 45:02 | back in underneath it. And so fossil data will get you close to |
|
| 45:08 | you need to correlate them. And , so get your shale resistivity markers |
|
| 45:14 | the shale, not in the sand line up that are close to those |
|
| 45:18 | fossil marker beds. A pale, somebody who just does paleontology would line |
|
| 45:24 | up perfectly, but I know better I know that uh if you miss |
|
| 45:30 | sample, uh you're not gonna see in the sand and it will show |
|
| 45:34 | usually right away after the sand and , it's actually the same fossil trying |
|
| 45:38 | tell you that those two sands are same age actually because you have one |
|
| 45:42 | either side of it. And, , and so, um, uh |
|
| 45:47 | think that's what you need to go . OK. And so line it |
|
| 45:52 | on that sand and then the well, you won't have a marker |
|
| 45:55 | you'll be able to, you'll be to see something. Um, that |
|
| 46:01 | like the shale marker. I if you can see my, my |
|
| 46:06 | is spinning around here. I, can't get the others cursor on |
|
| 46:09 | I don't think. No, I do it unless I'm in presentation |
|
| 46:16 | So, um so the curse. here is 9700 ft, come over |
|
| 46:24 | to the right and there's a shale marker. I know it's shale. |
|
| 46:29 | that it's shale, it's not a , it's not a sand, it's |
|
| 46:34 | , it's not showing resistivity because of . Um It's a real shale |
|
| 46:41 | It looks very similar to this shale , the, and the, the |
|
| 46:53 | plots up and this well plots here the other, well, it plots |
|
| 46:57 | down here on the other side of sand. Does that, does that |
|
| 47:01 | sense now? Yeah. OK. , so you use the fossils to |
|
| 47:10 | you in the really close to the . Otherwise there's a couple more intervals |
|
| 47:17 | have this sort of hatchet looking shape up and down the section. So |
|
| 47:22 | don't confuse one of those with the one, use the fossil data to |
|
| 47:26 | you there to add the swi into correlation. You're gonna have to go |
|
| 47:30 | those shell markers because you don't have bug marker, but you do have |
|
| 47:34 | bug marker a little bit lower. can also help you calibrate. And |
|
| 47:38 | really important that you, you see value of the bios strate gray as |
|
| 47:43 | is and also the value of the in the shale markers as they |
|
| 47:49 | And so you're integrating all the data make the appropriate correlation. This, |
|
| 47:54 | was in a, this correlation came in a, in a publication and |
|
| 48:00 | it was so difficult to work in field that uh when it was |
|
| 48:05 | it was actually talking about fluid A lot of people wanted the paper |
|
| 48:09 | so they could see the correlation because else was pulling um pulling their hair |
|
| 48:15 | , trying to figure it out. this is, this was something that |
|
| 48:19 | a result of uh correlating um and two data sets that are, that |
|
| 48:29 | have flaws in them for sure, they were, they were helping each |
|
| 48:32 | get to the right answer. And course, I did this with 26 |
|
| 48:36 | . It was a lot of work uh but you only have three and |
|
| 48:42 | it should come clear to you. think the first thing is to look |
|
| 48:47 | the far right side and mark the markers first. Um and constantly keep |
|
| 48:57 | eye on yourself and make sure that markers are in the shale section and |
|
| 49:03 | the sand section because that'll mess everything . Uh, because the sands are |
|
| 49:11 | , the sands have resistivity or don't resistivity because they have hydrocarbons or |
|
| 49:18 | It'll be the exact same sand looks different from the next one because one |
|
| 49:22 | hydrocarbons and the other one doesn't, , you know, and it sounds |
|
| 49:27 | a broken record. But I, really, to be honest with |
|
| 49:30 | I'm tired of seeing graduate students turn papers to uh correlations to me where |
|
| 49:36 | haven't even done that one thing. uh the way you get graded on |
|
| 49:40 | is how well you have identified your markers. You can't just say you |
|
| 49:46 | it, you have to have some or something showing me where those markers |
|
| 49:51 | so that I can see that you actually doing what I'm sitting here telling |
|
| 49:55 | to do and uh and then uh that you actually use it. |
|
| 50:01 | we had uh we've had several students would challenge my skill sets uh that |
|
| 50:08 | actually painstakingly gone through the whole section uh came up with some uh beautiful |
|
| 50:16 | correlations that um oh you know, really made me have a lot of |
|
| 50:25 | for how well that person looked at . And I'm not expecting you to |
|
| 50:28 | such a good job, but I you to be able to at least |
|
| 50:31 | me that you're, you're paying uh to the detail that you need to |
|
| 50:37 | looking at the resistivity markers and patterns the shales and not the sands. |
|
| 50:43 | do the sands later. Once you the shales, help you uh slide |
|
| 50:48 | logs side by side and, and almost impossible to do this on a |
|
| 50:53 | because of, because of what you can't see everything at the |
|
| 50:57 | You need to see it at one . And uh and so you slide |
|
| 51:02 | , you get some of these things up and then you slide it and |
|
| 51:06 | if it fits and then you keep it and keep trying to find |
|
| 51:09 | And then you may see uh then will obviously see some faults, you |
|
| 51:15 | it right? And uh so uh , let's get back to this. |
|
| 51:36 | ? So again, you know, need, you need to be doing |
|
| 51:39 | like this. Um I drew this a hurry but um you can see |
|
| 51:44 | here, we're getting into a So the very top of that shot |
|
| 51:48 | shouldn't be my shale mark. My marker is this section right in |
|
| 51:55 | And if you look at it on side, the things that look like |
|
| 51:59 | are the things that you should be for markers. OK? Um You |
|
| 52:07 | , if you turn it, turn 90 degrees in this direction flat, |
|
| 52:12 | look like a mountain range here and oftentimes these things sticking out are |
|
| 52:17 | be things that could be markers. example, there's a there is a |
|
| 52:21 | right there but the shall break It is a positive feature. And |
|
| 52:29 | those are the kinds of things you be looking at and sometimes it kind |
|
| 52:32 | goes dead on you. But uh you can see, in other |
|
| 52:36 | it's gonna be lower resistivity is not . Here, the sands probably got |
|
| 52:41 | in it. So if you use as a marker, you're just, |
|
| 52:44 | just uh avoiding the process of correlating shales first put the biomarkers on there |
|
| 52:52 | let them help you line up the markers that are close to them. |
|
| 52:58 | uh and then you can do the of the log uh after that |
|
| 53:02 | with the other shell markers. And , then after that, you'll line |
|
| 53:06 | the sands and um trying to show here that this is sand, not |
|
| 53:15 | . So this can't be a Excuse me, this is, this |
|
| 53:20 | a gas in a sand. It's shale. So it cannot be a |
|
| 53:23 | . It's not an sr ma lot students will plot that and they're showing |
|
| 53:29 | the example of another one. There's the fault outs will look like. |
|
| 53:35 | um, uh so there's the exercise will have instructions on it. And |
|
| 53:46 | , it's, it's another set of and what I'm gonna do is load |
|
| 53:51 | that's already loaded. And then there's the, um, the data set |
|
| 53:55 | put that on. I haven't put on, but I'll put it on |
|
| 53:59 | and, um, I haven't quite out when it's due but it's gonna |
|
| 54:03 | after the one on Wednesday. uh, I'll talk to you about |
|
| 54:10 | , uh, by email over the because, because I really want to |
|
| 54:14 | you get to do this and then have to do the 15 point |
|
| 54:18 | which is the, um, which also the, um, the appraisal |
|
| 54:27 | volumetric uh exercise. Uh This, should not take you a long |
|
| 54:34 | but students again struggle with it. Again, it's, it's a pattern |
|
| 54:39 | recognition thing. None of the logs gonna look like the logs I shared |
|
| 54:44 | in the lecture a lot of times you do well, data uh in |
|
| 54:49 | field, you'll see a lot of that are very repetitive. It's really |
|
| 54:53 | and it's easy for people to get the trap of thinking sand to sand |
|
| 54:57 | work. But that isn't how I uh in South Marsh Island 1 |
|
| 55:02 | That's not how I found actual pinch in South Marsh Island 1 28 uh |
|
| 55:09 | the seventies when it took geophysics until to find them. And, |
|
| 55:14 | and it has to do with recognizing difference between thinning and pinch outs against |
|
| 55:21 | section. And, uh, and really critical, it's a, it's |
|
| 55:29 | powerful geological tool if you ever teach how to do it and you'll be |
|
| 55:34 | to figure out reasons why somebody missed pay uh when they can't. And |
|
| 55:41 | also, uh with well data, can use it to figure out where |
|
| 55:45 | is that no one else can see in the Scott field, no one |
|
| 55:49 | convince anybody the 3d seismic didn't work there wasn't enough energy to see the |
|
| 55:55 | . Only in the very upper corner the structure could they see the sand |
|
| 55:59 | today's structure? And uh and that's where they put the stupid. |
|
| 56:05 | , they could have hit, they have hit one or both of two |
|
| 56:09 | that were right in that corner. they thank God they hit sand that |
|
| 56:13 | . And uh and uh and they able to see uh 89 million barrels |
|
| 56:19 | oil in place for that particular block I had predicted just from doing the |
|
| 56:24 | , right? 90 million barrels of uh producible. So, um it's |
|
| 56:30 | it, it's, I'm, I'm trying to teach you this for no |
|
| 56:35 | . And uh and with all the good imaging and stuff, we have |
|
| 56:40 | oftentimes you can do that. But you can uh the, the |
|
| 56:44 | you know how to work with poor , the better, you know how |
|
| 56:47 | work with the only data you Uh If you sit around in your |
|
| 56:52 | waiting for all of the data, may never figure anything out. Uh |
|
| 56:57 | until it's so obvious that a two old could figure it out. And |
|
| 57:01 | , that's why I think you need , to uh try to look at |
|
| 57:04 | exercise really seriously because, because it's kind of a way to show |
|
| 57:09 | your craft is as a petroleum geologist geophysics. And it's, it's also |
|
| 57:16 | uh an opportunity to actually integrate lithography bios strategery and see, see that |
|
| 57:27 | becomes a much more powerful thing. used to do this where they would |
|
| 57:31 | a correlation without the bios strate gray then they would do one afterwards and |
|
| 57:35 | blew their minds. Uh It can people so long to correlate this without |
|
| 57:41 | bios stray. I've decided to cut the chase and, and let people |
|
| 57:44 | out from the, the, the point of uh of already having that |
|
| 57:49 | Strat data to help. OK. . Here's, let me see if |
|
| 58:10 | um yeah, this, there's a of slides here in, in this |
|
| 58:15 | uh that I wanna show you. um now here uh once you finally |
|
| 58:26 | all your correlations done, uh One the things that I want you to |
|
| 58:30 | is to draw a line on the of these very subtle sands. |
|
| 58:36 | One way to recognize them. Uh Can you see my arrow pointing |
|
| 58:46 | this top? You'll, you'll have pencil line. It won't be as |
|
| 58:51 | as this line. But uh when you do your logs, you'll |
|
| 58:57 | , you'll draw a line across the . So I know, you know |
|
| 59:00 | the top of the sand is Um, this looks like a very |
|
| 59:06 | sand. But what else tells you it's probably a sand. The, |
|
| 59:21 | assuming that's the resistivity law. And so, and it probably has |
|
| 59:27 | in it. Look at this you can see the resistivity goes |
|
| 59:31 | there's porosity in there and, probably hydrocarbons. Here's one up here |
|
| 59:38 | actually goes, you can barely see . It goes, it goes off |
|
| 59:42 | . There's so much, you it's such an obvious uh pocket of |
|
| 59:46 | right here. And uh but you know, you get into the |
|
| 59:50 | , the resistivity comes down, That's how it works. And uh |
|
| 59:57 | you have a lot of things on logs that you can see to help |
|
| 60:01 | do what I'm asking you to Uh Here is, here's a |
|
| 60:05 | here's a sand, here's a shale in between. Um It's a |
|
| 60:10 | This is really subtle, really subtle . Um If you, if you |
|
| 60:14 | some of these subtle sands, I'm gonna be upset with that, but |
|
| 60:17 | will be upset if I see you uh drawing correlation lines. So um |
|
| 60:24 | uh this exercise is gonna be graded whether or not you find two or |
|
| 60:29 | faults. Um It's gonna hurt if don't find two faults because you, |
|
| 60:36 | one of them has been given to and uh and hopefully you'll be able |
|
| 60:41 | see it. Uh You might wanna draw correlation lines. You need to |
|
| 60:47 | when you put them together, you to draw correlation lines. And if |
|
| 60:51 | want to do it in this, manner, uh or Davis two and |
|
| 60:56 | , Swalley one that's fine. But but I need to see, first |
|
| 61:02 | is I need to see the uh resistivity markers or patterns. I see |
|
| 61:08 | to see that they actually do correlate you're not correlating sand resistivity. Um |
|
| 61:15 | need to see the faults. I to see the, the bio data |
|
| 61:22 | . The bias data is no good the, well, when you're |
|
| 61:25 | if it's not, if you don't it on it, like I showed |
|
| 61:28 | how to write it and uh at I think you did um see here |
|
| 61:33 | labeled my markers but you can you know, indicate them like that's |
|
| 61:36 | enough because if you number them and come with another one, you're gonna |
|
| 61:40 | upset, you may not need to them just, just maybe have a |
|
| 61:43 | color or uh and this one you like do a sharp needle, this |
|
| 61:48 | could be a line like that, things like that. So I, |
|
| 61:51 | can see that you're, you're recognizing things in all three wells. Oh |
|
| 62:01 | . And so here, one of things that I want you to do |
|
| 62:03 | to identify these. Once you do correlations, draw the sand top and |
|
| 62:08 | at the composite log and label it on the composite log. So you're |
|
| 62:13 | have OK. Here, here it you correlate the well logs and uh |
|
| 62:26 | you correlate them, you have to lines of correlation in there, you |
|
| 62:32 | to mark faults and throw the faults that's part of it. And um |
|
| 62:38 | you're recognizing faults and then you have label the sands based on the correlation |
|
| 62:43 | and character from the composite log. there's this the correlation with the shale |
|
| 62:50 | markers um label the tops. If in the end, if you just |
|
| 62:55 | do the correlation lines on, on sands, once you have it |
|
| 62:59 | that's OK. But I want to that you've been correlating uh these um |
|
| 63:05 | resistivity markers and resistivity patterns or I wanna see the faults labeled the |
|
| 63:13 | I said they were labeled and I see them based, I wanna see |
|
| 63:19 | tops labeled based on the composite log I'm gonna give you in the |
|
| 63:28 | which is in this set. This be a little bit easier to show |
|
| 63:41 | if we were in person by the . But we're not. Um I |
|
| 63:46 | know if the air conditioning got any better or not. So, |
|
| 63:49 | we probably could have been there Um But here is uh here |
|
| 63:55 | it's not showing you this but you , I want you to label with |
|
| 64:00 | sand is so the, um when hit, when you see the bug |
|
| 64:04 | near the Cockfield or whatever, you need to label first, put |
|
| 64:11 | bio label, but then draw a across it. Like I showed you |
|
| 64:15 | the other thing, there'd be a across here and you'd say the ey |
|
| 64:21 | , the E and draw a line here, the EY two. And |
|
| 64:24 | , it doesn't have to be This is not supposed to be uh |
|
| 64:28 | lot of work, but I wanna that you went through the effort and |
|
| 64:31 | process to come up with something that , uh you know, halfway |
|
| 64:39 | And uh and I'm not giving you lot of time to do it. |
|
| 64:42 | , um and I haven't given you deadline yet either. I'm gonna think |
|
| 64:46 | it and uh and that kind of . Uh A lot of people like |
|
| 64:51 | end of the log because there's big on it and this is only part |
|
| 64:55 | the composite. By the way. a, there's another, well, |
|
| 64:57 | is most of it. Yeah, the, the lower end of |
|
| 65:02 | uh you end up with uh some sands and everybody tries to correlate the |
|
| 65:07 | sands, the big sands and they correlate uh maybe one or two of |
|
| 65:12 | do, but not all of them you have a lot of these sands |
|
| 65:14 | above that. And uh the wells different sections because some of them have |
|
| 65:20 | lot of faults. None of them a lot of faults in it, |
|
| 65:23 | are never, almost, never but they're there. And uh the |
|
| 65:26 | ones have a few faults. But you find two faults and it makes |
|
| 65:32 | relative to your correlations and that would , is, does it look like |
|
| 65:37 | a missing section versus thinning uh in section? So, uh we, |
|
| 65:53 | may have time after the midterm to go over this before I ask |
|
| 65:57 | to turn it in. So, uh in uh we're, we're gonna |
|
| 66:05 | off a whole weekend. So one the things that I was thinking of |
|
| 66:08 | though was trying to get it, you to get this done over |
|
| 66:12 | that weekend or that week so that don't have to interfere with the, |
|
| 66:16 | the exam. And uh and then way we can just do stuff |
|
| 66:20 | If you have questions, you can me, you can talk to each |
|
| 66:23 | . Uh all the exercises you you can talk to each other and |
|
| 66:27 | help. Um And I've seen people together and all three come up with |
|
| 66:33 | different final product and that's what I to see. It's almost the |
|
| 66:37 | but it is different and it tells you didn't copy each other. Uh |
|
| 66:44 | hopefully you contribute if someone wants to with you, make sure they're contributing |
|
| 66:49 | the, uh, to the effort well by, by doing part of |
|
| 66:52 | , uh, the work that needs be done. Ok. With, |
|
| 67:16 | , this will be the next And, uh, before we get |
|
| 67:34 | in this, I think, because late in the afternoon, let's go |
|
| 67:38 | and take a, take another, , 10 minute break and, |
|
| 67:45 | we didn't take so many breaks uh , but let's take a 10 minute |
|
| 67:50 | and um and come back at uh 28 and uh go through the sequence |
|
| 67:57 | primer. OK. Is everybody Yes, sir. OK. |
|
| 68:51 | Uh During the break, I was about uh this um because I really |
|
| 68:55 | you to learn this. Um So I'm, I'm thinking uh during the |
|
| 69:01 | , whatever day turns out to be for you. Uh you know, |
|
| 69:05 | can send me an email or a text message or whatever and um |
|
| 69:11 | just uh we could set up a meeting and I could just go over |
|
| 69:15 | whatever it is you're working on with . For example, it might be |
|
| 69:19 | helpful since this, this is gonna up being online. I think it |
|
| 69:23 | be really helpful if uh you you could do a little bit of |
|
| 69:27 | on one of the logs, maybe of them. It helps to have |
|
| 69:31 | at one time uh while you're marking things. Up and uh you |
|
