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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - 2103_lecture25_0428
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00:12 So did anybody else get up out bed this morning? Really excited knowing
00:15 this is the last time you got get up early on Tuesday or thursday
00:19 a long time. Yeah. All , good. And I woke up
00:23 I'm like, whoa, last day have to get up this early until
00:27 fall, but I'll take it. I think is it can be a
00:33 day talking about the autonomic nervous autonomic nervous system really, really
00:39 You've learned about it at some your life, rest and digest versus
00:42 or flight. Right, familiar with ? Heard about that? It's got
00:47 when someone scares you. What do want to do you want to
00:51 Don't wanna punch him in the I want to punch him in the
00:55 , but the bear, I want run. Okay. I always say
00:58 a little bit more about me than else. Right? So, what
01:02 have up here, So that's that's what this is gonna be about.
01:04 gonna see the parasympathetic system is very straightforward. All right. Um
01:11 what we're gonna do is we're gonna that in the midst of all this
01:15 gobbledygook of the autonomic nervous system that actually breaks down into this. It's
01:22 this or it's that okay. That's of how you kind of kind of
01:25 at it. All right, It's they're so different. These two halves
01:31 the autonomic nervous system that it's easy to kind of just create a here's
01:34 lift that this side here's a That's that side. All right.
01:39 what we wanna do is we want put this all in context. All
01:41 . And so, this is what been learning for the last two
01:45 12 lectures of nervous system. And the nervous system we said, remember
01:52 of the central nervous system and the nervous system. So, here we
01:55 peripheral nervous system, we said, peripheral nervous system deals with information going
01:59 and information coming out, right? receive sensory input. We we create
02:04 response. All the processing of what need to do takes place in the
02:07 nervous system. So, we're ignoring for now. All right. And
02:12 , if you're dealing with motor versus , that can be in one of
02:16 places. If you're dealing with you're either dealing motor that's on the
02:21 movement, right? Or you're dealing motor internally. That would be
02:27 Alright, similarly, in sensory it's going to be the same
02:31 I'm actually detecting things externally, which spend a lot of time talking
02:36 or I'm dealing with things internally, that's where we're focused. Okay,
02:41 so, you can see here, this is doing is it's gonna focus
02:45 in on terms of the motor Alright. We're kind of working our
02:49 here because we know this stuff that's . Alright. So, how do
02:54 control my heart rate? How to my breathing rate. How do I
02:59 whether my blood vessels dilate or right? I mean if, for
03:06 , you see somebody that you're really to and they come up to you
03:11 say, hey, how you What happens? You might be cool
03:14 the outside, right? You're hey, whatever, I'm fine.
03:18 going on in the inside, You can't control that. This is
03:25 the autonomic nervous system is all All right. So, we have
03:30 motor. That's what we've been talking . So, now we're dealing with
03:32 here autonomic motor. So, when dealing with visceral sensory that's detecting what's
03:38 on inside the body to make sure stasis is taking place and then the
03:42 is going to be down here autonomic . And this is where the paris
03:46 where the autonomic nervous system is, we divided up in the sympathetic and
03:50 . All right. So, what we dealing with glance, smooth muscles
03:54 cardiac muscles. Right? When someone you that warm fresh brownie, you
04:02 help but your mouth starts watering, ? Because it already knows there's sugar
04:07 and it's like, oh, I that sugar. Okay? You can't
04:12 that. None of you can control heart rate, right? I mean
04:18 you've watched friday the 13th, I it's friday the 13th, man.
04:21 know, it's Halloween? Halloween is where mike Myers dies like 30 times
04:27 . You know the end of the ? It's like, what's he
04:29 He's faking it, His heart stops and then No, he can't fake
04:34 your heart either beats or it You have no control over it.
04:41 . So this is where we're gonna talking about is how do we go
04:44 regulating things internally? Now to break two things down. You can you
04:49 look at this and just kind of all right, what what's my target
04:52 ? One of the responses. So here remember we said with skeletal
04:56 it's always gonna be excitation because that's somatic is dealing with. We can
05:01 inhibit or excite so that we're kind I'm gonna use this analogy but please
05:06 careful with the analogy. It's like a gas and the brake acting on
05:10 system. Okay. You're gonna see we're gonna need to be careful in
05:14 a moment. All right. With muscles, you can tell skeletal muscles
05:18 they move that's voluntary here. It's involuntary. It happens without you thinking
05:23 it. Motor cortex versus brain my elation versus some violations. We're
05:30 to see how it's divided up The neurotransmitter. We've we talked about
05:34 skeletal muscle acetylcholine. We've got different neurotransmitters. We're going to walk through
05:39 as well as what type of receptors going to be involved? Alright,
05:43 this kind of list is kind of nice way to say All right,
05:46 how is this different than the somatic . and so we can use a
05:51 like this to help us really And so up here, this is
05:55 . We already talked about this. the cell body in the somatic nervous
05:59 . So that lower motor neuron where originate? Where in the spinal cord
06:03 it originate? It's in the only person is going to shout this out
06:12 horn. Right? That's where we're go. Right, ventral horn.
06:16 if you want to say anterior that's fine. Alright. In the
06:20 nervous system we said autonomic nerves originating horn? The lateral horn.
06:28 so there's already there's that first When you look at that lower motor
06:32 we said there's only one, There's only one lower motor neuron.
06:35 goes onto the skeletal muscle. And it is. You can see with
06:37 myelin, when you're dealing with the nervous system there are always two
06:43 Alright. The first neuron that's exiting via the lateral horn is called the
06:48 gangly oneK neuron. It's pre gangly it because it terminates on another neuron
06:54 inside a ganglion. You can see nomenclature now pretty straightforward pre ganglion IQ
07:01 the one that leaves the ganglion is post gangly oneK. So that is
07:04 post ganglion neuron. Alright. The ganglion, it can be my Alani
07:08 post ganglion, it will not be eliminated. So, there's that one
07:12 we talked about of Myelin nation and in terms of their targets. We
07:16 said skeletal muscle for somatic. And the targets will be smooth muscle,
07:21 muscle of the glands. So anatomically different structures. Very different. All
07:29 . So, this slide just basically you. So the second neuron,
07:33 post ganglion neuron is the one that the defector. Alright, so 1
07:40 neuron change. Now. The two sympathetic and parasympathetic are different in terms
07:50 how they behave. They innovate all same organs. Every textbooks has a
07:55 like this. They're trying to show the origins of parasympathetic vs.
08:00 But notice do you see any difference the sides over here? No.