| 69:37 | if, if you, at some in time, you feel like you |
|
| 69:39 | my input and some feedback, you , am I doing this? |
|
| 69:42 | Is this what you're really asking me do? Uh then I could |
|
| 69:46 | yeah, that's exactly what I want to do or, or that's |
|
| 69:49 | do it this way, that kind thing because, because I, I |
|
| 69:53 | everybody needs sort of a feedback process learn some of this stuff. And |
|
| 69:57 | is kind of an art and uh, it's not something you can |
|
| 70:01 | a textbook to, uh, to up and, and I would make |
|
| 70:05 | feel great if, if, uh guys were able to learn this without |
|
| 70:09 | much pain and, uh, uh, and aggravation. But at |
|
| 70:14 | end of the day, I gotta you these are, these are some |
|
| 70:16 | the toughest logs on the planet to . I know they're not the |
|
| 70:21 | but, uh, it's really tough , uh, and I thought it |
|
| 70:25 | be healthy for, for you to something that was, you know, |
|
| 70:29 | little bit more difficult than, than just handing you a bunch of |
|
| 70:33 | that were stretched or shrunk and cut piece out of it and ask you |
|
| 70:37 | find a fault. I think it helps to, uh, to work |
|
| 70:42 | sloppy data to learn a method. We went through neat and clean data |
|
| 70:49 | , uh to kind of get the uh, over to you. |
|
| 70:52 | uh, I, I really think learn a lot if you, if |
|
| 70:55 | get a chance to, to get least a little bit of feedback |
|
| 70:58 | And, uh, and so if know, two of you wanted to |
|
| 71:01 | on a zoom meeting with me or or whatever, just to, just |
|
| 71:05 | go over where you're at, so that you can move forward. |
|
| 71:09 | That'd be really good because I, don't want you to work on this |
|
| 71:12 | get stuck and, uh, and be able to do something that's, |
|
| 71:17 | really very simple, but sometimes hard do, uh you know, online |
|
| 71:23 | not, not in a classroom. unfortunately, we have limited classroom time |
|
| 71:28 | do this. And, uh, it's, it's kind of unfortunate that |
|
| 71:32 | they had trouble with the chiller. don't even know if it's still a |
|
| 71:36 | . Um So, uh I kept all night long but anyway, |
|
| 71:42 | I think that might be a good . We have two weeks before the |
|
| 71:46 | and so you have plenty of time work on this and also study and |
|
| 71:51 | , I will be putting the uh midterm exam study guide uh out as |
|
| 71:56 | as, as soon as this class over, I'll know what not to |
|
| 72:00 | and what to include. And uh then the rest of it will be |
|
| 72:04 | the final exam at the end of , of the class. But I |
|
| 72:09 | uh I think this is this is that geologists can contribute to uh to |
|
| 72:17 | in places where the correlations are difficult uh and, and see Strat graphic |
|
| 72:24 | based on well log correlations. In words, there is, there are |
|
| 72:29 | lot of good reasons to make cross and not for the sake of making |
|
| 72:33 | cross sections. But uh using those sections to make interpretations and understand exactly |
|
| 72:40 | what the reservoir architecture is and uh are uh all throughout that uh a |
|
| 72:48 | uh fault block or whatever, whatever trap happens to be. So that |
|
| 72:52 | gonna get on here with the sequence primer. And uh uh if you're |
|
| 73:00 | in any additional readings, these are uh older papers from the last century |
|
| 73:05 | one from the new, the current that uh really uh explain in a |
|
| 73:12 | of details. Uh what's going on uh book at the top was the |
|
| 73:22 | book. And uh if you're into historical explanations, this, this is |
|
| 73:29 | you might want to look at. uh the uh the way this was |
|
| 73:35 | and everything was I thought when I learning sequence photography, this was probably |
|
| 73:41 | hardest way to learn it. Um they kind of define over rigorously define |
|
| 73:47 | and people that, that started interpreting this book, we're, we're actually |
|
| 73:52 | some mistakes even according to the but it's kind of the way it |
|
| 73:55 | written. Um this sequence photography. here, this is uh basically a |
|
| 74:02 | of uh uh concepts that uh BBP they had a research center uh developed |
|
| 74:12 | from what was done with Exxonmobil. is kind of out of a lot |
|
| 74:16 | the people in the Exxonmobil group and other people that were interested in working |
|
| 74:21 | them. This one is uh mostly . Uh this is out of |
|
| 74:27 | Uh I was one of the chairs this uh committee and um we, |
|
| 74:32 | put together uh a volume in 1998 um there's a couple of uh papers |
|
| 74:39 | there that uh kind of go over history of it up to that point |
|
| 74:43 | time, but really clarify a lot the problems. Uh Here, I |
|
| 74:48 | uh a lot of issues with sequence resolved. Uh this when it came |
|
| 74:55 | of Cambridge, the, the pictures really, uh the graphics are really |
|
| 75:01 | in uh they're even in color. uh I guess some people think that |
|
| 75:06 | it not as professional, but I think it's, it's one of |
|
| 75:11 | clearest, uh they have some of clearest explanations of some of the uh |
|
| 75:15 | benefits but problems of sequence photography. uh in other words, you |
|
| 75:21 | we, we've learned a lot by to this new paradigm shift, but |
|
| 75:27 | always more things to learn about exactly these sequences are. What I'm gonna |
|
| 75:32 | to uh go over really quickly in is really focus on uh the third |
|
| 75:39 | sequence model. Uh Although it's reached point where the whole system has expanded |
|
| 75:47 | some level in academia and in uh so we'll talk about um having |
|
| 75:55 | uh uh you know, the, old model had um three systems |
|
| 76:04 | The new model has uh four systems . And if you wanted to do |
|
| 76:11 | , you could probably come up with divisions of some of those systems |
|
| 76:16 | So it can get really complicated. just like I'm not gonna ever sit |
|
| 76:20 | with a class and go over all models for uh submarine fans or turbo |
|
| 76:26 | in the, in the rock Uh I'm not gonna do the same |
|
| 76:30 | this and, and Jani Bot won't , but he'll go over the history |
|
| 76:33 | this in, in great detail and other things like that. And |
|
| 76:38 | are a couple of web pages. University of Georgia has a, has |
|
| 76:42 | had a good web page. Uh kind of picked up from the University |
|
| 76:45 | South Carolina had a really good web and it got moved to SE PM |
|
| 76:50 | dot org. I haven't looked at in a while but uh uh but |
|
| 76:55 | last time I did it was uh really, really good and uh they |
|
| 76:59 | building on it and it, everything hear me say today is gonna be |
|
| 77:04 | in there and they, they actually films so you can see some of |
|
| 77:08 | systems tracks, uh a grading, grading, retrograding, doing all the |
|
| 77:13 | that they do in our new understanding uh depositional systems, episodes, hiatal |
|
| 77:21 | and that sort of thing. It of shows it, uh, |
|
| 77:24 | it's not, not as good as could be, but it's, |
|
| 77:27 | uh it really explains a lot a lot of what we see in |
|
| 77:30 | and it helps, it gives us predictive tool to uh to kind of |
|
| 77:35 | project if we're, if we're working some faces and some set of |
|
| 77:39 | we can actually project uh in which they're building out or re retrograding into |
|
| 77:45 | , and that sort of thing. it's a really good predictive model for |
|
| 77:48 | to find reservoirs that might be a bit elusive, particularly in the |
|
| 77:55 | OK. Um So, uh basically said some of this, but |
|
| 78:02 | we're looking at, you know, used to look at our crops and |
|
| 78:05 | see a sequence of things and that's the beginning of sequence photography. We |
|
| 78:08 | seeing sequences of rocks in an outcrop that they're not very big. So |
|
| 78:13 | Exxonmobil did was started looking at sequences regional seismic lines that went from, |
|
| 78:19 | the beach all the way out into deep water. And once that started |
|
| 78:24 | happen all geoscientists that were in sediment and photography could sort of visualize how |
|
| 78:31 | massive basins actually were filling in because could see the way the strata were |
|
| 78:38 | . And we started calling it Strat architecture. And uh all things are |
|
| 78:44 | a layer cake. And we've always that, but there's, there are |
|
| 78:48 | things called clii forms that become very . And uh and the goal was |
|
| 78:54 | universal Strat gray, But I think was one of the dangers of |
|
| 78:58 | Uh down here, uh you Strat gray has a lot of names |
|
| 79:03 | it. But now sequence stratigraphy has more. And so, um uh |
|
| 79:10 | , the problem with any concepts that or people work on is always gonna |
|
| 79:17 | a lot of specific nomenclature. Uh that people actually know what you're talking |
|
| 79:23 | . For example, I know a of nomenclature. I'm trying to explain |
|
| 79:26 | to you sometimes and I'm not connecting you because because maybe uh uh I'm |
|
| 79:34 | too fast or you haven't seen, some of those uh words in action |
|
| 79:39 | in pictures. Uh But anyway, the main thing that this really uh |
|
| 79:45 | down to and of course, with level rise going on right now, |
|
| 79:48 | kind of appropriate. But uh it's about accommodation space and what accommodation space |
|
| 79:54 | is. And the simplest term that can say it's a hole in the |
|
| 79:59 | . And uh if there's a sediment and water pushes that sediment towards that |
|
| 80:04 | . It's gonna fill in with that . For example, if there's |
|
| 80:07 | a hole in the uh drainage ditch the side of your street by the |
|
| 80:13 | and uh and there's like the concrete's or something and the concrete's gone, |
|
| 80:18 | gonna be a space down there and it rains, it's gonna bring sand |
|
| 80:21 | that sand is gonna fill that And that's what accommodation space is on |
|
| 80:26 | very small scale. On a big , it could be an ocean. |
|
| 80:30 | the uh edge of an ocean, could be a lake. It could |
|
| 80:34 | a restricted basin uh like where the Ford uh sediments were deposited, but |
|
| 80:39 | really has all to do with accommodation . And uh the, the picture |
|
| 80:45 | I was drawing on the line about level, if there's volume below base |
|
| 80:51 | and there's no sediment in it, is gonna try to fill that |
|
| 80:55 | And accommodation space is based on, to see subsidence or uplift and |
|
| 81:03 | And uh so used to see, course, is uh this thing that |
|
| 81:08 | call um sort of fixed sea level you take a fixed statum and the |
|
| 81:14 | level is going up and down like uh relative sea level relates to um |
|
| 81:24 | it relates to say uh a local , whatever that happens to be, |
|
| 81:31 | of the datum is often the shoreline the, the relative sea level at |
|
| 81:37 | shoreline can change in some places when eus static sea level doesn't change. |
|
| 81:44 | part of that, that has to with local tectonic uh rates of |
|
| 81:50 | uh sediment supply and all sorts of , sediment buildups can, can uh |
|
| 81:55 | sea level back essentially. And uh uh even something like melting ice sheets |
|
| 82:06 | can cause uh the substrate to pop uh because of the un the unloading |
|
| 82:11 | all that mass when we had the ice sheets. And uh and you |
|
| 82:16 | up with terraced surfaces along the coastline it pops up a little bit higher |
|
| 82:21 | a little bit higher and erodes at spots. So that's sort of what |
|
| 82:26 | sea level is. But um when talk about eus static sea level, |
|
| 82:32 | talking about a global thing that again gonna be also affected by the geode |
|
| 82:38 | uh that the earth is, it's a perfect sphere. And uh and |
|
| 82:43 | um gravity involved with having ice uh ice sheets on top of granite |
|
| 82:51 | ice sheets on top of, of sedimentary rocks. It's gonna be, |
|
| 82:55 | gonna create different responses to uh to tides and the waves. So, |
|
| 83:04 | so that's what you used to see . Now, subsidence is uh |
|
| 83:08 | for example, the Gulf of the uh Mississippi River dumps into uh |
|
| 83:15 | there and builds out lobes. The Islands are the remnant of a delta |
|
| 83:20 | that's actually sunk because of compaction. sunk below relative sea level. And |
|
| 83:26 | it's creating accommodation space above it. uh and that's basically dewatering and compaction |
|
| 83:32 | time with sediment build up. And and then of course, you can |
|
| 83:38 | , that's depositional subsidence. You can have, um you know, near |
|
| 83:42 | surface. You can also have tectonic where a fault block uh uh is |
|
| 83:50 | like in a, in a uh we've seen a few times here in |
|
| 83:55 | riff blocks a tilt and uh one goes down, the other side goes |
|
| 84:00 | , that's tectonic subsidence and uplift right to each other. And then uh |
|
| 84:05 | compaction thing is what I was just about. And that's the sedimentary type |
|
| 84:10 | compaction I think in this equation, really talking about more tectonic subsidence and |
|
| 84:16 | . Uh Another form of subsidence is thermal contraction. The North Sea, |
|
| 84:22 | showed you how the uh rifting at time of rifting. Some of those |
|
| 84:27 | the center of that rift was up in the air, uh sitting on |
|
| 84:32 | of magma, the magma cools and . And now the center of that |
|
| 84:38 | actually is, is a low point the tertiary sediments and some of the |
|
| 84:43 | sediments to fill in. Uh So kind of the big picture with tectonic |
|
| 84:49 | and um and subsidence, the depositional subsidence is this compaction is the sediments |
|
| 84:56 | buried deeper and deeper, they And I believe I mentioned in this |
|
| 85:01 | , uh in a relatively consistent uh shelf, if you drill a core |
|
| 85:07 | always uh near the top of the third of the Miocene, which is |
|
| 85:14 | long uh period of time. Uh have uh things from about uh around |
|
| 85:22 | million to 25 million years of So when you get down to around |
|
| 85:27 | million years, uh there's, there's sort of a jump in the compaction |
|
| 85:31 | which is gonna affect everything above But slowly, if you look at |
|
| 85:35 | Atlantic coastal plain, uh there's not lot of uh thick sediment buildups and |
|
| 85:42 | but you have, you still have thermal contraction from when it was the |
|
| 85:47 | of a rift. And so the continental shelf and um and the continental |
|
| 85:55 | and um the uh coastal plane actually subsiding off and on. And, |
|
| 86:02 | uh a few people have written papers how some of the uh transgressive events |
|
| 86:08 | the east coast have been controlled by of a pulse. Uh a contraction |
|
| 86:14 | the um the uh basement rocks underneath sediment wedge that have allowed uh major |
|
| 86:24 | to occur across that coastal plain. so the, so you have these |
|
| 86:28 | events of, of maximum flooding high stands building out on it, |
|
| 86:33 | drops off to way past the continental and then, and then uh and |
|
| 86:38 | you can have another contraction and it, then it the the shoreline |
|
| 86:45 | come up on top of it. that again is is gonna be um |
|
| 86:52 | sea level going on on that particular . So relative sea levels affected by |
|
| 86:58 | of these things that create accommodation But the fixed or e static sea |
|
| 87:04 | is is the sea level based on what volume there is in the oceans |
|
| 87:09 | how much water we have in the . And when we have fast sea |
|
| 87:13 | spreading the ocean volume, as we it is as a big global basin |
|
| 87:19 | because the magma that's causing that uplifts and it uh and it displaces |
|
| 87:26 | volume, you know, intuitively, might think of it's spreading real |
|
| 87:31 | it's getting bigger but actually to spread fast, it has to lift up |
|
| 87:36 | with a lot of magma a uh huge area in the Pacific Ocean as |
|
| 87:40 | does with all the volcanic change and chains and whatnot are kind of witness |
|
| 87:45 | that uh significant amount of magma. the uh the East Pacific rise uh |
|
| 87:53 | than a mountain is, is a elevated and a large surface feature underneath |
|
| 87:59 | Pacific Ocean all the way around the eastern side of it. |
|
| 88:06 | And so sequences themselves are controlled by things. Uh We just talked about |
|
| 88:13 | space but the other one is um sediment supply and of course, the |
|
| 88:22 | sedimentation is important is that without the , there's no sedimentary wedge uh without |
|
| 88:30 | combination space, there's no place for sedimentary wedge to fill in and |
|
| 88:35 | And so both of these things are and uh sand supply systems are not |
|
| 88:42 | important to, to reservoir rocks are important to filling in basins with sediments |
|
| 88:50 | uh creating depositional sequences. And this barred from Exxonmobil too. And this |
|
| 88:59 | uh just summarizing uh some of these slides uh make a lot of sense |
|
| 89:05 | some of them don't. But you can see here, uh this |
|
| 89:10 | accommodation space here, sea level. uh One thing that's really clear, |
|
| 89:16 | see lots of accommodation space out but no sediments and that relates to |
|
| 89:21 | supply. Uh You need a hole the ground uh for sediment to be |
|
| 89:29 | and fill it in. But also the hole is too big and the |
|
| 89:34 | supply is limited, it's gonna sort uh in coming out here like |
|
| 89:40 | like a fan and uh very little gonna get out here except for pelagic |
|
| 89:45 | , but there will be pelagic sedimentation the same time, but there's plenty |
|
| 89:49 | accommodation space for that. So, when you get out here, it's |
|
| 89:53 | matter of sediment control when you're up and get farther up depositional dip closer |
|
| 89:59 | the shore, uh all sorts of things can, can destroy and or |
|
| 90:04 | the accommodation space when the water is to begin with, uh you |
|
| 90:09 | like rotating fault blocks, uh compaction sediments and that sort of thing. |
|
| 90:14 | as this, as this sinks or rises, we're creating more accommodation |
|
| 90:19 | Uh if you get compaction, uh can have compaction appear to, by |
|
| 90:23 | way, uh that creates more accommodation . And uh when you look at |
|
| 90:31 | in time, um you can kind see uh something here that shows uh |
|
| 90:40 | sea is not changing at all. other words, sea levels fluctuating sort |
|
| 90:43 | a little bit but not much. If you have some tectonic subsidence going |
|
| 90:50 | , uh you can have a dramatic increase in uh in your accommodation space |
|
| 90:57 | at the same time. So this showing a net trend in in accommodation |
|
| 91:02 | and this is uh the tectonic response to again, there's a cycle |
|
| 91:09 | but it's relatively smaller compared to this tectonic event that we're seeing here. |
|
| 91:15 | uh that uh if this was turned other way around, for example, |
|
| 91:21 | started having a fast uh spreading sea , uh it would actually be moving |
|
| 91:27 | this direction and uh you would be accommodation space here and you kind of |
|
| 91:32 | it in that chart too. Uh these simple diagrams are hard to |
|
| 91:38 | but uh uh the first book I out is full of diagrams like that |
|
| 91:44 | . Yeah, but uh sequence stratigraphy started first from seismic stratigraphy and, |
|
| 91:52 | one of the critical elements was was uh you know, you can see |
|
| 91:56 | that these beds, you see layer here and you see layer horizons |
|
| 92:01 | But what's critical is that you see thing we call lap out. Uh |
|
| 92:06 | John will talk about this too. I'm not gonna waste a whole lot |
|
| 92:10 | time. But these intersections between surfaces what's really important. And here's another |
|
| 92:16 | uh that's going across like this things , this is what we would call |
|
| 92:22 | lap. This is base lap down . And again, up here's some |
|
| 92:26 | lap and uh we're not seeing any lap on, on this one, |
|
| 92:31 | this could be uh two major sequences are overlapping each other. And uh |
|
| 92:36 | comes out of uh that first book uh that had this veil paper in |
|
| 92:42 | and it's probably veil at all not just veil. And uh he |
|
| 92:47 | with us at Amico uh on some because he understood the input that we |
|
| 92:52 | in in our group, particularly at tech center that we had in Houston |
|
| 92:56 | a while. And uh um we a couple of the students with uh |
|
| 93:02 | problems uh back in the uh not the eighties but in the nineties and |
|
| 93:12 | in the year uh up to But uh well, he passed away |
|
| 93:18 | uh and so we, we can't with him anymore, but we work |
|
| 93:21 | a lot of his good students and working with them. Anyway, this |
|
| 93:26 | uh kind of showing you a lap in a cross section and you can |
|
| 93:30 | of see it in the seismic you got it in the well |
|
| 93:34 | And uh basically, um it's showing this kind of thing. And uh |
|
| 93:40 | when you have a clii form, up dip end of that clini form |
|
| 93:43 | gonna have sand development of some And here you can see um this |
|
| 93:49 | again, sort of a cartoon It uh you know, it doesn't |
|
| 93:56 | tie to this but, but there be sands in here. You don't |
|
| 93:59 | the sand versus the shale in But what you're seeing is the ref |
|
| 94:04 | horizons and reflectors that a result of that were deposited approximately the same |
|
| 94:10 | So, since compaction has something to with that, it also affects uh |
|
| 94:15 | one of these beds. Uh This had more time to compact than that |
|
| 94:20 | or let me start here, this uh de had depositional compaction longer than |
|
| 94:26 | , this interval, longer than that , longer than that interval, longer |
|
| 94:31 | that one, longer than that one longer than that one. Consequently, |
|
| 94:35 | dewatering is gonna affect the density and gonna affect the interfaces between these |
|
| 94:41 | And so a lot of times these reflectors uh look a lot like timelines |
|
| 94:46 | um uh where did I see Yeah, let's see. Ok. |
|
| 94:59 | it says these surfaces have chrono Strat significance. And uh and that's kind |
|
| 95:04 | why they do because uh the sediments are genetically related to in a time |
|
| 95:11 | uh are gonna be compacted and dewatered , and uh be part of what |
|
| 95:16 | the surface between the next younger uh of sediments. And uh there's a |
|
| 95:21 | bit more to it than that, that's roughly how it works. |
|
| 95:24 | the unfortunate thing is that the coherency some of these lines is not always |
|
| 95:29 | clear as it looks and sometimes it even look clear like up in here |
|
| 95:35 | this unit, no one's gonna uh this one out. Of course, |
|
| 95:41 | could, you could, I can things going on in here that |
|
| 95:45 | aren't any that aren't, aren't real , but they're definitely there something's going |
|
| 95:52 | here and it almost looks like somebody some of it. But uh but |
|
| 95:59 | , the faces boundaries aren't seen on seismic and, and this is a |
|
| 96:03 | boundary which shifts from the shale to sand. But what the seismic does |
|
| 96:07 | is is these things that were deposited the same point in time. In |
|
| 96:12 | words, this uh this deposit right was being uh you deposit at the |
|
| 96:20 | time as a shale off to the here. This is current structure. |
|
| 96:26 | And actually, uh the way it's here like this on this un |
|
| 96:31 | it could be a Strat graphic section is showing you there's some structure on |
|
| 96:36 | un conformity that's below it. There's gonna be some uh some relief to |
|
| 96:41 | UN conformity uh including channel, channel like this. But uh there was |
|
| 96:48 | river at this point in time and shale was over here and there's some |
|
| 96:52 | uh that you can't see that's, probably been eroded. And then the |
|
| 96:57 | deposit came and dumped on top of . Here's showing uh in size valley |
|
| 97:05 | sea level drops, uh these uh have were created. We see a |
|
| 97:10 | of them on the shelf. We some of them in the rock record |
|
| 97:13 | the like there's a a Yoakam Valley in the middle of the coastal plain |
|
| 97:19 | in Texas. And uh where a in size Valley happened when sea levels |
|
| 97:25 | um somewhere on the order of 200 . And you can see here wherever |
|
| 97:30 | is, it's cut in to 100 50 m at that point in |
|
| 97:34 | In that position, further, you up, dip, the less it's |
|
| 97:38 | cut. The further you go dip, the more it's gonna |
|
| 97:41 | If you have a 200 uh meter in sea level. Hey, |
|
| 97:54 | here's a ground penetrating radar. We talk about this, but this is |
|
| 97:58 | example of it. And, and uh, it's showing you, |
|
| 98:05 | , actually some of the, the lap out that you get from |
|
| 98:08 | , um, pro grading or down and off lapping beds, uh, |
|
| 98:14 | are along this outcrop right here. , uh, these are the kinds |
|
| 98:22 | things, uh the size of these at the, at one of |
|
| 98:26 | uh, one of the favorite uh of resolution they like to see in |
|
| 98:32 | data. When we're looking at deep would not pick this up. Uh |
|
| 98:36 | the ground penetrating radar is higher And, and you can actually see |
|
| 98:42 | of these beds in this uh going . Now, sometimes uh there's places |
|
| 98:48 | a Jurassic where we have a very we have a large sequence of clii |
|
| 98:56 | , but each clini form in in its own right is, is |
|
| 99:00 | thin and there might be a fossil and a fossil here and a fossil |
|
| 99:05 | . And we can tell from the the difference in the ages across these |
|
| 99:09 | where the lap out is above for top lap and the down lap over |
|
| 99:15 | because uh the the time gap here would get greater between this surface as |
|
| 99:24 | go down here because these beds are young and these beds would be |
|
| 99:28 | Sometimes when we can't see it in , we can tell that we have |
|
| 99:35 | rocks of a certain age here that just a little bit older than |
|
| 99:39 | but the rocks on this end or lot younger than these rocks down |
|
| 99:46 | And so we know that something with nature of uh cross bedding and clini |
|
| 99:51 | has progressed across that surface to end with that kind of disparity. In |
|
| 99:55 | words, there's, there's an un along here, but that un conformity |
|
| 100:01 | bigger as you go from here to . And uh and that's, that's |
|
| 100:08 | evidence of clii forms even if you see it at 40 Hertz in the |
|
| 100:14 | . Can you explain lap outs a better? Like what's the importance of |
|
| 100:20 | ? OK. Um uh What's important it is it's a, a |
|
| 100:26 | Uh And it shows that uh the in here is not related to the |
|
| 100:32 | up here. Uh The deposition up is, is a different event. |
|
| 100:37 | somewhat unrelated to that. And then is, this is a third major |
|
| 100:41 | event. And uh uh one of things that you could see here with |
|
| 100:47 | lap out is, is uh we're , we're gonna get into the different |
|
| 100:50 | of lap out, but this would be transgressive. And uh and so |
|
| 100:56 | looks like it's transgressing over top of , of a high and then at |
|
| 101:01 | point in time, a sea level and there was erosion over there. |
|
| 101:05 | then you have this infill going on with just top lap in other |
|
| 101:11 | this could have at one point in , been on lapping all the way |
|
| 101:14 | here, but it's eroded. And this would be an erosional surface, |
|
| 101:19 | , that's allowed, they don't indicate , but there's, there's a little |
|
| 101:23 | , well, yeah, there's, almost no bottom lap here but there's |
|
| 101:27 | lap. So it's, it looks like, uh, a very |
|
| 101:31 | uh, channel or, uh, , basin forming and filling in sort |
|
| 101:38 | slowly from the bottom up. And you see top lap up here, |
|
| 101:42 | means that it was rising on the and a next depositional event like a |
|
| 101:47 | stand event uh eroded across this surface here. And now you have something |
|
| 101:53 | that probating out a sea level dropped now sea level is higher and it's |
|
| 101:58 | to build back out on top of surface. And that's kind of what |
|
| 102:03 | out is all about it. It's straddle terminations. So, um if |
|
| 102:08 | uh if you think about it in as I go through these layers, |
|
| 102:13 | is like time, 1 to And then this across here could be |
|
| 102:20 | least time 16, but it would be more like time 20 to |
|
| 102:26 | uh you know, we go in direction up to, you know, |
|
| 102:30 | maybe up to 30 to here, uh more, more layers of uh |
|
| 102:37 | uh Strat graphic units that have some uh in, in the sense of |
|
| 102:41 | . Does that help clarify it at or was there something else you were |
|
| 102:47 | for? No, that's good. you. OK. And, and |
|
| 102:54 | is just kind of looking at it general and uh here we had uh |
|
| 103:01 | unit of sediments that were deposited, they're truncated. So obviously, these |
|
| 103:08 | were already existing and something like an valley uh came along like this thing |
|
| 103:15 | just cut down straight into it. it's creating this rough edge along the |
|
| 103:19 | and the rough edge along the front like this. And so, you |
|
| 103:28 | , there's an erosional surface for some , it was cutting down quicker |
|
| 103:32 | like maybe um uh we were getting channel developed in, in size valley |
|
| 103:39 | in here and uh shallow erosion going over here. But the, the |
|
| 103:44 | of the erosion in here where where the uh drainage of the, |
|
| 103:49 | know, if you, if you sea level be below the, um |
|
| 103:53 | uh continental shelf, you're gonna get really deep incisions in the continental shelf |
|
| 103:58 | it's gonna expose a whole bunch of laden sediment. It's relatively rapid. |
|
| 104:05 | You'll be moving a lot of sediment really quickly uh on the edges of |
|
| 104:10 | that channel is coming through. Uh gonna have edges and, and uh |
|
| 104:14 | erosion during flood flood phases, but of the erosion is gonna be centered |
|
| 104:19 | that major in size valley. So kind of why you're seeing this. |
|
| 104:24 | this is time 123456 and then some let's see, 12345678. And so |
|
| 104:32 | , this erosion would have happened at uh uh no earlier than time |
|
| 104:42 | because we've had eight layers laid And this event is an erosional event |
|
| 104:48 | , in the depositional system, uh cutting into all of these older |
|
| 104:53 | So, whatever is above here has be younger than this. And presumably |
|
| 104:57 | be a layer that would lay down top of this, that would be |
|
| 105:00 | to the same age and, and gap that you see between this age |
|
| 105:05 | that age versus the gap between this this age also gives you a sense |
|
| 105:10 | the fact that it's an erosional Uh But, but the lap out |
|
| 105:15 | happening right here automatically uh shows you you've got an erosional truncation that's pretty |
|
| 105:21 | in a seismic one. And um know, if you look at |
|
| 105:27 | this comes out of this, this book in 1977 87 was the later |
|
| 105:33 | , which had a little bit more in it. But this one, |
|
| 105:37 | diagram looks an awful lot like this . And I remember when I first |
|
| 105:40 | it, I just couldn't understand what different about him. Uh Basically what |
|
| 105:45 | trying to show you is the highlighted that's up here. Is the top |
|
| 105:50 | they're showing you that there's some lap the top and that's what they're trying |
|
| 105:54 | show you in the top. This looks like clini forms soli forms that |
|
| 105:59 | coming down here too, just exactly this almost. And uh but here |
|
| 106:04 | trying to accentuate uh the lap out see on this contact and this lap |
|
| 106:10 | strongly implies there was, there was gradation across the surface. OK. |
|
| 106:17 | lap out really is, is just to show you that uh for whatever |
|
| 106:22 | , there was pro gradation in this , but some erosional vent just cut |
|
| 106:26 | across the top of it. It's like this. If you um if |
|
| 106:31 | have sequences bounded like this or pair bounded like this, whatever it happens |
|
| 106:36 | be in terms of the scale, this is showing you um down lap |
|
| 106:45 | the bottom, it's showing you top on the top and together they're showing |
|
| 106:50 | at, at the bottom of the and the top of the sequences like |
|
| 106:54 | another way is the top of the form. The basic kind of |
|
| 106:57 | both are showing uh pro gradation and called so it's called off lap. |
|
| 107:03 | it's showing that uh there's a depositional is just that's uh flooding out in |
|
| 107:10 | direction. And uh it's being exposed the surface at certain intervals and uh |
|
| 107:15 | having the top eroded and this is lap which is, is one that |
|
| 107:23 | uh that's often uh good for a event. And this shows you that |
|
| 107:29 | had AAA surface could have been in rocks or anything else. Uh But |
|
| 107:35 | level is rising and the sediments are building up on top of it. |
|
| 107:40 | uh basically, it's showing you that deposition is different is happening here than |
|
| 107:45 | happening here. So the whole idea what, how these depositional episodes are |
|
| 107:53 | adding sediment to the rock record is that there's different patterns and different methods |
|
| 107:58 | filling in accommodation space. Here we sea level rising and uh and the |
|
| 108:06 | is rising with that sea level we might have sea level stationary, |
|
| 108:12 | here, sea level stationary. But , but it fluctuates up and |
|
| 108:16 | And so it builds out to here then it builds out past there. |
|
| 108:20 | this is this is a result of supply too. You may have this |
|
| 108:25 | thing open sea level fluctuates just a bit. You get a pulse of |
|
| 108:28 | filling that in uh sea level maybe a little bit, but then it |
|
| 108:34 | again and then you or you get pulse of sediment that builds out on |
|
| 108:38 | . Sea level can stay perfectly normal perfectly flat and you still get this |
|
| 108:44 | out of sediments. And uh and uh this could indicate um uh erosion |
|
| 108:53 | the top of something that actually looked this. In other words, you |
|
| 108:57 | , cut down into it enough, gonna look just like that or cut |
|
| 109:02 | into this enough, you're gonna have that looks like top left. So |
|
| 109:06 | was a depositional event, then sea drop and there's a, there's a |
|
| 109:10 | in it and it erodes the tops these things. And uh this is |
|
| 109:16 | same thing in color. And, , and uh in this diagram, |
|
| 109:25 | have to know they're talking about this you have to know they're talking about |
|
| 109:28 | surface to understand it because this almost identical to that. Uh The amazing |
|
| 109:36 | highlighting of this is what helps you that. Yes, this is what |
|
| 109:40 | talking about. Uh Because I, remember thinking, you know, I'm |
|
| 109:44 | the architecture, I can see this , I can see that uh I |
|
| 109:48 | see this, I can see but I can't see how this is |
|
| 109:51 | different in shape or form than But they're not talking about this line |
|
| 109:55 | here. They're talking about that for lap and, and the other way |
|
| 109:59 | there for that. And uh this some of what I um uh what |
|
| 110:07 | was showing you and we could spend looking at this. So I won't |
|
| 110:11 | through it, but it shows you happens. And uh again, the |
|
| 110:16 | of the lap out is that um can see here, we have, |
|
| 110:24 | know, continuous deposition and something causes break in the deposition. And |
|
| 110:29 | this is 21 up here. So is time 123456. And somewhere up |
|
| 110:35 | we might have the rest of these it cuts down. And this may |
|
| 110:38 | a distal part of a uh in valley and age 21 is sitting there |
|
| 110:44 | uh one of the things when when you hang something on it and |
|
| 110:48 | happens with sequence photography all the And people draw these diagrams and uh |
|
| 110:55 | rarely do anything with fossils, but got a poster hanging on the wall |
|
| 110:58 | shows you how this can show you sorts of things. Uh But here's |
|
| 111:04 | and this uh un conformity, for , the Preta Jurassic un conformity in |
|
| 111:09 | North Sea always gets mapped as a . But there's all these kinds of |
|
| 111:14 | truncation and uh lap outs. Uh show that the gap here is, |
|
| 111:20 | this was 1 million, this was say this was the start of the |
|
| 111:26 | this would be 1 million years into pre preta, this is 21 years |
|
| 111:31 | the cretaceous and this is 21 22 years into the, you know, |
|
| 111:34 | these lap these gaps can be So uh but as you go |
|
| 111:39 | dip, that lap is gonna get . So these deposits like we had |
|
| 111:43 | rift and post rift, uh the Riff structure and depositional processes were |
|
| 111:50 | genetically, separate kinds of events from ones that are filling this in. |
|
| 111:54 | Remember we were talking about reservoirs and was telling you the different kinds of |
|
| 112:00 | that were in the um the uh rift are different underneath and I conformity |
|
| 112:08 | you have sin ripped. And then top of the sin rift, you |
|
| 112:11 | post rift sediments and the infills are different and you can see it in |
|
| 112:16 | lap out. And that's what I by the para it's sort of a |
|
| 112:20 | shift in our way of looking at technology. Uh because we started looking |
|
| 112:25 | it in detail processes, you at the scale of one of these |
|
| 112:28 | beds and how the faces are, complicated and that sort of thing. |
|
| 112:33 | we never had a way to pull big outcrops together here and big outcrops |
|
| 112:38 | there together on the scale that you see these kinds of Strat graphic architectures |
|
| 112:44 | the whole basin infill. And the that I showed you in the North |
|
| 112:50 | uh in the Central Robin in the Viking Robin and a little bit of |
|
| 112:55 | more outer, more firth. Uh could definitely see pre pre pre riff |
|
| 113:02 | and strata that were, that have different arrangement in the say in the |
|
| 113:09 | pre rip versus ones that might be the post rip. And then as |
|
| 113:13 | sag happened, you had it started things come in and there was a |
|
| 113:17 | different depositional framework because of the sagging the development of accommodation space versus sediment |
|
| 113:25 | . Uh just because of the tectonics on. And these lap outs show |
|
| 113:32 | these surfaces where there are these shifts , in, in things. And |
|
| 113:36 | another uh dramatic one. Um Here's angular erosion. This would be time |
|
| 113:44 | times six up here. And so to 30 is the shortest over |