08:04 , they're all innovating the same They're organizing or they're innovating to do
08:10 things. Now, here's an easy . All right. When we talk
08:13 sympathetic, we're talking about fight or . That's that's the way we remember
08:18 fight or flight simply says, when am confronted with something that requires
08:25 exercise, excitement or emergency. The . Alright then my sympathetic is going
08:32 be the dominant form of interview or . Alright? So, when someone
08:39 you, what happens to your heart , it goes up? All
08:44 So, you have a choice Your body is saying Something jumps out
08:48 the bushes at me. What am gonna do? I'm either gonna fight
08:52 to survive or I'm going to run from it. And again, what
08:56 just do is kind of depending upon situation and kind of what person you
09:00 , right, the bear jumps out the bushes. Are you going to
09:03 the bear or you gonna run away the bear? Right? You don't
09:08 to answer that. Okay. But it's the heart. All right.
09:14 we're talking about here after I escape fight the bear, my heart is
09:22 , what do I want to do I want to slow the heart
09:24 I can't just let it slow So the parasympathetic is responsible for doing
09:30 opposite. So in this particular pair or sympathetic is like a gas
09:35 . Parasympathetic is like a break simple . Let's go to the digestive system
09:42 I glorify 30 hamburgers. I'm the one that does that. Right,
09:49 . Alright. When I eat a juicy hamburger, I like going to
09:52 coma. You know, my food state. Right? Right? So
09:55 I'm in that rest and digest That's the term we use. We're
09:59 see it's all these other little So you can imagine what am I
10:03 ? Am I accelerating the digestive Am I acting on the on the
10:07 to increase my ability to digest after eaten a whole bunch of food.
10:12 do you think? Yeah. So I'm doing is I'm gas peddling that
10:18 structure those organs now, in this the gas pedal is parasympathetic.
10:26 And so I'm not accelerating using sympathetic sympathetic acts as kind of a
10:34 Right? So when I go run race alright or swimming a meat or
10:41 it is, if I'm playing, not a good idea to eat because
10:45 body doesn't want to digest that stuff it makes you feel nasty. And
10:48 what you do is you end up up everything, let's just get out
10:51 the system so I can do what's to get the job done. The
10:56 part. Right? Yeah. So the idea here is that uh
11:03 parasympathetic is the gas pedal right? digestion, then sympathetic would be
11:09 And so what you're doing is like you eat a large meal before say
11:14 , what's happening is you're now having things fight each other when you exercise
11:20 is going to become dominant. And it's going to basically say stop
11:24 right? And then you kind of food just kind of sits around and
11:27 not digesting it. And it kind impedes your ability to do whatever the
11:32 is. And so you always kind feel like afterwards and I'm not saying
11:36 throwing up is sympathetic. It's it's just that might be the way
11:40 body responds. Yeah. How you sympathetically embarrassed sympathetically is person dependent?
11:49 I played high school football. I it's hard to believe with this
11:51 right? You know, one of closest friends, he was a sinner
11:55 a nose guard and when he played guard he'd go out in the field
11:59 very first play, he was so . He'd be shaking you know and
12:03 get down on all fours and get front of the ball and then you
12:07 throw up. Now trust me when a sinner and someone throws up on
12:12 , the last thing you're doing is about blocking but it's it's you
12:17 that would be an example of just sympathetic response that probably is not particularly
12:22 . But you can think of it terms of like fight or flight if
12:25 a predator, right? And something up on you or poops on you
12:29 pees on you. Are you going want to keep eating it or attacking
12:34 or is that kind of shock you that happens? What do you think
12:38 going to shock you? Actually? one of the ways that prey actually
12:42 of escape from things as they release sorts of horrible things. But digestion
12:49 one of them. Alright, so put this in perspective, sympathetic
12:54 or flight, basically what we're gonna is we're gonna increase heart respiratory
12:58 Blood flows cardiac muscle sweating. Because we're dealing with the ease exertion
13:04 exercise, excitement, emergency. I'm increasing in these areas so that
13:11 can mobilize the blood and the oxygen the fuel to get to those structures
13:16 I can fight or escape when we're with parasympathetic, this is the time
13:22 you what your body spends most of time in. Right? So these
13:25 things are kind of fighting for each . Right? So right now your
13:30 dominant, Right? You're barely staying because you're like, Okay, this
13:34 cool. But when I say, , guess what? We have a
13:36 quiz, it's 80% of your final . What's going to happen? Are
13:41 sympathetic gonna become dominant? Yes. . So right now your parasympathetic
13:47 So really what are we dealing Primarily maintenance? Body maintenance? We're
13:51 uh in terms of the heart rate stuff that's going down, blood pressure
13:55 going down and staying normalized. Uh we're mobilizing in these areas. In
14:02 words where pushing materials towards um excretion lack, you know, you can
14:08 up here the slud salivation lack formation your tears, urination, defecation,
14:14 , I'm in maintenance mode. All . So what we wanna do is
14:19 want to look now in those So we're gonna just keep these two
14:23 are acting opposite to each other. that's kind of the easy thing and
14:27 we can see then anatomically their actually of each other as well. All
14:34 . So, in terms of the . All right, I'm gonna go
14:38 to the previous picture if you look the pre ganglion cells. Remember they're
14:41 out of the spinal cord or at in theory in the spinal cord.
14:46 what they're doing is they're exiting out the central nervous system and they're uh
14:50 going or they exist at a particular when you're dealing with the parasympathetic,
14:55 cranial and sacral. Alright, when dealing with sympathetic, it's thoracic and
15:00 . I'm gonna go back to that picture and you can see here,
15:04 here we are cranial nerves cranial. here you can see the spinal
15:09 So it's not even the brain stem I'm sorry, not even the spinal
15:13 up here. It's cranial and then here they're sacred. So heads and
15:18 for parasympathetic. And then in between of that, that's sympathetic. That's
15:23 thoracic and the lumbar region. Alright there is nothing here in the cervical
15:29 . We'll get to that y in a second. All right. In
15:33 of the length of the pre ganglion , we've got two different ones.
15:36 parasympathetic are long. All right there long. What they do is they
15:41 out and they travel a long distance get to their gangling and then when
15:45 get to their gangly and the ganglia nearly or closely located to the organ
15:50 being innovated. Alright, so you've this long pre ganglion in fiber ganglion
15:56 then you'll have a short post nick fiber and this is where your
16:00 would be. Alright so long. the ganglion then short and then Oregon
16:06 is the opposite sympathetically of this. exit out. Remember you're coming out
16:11 the spinal cord and the thoracic or region you exit out and your ganglion
16:15 right there. It says very, short region. So the pre ganglion
16:20 fiber is very short. You have ganglion and then you have this long
16:24 gangly optic fiber that travels to the . All right. If I go
16:28 and look at the picture, it show real well, we'll see a
16:31 picture a little bit later. so these three things right here kind
16:35 go together in turn these two things of go together as well.
16:41 The number of pre ganglion like And there are the branches that they
16:45 is going to be different. All . So, the pre ganglion fiber
16:49 out and there's a possibility of branching parasympathetic fibers. There's not a lot
16:54 branching going on. It's like if can imagine one fiber, we're going
16:56 say it can have like two It might have up to four
17:00 Alright. And then innovating different post nerve fibers in that gangland With the
17:07 system. It's the opposite here. we're going to have is we can
17:11 as many as 20 or more uh . So you have this short
17:17 And then it has all these branches go to all these other post gangly
17:20 fibers. And those post gang economic go everywhere. All right. And
17:25 the degree of response then means if don't have a lot of branches,
17:28 means I'm directing my response to a specific location. So it's a very
17:34 response response when we're dealing with when we're dealing with sympathetic. On
17:39 other hand, because we're going to many different places, we're activating so
17:43 different things at the same time. on top of that we have a
17:47 that's going to be supported through a system that we're going to see at
17:52 very end of class where the same , the same molecules that are responsible
17:57 same neurotransmitters that are responsible for the response are actually released in the
18:02 And so that travels around and that even a much larger response than what
18:07 expect. Okay, so the degree responses depending upon the number of
18:14 The lengths of all these things are of tied together. And you can
18:18 here this is sympathetic versus parasympathetic. is short. There's long, there's
18:23 they're short, really easy picture to at. So in terms of the
18:28 itself, we said that the parasympathetic either in the cranial region or in
18:34 sacral regions. And these are the structures. This is as easy as
18:39 gets right? Cranial. You can there are 1234 cranial nerves.
18:45 What are we innovating. Just think the structures you know your eyes,
18:49 where you're secretive stuff. So you're all glands, mucus, mucosal glands
18:53 the nose, salivary glands in the . So when I smell something I
18:58 something, I see them that we're the amount of light going into the
19:02 . And then you can think in of all my viscera are gonna be
19:07 through cranial nerve number 10. All . And then down here at the
19:11 very bottom, the sacral region is regulate the lower regions of the viscera
19:16 include the gonads. Real simple. call these the splanchnic nerves of the
19:21 . Splanchnic nerves were going to see sympathetic also has splanchnic nerves, But
19:27 straightforward. Right? We got the motor, we've got the facial nerve
19:31 then we said cranial nerve number When we looked at cranial nerves is
19:35 for everything that's in the guts. this is the parasympathetic autonomic system.
19:42 simple. The complexity comes in Alright. It's a little bit
19:51 I'm going to use the word All right. A little bit more
19:58 . All right now the rules are simple. Remember what we said is
20:02 we're going to originate here in the and lumbar regions. Alright, so
20:08 number one. They're gonna be in lateral horn which we've already learned
20:13 And so what we're gonna do is gonna leave out from that lateral horn
20:19 out of the spinal cord and we're go out here to what is called
20:22 sympathetic trunk. Alright. Other books have different names for it. Sympathetic
20:28 is a normal name. But you see uh para sympathy or para spinal
20:33 para vertebral trunk. That's sometimes a that they'll use. All right.
20:40 what we have here in this sympathetic are a series of ganglia that are
20:44 side by side. We're talking just couple of millimeters outside of the spinal
20:49 and it basically looks like a whole of bumps that have been kind of
20:52 to each other. All right. so there's almost a 1-1 matching.
20:57 even in the cervical region, you're to see the sympathetic ganglia. So
21:01 the sympathetic ganglia in the cervical what you have is you have a
21:05 that comes out and then travels upwards then down here in the lower
21:11 And the sacred regions. What you're to have is you're gonna have a
21:14 that comes out and then travels Alright. So that's how we are
21:18 to cover all these different areas is have fibers that exit out and then
21:22 travel up or down. So even they originate between T. one and
21:26 . two. You've got the whole region covered. Alright. There is
21:31 one sympathetic ganglia as per spinal nerve now, this is where it gets
21:39 . All right. So, when think about the spy this sympathetic
21:45 what we're going to see is that like this little tiny bulb. And
21:50 I want you to envision with this is that there are two doors on
21:55 side. Alright, well two passageways one passageway on the other side.
22:01 how many passages are there? Okay. Two on one, one
22:07 the other. All right. And what can happen is going to be
22:12 upon which doors are available and where are. Right, But simply put
22:17 going to happen Is that a fiber enter into that sympathetic ganglion right through
22:23 of those doors and then it can one of three things. It can
22:27 at that same level and then exit One of the other two doors.
22:32 right. It can go up or can go down to another sympathetic gangland
22:37 then exit out through one of the doors. Right. I mean it
22:41 simply synapse in that one. Or it can do is it can go
22:44 through one door and out the other without every synapse in which is a
22:48 confusing. All right. Now, said that me vocalizing, it doesn't
22:53 it easy to visualize. So we're to see stuff to visualize this in
22:57 a second. All right. But happens is is if you kind of
23:02 in understanding that there's a little bit complexity, but it's not hard to
23:06 draw it out. There's only like things that can happen all right
23:11 in terms of the actual anatomy, remember what we said that there's
23:16 So when we when we're dealing with parasympathetic, the fiber comes out.
23:21 this is sympathetic. But when we with the parasympathetic, cranial nerve,
23:25 travels far out. It goes to the organs at and the gangland is
23:29 the organs. So, you have the ganglion already kind of associated with
23:33 organ. You're innovating? That's why never pointed him out. Right?
23:37 if you're talking about the i it's , oh, the gangland for the
23:40 systems over there by the eye. we don't worry about it.
23:43 But when we're dealing with the sympathetic , what happens is we're gonna have
23:48 structures that are going to kind of in the way because we have such
23:52 short pre ganglion IQ fiber. So have the ganglia. And then we
23:56 other stuff that's going on. The thing are the cervical ganglia.
24:01 cervical ganglia basically existed. So that the cervical ganglia, right? There's
24:06 of them. All right. We the superior cervical ganglia, the middle
24:10 ganglion, the inferior. So And basically what they're gonna do is
24:15 going to try to match up with upper regions. All right.