|
| 113:48 | It's 1 to 33. So this this break in time is massive. |
|
| 113:53 | rocks are sitting on top of each now, but in time, they |
|
| 113:56 | have been floating in space. Uh , the fourth dimension is hard |
|
| 114:01 | for people and geologists, particularly for reason to uh to visualize. But |
|
| 114:07 | you draw a Wheeler diagram of these and they would look bizarre. And |
|
| 114:10 | think I've shown you some Wheeler diagrams you massive gaps in, in uh |
|
| 114:16 | from wells that you know the, the sediments are sitting like they, |
|
| 114:20 | was never a break, but when drill through them and you look at |
|
| 114:23 | , the timing of some of those . Uh you can see that one |
|
| 114:27 | basin was, was filling in at different time than another mini basin. |
|
| 114:30 | other words, you would have had similar to this in the mini basins |
|
| 114:34 | one spot and it wouldn't be until 18 that the next mini basin down |
|
| 114:40 | started in filling. And so these lap outs help us see contacts |
|
| 114:46 | this depositional system in this longer period time in this one. And so |
|
| 114:51 | are sequences of uh of layers, are sequences of layers and these sequences |
|
| 114:57 | separated in different plan and conformity. . And uh and this is just |
|
| 115:07 | some more diagrams of the same thing it could take forever. Uh Here |
|
| 115:12 | see in seismic face, these different and here you can see a certain |
|
| 115:16 | of uh lap out and uh this be looking head on to a uh |
|
| 115:21 | fan complex and uh and something like could even uh be showing you uh |
|
| 115:28 | fan and levee deposits uh to have like this with older sediments programing out |
|
| 115:36 | top of it. Uh But when was first laid out, it was |
|
| 115:39 | one of these fan shaped things like and then sediments that didn't fill later |
|
| 115:44 | were not fans uh just truncate along sides. This is kind of uh |
|
| 115:51 | these are all sort of simplified but, but they help us, |
|
| 115:55 | we see um uh here's the right? This, these are uh |
|
| 116:02 | that build up kind of like levees relative to currents that kind of build |
|
| 116:08 | waves that pile up on top of other. And um this is |
|
| 116:17 | a supposedly a volcanic mound. Uh if these things are buried deeply. |
|
| 116:24 | You can't really see them the difference them, but uh the gravity and |
|
| 116:29 | would help you tell that that was and this wasn't. And uh and |
|
| 116:33 | course, you have to have a kind of hat uh volcano to have |
|
| 116:38 | layered effect. Uh Some of them show that layered effect because there's not |
|
| 116:42 | much diff uh density difference between the . And uh it just looks like |
|
| 116:48 | mass um instead of having the layers it, but you can get layered |
|
| 116:56 | . And again, here's showing uh is what one of these uh side |
|
| 116:59 | the uh shelf break is up here . But you can see the shelf |
|
| 117:04 | might have been here at one The shelf break was here before |
|
| 117:07 | So sediments are filling in the basin the basin. So you have thermal |
|
| 117:12 | here and the basin starts to, sink down. You're getting farther and |
|
| 117:17 | away from the spreading ridge as uh it, you know, the spreading |
|
| 117:21 | would be in this direction way off page. And uh you can see |
|
| 117:27 | uh through the process of that, might have some uh sin riff stuff |
|
| 117:31 | here. You had a basin a small basin margin here starting to |
|
| 117:39 | a bigger basin here. Here's a larger basin with uh with lots of |
|
| 117:44 | supply coming into it. And uh you put the interpretation on top of |
|
| 117:49 | . And you can see that this uh has pro gradation out here. |
|
| 117:55 | Then it has transgression in here. not sure I would, would split |
|
| 118:00 | my sequence exactly like this, but a surface uh that was eroded and |
|
| 118:06 | there was a transgression event up So you have uh your erosional vent |
|
| 118:12 | and then you have the TST, may not be able to see the |
|
| 118:16 | stand systems track and then it progra back out here and you have a |
|
| 118:20 | stand systems track and more more uh gone like this or this, this |
|
| 118:27 | right here really is could be just these things stepping out like this and |
|
| 118:32 | one stepping out like that one stepping like that one stepping out like |
|
| 118:38 | stepping out like this like this. then as sea level rises, it |
|
| 118:43 | to, to build back in the sea level fluctuates a lot. |
|
| 118:47 | there's accommodation space back here and as is rising, it's also filling, |
|
| 118:51 | back filling on top of it. uh but this is primarily another uh |
|
| 118:57 | event forming up here with some backfill with all that accommodation space towards the |
|
| 119:03 | at the time, this was being , none of this was here. |
|
| 119:06 | ocean was right above it in, it and this area was still a |
|
| 119:11 | bit high. But as as thermal happens and this becomes farther and farther |
|
| 119:17 | from the spreading ridge. The whole keeps uh thermally sinking and compacting. |
|
| 119:22 | so more sediments can build out on of it because more accommodation space and |
|
| 119:27 | you can see some erosion here and are probably, um, I'll probably |
|
| 119:32 | this wrong, but these look like reefs and uh um maybe the, |
|
| 119:38 | this was a slow depositional sequence uh terms of plastics. So there would |
|
| 119:43 | a good chance that you could get building up when you've got limited |
|
| 119:48 | Uh you're not gonna get carbonates in that's a whopper like this. But |
|
| 119:52 | you get something really slow like that like that, that may mean there's |
|
| 119:57 | a cut off in the plastic So there's a lot of things you |
|
| 120:01 | interpret from it. And uh time the fourth dimension and Peter Vale screams |
|
| 120:09 | people to use more time and more strate gray. But it never |
|
| 120:16 | uh it happened for a while. uh but now they're not doing it |
|
| 120:19 | it takes too much skill to uh pay somebody to do it. Uh |
|
| 120:25 | , we're using tools now that are of instantaneous interpretations on their own. |
|
| 120:31 | uh and it's, it's kind of a lot of the complexities that you |
|
| 120:35 | see in something like this, but least it's a quick picture and we |
|
| 120:39 | to see what's going on and uh always gonna be sand uh at the |
|
| 120:45 | of some of these clii forms. when you recognize uh these clii forms |
|
| 120:51 | their tops, you automatically know there's to be sand in an area, |
|
| 120:55 | you can, can identify it or because it, it usually happens that |
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| 121:00 | if you have rivers that are providing sources and there's lots of ways to |
|
| 121:04 | that out which we've already talked Ok. And uh one of one |
|
| 121:14 | the things that happened, uh like is like a global, they came |
|
| 121:17 | with a global sea level curve over . And uh you know, I |
|
| 121:26 | , I wish things wouldn't pop up I'm in the middle of a |
|
| 121:29 | I don't know why they don't. OK. Sorry about that. Are |
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| 121:35 | guys still there? Yes, OK. Yeah, that's the |
|
| 121:43 | You can't do one and the other the same time. OK. |
|
| 121:50 | um I love technology. OK? gets better and more complicated. |
|
| 121:57 | uh you know, they, here's a, uh this is a |
|
| 122:01 | sea basin curve and uh this is tentative relative sea lobe. This is |
|
| 122:10 | something that we call as on And uh and again, it's sort |
|
| 122:15 | uh this one's drawn the opposite of way of the way I normally see |
|
| 122:20 | . But uh um here is global level and it's higher on this end |
|
| 122:28 | uh and it's, it's lower here Um And so uh sea level is |
|
| 122:36 | high here and you've got all of uh accommodation space. I, I |
|
| 122:42 | don't want to go into this because scale is so turned around. I'm |
|
| 122:45 | I'm gonna say something wrong. But make a long story short, this |
|
| 122:54 | relates to relative sea level, this to the global sea level. This |
|
| 122:59 | uh this sea level right here is is getting close to uh you |
|
| 123:14 | probably what we think it is And I, I think this would |
|
| 123:17 | a shallow at a lower and lower level. But, but you see |
|
| 123:21 | there's um I really don't want to this because it's backwards from, from |
|
| 123:27 | lot of the things I've worked But the uh uh but you have |
|
| 123:32 | um a low frequency curve, then have a higher frequency curve. In |
|
| 123:41 | words, sea level is high but it's still fluctuating. So you |
|
| 123:46 | still have coastal on lap and sea level, coastline changes going on. |
|
| 123:51 | , and even this, this one um really uh very smoothed out because |
|
| 123:56 | , even on this curve, sea is rising and falling at a higher |
|
| 124:03 | than what you see on that And so that's what creates a lot |
|
| 124:07 | these little pair sequences or beds that see lapping out is, is the |
|
| 124:13 | frequency stuff that goes on within the frequency stuff. So um here you |
|
| 124:19 | see there's a dramatic change between the tertiary boundary and the present day. |
|
| 124:24 | um and um you know, you going to more and more ice |
|
| 124:32 | Uh that thing, I, no what it says, I know that |
|
| 124:36 | this is the coastal long lap that to do with it. I showed |
|
| 124:39 | a diagram reverse the other way that showed um these would be the uh |
|
| 124:45 | stand events, but the maximum flooding would be in here somewhere uh sort |
|
| 124:53 | towards the upper third of these And uh and that's something that's easy |
|
| 125:01 | me to understand when it's drawn the I'm used to seeing it. |
|
| 125:08 | So here's, here's another one and is a comparison and here's what |
|
| 125:15 | Um In spite of everything everybody they tried to tie these curves uh |
|
| 125:21 | , from one ocean to another Uh uh Here's global cycles, here's |
|
| 125:27 | Texas coast, here's the West African . And, and I can |
|
| 125:33 | uh absolutely that this type of correlation dangerous. And uh and uh usually |
|
| 125:40 | off on these boundaries and some of boundaries that were put into this plot |
|
| 125:47 | it's in the, a lot of in the Jurassic, this would all |
|
| 125:51 | uh related to teen realm or the paleo geographic area known as the teen |
|
| 126:00 | and uh and the Ammonites in And uh and they pick the ages |
|
| 126:05 | , by equating each ammonite zone to million years and there's nothing in the |
|
| 126:11 | outside of that area where we have age control uh that operates like |
|
| 126:16 | So, um this is, this be approximately, right, but it's |
|
| 126:22 | not right. But again, it's they knew at the time and they |
|
| 126:26 | trying to get people to think, know, if I name a formation |
|
| 126:30 | here or a stage over here, be able to tie it with the |
|
| 126:33 | level thing. But if you, you go over here and look at |
|
| 126:38 | sea level curve, uh if this the global curve, it doesn't correctly |
|
| 126:45 | this on lap curve. And there's reason to assume that all the on |
|
| 126:48 | curves would be exactly the same because a lot of different things going on |
|
| 126:53 | locally on these different continental shelves. . And this is uh something |
|
| 127:01 | that I did with high resolution bio . And uh this cross section um |
|
| 127:09 | actually, um I'm about 99% sure won't be able to totally explain this |
|
| 127:15 | you. But these are uh sequences uh these uh these sequence boundaries. |
|
| 127:24 | uh things out in here would be the place where deposition was going on |
|
| 127:29 | the uh when the erosional surface was . And these are, these are |
|
| 127:35 | on things from the Tepe Basin in . And uh this is basically the |
|
| 127:42 | boundary, everything below the sequence Uh This is these would be in |
|
| 127:46 | valleys uh that are eroding the So you can see here, we |
|
| 127:52 | a, a these wells were all . There's no gaps in the |
|
| 127:57 | but there was gaps in time. the gaps in time here shows erosion |
|
| 128:02 | to that rock. So the rock was here is gone due to |
|
| 128:06 | The gap up here is due to and bypass. And uh and this |
|
| 128:13 | showing down lapping surface. If you it in seismic, you would see |
|
| 128:17 | lapping from this. And uh and clii forms building out into this and |
|
| 128:23 | is a, a fan uh type and there's no way uh you could |
|
| 128:29 | it without me showing a little bit . But uh one of the things |
|
| 128:32 | I I want you to understand is uh between the um this is a |
|
| 128:41 | here boundary, this is the base one and then this is the base |
|
| 128:46 | another one and there are um fans into these basins and we're looking kind |
|
| 128:55 | at them um across the fan. So that's why they kind of look |
|
| 129:00 | little bit like their fan shape even the way they are. Uh But |
|
| 129:06 | but this is an erosional surface and gap in time between that erosional surface |
|
| 129:11 | very different from one well to the as we go down into the |
|
| 129:17 | And this point in time right here calculated from the ages of those breaks |
|
| 129:22 | help us figure out exactly where the boundary and a thing called the correlative |
|
| 129:28 | . And I don't want to go any more detail because it's, it's |
|
| 129:31 | little bit complicated, but part of was trying to show you that uh |
|
| 129:35 | we're, we're trying to correlate stages the way across the oceans when it's |
|
| 129:41 | to do it in one single basin we've had uh a huge um valley |
|
| 129:48 | from an in uh in size valley has the remnants of uh sequences that |
|
| 129:54 | it in over time. Ok. And here is uh sort of the |
|
| 130:04 | of the beast and um when we uh uh three systems tracks in our |
|
| 130:11 | model, um oh, we basically , um and this is, and |
|
| 130:21 | , if I drill a well, , I don't see the whole |
|
| 130:24 | One of the terrible things about reading of these books, people drill a |
|
| 130:29 | , someone shows them finding upwards, upwards and they try to see all |
|
| 130:33 | sequences, all the systems tracks in . They try to see all of |
|
| 130:36 | in there and you can't, you , here, you see if I |
|
| 130:41 | down to here, I'd see a stand systems track and they'd be on |
|
| 130:44 | surface. Um Or here we would low sys stand systems track a little |
|
| 130:49 | of the transgressive system and it, then it hit the maximum flooding surface |
|
| 130:54 | I'd go into the high stand system . But this is the sea slug |
|
| 130:58 | and sort of the basis of what photography is and it's bounded by an |
|
| 131:03 | conformity down here. So the lap you see here helps to find |
|
| 131:08 | this uh bounding uh see a surface bounds the entire sequence up here. |
|
| 131:16 | so these sediments were related to one pulse and drawdown of sedimentation. This |
|
| 131:22 | related to another one. And then one that goes on top of this |
|
| 131:25 | be different. But a but below , it has a boundary. So |
|
| 131:30 | gonna focus on this one in The lower boundary sequence boundary is here |
|
| 131:35 | the upper sequence boundary is up here it starts out where there's a low |
|
| 131:41 | and sea levels uh falls down. a bit of a build out of |
|
| 131:45 | levels falling down. And then you these submarine fans that fill it in |
|
| 131:48 | crazy because the in size valleys are it right to the continental shelf edge |
|
| 131:54 | eroding uh into the continental shelf itself deliver all those sands. And then |
|
| 132:01 | sea level is, is lower, starts to slowly uh build back up |
|
| 132:07 | with sediment on top of that. at some point, sea level rises |
|
| 132:13 | and it starts to clip. So would, you would see on lap |
|
| 132:16 | here uh potentially if anything was but it got eroded from the next |
|
| 132:20 | and it came down and er excuse , sequence and erode it. Then |
|
| 132:24 | would you get this uh transgressive systems coming in here and this uh this |
|
| 132:33 | surface is um coming over top of of the incised valley infill from the |
|
| 132:40 | stand deposit and it comes over across and then you start seeing transgressive or |
|
| 132:45 | lapping uh type uh lap out. it's on lapping. This was |
|
| 132:52 | lapping and pro grading and massive clii . Uh this was smaller clini |
|
| 132:59 | And then we reach uh the maximum surface and sea level gets all the |
|
| 133:03 | up into here. And then you to see uh depositional systems build out |
|
| 133:09 | prograde out here on the high stand track like this. And then it |
|
| 133:16 | went out here. But the next , sea level dropped and eroded everything |
|
| 133:20 | here. And the next one's gonna in with a low stand here and |
|
| 133:24 | some point, a transgressive uh systems and then, then uh as it |
|
| 133:30 | back here, you'll have a maximum surface. Uh So to clarify |
|
| 133:36 | here is the um this sequence boundary this transgressive event right in here, |
|
| 133:49 | are two surfaces. A transgressive surface the second service and that gives you |
|
| 133:56 | boundaries for the low stand systems track total. And these are the different |
|
| 134:00 | of it. Deep Sea fans. you get the in size Valley, |
|
| 134:04 | get the, the Pan Delta, then this thing starts to fill back |
|
| 134:08 | while sea level is still lower than was before. And I'm, I'm |
|
| 134:13 | my finger and you can't see a . So um so this, this |
|
| 134:22 | here and this dash line here are boundaries of the low end systems |
|
| 134:26 | the dash line and this blue line the the transgressive surface and the maximum |
|
| 134:33 | surface which is right here. And transgressive systems track is in there. |
|
| 134:37 | you see retro gradation of the sands you see uh on lap going up |
|
| 134:44 | this boundary and you can see that sands were here, then later they're |
|
| 134:48 | and now they're there. So they're regressive or retrograding. Then at |
|
| 134:54 | point it reaches the maximum flooding surface the accommodation space starts to fill in |
|
| 134:59 | the train starts to carry sediments out way. And if the supply is |
|
| 135:05 | , um it will prograde too. it's not adequate, it will build |
|
| 135:09 | . But this uh this retro gradation the sediment supply is getting starved because |
|
| 135:16 | sea level is moving higher and higher away from uh where that accommodation space |
|
| 135:21 | . So systems track, the first systems track is the lowest end bounded |
|
| 135:27 | this surface un conformity, transgressive The next one is bound is a |
|
| 135:34 | systems track bounded by this, this surface and the high uh maximum flooding |
|
| 135:40 | . And then the high stand systems is this Progra wedge right here that's |
|
| 135:44 | above by the, the down That happens, happens for the um |
|
| 135:49 | me, the erosion that happens when next high stand low stand, sea |
|
| 135:54 | drops down below here and you get in here and you'll get something that |
|