24:19 you can see here, Right, going ahead and next, that would
24:23 the Superior one. The next I'm kind of going to the thoracic
24:27 . The next one. I'm going the thoracic syrup. Now, the
24:30 news when you're thinking about this stuff it's just gonna organize along the length
24:34 your body. So the highest cervical kind of deal with this region to
24:38 the parasympathetic. The next highest one a little bit further down and the
24:43 one high goes a little bit further . So, basically what you're doing
24:46 you're saying I'm covering basically top middle then bottom of my body and I'm
24:53 of going right back to their And since cervical, we're talking about
24:58 region, that's what it's kind of . Alright, remember this word right
25:03 , are those two words. You seeing those, right? So,
25:07 just going to remind you, for who forgot, right, when we're
25:12 about spinal nerves, spinal nerves, that the first fiber, the motor
25:17 comes out of the spinal cord via ventral route, the ventral root joins
25:21 with the dorsal root, right? , we have root. Let's to
25:24 roots form spinal nerves, spinal nerves divide into three things. What are
25:30 three things that divided into that hate in the front row? I forgot
25:35 tell you, I think I told guys this is Seaworld, I'm Shamu
25:38 you sit in the front row, gonna get splashed. Right. Do
25:43 remember what happens to the spinal It splits into 3 3 paths dorsal
25:53 . Remember that? What does dorsal innovate back in the neck. Then
26:00 I heard you say it. You anterior or ventral is fine. That's
26:05 deals with the spinal nerve. And we said, oh yeah. And
26:07 there's the third one. The remote . I said don't worry about
26:10 We'll get to it. Guess what is? It's get to it
26:15 Alright, so this is the third . All right. Remember what I
26:20 with the spine or with the sympathetic . We have three doors.
26:25 So imagine here you have your three . You have two doors side by
26:29 and one on the other side. said the two doors. I want
26:33 focus on. R your ray. communications. Alright. One is called
26:37 Gray one is called the White. right now, gray and white mean
26:43 in anatomy when you're dealing with nervous . Right. So when we're talking
26:47 white matter, what do we talk ? What what does white matter?
26:56 with? What the with my Right. Gray is. Remember cell
27:06 . Alright. Well these aren't cell here. This is fibers without
27:12 Alright, so white refers to the of Myelin because it gives it a
27:18 appearance. So, the gray communications the white communications referred to fibers that
27:24 either Myelin or fibers that don't have own. All right. Two doors
27:30 fibers, right fibers coming in. is going out. All right.
27:35 flip back a couple slides which of two fibers pre or post has the
27:44 go back and look, I mean got slides. I want to hear
27:47 loud pre So the white ramus is indoor, the gray ramos must be
27:58 outdoor. Okay. If you can't this think of a restaurant back in
28:04 good old days, they'd have actually doors in front of restaurants so you
28:08 see what's going on in the But nowadays they remove those doors.
28:12 ? And you can see in the , But let's just go, we're
28:15 to an old restaurant. We've got flappy doors. All right. You
28:19 go through the indoor and you only out the outdoor. Right? Because
28:24 you went in the indoor or if go out the indoor, you're gonna
28:27 into somebody and there's gonna be the crash and it's gonna be bad and
28:30 gonna clap in the restaurant and you're feel embarrassed and find another job working
28:35 burger king or something. Okay, white ramos indoor into the sympathetic game
28:44 alien gray ramos is the outdoor. we said there's a third door.
28:50 ignore that for. Right. he doesn't have a name. It
28:53 is all right. And then down . Okay, basically we have the
29:00 splanchnic nerves. All right, we're to see this all put together.
29:03 right now these nerves are going to in through the sympathetic trunk,
29:09 So they're following through the white ramos they're not using the gray ramus.
29:14 just gonna keep on going through that door and they form these sympathetic splanchnic
29:19 and they typically are dealing with the in the abdominal region. And what
29:24 do is they travel to a unique of gangland that's further down which is
29:28 pre vertebral. Alright now, I a second ago that there's a name
29:33 para vertebral. Do not confuse those things. So, if you see
29:37 vertebral, which you shouldn't see in class, but in some future class
29:40 , oh, there are two ganglia that I'm dealing with. Alright,
29:45 Para is next to pre is far . Alright now, me saying this
29:51 , doesn't let you see anything. going to see all this put together
29:54 just a moment. All right, here you can see a little bit
30:00 to a little bit detail using the cord. Right here is your lateral
30:05 . Over here, you come out is your route lit there's your ventral
30:08 there. You form the spinal nerves nerve splits. You can see over
30:12 there's the dorsal ramus there's eventual ramus is the white Remy communications or community
30:19 and then on the other side, the grave. I mean, they've
30:22 it over there. Alright. White the grave. So gray lacks my
30:31 . It's the outdoor. White has own pre ganglion fibers. Indoor
30:41 he said. Splanchnic nerves are the that form on the other side of
30:46 gangland. If you're not using the ramus. All right. And so
30:51 we have is we have a whole of nerves and you can see here
30:54 is actually a better picture than the that previously showed you. Here's the
30:58 ganglion. This right here is the Mesen Terek ganglion. We're going to
31:03 to these in just a second. here. That is the inferior
31:07 Terek ganglion. All right. And nerves that are formed to remember up
31:13 high, That would be the the , the inferior and medial cervical
31:22 And that's where you're getting those nerves there. Said notice what we're doing
31:24 we're now down in the thoracic we have fibers that are traveling directly
31:30 and they're joining up to form larger . We have the greater thoracic
31:37 If you have a greater, that you have to have a lesser.
31:41 that we have a lesser thoracic And we have a special one.
31:46 you have a lesser. And you to go smaller, you call it
31:48 least. So greater. Lesser, . Alright. They're all thoracic,
31:53 123, so greater lesser least. . Notice the celiac ganglion gets the
32:03 . The superior Mesen terry gets the in the least. All right then
32:08 here we have the lumbar splanchnic They're going into the inferior mesons terry
32:15 . Right? And then down here have sacred splanchnic nerves. Just like
32:19 saw in the parasympathetic. All right in terms of their divisions, what
32:23 can do is we can then just on the ganglia. Right? So
32:26 say, okay, well the cilia primarily deals with the upper, working
32:32 the stomach, the liver and working to the levels of the pancreas and
32:37 the upper regions of the duodenum. basically you're working downward through the
32:44 All right. Why isn't the heart the lungs on this one? Where
32:48 the where were those innovated by? , there it's parasympathetic. But we're
32:54 sympathetic right now. Remember what's this called? Cervical? Alright, so
33:01 fibers from the cervical sympathetic ganglia. ? So we had the head,
33:11 and the thoracic region by the cervical . So when we get down
33:16 what we're dealing with is just basically , your abdomen and your pelvis.
33:22 celiac is the upper regions of the . Alright, the superior Mesen
33:29 This is referred to as your mesen . Really it's the fat in your
33:32 . And your Mesen terry. And this region is Mesen terry. So
33:37 working your way down through the superior Terek is going to be primarily
33:44 And then when you get down here the inferior mesons, eric it's the
33:48 intestines, plus all the gonads and bladder, etcetera. All right.
33:57 how it's broken down. So head neck, thoracic, that's gonna be
34:04 . All these We are going to through these pre vertebral ganglia.
34:09 remember this is your sympathetic trunk These are those special pre vertebral ganglia
34:16 sit further out. All right, it's still short. And then we
34:21 these long fibers that are going all the place. Now, what I
34:27 to do is I'm gonna show you pathways Once you see the pathways,
34:30 think most of this stuff starts making . All right. So, the
34:38 through which a sympathetic fiber travels can one of these four things. And
34:43 , the fourth thing is kind of unique one. So, really,
34:46 one of three things. And then got this weird thing that happens,
34:50 special. Okay, the first one easiest called the spinal nerve pathway without
34:57 looking at it. What do you it uses the spinal nerve.
35:03 that should be straightforward. All And this is the easiest one to
35:07 . All right. So, think about your ganglion, you can
35:10 here, right? Here's your sympathetic there's the white ramos. There's a
35:13 ramos. There's that back door that form a splanchnic nerve so far.
35:18 good. You got that? We a gangland. We have a white
35:23 ramos ramos And we've got a back if it's there, it's going to
35:26 a splanchnic nerve. All right. , we're looking at the spinal nerve
35:31 . Spinal nerve pathway says in the I'm using or using the spinal
35:36 So that means I'm gonna come out the lateral horn, ventral ventral route
35:42 the spinal nerve, enter in via one wider grade white going into the
35:52 . And then I can do one three things. Now I can synapse
35:56 that gangland. I can go up synapse in the gangland above me or
36:00 can go down and synapse in a below me. Alright? But what
36:05 doing is I'm going in and I'm I'm going to synapse in one of
36:09 ganglia. Alright. And then when send apps that post gangly oneK fiber
36:16 exit out through the gray ramos at level. All right, so,
36:20 can see here, right, this the easy one, you can see
36:23 go in through the white. Here's synapse. I go out through the
36:27 and I go out via the spinal . See what happened. I'm staying
36:33 the same level and I'm using the nerve as my path to where I'm
36:36 to go. Innovate. All right . You can see I'm going
36:40 I go down. I synapse. go out via the gray ramos and
36:45 stayed in my spinal nerve. over here I go I go out
36:50 the spinal cord, ventral spinal White ramos go up synapse, exit
36:56 through the gray ramos and integrate via spinal nerve. So you see in
37:02 of these cases I go in through light, I'm either gonna synapse where
37:07 at or I'm gonna go up or gonna down and I'm gonna synapse All
37:12 . And then I exit where I and then I go out via the
37:16 nerve. Okay, this is the simple of the pathways. Alright.
37:23 where am I going? Basically skin vessels in the skin as well as
37:29 pili muscles. Do you guys remember the erector pili muscle is? And
37:35 skin when you get goose bumps, pili director stick up pili hair,
37:42 stick up muscle number two spanish is in white synapse out gray. Stay
37:56 the spinal nerve. Second one post getting on sympathetic nerve pathway.
38:01 name. Alright, but again, tells you what you are doing
38:05 Right? So, again, predating fiber comes out from the spinal cord
38:10 in through the white. And what gonna do is it can go
38:13 it can go down or stay at same level. All right. And
38:17 gonna send apps in that ganglion and going to exit out through the splanchnic
38:25 . Alright, So notice here instead going back out through the gray,
38:28 going out through the back door kind makes sense and it tells you so
38:33 know that your synapse sing. And the thing that's exiting is the post
38:38 nick fiber and it's using a splanchnic to leave. All right, so
38:47 one in through the white, out the grave. 2nd 1 in through
38:50 white out through the back door. . And what are we innovating?
38:54 our heart loans thoracic region. Some the eye muscles basically structures of the
39:02 . So which structures which sympathetic ganglia using this for the most part
39:08 Give you a big hint sir, . Hey, So number one spinal
39:15 pathway in through the white, Out the great. Use spinal nerve number
39:19 in through the white, out through back door to the structure of the
39:23 in the thoracic region. Yeah. It's not really a spanking nerve at
39:31 point. I'm just since I use term, I'm just sticking with
39:34 It's not a splanchnic nerve. That's a fair question. So don't call
39:38 splanchnic nerve. Alright. Back door better I guess. Yeah. So
39:45 can see here that little spot they're it's coming out there showing you it's
39:49 up that one they just didn't do the lower one. Alright, so
39:53 going out the back door. Number . Now we're dealing with this plankton
39:58 . It's even in the name splanchnic pathways. All right, so you
40:02 look up at the slide here but don't even need to tell you which
40:04 is it going through white. I always go through the white.
40:10 . So here in the splanchnic nerve we go into the spinal gang or
40:15 go into the the sympathetic gangland. notice we don't synapse, we can
40:21 in and we can go down and in we can go up.
40:23 So notice all three cases you can up down or stay at the same
40:27 . Alright? But whatever you do you go up down you're gonna exit
40:31 . And so in this particular case gonna exit out here on the same
40:35 and I'm going out through my splanchnic . I am not synapses and I'm
40:40 keep going until I get to the vertebral ganglion and that's where I'm gonna
40:46 . Right? So again this is abdomen and pelvic regions. So spinal
40:53 pathway in through the white out through gray. Use a spinal nerve second
40:58 . Post ganglion ICC nerve pathway in the white, out through that back
41:03 right? Innovating head and thoracic Third pathway in through the white.
41:09 not send apps, keep going out the back door right? All the
41:15 to the pre vertebral gangling. We're synapse there and then go on to
41:20 organ. This is the admin in pelvic regions. Okay, Is that
41:27 confusing? Yeah. So you say . This one goes out the back
41:33 . So look at the picture you see here. Here's the backdoor
41:36 backdoor again, they're only using two the three. But remember you can
41:40 up or down, it doesn't You know, in this case you're
41:44 you can do either of those They're just trying to keep it simplified
41:47 you can see, so you go through the white, out through the
41:52 door without synapses. Right in the case, remember in the post ganglia
41:57 fiber, we went into the white inside the gangland and then went out
42:03 back door. All right, Ready the Weird 1? The weird one
42:14 really more part of the endocrine system it is sympathetic. All right.
42:21 its origins are in the sympathetic nervous . And so what we have
42:26 we have a fiber that's going to just like what we just saw.