| 135:58 | just like that up in here Uh uh where you get the incised |
|
| 136:04 | and a and a build up of cycle up here, sometimes whole parts |
|
| 136:09 | uh these sequences are removed. So don't always see all the systems |
|
| 136:14 | But again, when people are taught to do this with logs, they |
|
| 136:17 | to find all the systems tracks in , well in every sequence they ever |
|
| 136:21 | at and it, it gets OK. Here is um so |
|
| 136:28 | there's problems in interpretation and understanding. here we have uh an example of |
|
| 136:38 | thing called the All Flap break, uh in a rock record is kind |
|
| 136:42 | hard to find. And uh and this type of off lap break, |
|
| 136:49 | uh you know, here's where you're getting a build up of sediments |
|
| 136:54 | goes, you know, basically goes and builds clii forms and, and |
|
| 136:58 | sort of thing. But, but go from um uh stuff filling in |
|
| 137:05 | accommodation space to stop sliding down and a lot of bypass. So sometimes |
|
| 137:09 | get thinner really quickly as you get here unless there's a lot of sediment |
|
| 137:13 | off. But uh this is, is the off lap FLP, off |
|
| 137:18 | break. When sea level drops down this off lap break, it creates |
|
| 137:26 | that look just like this. In words, you have to get sea |
|
| 137:29 | to drop below this to get that of thing. You know, the |
|
| 137:35 | stands way up here, the high drops down to somewhere like here, |
|
| 137:39 | doesn't uh for, for the next stand, but doesn't go below this |
|
| 137:45 | , then you don't get these erosional that you would get and that can |
|
| 137:50 | too. So, um, so , here, you can see, |
|
| 137:56 | uh we're assuming that we've had something a low stand happen and it's, |
|
| 138:02 | sequence is up here, the high systems tracks there and this comes down |
|
| 138:06 | the off lap break. And so thing it's gonna do is start eroding |
|
| 138:12 | and it's gonna look like that But if it only if sea level |
|
| 138:15 | comes down to um this level, other words, it's still above the |
|
| 138:21 | lap break, you're not gonna see incision, it's gonna be up here |
|
| 138:28 | . So you're gonna have sediment in high stand is gonna be way up |
|
| 138:32 | . And uh and you're not gonna uh this low stand systems track develop |
|
| 138:37 | the same manner and um not sure that popped up. Let me just |
|
| 138:52 | and see what I'm doing here. . Ok. So, so we're |
|
| 139:20 | um we're gonna, yeah, there's so much detail in this. |
|
| 139:25 | , um what I'm gonna do is to this one and first, um |
|
| 139:31 | since we were on it, I'm gonna skip to that one. What |
|
| 139:37 | , what I was trying to explain and the slides here. Um This |
|
| 139:50 | versus that slide is that our, systems track model in our third order |
|
| 139:59 | model shifts or changes. Because if you have the low standard sea |
|
| 140:06 | drop down to here, you're gonna incision up here. If it just |
|
| 140:10 | to there, you're not gonna get incision in, in the, the |
|
| 140:15 | uh sequence is just gonna be a infill in here. So I'm gonna |
|
| 140:21 | those for now. And this this is another thing. So, |
|
| 140:26 | so in that sense, um with it skipping with the, with |
|
| 140:34 | uh sea level coming down here Well, maybe here uh you're gonna |
|
| 140:40 | this infill, you're gonna get that , you're gonna get that, that |
|
| 140:44 | exact same. This is sort of typical type one Solas shelf model if |
|
| 140:52 | doesn't go down there, um Here's boundary is gonna be here and you're |
|
| 141:04 | have a shelf margin, sm shelf systems track uh since it's, it's |
|
| 141:09 | gonna go below that and it's gonna out and then out into it. |
|
| 141:13 | , it didn't cut down into this the other one, then you're gonna |
|
| 141:16 | a maximum flooding surface come back up there'll be a transgressive system track. |
|
| 141:22 | stand maximum flooding surface, high stand surface and then you're gonna have the |
|
| 141:29 | stand system track come out like So in the sea slug models, |
|
| 141:33 | two of them, there's the type and the type two, the type |
|
| 141:40 | relates to sea level dropping down below off lap break. And then type |
|
| 141:51 | relates to the uh sea level not down below that break. And so |
|
| 141:57 | types of systems tracks we get in models are gonna be different. This |
|
| 142:04 | called the type one Solas shelf And uh this would be uh attributed |
|
| 142:11 | Vale as well, but Van Wagoner worked on that and uh here is |
|
| 142:19 | shelf margin systems track. Uh That's discriminating thing that you'll see instead of |
|
| 142:25 | low end systems track that you had type two, excuse me? Type |
|
| 142:29 | . This is the type two Solicits . OK. And then, um |
|
| 142:44 | now when we, when we do boundaries, uh do you remember me |
|
| 142:50 | out? Um I think I pointed out in class, but I, |
|
| 142:54 | just took this class last semester. maybe I didn't um uh more or |
|
| 143:04 | the the veil model. I can't anything up. Uh see, hang |
|
| 143:15 | the veil model. Um is gonna these two type one sequence boundaries below |
|
| 143:20 | shelf and type two sequence boundary on shelf. And uh and these are |
|
| 143:27 | depositional sequences. And uh truth be , I think this one should be |
|
| 143:34 | genetic and this one should be called , but they're both to a certain |
|
| 143:39 | depositional and genetic. But uh but picked his boundaries for his sequences in |
|
| 143:47 | different spot. The model is, a little bit, is almost exactly |
|
| 143:51 | same. Uh But uh uh here's a way to uh to look |
|
| 143:59 | it. Type one depositional model. have the low stand systems track at |
|
| 144:04 | bottom, then the transgressive systems track then the high stand systems tracks the |
|
| 144:10 | that are between them. Here's the surf sequence boundary I showed you before |
|
| 144:16 | here's another one here and here's the flooding surface and the transgressive surface. |
|
| 144:24 | all those four surfaces, we, counted them up a sequence boundary, |
|
| 144:28 | surface, maximum flooding surface and another boundary. And, and within |
|
| 144:35 | we have the low stand systems the transgressive systems track and the high |
|
| 144:39 | systems track and the lap out helps see these uh these surfaces. And |
|
| 144:45 | uh in terms of on lap uh excuse me, this, this |
|
| 144:51 | be the end of on lap and but you'll see uh top lap coming |
|
| 144:56 | on top of this thing and you'll on lap on top of this and |
|
| 145:00 | see down lap in here and then see down lap, uh, occurring |
|
| 145:04 | . And then when there's an erosional , you'll see top lap and that's |
|
| 145:10 | solicit plastic shelf here. And when go to the type two, |
|
| 145:16 | you have all of the same things , uh below the transgressive surface and |
|
| 145:23 | the bounding surface one, you have shelf margin systems track because it doesn't |
|
| 145:27 | out into this, the major part the basin uh directly it can after |
|
| 145:33 | while. But uh normally you're gonna this shelf margin systems track where uh |
|
| 145:40 | low, the low stand infill is start on the shelf and not down |
|
| 145:44 | the basin, it's gonna be up the shelf and that's the big |
|
| 145:48 | And uh and then you have these bounding surfaces as labeled here and |
|
| 145:54 | what this is shelf Martian systems Um Then there's the transgressive surface, |
|
| 146:02 | here's the maximum flooding surface and here's next ensuing uh low stand and, |
|
| 146:11 | sequence boundary because it's eroding into the . OK. And so, um |
|
| 146:22 | here's a comparison just really quickly um the uh three systems track model you |
|
| 146:28 | these and uh and um this is it would be uh basically with |
|
| 146:40 | with the veil model, but Galloway likes it creates these genetic sequences |
|
| 146:48 | and uh uh I think I mentioned these spikes become uh these gamma spikes |
|
| 146:55 | are um I remember gamma is high this direction or something that they can |
|
| 147:02 | . So he used the gamma spikes the maximum flooding surfaces to pick his |
|
| 147:08 | his sequence boundaries rather than the. In other words, he's picking his |
|
| 147:13 | boundaries here. But if you load next one on top of it, |
|
| 147:20 | , it will have the high stand track, a low stand systems track |
|
| 147:25 | then a transgressive systems track and then be the next boundary for the next |
|
| 147:32 | . Does that make sense to Is anybody still awake? It, |
|
| 147:41 | gonna need some digesting but it makes . OK. Yeah, I, |
|
| 147:46 | think um I'm not sure why I those two slides in the middle, |
|
| 147:52 | this is really the point I'm trying get across is so that you understand |
|
| 147:56 | , that you basically have the same tracks. But uh let me just |
|
| 148:03 | real quick. I thought I had else here. I, I don't |
|
| 148:07 | to go into four systems checks. , yeah, I did. Uh |
|
| 148:12 | , I didn't. OK. I did. Yeah, we're |
|
| 148:19 | we're not gonna talk about four systems . And this because when I get |
|
| 148:22 | the falling stage, it gets really . And uh but I thought I |
|
| 148:33 | a slide, I did have a and this just isn't the right |
|
| 148:53 | Um Because this, this is his . This is uh this, it's |
|
| 149:03 | same bounding systems. But uh this be his uh sequence boundary. And |
|
| 149:10 | are the sequence boundaries here, sequence and conformity, sequence boundary and |
|
| 149:19 | And uh the way I kind of on this, his are his are |
|
| 149:25 | uh his sequence boundary is based on maximum flooding surface that comes in right |
|
| 149:32 | . And he just calls these un so that, so to get a |
|
| 149:35 | sequence, you would have to have high systems tracked down here, which |
|
| 149:41 | sitting on top of a maximum flooding . And uh and then you get |
|
| 149:47 | and then you get this and then is the next sequence here which |
|
| 149:52 | which would have a low stand and transgressive systems track on it in a |
|
| 149:57 | flooding surface that would bound that on top. So I'm just trying to |
|
| 150:01 | you that these surfaces have different significance these two slides. And um I'll |
|
| 150:09 | sure I don't give you a test . I really don't want to test |
|
| 150:11 | guys on the, on the on the four track systems model because |
|
| 150:18 | , it's, it's, it's a more complicated and it takes uh showing |
|
| 150:24 | what some of these things are. one of the things that I liked |
|
| 150:27 | it is that it explains where the conformity is. And a lot of |
|
| 150:32 | don't like the idea of a correlative . And what a correlative conformity is |
|
| 150:38 | to be is um uh when when you get out past all the |
|
| 150:43 | surface, somewhere out here, there's in the deep water, there's continuous |
|
| 150:48 | and it's a very thin line. uh what I was trying to show |
|
| 150:52 | in this Mexican example but didn't very was these are original surfaces. But |
|
| 151:01 | we get, if we get to point um uh where there is no |
|
| 151:08 | or erosion, see here's erosion down , but no bypass or uh non |
|
| 151:16 | . Uh At some point in there's gonna be sedimentation. Uh looking |
|
| 151:20 | the, at the lowest erosion and highest infill uh were able to, |
|
| 151:29 | sort of uh push up in one and push down another way in terms |
|
| 151:34 | time where that boundary needs to And uh here's uh here's one that |
|
| 151:41 | the top really well on this Here, here we have a collective |
|
| 151:46 | in this, in this particular, , right here. In other |
|
| 151:49 | uh when, when erosion and non was going on, there was something |
|
| 151:53 | this space, uh it's the center a fan that uh was getting deposition |
|
| 152:00 | everything else was either not depositing or eroded. And that's what the correlative |
|
| 152:06 | comes out to be. And this not the same thing as the, |
|
| 152:09 | a uh continental shelf because this is in a, in a really big |
|
| 152:13 | size valley. But uh that right is, is actually identifying the correlative |
|
| 152:19 | that's so elusive uh in, in to find it in seismic because here |
|
| 152:26 | have these bounding surfaces. But if were to go really far offshore in |
|
| 152:30 | direction at some point, all that time is infilled somewhere. And uh |
|
| 152:37 | of fact, some of it's infilled here and some of it's infilled down |
|
| 152:43 | and some of it on the bottom gets infilled here. So it's, |
|
| 152:46 | um it's often a composite uh space time. That's not easy to |
|
| 152:55 | But if you get off in the in the deeper water or an area |
|
| 152:59 | there's not erosion uh from the results , of uh the drop in sea |
|
| 153:07 | and there's not bypass or non deposition on because of exposure. Uh Then |
|
| 153:13 | then you actually see what, what age of that correlative conformity is. |
|
| 153:22 | . The next thing that I want talk about if we think of third |
|
| 153:25 | sequences as being the main sequences, , which what I just showed |
|
| 153:29 | those sequences are broken up into a we call pair sequences. And I |
|
| 153:34 | I showed you the curve and I you that there's different orders of sea |
|
| 153:38 | curves and on top of the first and the second order and the third |
|
| 153:43 | there's even 1/4 order of uh sea curves. Uh that create um accommodation |
|
| 153:51 | in fill, then non deposition for while sea level rises or compaction creates |
|
| 153:56 | accommodation space. And another sequence uh up on top of it. And |
|
| 154:04 | here you can see uh if if this was part of a |
|
| 154:08 | these would be probably pair sequences in , these timelines. And uh here's |
|
| 154:14 | one might look like. Um And it kind of relates also to Walter's |
|
| 154:23 | . So the whole sequence stratigraphy thing has sort of a unifying power. |
|
| 154:30 | um but uh one thing that you see here is that we're getting uh |
|
| 154:37 | thicker deposits and it tends to be like it's coursing upward sequence. And |
|
| 154:45 | so here, here we have and we have a flooding surface. So |
|
| 154:48 | was accommodation space down here, it filled, it got coarser and coarser |
|
| 154:54 | coarser and shallow and shallower and And uh and here you see um |
|
| 155:02 | sort of a, a coast that's gone from shallow to deep. And |
|
| 155:08 | course, this faces should be this faces should be lessened down and |
|
| 155:14 | faces would be right here. So have sort of a pro gradation of |
|
| 155:18 | going out here in this direction as . And that kind of follows Walter's |
|
| 155:24 | . In other words, if you a slice out of here, you |
|
| 155:27 | see the la the lateral distribution of things at the surface at a single |
|
| 155:33 | in time are kind of showing you the vertical sequence will look like through |
|
| 155:39 | . And uh one of the most things to remember is that uh it |
|
| 155:48 | matter whether it coarsens upwards or finds . Uh the top of a pair |
|
| 156:00 | , top of one of these pair is gonna happen when the accommodation space |
|
| 156:05 | infilled and it becomes exposed. So deposition occurs and deposition is not gonna |
|
| 156:14 | there until this either sinks or sea goes up and creates accommodation space. |
|
| 156:20 | then you would have a flooding surface then this would build out on top |
|
| 156:24 | it again with the uh ample amount sediment supply. And this is, |
|
| 156:32 | is showing you another one. Um is a, a subtitled, a |
|
| 156:39 | coastal uh example and you have coal the top where you're uh up into |
|
| 156:46 | water. And uh and this sequence , is finding upwards all the |
|
| 156:52 | But again, subtitle is deeper than title in Intertidal is deeper than Subtitle |
|
| 157:00 | a swamp is definitely higher uh in depositional terms of a depositional system relative |
|
| 157:07 | sea level, it's higher uh than subtitle was. And uh so the |
|
| 157:14 | space that was available gets filled in this space. And so you're not |
|
| 157:18 | get any more deposition here until this sinks to create uh and compacts or |
|
| 157:25 | to create more accommodation space or sea rises. To create more combination space |
|
| 157:30 | like the cycle underneath it underneath Uh the uh the accommodation filled in |
|
| 157:39 | then there was no more deposition until flooding surface came in and created this |
|
| 157:44 | , this uh subtitle uh environment and it filled in and pro grading over |
|
| 157:52 | of it would be intertidal and then over top of that would be Super |
|
| 157:57 | . And so the super title uh would be a super title that goes |
|
| 158:03 | this, there would be an inner that goes with that period of time |
|
| 158:07 | that's what those pair of sequences end uh being in displaying because OK, |
|
| 158:15 | in the wrong. OK. And you go right there. And um |
|
| 158:34 | is something that's uh we see uh terms of off lap except um this |
|
| 158:42 | kind of combining uh what you might in depth and also what you might |
|
| 158:47 | in time. So it's again, a cartoon and, and it probably |
|
| 158:52 | curve down like this. But if have accommodation space, um you're gonna |
|
| 158:58 | these uh mud offshore things and as go through a pair of sequence, |
|
| 159:04 | you're gonna start to see is this is migrating in this direction. Which |
|
| 159:10 | is depositional dip on this to the . Thank you. No, you're |
|
| 159:25 | . You're doing great. Yeah, be shy and uh so um depositional |
|
| 159:33 | is in this direction and therefore what's here is um something's creating accommodation space |
|
| 159:42 | as accommodation space is being created, it's a combination of course, |
|
| 159:45 | between sea level rise and subsidence and of these, these sediments. But |
|
| 159:54 | at each one of these higher sea level drops and falls or relative |
|
| 159:59 | level drops and falls may not be . Uh You see uh this faces |
|
| 160:07 | here but then it migrates out to and then it migrates out to here |
|
| 160:11 | then it migrates out to here. sand faces, the shore faces migrates |
|
| 160:16 | is is here to begin actually is the left of this diagram and one |
|
| 160:20 | two, it migrates to here and , it migrates to here and |
|
| 160:25 | it migrates to there. And we this a pro gradation pair sequence set |
|
| 160:32 | the sediments are pro grading down depositional or into the basin, they're pro |
|
| 160:38 | , they're pro grading, stepping stepping forward, stepping forward, stepping |
|
| 160:46 | , stepping forward, that's appropriation. um and if we go back |
|
| 160:52 | I think it's not too far This model, it's kind of the |
|
| 160:56 | thing. But um what's happening is the delta front is moving in that |
|
| 161:04 | , the pro delta is moving in direction. So we have these beds |
|
| 161:09 | these kind of forms that are uh faces are pro grading in this |
|
| 161:15 | So we would see it stacking up moving forward. So this is |
|
| 161:19 | but it's moved forward, this is , but it's moved forward and it |
|
| 161:24 | in seismic. If we could see sediments, it would look like |