42:29 can see it comes out through the nerve, goes through the white
42:32 out through the back door, bypasses pre vertebral gangland. So completely ignores
42:40 and goes all the way over to adrenal medulla. Now, we've never
42:44 about the adrenal medulla because it really kind of belongs here. But the
42:47 gland is a little tiny dollop of cream that sits on top of your
42:52 to make it sweet and wonderful. if you take a slice through the
42:58 medulla, you're going to see that has two parts to it. Or
43:01 really the adrenaline to part is the cortex and it has the medulla.
43:04 adrenal cortex is responsible for producing a bunch of hormones. You do not
43:08 to know this for the exam. just trying to give you a sense
43:10 what this structure is. Alright. produces the mineral cord accords of glucocorticoids
43:14 the sex steroids. Not all of sex steroids, but it's the one
43:18 gets everything started very early on in . Okay, so you can imagine
43:23 the outside. So the inside the medulla, the middle part is
43:28 modified sympathetic ganglion. It was a ganglion at some point. And then
43:35 said well we don't need to make second half. We don't need to
43:39 other nerve fibers. So those cells shrunk down. And what they do
43:43 they release the same neurotransmitters that the ganglion excels in all the other sympathetic
43:50 would release. Now, I want to think for a second here,
43:57 , the information is up there when are running a race or someone scares
44:05 or you're in a fight or you're a video game and you're winning for
44:09 first time. What is the thing gets pumping through your system? What's
44:16 adrenaline, Right? It's adrenaline all , we're familiar with this. It
44:23 us that that high or those Right? Someone yells at you like
44:28 almost get hit by a car and just sitting there in the car and
44:31 can feel the shakes and you're just , you know, you don't know
44:34 to really do with yourself. It's . It's pumping through your body.
44:40 . Adrenaline actually has a different It's called epinephrine. Alright. Epinephrine
44:48 the hormone and neurotransmitter that is responsible that feeling. And when we
44:56 we have sympathetic innovation, sympathetic innovation to all those different places that we've
45:01 and talked about, but it's also out into the bloodstream just to make
45:07 that every system gets turned on. know, that is supposed to be
45:12 to a sympathetic response. Let me you an example here. No,
45:17 , I'll give you the example in a little bit. Alright. But
45:19 , so the adrenal medulla is responsible pumping out adrenaline. Epinephrine and it's
45:29 by these pre ganglion nerve fibers to so. So it's similar to what
45:34 saw over here. It's just bypassing vertebral and then the post game dynamic
45:39 just no longer really exists. I'm going to put those in quotes because
45:44 there's a cell there. But it's a neuron. All right. It's
45:50 job is to reinforce what the sympathetic is doing in those cases of
45:58 emergency and exertion? Alright. I'm gonna pause there. Yeah.
46:08 . That's correct. It just kind keeps on going and says, hey
46:11 is kind of a nice place. I've got to go over here.
46:15 ? So first case spinal nerve go through the white out through the
46:19 out using the spinal nerve. Second in through the white, go out
46:23 the back door. Innovating the you're synapse though inside the inside the the
46:30 trunk and what you're gonna do, gonna exit through the back door.
46:34 gonna be head, neck thoracic Third case in through the white keep
46:39 going. Do not synapse go all way to the pre vertebral synapse there
46:43 then off you go to your And then the fourth one is this
46:47 medulla pathway basically, you go in the white, pass out through the
46:51 door without synapse and go through the vertebral gangland without synapse and all the
46:55 to the adrenal medulla, that's where going to terminate on these cells that
47:00 epinephrine. Okay, so it sounds but all you're doing is you're making
47:07 modification in each step and if you out of here knowing this, you're
47:15 than all the other A. And students around the country because everyone gets
47:19 in this. Mhm marketer situation. . So. Right. But they're
47:32 specific for the regions that they're Right. Right. So they're not
47:38 to each other. They're just unique . Right? That why they developed
47:44 way or why they're made this I don't know. All right.
47:48 when you go and do the this is how it appears in humans
47:52 mammals. All right. So, getting down to the last couple of
47:59 . All right. Let's deal with neurotransmitters. Everybody's watched Sesame Street when
48:06 were kids. Do you remember One of these things is thank
48:13 The rest of you haven't you ever that everything you need to know in
48:18 you can learn at Sesame Street. . No. Okay, I'd get
48:25 here and sing it for you. I sound like an angry pterodactyl.
48:29 , um, what we got down is one of those little grids.
48:36 , that says, we're going to what does the pre ganglion IQ fiber
48:40 in terms of neurotransmitter for the sympathetic system for the parasympathetic system and then
48:46 does the post ganglion fiber? And I said, it's easier to,
48:50 , I didn't say this part, it's always easier in my mind to
48:54 the thing that's different. And then know what, all the same
48:58 Okay, that kind of makes In other words, if you have
49:01 group of things that you have to and you know that one of them
49:04 different. It's easier than memorizing all things that are the same and the
49:09 that's different. Just figure out which is different. And then you
49:11 all the other ones are the other . Does that make sense? Say
49:15 space for other things like song You know. Lines from tv shows
49:22 the only one. Right? I I'm the only one. All
49:27 So two main neurotransmitter, norepinephrine and of calling, I just told you
49:34 is epinephrine. Norepinephrine is adrenaline or near cousins. All right. They're
49:42 , very closely related. It's just small molecular change. They do the
49:46 same thing. All right. There as a sympathetic neuron or sympathetic
49:53 All right. The neuron you'll always the neuron for the neurotransmitter they're
49:58 So, if you see the word ergic colon ergic refers to the
50:03 acetylcholine. So colon ergic neuron always acetylcholine Adra energetic. You can now
50:11 the name adrenaline comes from adrenaline and ergic neuron releases norepinephrine. All
50:18 So, when you're dealing with the ergic, you can see this gets
50:22 complicated. All sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglion fibers. So, if you're playing
50:27 this thing just put a seat of here in the seat of coal in
50:31 . Right. All parasympathetic post gangly fibers. So you put a seed
50:36 Killeen there all of a sudden. can see it's like well why can't
50:38 just put norepinephrine there and learn that and then, you know, all
50:41 other ones are acetylcholine and the answer have been. You should have.
50:44 , so the only place that you're see norepinephrine is gonna be here in
50:49 post ganglia ionic sympathetic fibers. Now kind of makes sense, right.
50:55 sympathetic results in adrenaline pumping through your then wouldn't it be easy to remember
51:03 the postgame Islamic fiber, the one actually innovates the tissue is releasing the
51:07 substance that's circulating through your body. kind of makes sense. So,
51:12 an easy way to remember that. right. That means on the receiving
51:18 you're going to have to have a that responds to that particular neurotransmitter.
51:24 , if I'm releasing acetylcholine here, means the post gangly oneK cell that's
51:30 the signal has the colon ergic All right. And that's what the
51:36 slide has to deal with. it deals with the question of which
51:40 are found where now Colin ergic There are two basic types. We
51:46 the nicotine and we have the mercury . Now, when you hear the
51:50 nicotine or nicotine, you think of , right? Why do you think
51:55 call nicotine receptors nicotine receptors? Not response but they do. All right
52:04 , I don't know how many of guys know a lot about science but
52:08 is not this idea like they taught in in high school. Right,
52:12 you have your five steps of the hypothesis pathway. Right. It doesn't
52:18 like that. You don't sit there go, hmm, I am going
52:22 do this now. You very often will have a question in your head
52:26 you kind of say what is the of me getting to this happening?
52:30 generally speaking very often what you're doing you're just grabbing stuff on the show
52:34 the shelf and you're hoping something works often. What you do is you
52:37 something and you're like, wait, gotta figure out why this happens.
52:40 then you go backwards and kind of already have the answer and you're now
52:43 to figure out the solution of how got there. Alright. And this
52:47 very much what's happened there. Like got these receptors, we want to
52:50 what binds to them. So, start just dropping things on these receptors
52:54 see what binds to them. for a nicotine receptor, they pulled
52:58 off the shelf and the receptors bound the nicotine irreversibly. He was
53:04 oh, okay, well these are nicotine receptors. So that's the nicotine
53:10 . Now, nicotine receptors are going be activated by acetylcholine. They're found
53:16 your post ganglion excel bodies. All . They're going to be found on
53:23 adrenal medulla and they're going to be on your skeletal muscles. All
53:28 So notice a little picture that we here. So notice we no longer
53:32 preys. We have post and we target. So this would be your
53:37 cell body. That's your target Alright, so where are you going
53:42 find nicotine? It? You're gonna it here on your postgame jalonick cell
53:46 . And you're gonna find it up with regard to the adrenal medulla and
53:51 skeletal muscles. All right now, you bind and nicotine receptor, it
54:00 always always always always excitatory. Now easy thing to do to remember this
54:06 skeletal muscles now skeletal muscle isn't going be on this list, right?
54:11 autonomic autonomic nervous system doesn't innovate skeletal . Do you remember that?
54:16 And I'm nervousness and stuff you don't ? It's smooth muscles, cardiac muscle
54:20 your glands, right? But if excite skeletal muscle, right? If
54:26 send a signal onto a skeletal I'm gonna cause it to contract.
54:29 only way I can get that muscle stop sending the signal. Alright,
54:36 they're always excitatory. So it doesn't now that economic nervous system. If
54:41 releasing acetylcholine onto the nicotine receptor, producing the E. P.
54:46 Which will produce action potentials which will to signal downwards. So you can
54:52 nicotine, nicotine and nicotine muscular on the other hand is a little
54:58 different. All right now again, the same sort of thing. We're
55:02 trying to find things to put on of these uh these receptors. See
55:06 they're responding to and so there's a called muscular green. This toxin comes
55:12 mushrooms. Remember you're when you're walking the forest, don't just eat any
55:17 you come across. Why they'll kill . Why will it kill you?
55:21 filled with mustering, mustering, binds receptors. Signal gets blocked you no
55:27 have an ability to say breathe and fun stuff. All right.
55:33 these are going to be found on effect our cells in the parasympathetic.
55:39 they're going to be found down One of these things is not like
55:42 others. Right? So, if know that musk urine is found on
55:47 target cells downstream in the parasympathetic that means these three are the nicotine
55:53 . Now, like all good There's always gonna be exceptions to the
55:57 . There are some cells in the system that do have muscular tonic receptors
56:01 we're going to ignore that. Okay. We'll let the nursing schools
56:05 with that. All right. those are the ones that are sometimes
56:14 now, the muscular nick receptors can excitatory inhibitory. So, when you're
56:22 with acetylcholine binding the nicotine receptor always If you have acetylcholine binding to its
56:29 neck. Aceptar it's either gonna be excitatory response or inhibitory response. It
56:35 on what the target is. Finally drone ergic receptors. Please do not
56:47 the list. All right. You good with that one thing I don't
56:54 to learn. All right. What want to point out here is there's
56:57 a bunch of types of these. you have the alpha the beta receptors
57:01 can be bound either by epinephrine or . Remember epinephrine is gonna be circulating
57:06 the blood as a result of stimulation the sympathetic system. Right. Depending
57:12 where you're located, they can be or inhibitory. So you can kind
57:16 look at this list and kind of all right. So for example when
57:19 am frightened if I'm you know, jumps out at me and scares
57:25 you know, what would I expect happen? Well, I expect for
57:30 my blood pressure and my heart rate go up. Well that makes
57:33 It's excitatory. Those would be those one receptors. You know, you
57:38 release my bowels. No, because inhibitory. Right. My digestive system
57:44 going to slow down in terms of it's gonna do. Right? So
57:48 shows you that with regard to the we have these different systems that are
57:54 play. So that's why we're able turn things on and turn things
57:58 That's also true over here. Because we have excitatory inhibitory but it's
58:05 easy to see because it's broken down class now these are all going to
58:10 based on G protein coupled receptors. these I mean they're all G protein
58:14 receptors you know, So they work this sort of system than the other
58:19 do. Um I'd like to point out right here anyone have a family
58:29 or you know somebody takes beta regular blood pressure. Yeah I mean
58:37 may or may not it's basically you there's different classes of blood pressure
58:42 So you may have heard the term blocker if you watch enough tv you'll
58:46 an AD for beta blockers that's what blocking those receptors. All right home
59:00 time. How we doing two slides slides should I slow down so you
59:09 to get out of here? Okay I got a story to tell
59:15 All right. First off it's very to think of the thing as being
59:22 off. All right so we know know structurally. Now we know which
59:29 which receptors are located where So now question is how does this all work
59:34 the body? It is not an off system. It's basically two systems
59:38 are in constant battle with each In other words each of them have
59:42 certain degree of tone depending upon your . Parasympathetic is going to dominate or
59:48 is going to dominate your basically you think of it as a seesaw that's
59:51 balance and it's slightly tilting one way the other and you can really tilt
59:55 one way, you can really tilt the other way but for the most
59:58 during your regular daily activity you're kind sitting there doing this type of
60:03 Right. So every both of these have a certain degree of activity or
60:08 associated with them? All right. we have antagonistic effects. Alright.