|
| 161:30 | And sometimes we um we can figure where the sands are. But |
|
| 161:36 | uh if you think of these as , dipping clini forms and see this |
|
| 161:40 | supposed to be sort of time, if we did it in depth, |
|
| 161:44 | end of it would dip down and this end of it would be up |
|
| 161:51 | it would look just like that. so this would be one of the |
|
| 161:55 | sequences. This would be one of pair of sequences in here. This |
|
| 161:59 | be another pair of sequence in And this would be another pair of |
|
| 162:02 | in here and it's pro grading OK. What happens when we have |
|
| 162:13 | a gradation pair sequence set? It the opposite way. No, it |
|
| 162:30 | stacks vertically, it stacks vertically. that's what a gradation means means it |
|
| 162:36 | stacking up. Uh For example, , if we have uh uh anything |
|
| 162:44 | a gradation, it's just, it's building up a mound rather than pro |
|
| 162:50 | the mound going backwards is another one the things that we'll talk about. |
|
| 162:57 | uh but but this, this sequence that sequence, this one happens. |
|
| 163:05 | do, why do you think this happening in terms of sediment supply and |
|
| 163:11 | space? See what will change, me, level change. OK. |
|
| 163:27 | can have a sea level change. uh for all of these pair of |
|
| 163:31 | , you have to have a relative level change. Uh But in this |
|
| 163:37 | one, the relative sea level you know, we had a sea |
|
| 163:46 | at a certain point. Uh And shorelines back here, back in the |
|
| 163:52 | , the shoreline is now about here then the shorelines there, then the |
|
| 163:55 | there. Uh What causes that to ? You do you remember when, |
|
| 164:17 | I showed you the uh the infrared island and you could see recurve bits |
|
| 164:24 | were moving forward down long shore These were moving forward too. They |
|
| 164:30 | pro grading uh sequences and that's exactly this is. And when you, |
|
| 164:35 | you have pro grading sequences, that the uh sediment supply is greater than |
|
| 164:42 | accommodation space. So it's in filling system and then some so it infills |
|
| 164:49 | and the next time then some it it, because the accommodation space is |
|
| 164:54 | keeping up with the sediment supply and more sediment comes out and it, |
|
| 164:59 | exceeds the accommodation space and then more out and it exceeds the accommodation space |
|
| 165:05 | like uh the delta. Uh it's grading because the accommodation space that was |
|
| 165:14 | here got filled in. So the sediment supply, it's not sinking fast |
|
| 165:19 | to keep it a grading right It's because it's not sinking at |
|
| 165:24 | This is pro grading forward and uh it, it, it, it |
|
| 165:30 | actually sink. But uh in the time that we're seeing here, |
|
| 165:34 | sediment supply is in filling all the , accommodation space that's available here and |
|
| 165:39 | it has to shift and accommodate even accommodation space, but it's finding it |
|
| 165:45 | and not vertically. So the sediment is overriding the any accommodation space |
|
| 165:54 | Now, the oceans is infinite. uh if sea level stays the same |
|
| 165:59 | a delta brings sediment, it's gonna doing this anyway. And it's gonna |
|
| 166:03 | but again, um it's, it's it's gravity has a little bit to |
|
| 166:08 | with this particular model. But uh that's what's happening here. The um |
|
| 166:15 | space is being overcome and here this accommodation space, the sedimentation rate is |
|
| 166:22 | enough to keep up with the uh additional accommodation space. So it's building |
|
| 166:30 | up. It's not pro grading, it's building straight up and it's keeping |
|
| 166:34 | . Uh And this, this really sense when you look at the sequence |
|
| 166:38 | of uh reef systems because reefs, systems, when there's too much accommodation |
|
| 166:44 | , they drown. But if it's same, they grade and they build |
|
| 166:48 | uh pinnacle reefs and things like Now, here's another one and somebody |
|
| 166:53 | the answer to this for sure because wanted the answer to this one. |
|
| 166:57 | what's happening here? It's going to left. It's what it's going the |
|
| 167:09 | way of the other one. it is. And it's going the |
|
| 167:12 | way because, because combination space is faster than the sediment rate can keep |
|
| 167:18 | with it on an average rate over within these faces. And so for |
|
| 167:25 | sequences, we have three different types stacking. There's the pro gradation, |
|
| 167:30 | a gradation and the retro gradation. um and uh what else can we |
|
| 167:38 | retro gradation when we have retro gradation faces, what event are we |
|
| 167:47 | We're having a transgressive event. So is something we often see in a |
|
| 167:53 | we did in the example of a sequence, uh systems track, you'll |
|
| 167:58 | retro gradation of the sands as sea is coming back and rising in the |
|
| 168:03 | surface, transgressive surface transgressive surface transgressive keeps that transgressive surface keeps coming all |
|
| 168:10 | way up until uh uh the sea slows down. It comes to a |
|
| 168:16 | stand. And then you get the high stand systems tracked in the |
|
| 168:21 | flooding surface building back over top of . The initial uh transgressive major transgressive |
|
| 168:28 | would be at the bottom of one these pair sequences and then these would |
|
| 168:32 | localized uh flooding surfaces uh and uh localized transgressive events. OK. So |
|
| 168:44 | systems tracks can help us with a of different things. And uh this |
|
| 168:49 | basically what it is. I know running out of time. But uh |
|
| 168:52 | really need to take a break. , um, I'm gonna take a |
|
| 168:56 | now, which I hope you uh, I've been wishing for one |
|
| 169:03 | , uh, you're gonna get it . And so, um, I'm |
|
| 169:16 | , ok. Is everybody there? , sir. Yeah. Ok. |
|
| 169:27 | was, uh, yes. I know we're all awake now. |
|
| 169:34 | , I'm not sure what I told because I think I was dreaming. |
|
| 169:40 | . Let's see. Anyway, we finished up with these things |
|
| 169:45 | and, uh, we're not doing lot of different exercises with this because |
|
| 169:50 | gonna have a course that's all in photography and you'll get a lot more |
|
| 169:54 | this. Um, I'm gonna you know, just a few of |
|
| 169:59 | that many questions on sequence photography, I thought it was worthwhile to at |
|
| 170:05 | expose you to some of the And I know conceptually it takes a |
|
| 170:11 | bit longer to swallow it. I , uh, Stephanie, I think |
|
| 170:15 | said digest it. I think that's , that's a really good point. |
|
| 170:20 | , uh, and it will, at least you've been exposed to, |
|
| 170:23 | , some of this terminology, if before. And, um, and |
|
| 170:29 | think it, uh, it helps get a little bit of it just |
|
| 170:34 | another, uh, another class. , um, trying to get my |
|
| 170:44 | to pop up here on my other . Um, but sometimes helps me |
|
| 170:55 | look at this on a bigger screen I'm talking to you. And so |
|
| 171:14 | we, we got to hear and , I'm not gonna like a lot |
|
| 171:18 | the word slides I have, I'm gonna read them all. But um |
|
| 171:21 | are the things that discriminate low stand tracks and uh transgressive systems tracks and |
|
| 171:29 | stand systems track. And remember if have a shelf margin systems track. |
|
| 171:36 | It's a type two solas uh sequence than a type one solas sequence. |
|
| 171:44 | You'll also notice I don't mention I don't know if John will |
|
| 171:49 | it kind of heads off into a uh realm. Uh looking at sequences |
|
| 171:54 | uh things that are all up in fluvial systems and uh a lot of |
|
| 171:59 | uh shallower water stuff. So it's uh pretty remarkable uh things that he |
|
| 172:04 | do. So you're gonna enjoy his a lot, I think. And |
|
| 172:08 | a really good uh uh instructor. also um I'm pretty sure that he'll |
|
| 172:14 | you do an exercise where you, figure out how to calculate coastal lawn |
|
| 172:19 | from uh from geologic data. And and that'll be fun too. But |
|
| 172:24 | what I thought would be interesting for to see is that um here is |
|
| 172:29 | near Spitsbergen. Uh this is up the um Baltic and um and they |
|
| 172:38 | out crops there that are enormous and actually have our crops that are um |
|
| 172:47 | the scale of, of a seismic , a regional seismic line and um |
|
| 172:53 | think I may have cut it But um yeah, here's the |
|
| 172:57 | This is 50 m down here. uh this is a pretty good size |
|
| 173:02 | feature. Uh a really impressive I uh funded a research project for |
|
| 173:11 | up here from, from our uh budget. But uh but I didn't |
|
| 173:16 | to go. That was the the part of it. Uh But here |
|
| 173:19 | showing you a shelf edge and a uh shelf edge actually. And you |
|
| 173:24 | see the blocks of uh a This is a pro delta and uh |
|
| 173:29 | switched, switched the thing around and this is, this happens to be |
|
| 173:34 | type two so elastic uh south margin track. And uh these are some |
|
| 173:42 | the pro grading uh delta pair sequences you see in the model down here |
|
| 173:48 | right up there. And this was similar one and uh this, this |
|
| 173:52 | uh I'm Ron Steele at the University Texas and uh I worked with him |
|
| 173:58 | in uh in Norway on some other . But, but this uh this |
|
| 174:04 | the model that I showed you. flipped it around backwards. So you |
|
| 174:07 | kind of see where this is the two solicit plastic uh third order |
|
| 174:14 | And uh and here it's flipped around you can see some of the pair |
|
| 174:19 | and pro gradation of a delta uh a delta wedge uh coming out |
|
| 174:25 | . This is one that's not too , but there was a larger |
|
| 174:29 | that was uh differential compaction and The thing has actually collapsed. And |
|
| 174:36 | what happens sometimes is, is during uh deposition of these things, some |
|
| 174:42 | the shales uh mobilize and they uh start to uh create little Diapy structures |
|
| 174:49 | I'm not sure if that's what happened , but uh this might have been |
|
| 174:53 | good sized mud lump off the delta some point in time, uh if |
|
| 174:57 | were alive on this surface. And I'm I'm not totally sure right now |
|
| 175:04 | the stratigraphy, but I, I it might have been uh in the |
|
| 175:08 | and there's some Kim Ridge clay in , which is probably why I wanted |
|
| 175:12 | picture. Um This is uh looking a seismic, uh the seismic of |
|
| 175:21 | particular basin building out into this This is the original uh initial shelf |
|
| 175:28 | right here and it shows you how was a sequence and then another change |
|
| 175:32 | sea level and, and we had sequence built out here. And of |
|
| 175:36 | , there's erosion on these surfaces and one built out over top of |
|
| 175:40 | another one builds over top of this of course, this little pocket in |
|
| 175:43 | could happen when some sort of subsidence causing there. But it kind of |
|
| 175:48 | you that uh as a basin fills , there's these third order sequences or |
|
| 175:53 | sequences. And then you have additional sequences that are related to them, |
|
| 175:58 | different things are happening at different times uh on different scales. Um It's |
|
| 176:05 | different, isn't it? And uh is this is kind of an interesting |
|
| 176:10 | and up dip here, uh this be depositional up dip in this direction |
|
| 176:16 | there's definitely non deposition going on over . But if you look on this |
|
| 176:21 | , they put this, this, big hiatal surfaces in here and |
|
| 176:26 | there may not be uh much of surface in here. Uh This gap |
|
| 176:31 | time might be filled uh with very thin line of sediment. Um |
|
| 176:39 | example, um way, way well, actually not right there. |
|
| 176:44 | you can, you can see there's there, you can see there's erosion |
|
| 176:47 | . So somewhere out here, uh be a funny wedge of sediment. |
|
| 176:54 | , there's a wall chart I used have that showed this better than anything |
|
| 176:58 | ever seen, but I've never seen since that even comes close to |
|
| 177:01 | And uh uh but there's uh as go farther offshore, eventually you're gonna |
|
| 177:08 | undisturbed se sediments uh unless there's um lot of bio degradation or whatever. |
|
| 177:17 | uh the uh pelagic sediments are gonna building up while all of these un |
|
| 177:22 | and heal surfaces are forming uh off this direction. And, and that |
|
| 177:27 | be the correlative conformity in other that's where time is being recorded, |
|
| 177:31 | we're not seeing it on the shelf we're not seeing it on the shelf |
|
| 177:35 | . And these of course would be in the basin. Uh And so |
|
| 177:40 | , once you get down into the , uh, way out into the |
|
| 177:44 | and there's not un conformity, uh see, unfortunately, you see un |
|
| 177:48 | there and one there, but at point in time, the farther you |
|
| 177:52 | out there, uh it would be very thick line, but the bed |
|
| 177:57 | would be really thin, it could 10 inches, 20 inches thick. |
|
| 178:02 | that would be a super maximum flooding where the flooding surfaces that uh that |
|
| 178:09 | in the middle of these things actually coalesce with that sort of super flooding |
|
| 178:14 | way off in the distance. And that's something that I, I think |
|
| 178:18 | would be neat to work on, uh haven't had an opportunity, you'd |
|
| 178:21 | to get some awful deep sea stuff uh and things can happen around uh |
|
| 178:27 | uh with submarine channels that actually cut the entire uh uh basin floor. |
|
| 178:34 | , uh this again, I'm just show you this, there's not gonna |
|
| 178:38 | a test on the test question on , but I want you to see |
|
| 178:42 | uh people have first order, second , third order, this is the |
|
| 178:45 | sequence um uh that we uh that relates to some of these that might |
|
| 178:55 | associated with each other. And uh is uh sort of just the uh |
|
| 179:03 | third order what used to be the order sequence. And here's a pair |
|
| 179:07 | sequence. And uh and it's kind relating it to uh magnitudes of sea |
|
| 179:12 | rise and fall relative sea level This is ecstatic. Uh this is |
|
| 179:19 | rate rather, this is relative sorry about that. This is |
|
| 179:25 | And uh and this would be uh Strat graphic unit that makes up these |
|
| 179:30 | . So the, so the pair sequences make that third order sequence, |
|
| 179:34 | in this diagram is called fourth. I'm not gonna uh as I, |
|
| 179:37 | might have mentioned, you know, somebody comes up with a sequence, |
|
| 179:41 | got to come up with higher order and they've decided to back this one |
|
| 179:46 | down to just the third order sequence this particular scheme would be called the |
|
| 179:52 | order. I don't think very many use this terminology, but Exxonmobil got |
|
| 179:56 | that point. They were the ones started it. And this is uh |
|
| 180:02 | of what they're trying to show you in terms of uh super sequences, |
|
| 180:09 | this, this right here might be super sequence in here. But in |
|
| 180:15 | you can see boundaries and, and un conformity that bind both uh composite |
|
| 180:22 | which might be uh the strata that fill in like here versus the |
|
| 180:28 | that fill in like here. So have those what they call in that |
|
| 180:33 | , fourth order sequences. But it has to do with plate tectonics and |
|
| 180:37 | development. And uh and of course subsidence from uh thermal cooling and the |
|
| 180:43 | bit. And uh when you go this broader basin like this, you |
|
| 180:48 | see you're getting infill in the, center of the spreading ridge which is |
|
| 180:52 | in this direction is, is starting fall down and it starts to fill |
|
| 180:56 | . When at one time, we a high over here, we now |
|
| 180:59 | a depression and a potential depot center out here. But at one point |
|
| 181:04 | time, there was a high which is why I would probably call |
|
| 181:08 | uh sort of the sin rift deposits are in here. And then after |
|
| 181:13 | rifting, you've got these immediate post uh sediments in here. And this |
|
| 181:19 | definitely well past that. And also this whole feature is starting to uh |
|
| 181:25 | started to sag yet, but there a big evaporative event filled this in |
|
| 181:30 | created some topography. So you're getting whole different uh super sequence forming |
|
| 181:37 | And uh and then you have these sequences in there and it's kind of |
|
| 181:41 | leveled deposition. Then you get to point where um you're starting to see |
|
| 181:47 | depot center that's over here, shift the way over to here. And |
|
| 181:50 | then that would be into probably another super sequence. Don't, don't quote |
|
| 181:55 | on any of this, but based uh what I know about this, |
|
| 181:59 | kind of how I would read So, you've got something that's immediately |
|
| 182:03 | ripp, something that's a little bit than, than uh immediate excuse |
|
| 182:08 | Sin ripp. Then something that's immediately ripped and then uh things that start |
|
| 182:13 | infill in this, the salt build in here when there was uh evaporation |
|
| 182:18 | that uh particular lake uh near the the top of the lower Cretaceous uh |
|
| 182:27 | which created a lot of these uh basins, salt. Um Excuse |
|
| 182:33 | salt, Mar the basin margin, deposits uh pretty extensive and, and |
|
| 182:41 | the pre salt which is down Uh If you flip it on to |
|
| 182:45 | other side is where Brazil's finding some uh oil fields right now. So |
|
| 182:51 | , it basin development sequence photography. all apply to how we can figure |
|
| 182:57 | where there's where's the habitat for petroleum that include all the five elements that |
|
| 183:04 | need to get a reservoir that we produce. And um and you can |
|
| 183:11 | a look at this in terms of play elements in here. Uh Strat |
|
| 183:16 | traps in Europe is not a, not part of a play element that's |
|
| 183:20 | of a prospect. But uh no, and Clare can always be |
|
| 183:26 | an issue across the lakes, those Lakes, we call the Atlantic and |
|
| 183:30 | Pacific Ocean. And, uh, anyway, um, I'll let you |
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| 183:35 | ahead and read that and we're gonna this and we'll get just a little |
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| 183:39 | of a start on front to your and then we'll quit. And, |
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| 183:47 | , I don't know about you but I think it's been a long |
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| 183:52 | . Ok. Now, what am gonna do? There we go. |
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| 183:57 | come back. Mhm I love these down menus that bury the menu you're |
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| 184:03 | to get to. So here, now we're gonna start into uh what |
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| 184:10 | be more fun for you. And then again, maybe not. But |
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| 184:14 | is uh lecture 11 where we start at uh frontier exploration methods. Some |
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| 184:20 | these we, I teased you with we were looking at uh at all |
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| 184:24 | different uh tools that we had earlier and uh we'll just see a few |
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| 184:31 | details and how, how it applies some of the things that we're doing |
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| 184:36 | , in, in uh frontier exploration why they're important to use it at |
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| 184:40 | phase in the value chain. And thing that I like to point out |
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| 184:47 | the beginning of this is um unconventional . It is a completely different way |
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| 184:54 | thinking from con conventional and uh and think this uh stone burner guy, |
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| 185:02 | I don't know why. Let's I mean, these things work |
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| 185:09 | but they're a little fickle. Um So here's the list of things |
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| 185:13 | we, we kind of do with with conventional versus unconventional. And |
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| 185:19 | I think this is the most significant of all. Um uh The project |
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| 185:29 | focuses sort of outside in, in words, we're, we're not |
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| 185:34 | we're not in the reservoir, we're in, in, we're not in |
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| 185:37 | field that might have multiple reservoirs. We may not be in the uh |
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| 185:47 | the sub basin that we're gonna be interested in. But we're looking |
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| 185:52 | we're starting to look at it from outside, from uh from the whole |
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| 185:56 | perspective, trying to find out where sweet spots are gonna be uh in |
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| 186:01 | basin in terms of those uh elements of a play that they just |
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| 186:06 | including the uh the traps that we to, to uh come up with |
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| 186:13 | . And uh and I, and think, uh again, even with |
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| 186:20 | control, it's, you're kind of at the big picture to begin with |
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| 186:24 | you can focus on the uh the picture. And of course, even |
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| 186:28 | you do seismic, there's gonna be things to figure out based in depth |
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| 186:32 | size and the gravity Magnetics gonna happen . Um Here, we already know |
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| 186:38 | . So we're, we're sort of the center of where we think the |
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| 186:41 | rocks and uh and those five elements gonna be occurring. Uh you |
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| 186:47 | we know where the, we know where the source rock is. We |
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| 186:50 | exactly where the, the reservoir rock . So, what we're trying to |
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| 186:55 | is, uh and of course, don't know if any of you have |
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| 186:59 | , but when an area becomes really for uh unconventional, it's usually after |
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| 187:06 | found something, uh that's pretty but quite often, uh a lot |
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| 187:12 | the unconventional that we, we start the horizontal drilling in. They were |
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| 187:17 | so good. The source rock and was so good at that point that |
|
| 187:21 | of them were actually produced uh with holes and without hydrofracking. And |
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| 187:30 | so you sort of have a center focus and unconventional that works its way |
|
| 187:35 | of that to try to find out sweet spots are that we missed, |
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| 187:40 | didn't show up in conventional production uh these migrational pathways in, in into |
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| 187:47 | a case that we might have penetrated actual source rock and actually produced uh |
|
| 187:53 | flow, uh slow flow uh production limited production, but at least got |
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| 187:59 | . So, uh the, the would always jump on those areas where |
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| 188:04 | , we already knew that there was migration and associated potentially associated uh production |
|
| 188:12 | the, in the actual source rocks . And uh and then, then |
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| 188:17 | work from that and uh and of , the uh you can read |
|
| 188:23 | yourselves at your leisure. But uh , this this is, you |
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| 188:29 | we're, we're trying to come down the details in conventional, we're trying |
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| 188:34 | get to the details and uh We're trying to spread it out from |
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| 188:39 | center point and figure out what's going . You know, is there a |
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| 188:43 | it's gonna be better up dip, a chance it's gonna be better down |
|
| 188:48 | . Uh in terms of uh where source is, of course, uh |
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| 188:53 | maturation is gonna be impacted by um depth of these things. So that's |
|
| 188:58 | that's really important too. And, , you know, if you, |
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| 189:02 | if, if you go into an where uh it's getting past the, |
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| 189:08 | for example, if it gets past uh oil window and you're in a |
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| 189:12 | you're in an unconventional, you right away, if you go down |
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| 189:16 | eventually you're gonna get to, to gas output and uh with some uh |
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| 189:23 | genesis going on versus cato genesis and and, and more and more gas |
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| 189:29 | , if that's not the target you . And of course, some of |
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| 189:32 | things are in such situations where gas the primary uh product that you |
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| 189:38 | Uh So you just don't want to to uh a point of it being |
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| 189:43 | or that kind of thing. um you know, I could talk |
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| 189:46 | this for a month, but uh are some reasons uh uh why they're |
|
| 189:52 | different and, and frontier exploration is of uh short tracked in, |
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| 189:58 | in unconventional because you, you've already pretty much what we would do |
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| 190:02 | in frontier, in a conventional And, um, this is just |
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| 190:09 | you, uh uh how, you , the first thing you're gonna be |
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| 190:13 | to figure out is the sub And, uh, and then |
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| 190:17 | what kinds of uh concentrations and high uh that you might have related to |
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| 190:24 | sub basin and the development of a rock and that sort of thing as |
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| 190:28 | to, if I'm developing a source , I might actually be focused in |
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| 190:32 | this area right here or even this right here already and already know from |
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| 190:38 | pathways and production in these highs. that down in the basin is where |
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| 190:42 | gonna be. For example, one we know, uh if, if |
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| 190:46 | oil and gas to be had is conventional or unconventional thing underneath Houston, |
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| 190:52 | are sitting right on top of uh of the biggest uh potential kitchens of |
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| 190:59 | rocks uh on the coastal plain uh the Houston Basin, which is right |
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| 191:05 | us. So, um it's the of thing that you need to consider |
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| 191:08 | in terms of the different, different to looking at things. And uh |
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| 191:15 | here in the Eagle Ford, um know, there was an area where |
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| 191:20 | um had production but, you you don't wanna go too far this |
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| 191:24 | . Because you're gonna lose some of faces advantages to this. They figured |
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| 191:28 | they didn't want to go this way there's too much sand that diluted |
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| 191:32 | uh, the source rock. If source rock was being generated, there |
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| 191:36 | some shales over here, but there's of it uh in, in different |
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| 191:41 | because you're getting closer to, to uh a source of sediments coming out |
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| 191:47 | , uh, of this area over . And uh it, it's, |
|
| 191:51 | , it's things of, of that . And uh you know, if |
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| 191:54 | go too far in this direction, gonna come out of this restricted basin |
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| 191:59 | you're gonna lose that faces that had hyper rich uh source rock that was |
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| 192:04 | in the Eagle Ford. So it's a, it's really kind of |
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| 192:09 | big, big difference. Um You , the, the drilling tools are |
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| 192:14 | too. So, uh so um actual process is different, but |
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| 192:21 | there's, there's steps that get you pretty much something that we would call |
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| 192:26 | and appraisal. And that's, to , exploitation is really where uh is |
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| 192:32 | well, where the unconventional really start you think of it in the same |
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| 192:37 | as a conventional uh string along the chain. OK. So, uh |
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| 192:44 | frontier, we've had the big questions ask and we've mentioned this already is |
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| 192:51 | , is it big enough? Uh we have uh the proper reservoir |
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| 192:56 | Do we have the permeability, the . Uh what are the potential, |
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| 193:01 | is the potential for these kinds of ? And, um and so when |
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| 193:07 | look at frontier exploration uh areas, some of the ones of course are |
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| 193:12 | be the Arctic circle, the Arctic , the Barn Sea near Svalbard, |
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| 193:16 | Greenland, Siberian Shelf, et uh the Antarctic Shelves and the |
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| 193:22 | Um My gut feeling is we're never be in these areas because uh we |
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| 193:30 | , as, as I've mentioned, know, we're gonna, we're gonna |
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| 193:32 | reserves for quite a while still, uh I don't think we're gonna get |
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| 193:36 | the point uh where we have to things that are super damaging to the |
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| 193:41 | and we can kind of focus on where uh the environment is, is |
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| 193:46 | nicer to people. And uh and unless in uh how to put it |
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| 193:55 | more likely to uh to survive from of these catastrophes that we had like |
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| 194:02 | the Gulf of Mexico, um I hate to see something like that |
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| 194:06 | for example, in one of the regions. Um Things that are really |
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| 194:11 | pretty hot is the deep, the water of West Africa and Brazil. |
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| 194:15 | But something that's new, of is shales just about everywhere. Uh |
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| 194:20 | long as they're organic rich, as as they have the potential of being |
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| 194:23 | source rock or were a source rock conventional, uh those shales are gonna |
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| 194:29 | something useful. Now, with the we have, in other words, |
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| 194:32 | wouldn't have been on the list But now with hydro fracking and horizontal |
|
| 194:38 | , uh the way it is now , this is that 75% of the |
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| 194:42 | surface is opened up for exploration. uh less obvious examples still remain. |
|
| 194:50 | think the South China Sea. And and that's because there's a lot of |
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| 194:55 | in it that there's, there are shelves that they have uh in that |
|
| 195:01 | . There's a lot of um acreage reachable by our technology. Uh But |
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| 195:09 | lot of the technology that it takes uh to produce that um is I |
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| 195:14 | think has been totally applied over And again, I don't know uh |
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| 195:18 | the political reasons are for it, there's, there's a lot of areas |
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| 195:22 | have developed in Vietnam and places like . Other places in the uh in |
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| 195:28 | Asia that uh that are doing really and uh parts of the Cast Caspian |
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| 195:35 | are really good, which might be obvious to many of you um the |
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| 195:40 | water of Indonesia nearby. And uh thing would be the uh the Atlantic |
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| 195:45 | of the US. Can anybody think a, an economic advantage to uh |
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| 195:50 | finding significant reserves and uh offshore of Atlantic Ocean of the United States off |
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| 196:00 | the east coast of the US, less reliance on uh other countries because |
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| 196:15 | could self produce it. Ok. , um, here, here, |
|
| 196:20 | me throw something out to you. , you, you know, all |
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| 196:23 | things are important. One terrible thing it is there's no infrastructure out |
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| 196:28 | Uh, there aren't any pipelines to in yet. But that, that's |
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| 196:32 | terrible thing. But at the same , if you were, say you |
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| 196:36 | able to find something 25 miles off coast of New Jersey, for |
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| 196:45 | how do you think, uh, would the, what would be |
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| 196:48 | what would be the economic advantage of ? Ok. You know, |
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| 197:00 | as geologist that, um, track across the entire planet, it's often |
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| 197:07 | to think about, um, some the economic constraints and, um, |
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| 197:13 | know, we produced a lot of and gas in the Gulf of |
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| 197:17 | Where does a lot of it Yeah. Yeah, a lot, |
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| 197:28 | lot comes through Houston. But does all reside in Houston? That's the |
|
| 197:33 | . You know, we do have lot of Refiners around here but we |
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| 197:35 | have, uh, uh, some . I think a lot of them |
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| 197:41 | been retired up, up and uh, around the northeast. But |
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| 197:45 | we had oil and gas, resources that are close to shore gas |
|
| 197:51 | would be very easy. Uh, wouldn't have to transport that gas all |
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| 197:55 | way from the Gulf of Mexico. example, they'd be able to, |
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| 197:59 | , uh, put in some, , uh, short offshore pipelines and |
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| 198:04 | them right onshore pretty quickly. And it wouldn't be that an enormous expense |
|
| 198:09 | , of running pipelines all the way the Gulf of Mexico or for, |
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| 198:13 | Oklahoma, somewhere in Oklahoma, all different places where we have hubs for |
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| 198:18 | gas, uh, and get them the way to the northeast because, |