60:15 what that means is is when we at this picture, we see that
60:19 the same systems are innovated together. when one system is dominating, it's
60:26 activity. When the other system is , it may be inhibiting the
60:32 So those they're antagonized one another. , there are some exceptions to this
60:37 . For example, blood vessels only sympathetic innovation. All right. So
60:43 is no parasympathetic for the blood for vasculature. It basically monitors itself solely
60:49 the sympathetic system. Basically, I'm increase sympathetic activity. I'm decreasing sympathetic
60:54 that causes blood vessels to relax or . But everything else for the most
60:59 has this antagonistic activities. We refer this as dual reciprocal innovation. And
61:07 becomes important in terms of regulating the that's going on. You know,
61:14 terms of activating and energy management. right, So, I want you
61:18 think about this as an example. use every year if you're in a
61:22 driving down to Galveston's And you're driving there's nobody else on the road.
61:26 right. So, we're gonna make a safe thing and you're doing 80
61:31 , but you don't have brakes, are you going to slow down or
61:36 , Take your foot off the How long will it take you to
61:41 ? I'm not asking like that. is not a math question. I
61:44 , how long do you think it take you to stop like a
61:49 It'll take you some time before you down. Right? When I take
61:52 foot off the accelerator, the friction the on the road against my tires
61:56 going to slow me down eventually. will come to a standstill.
62:01 Wonderful. But there's a lot of that's being used in that. So
62:06 want you to picture for a You know finals week is coming up
62:10 ? Some of you are going to to the library and study and you're
62:12 to stay there all night until it . I know during files it doesn't
62:17 does it? The library doesn't But let's say you you you pull
62:20 almost all nighter you're there till like a.m. All right. But you
62:26 way out in B. F. . BF is the parking lot that's
62:31 far away that it might as well Egypt right? And you left all
62:37 friends behind and you're walking across campus in the dark and you cross over
62:43 road to go to that parking Alright now it used to be that
62:47 parking lots to the north here there actually shell parking lots and you'd walk
62:51 you could hear the crunching right as step on the shelves. Well here
62:56 is the middle of the night, o'clock in the morning pitch black,
63:00 that one blue light on the far of the parking lot to tell you
63:03 the police phone is, right and walking and you're you can hear you're
63:08 your feet and then you hear that behind you, Crunch, crunch,
63:12 , crunch, crunch now, what you do? Do you look behind
63:17 ? No, because you know you've that movie, never ever look behind
63:21 , you know that's that's that's just the right move. Alright, so
63:25 do you do start walking a little faster. Crunch crunch crunch crunch
63:29 crunch, crunch, crunch, crunch crunch crunch crunch and then the
63:32 behind you, crunch crunch crunch crunch crunch crunch crunch crunch crunch crunch crunch
63:36 now, what's going on with your ? Okay, now we're just talking
63:43 your heart, right? You're now ready right, what did we
63:47 Fight or flight, right, you're , okay, I'm gonna get ready
63:50 murder the person behind me, whoever is, I've got to fight for
63:53 life or I'm going to run as as I can or I'm gonna squeal
63:58 getting a little puddle of juices, know, whatever the case may be
64:04 , but all of a sudden now heart rate's going up, your breathing
64:07 going up your eyes dilate, that's of the steps, eyes dilate,
64:11 for a path of escape, You're starting to sweat, right?
64:18 a couple of prayers going on. again you start walking a little bit
64:25 and the crunch, crunch, crunch, crunch, crunch crunch is
64:28 and all of a sudden that hand your shoulder. And what do you
64:32 ? You roll around, you're I'm ready to go or you start
64:35 but it's your friend said, you forgot your phone, I want
64:38 make sure that you got it. all of a sudden now your whole
64:43 is going bonkers, right? Your like write your sweat going everywhere.
64:52 tears are just ready to go, . But you're now wasting tons and
64:58 of energy for something that you no need to be concerned about. So
65:04 we didn't have a parasympathetic system then everything would eventually slow down,
65:12 ? Right, Everything would return back normal, but it's much better to
65:17 by controlling the stop with a break it is to coast to a
65:23 And that's what the parasympathetic is. , it's like, oh okay,
65:27 will murder this person later. But , now I'm a little bit
65:31 I'm gonna bring everything back into homo balance into the parasympathetic is working to
65:37 things back to normal, Right? what that dual innovation is for is
65:44 ensure that the systems are balanced to the needs at the time and to
65:49 us to get there as quickly as to save energy. Now, there
65:58 autonomic reflexes. Autonomic reflexes are similar regular reflexes. You don't have control
66:06 them. They're just responsive. We to this as visceral reflexes. They
66:10 the same sort of art that we've before. The difference being is we
66:15 in the different chain one, right? Why do we have
66:20 Well, because autonomic nervous system has neurons in the neuron chain.
66:26 So these are some examples the cardiovascular is how we reduce our blood pressure
66:32 reflex, basically how do we respond food in the body and the nutrition
66:38 ? That's basically the need to go the restroom. And how is this
66:43 controlled? Well, the top level the autonomic nervous system is the
66:51 All right. Basically the hypothalamus is to send signals down to the brain
66:55 . The brain stem is responsible then producing those reflexes and telling you what
67:00 to be done Now, none of stuff works by itself. Right.
67:07 hypothalamus is responding to our interpretation of environment. So the cortex is responsible
67:14 providing that sort of input. So when you see that person that
67:20 attracted to, right? And they know it and they come up and
67:24 talking to you and your heart's doing little, you know, you're pitter
67:29 , right? It's doing that fast path that's a function of because you
67:35 put or elevated the importance of that coming in and having that conversation with
67:42 . If it's just your brother? sister. You know, you're not
67:45 to sit there and you're in a is not going to go up because
67:48 coming to talk to you unless you're angry at them. And in which
67:51 all bets are off. Alright. the cortex provides the input to the
67:57 so that the hypothalamus can interpret how need to respond Viscerally does that kind
68:05 makes sense? That's A&P. I don't think there's any other
68:11 There's no, they're not on the . Hey, we're done. We're
68:15 . Just a test to go. . All right. Well with that
68:22 mind, I do not know if gonna have office hours next week.
68:26 If you email me and say, , I'd like to meet, I
68:29 be able to set something up but do it like on the day
68:31 because I'm not driving up here on day, I have to meet with
68:34 . Right? It's like, will come and meet with me right
68:36 I'm on campus. No, I've got my feet in the pool
68:40 not doing anything. What day is example? May 10th? Alright.
68:47 10th. You guys good luck on finals, Kick some butt. I
68:53 all a's
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