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| 198:22 | , I think it's still pretty obvious the northeast is one of the most |
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| 198:26 | populated areas in the United States. so is California, California has limited |
|
| 198:34 | and, and uh refine resources. funny thing is, I wonder why |
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| 198:40 | oil and gas cost so much. But that's part of the reason it's |
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| 198:44 | of the distance, uh where a of it is actually uh truly |
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| 198:49 | And um if you, uh if put somebody's uh us, you |
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| 198:57 | your sources of your, uh the of your resources in somebody else's |
|
| 199:04 | um, you know, you can expect the prices to be high. |
|
| 199:09 | if we had some uh natural resources oil and natural gas, uh really |
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| 199:17 | to the northeast of the US, uh then we would uh save an |
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| 199:22 | lot of money and a lot of and probably cut down the carbon |
|
| 199:27 | Uh just because of uh the loss CO2 with transportation and other things. |
|
| 199:33 | uh and even building some of these , produce a lot of CO2 uh |
|
| 199:37 | would be, you know, an and also an economically good thing and |
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| 199:41 | I don't want to go on too . But, but again, |
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| 199:45 | California is another, uh, heavily populated area. Texas is certainly a |
|
| 199:50 | heavily populated area, uh, in . And, uh, and |
|
| 199:57 | uh, you know, it, kind of good that we have it |
|
| 200:00 | but we're also in, in the center of the world almost. And |
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| 200:05 | and uh not that there can't be up in the east coast. But |
|
| 200:12 | but having that source of, of resource or the uh place where it |
|
| 200:18 | from closer to where it's used is always a good thing. I |
|
| 200:23 | in Norway they had uh one tiny refinery. It almost looked like a |
|
| 200:28 | school experiment to me and uh a tiny little thing but it provided all |
|
| 200:34 | fuel they needed in that country. uh but when you get, get |
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| 200:39 | where you have to transport this the price of transportation and the, |
|
| 200:44 | the wasted energy and additional CO2 that's because of it is, is a |
|
| 200:49 | thing. OK. So uh timing frontier uh as I've pointed out at |
|
| 200:57 | very beginning, uh can be very , it can be tens of |
|
| 201:01 | Uh If you have a good handle this thing and you're not too far |
|
| 201:06 | the basin, it can be um as, as little as five |
|
| 201:14 | But you, you've, you've got , you've got to do a quick |
|
| 201:19 | of some land or property. You to evaluate the property. You have |
|
| 201:22 | decide that there might be a prize . Uh, you have to |
|
| 201:27 | uh, uh, basic surveys and and sometimes drill Strat, graphic wells |
|
| 201:35 | really dry holes that, you aren't gonna, that you have no |
|
| 201:38 | if they're gonna hit anything. just, just to get in, |
|
| 201:41 | your foot into the acreage, depending what country and what state and that |
|
| 201:46 | of thing. And uh and then have uh have to worry about environmental |
|
| 201:52 | . Uh Mobile Bay took nine years approval and uh it found um tight |
|
| 202:00 | in the upper Jurassic nolet formation. was the first company to do it |
|
| 202:04 | of course, that play exploded after . But uh that particular uh thing |
|
| 202:13 | almost missed. It was a highly guy that uh understood why the resistivity |
|
| 202:19 | look as good as he wanted it in a tight sand. And uh |
|
| 202:24 | uh as it turns out, uh intuition without any other information was spot |
|
| 202:34 | , they did a test on it it became one of the biggest uh |
|
| 202:38 | uh in the area. And of , uh all through uh Louisiana and |
|
| 202:43 | of Texas uh over the next 20 30 years. And um I think |
|
| 202:48 | , I can't remember its shell, one of the other companies, not |
|
| 202:53 | , uh, got into, uh the nolet really big and they have |
|
| 202:58 | real, have had some really good as they're starting to release a lot |
|
| 203:01 | their data now that now that it's to be a, a mature stage |
|
| 203:05 | play, uh but one of the things you have to do, um |
|
| 203:10 | if you do find a well is , is to continue, continue or |
|
| 203:15 | the acreage. But, but before even drill a well, you have |
|
| 203:20 | evaluate it and decide if you're gonna going on and keep that, keep |
|
| 203:23 | lease and uh, fulfill the In the case of Mobile Bay. |
|
| 203:30 | had to wait, um, nine to find out that they could |
|
| 203:33 | And of course, there were a of constraints on it, but at |
|
| 203:35 | end of the day, it turned to be a really good decision to |
|
| 203:38 | in there. And it was fortunate at the same time, uh, |
|
| 203:43 | like myself were finding plenty of oil gas in other places to help pay |
|
| 203:48 | , uh, for the lease, the rental and, uh, and |
|
| 203:52 | while nothing was coming out of Ok. Um The timing in |
|
| 204:01 | I already, uh pretty much said up front. Uh, you can |
|
| 204:04 | this, I won't go through but I, I get through these |
|
| 204:07 | pretty quickly. And, uh, , because just the minute I say |
|
| 204:16 | the minute I say the word I start thinking about what it takes |
|
| 204:19 | do it. Uh But here's, a, a long decades long |
|
| 204:24 | which I think is a good Uh Parts of this are in the |
|
| 204:28 | and so, uh I've embellished it over the years, just checking |
|
| 204:33 | on more things. Um uh uh , the first wells were in the |
|
| 204:40 | seventies and uh this is west of Shetland Islands. And so uh we |
|
| 204:46 | to call it woozy and, and uh technical group of uh of any |
|
| 204:54 | oil company research center has done work trying to figure out where all the |
|
| 204:58 | is. And uh in 1977 they a big field and uh and uh |
|
| 205:05 | and uh still took a while before started producing it. Um First woozy |
|
| 205:13 | wasn't until 1997 and uh and the clear oil uh was in 2005 and |
|
| 205:21 | and it took a whole long time get there and this is, this |
|
| 205:23 | kind of what it looked like. little bit on a timeline. It |
|
| 205:27 | just scattered west of the Shetland Islands here. And um and people were |
|
| 205:35 | these places, here's the Clare Uh but there's no pipeline to |
|
| 205:40 | And uh so nothing's gonna happen for while. F PSO S these floating |
|
| 205:45 | production ships uh eventually started getting them there. They had to find a |
|
| 205:50 | to build them that could withstand some the, uh the weather conditions out |
|
| 205:54 | and how to operate them and, , and things like that. But |
|
| 205:58 | it took a long time to, , uh, you know, people |
|
| 206:02 | finding things and they were making, leases and they were trying to drill |
|
| 206:05 | it just took forever. But then 2017, um everything changed. |
|
| 206:13 | here was the Clare Field and there a structural ridge here and there's |
|
| 206:19 | a basin over down in here. And I'm not quite sure what structure |
|
| 206:25 | is that uh that they're playing off this. But this is, this |
|
| 206:28 | an, an clinal ridge and uh don't know um what creates the structures |
|
| 206:34 | here. But I think it's an example of how people are working for |
|
| 206:42 | and years and years tinkering around and get anything done. And all of |
|
| 206:47 | sudden they found the mother lode in uh a structural ridge that I think |
|
| 206:53 | the water was shallower there too. I did, I didn't work on |
|
| 206:57 | myself but uh but you can see there's all sorts of fields and discoveries |
|
| 207:04 | it's a, it's a play that all the way from the original discovery |
|
| 207:08 | in this diagram right there at the spot. Look at that and uh |
|
| 207:14 | magic and, uh and you it's just amazing, you know, |
|
| 207:19 | were, they saw this, they a little bit of this, they |
|
| 207:22 | , they just weren't sure what it and here it all explodes. Here's |
|
| 207:26 | Foin Haven and, uh, and, uh, out in here |
|
| 207:31 | it might be pronounced differently, I imagine. It is. And then |
|
| 207:35 | have, uh, this thing out the middle of what appears to be |
|
| 207:38 | nowhere since they haven't told you what is. Uh, but here we've |
|
| 207:42 | all these, uh, things on and, uh, so it kind |
|
| 207:47 | looks like this is what it looks in your 2021 book. And, |
|
| 207:53 | , uh, so it's really changed lot and, uh, and now |
|
| 207:58 | have all these pipelines going in uh, uh, some of the |
|
| 208:04 | and oil pipelines you can't see uh, of course, natural gas |
|
| 208:08 | an important thing, but here's, , uh, North Sea, here's |
|
| 208:12 | Brent coming up here and, this may actually be draining the Scott |
|
| 208:17 | that I worked on. I'm not . But, uh, here's oil |
|
| 208:21 | coming up here and then there's oil gas pipelines to here. And, |
|
| 208:25 | , and they've got a lot of gasses over here and, and I |
|
| 208:29 | there's a green line under this, just can't see it. Uh, |
|
| 208:33 | , because, uh, if you back, 12, there's definitely oil |
|
| 208:39 | with, with these discoveries and, , the ones up here, some |
|
| 208:43 | the ones up here ended up being things. So there's a lot of |
|
| 208:47 | piped in from up here. And , um I guess it's getting to |
|
| 208:54 | time. But uh let me just one more uh example, another place |
|
| 208:59 | frontier exploration was Ghana. And and uh uh they saw oil seeps |
|
| 209:06 | the way back in the 19th Uh even before I was born. |
|
| 209:11 | uh and in the 20th century when I was a terror in the 20th |
|
| 209:16 | by especially the second half. And and of course, uh now they're |
|
| 209:24 | billions of barrels of offshore fields. And so that they discovered in 68 |
|
| 209:31 | they didn't have any production until And again, it's uh really high |
|
| 209:38 | gravity. But guess where uh we uh refineries in Houston uh in the |
|
| 209:46 | area and the Baytown area and all and uh uh that can produce this |
|
| 209:51 | of oil that's all ready to And uh this is really the kind |
|
| 209:58 | oil we should be producing since we the facilities. And then we should |
|
| 210:02 | sending the West Texas intermediate to places that need the uh the lighter crudes |
|
| 210:11 | the intermediate crudes to uh to produce oil and gas because of their |
|
| 210:15 | It's, it's always, it's I don't know why, but politics |
|
| 210:21 | involved. But, you know, you let the industry sort out send |
|
| 210:26 | right type of oil to this the right type of oil to that |
|
| 210:30 | . And they could send some of oil to ours because we have |
|
| 210:34 | we have refineries designed for their type oil. Yes, it doesn't matter |
|
| 210:38 | you're importing or exporting. Uh Right we have such a good uh supply |
|
| 210:44 | oil and gas, I think. uh and we're discovering more and more |
|
| 210:48 | the time uh that it, it sense to partner with other countries and |
|
| 210:54 | and move the resources around where they're efficiently uh turned into product and uh |
|
| 211:00 | save a lot of money that And you can go ahead and read |
|
| 211:03 | too. But it's, it's it, it's just gotten amazing uh |
|
| 211:07 | the years and uh Sirna is uh exploding in terms of discoveries on a |
|
| 211:14 | basis, they're finding something new just . And um uh this is kind |
|
| 211:20 | showing you what some of the petroleum look like and I think I'll leave |
|
| 211:24 | here uh because probably wouldn't do it uh just to rush through this. |
|
| 211:29 | this is one of the new exciting in frontier exploration and it's certainly in |
|
| 211:36 | of it, have definitely moved into realm of exploration and uh and then |
|
| 211:42 | to hammer on exploitation fact, uh the whole system from uh what we |
|
| 211:49 | able to find in Guyana and moving to surname that definitely is exploitation of |
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| 211:54 | play that they found in, in different country. So, it's |
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| 211:58 | uh, pretty widespread spread and uh, system. So we'll start |
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| 212:04 | on this, uh, in two . Uh, but in the |
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| 212:10 | I wanna see your, uh, exercises on Wednesday. And, |
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| 212:18 | if, if you want to just a paper copy, you can always |
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| 212:21 | it in my mailbox in room 3 , put it in a manila folder |
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| 212:28 | say something like top secret on And uh and then I'm sure nobody |
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| 212:33 | mess with it. Um uh The uh but then the uh correlation |
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| 212:44 | uh we went through that relatively quickly the 90% of what I said, |
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| 212:50 | I would not have had to say I could point my finger at it |
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| 212:53 | a log. So uh what I you to do is to, to |
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| 212:59 | the next couple of weeks when you time at some point, you're gonna |
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| 213:02 | to study for the test. Um not next Friday, but the Friday |
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| 213:07 | that and uh and have a good from this. But uh at the |
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| 213:12 | time, if there's any day between and then that you want me to |
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| 213:16 | you with your uh um correlation just make sure you've done some work |
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| 213:25 | you can show it to me and can ask, does this look right |
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| 213:27 | not? What am I doing? ? What am I doing wrong, |
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| 213:30 | kind of thing. And, and think, uh, sort of with |
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| 213:34 | little personal time, individual time with or if there's a group of you |
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| 213:38 | want to get together, uh, Zoom or we could even meet in |
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| 213:43 | , uh, in the building if in town, uh, if, |
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| 213:46 | you want to do that I'd be to, uh, to set up |
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| 213:49 | study time or some lab time so we could just uh get through some |
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| 213:53 | that and make it easier for And with that, I better uh |
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| 213:57 | been a long day for everybody and gonna let you guys get to the |
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| 214:02 | of your weekend and have a good and uh really enjoy the weekend that |
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| 214:06 | off in the fourth. And uh the fourth is getting really close, |
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| 214:11 | gonna uh start putting my flags out , I think and uh and uh |
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| 214:17 | my uh week off of teaching my off of teaching uh with a bunch |
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| 214:24 | flags around my house. So, you guys take care, have a |
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| 214:28 | uh holiday and weekend and, and , uh please contact me. I |
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| 214:33 | , uh if, if no one me, I'll be worried. But |
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| 214:36 | any, if, if everybody contacts , I'll be happy. So, |
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| 214:41 | so please, if uh if you to get some help with the uh |
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| 214:45 | exercise, I'll be happy to help out with. That. Thank you |
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| 214:49 | much, sir. Have a nice , take care and it's, |
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| 214:52 | it's II, I think we probably have been ok if we stayed at |
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| 214:57 | room, but I just didn't wanna drive all the way down there and |
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| 214:59 | people drive there and end up, , having, uh, problems. |
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| 215:03 | just, you know, it's, too short to, uh, to |
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| 215:08 | any more in Houston than you have during. Uh, I just |
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| 215:13 | I'll tell you one really quick thing the, uh, when COVID was |
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| 215:17 | on, I actually could ride my every day and I got up to |
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| 215:20 | miles a day and it was the thing in the world for me. |
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| 215:25 | , and, uh, and I 20 miles a day and trying to |
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| 215:29 | 15 miles an hour to 20 miles hour and it was, uh, |
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| 215:31 | was a really good workout but, now that I have to go back |
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| 215:35 | the office and drive two hours every day I go to work. |
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| 215:39 | , it's a nightmare. So, , so I'm, I'm definitely any |
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| 215:43 | I get to avoid driving, driving . I try to avoid it |
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| 215:48 | Have a good, good break and , like I said, and I'll |
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| 215:51 | to you guys, uh, online however you want to meet and I'll |
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| 215:55 | if on Friday, two weeks from . Thank you so much. Have |
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| 216:01 | good weekend. You too. Thank . So much, sir. Have |
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| 216:03 | nice one. Thank you. We |
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