| 00:00 | Yeah yeah testing out there. Okay hear me in the back everybody? |
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| 00:25 | ? Doctor. Good good Jack. Welcome thanks for coming back. Uh |
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| 00:32 | see. Okay I assume everybody can the session I. D. Up |
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| 00:37 | From my angle I can barely see but I'm guessing you don't have any |
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| 00:40 | with it. Um Put that in if you have a mobile app if |
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| 00:46 | have your handheld clickers is 41. so the session I. D. |
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| 00:51 | change every class but the other the 41 that will be always the |
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| 00:57 | Okay so if you literally just registered this course like yesterday or today um |
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| 01:06 | the course materials on blackboard and will available to you in a day. |
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| 01:12 | say you shouldn't take two days. uh But I can uh if you |
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| 01:19 | I can send you a syllabus so email me and I can do |
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| 01:23 | Um Let's see. So regarding the . So I asked um our resident |
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| 01:32 | expert on campus who knows these things and out. And she said if |
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| 01:38 | have uh so a do intercession D. But if it gives you |
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| 01:44 | user I. D. Thing um it. Okay just ignore it and |
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| 01:50 | join the session. I greatly regret last semester as well. That's all |
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| 01:55 | have to do. Don't don't worry it. Just your session I. |
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| 01:58 | . As long as you got a Your butt and it will tie in |
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| 02:04 | black. So um so I said counts until September one. So this |
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| 02:10 | of period until then is about is favorite work. Can I answer questions |
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| 02:16 | class? Can I see my points black? But it's really all about |
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| 02:20 | , right? But just at least reassure yourself that it's working in your |
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| 02:26 | that um, I'll post those, I'll have to continually uh, if |
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| 02:31 | don't see them, you haven't seen yet. Okay. Um, you |
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| 02:37 | see them uh tomorrow. Um, have to keep refreshing. So people |
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| 02:43 | come in and redo the licenses and not have to keep refreshing the rock |
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| 02:47 | every time. So then I will your point. So if you use |
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| 02:51 | clicker in class and it's registered, points are lit. It's just a |
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| 02:56 | of me refreshing the roster. Getting black. That's all now. It's |
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| 03:02 | uh, it's been uh by the of next week, you don't see |
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| 03:06 | any points for yourself then certainly something's not right? So do check |
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| 03:13 | uh, there's a whole clip or team at, so just go to |
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| 03:18 | will give you all the info where go. Uh but again, if |
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| 03:23 | if you're seeing your points on blackboard you are good. Okay, let's |
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| 03:29 | what else we got. So any of junk questions about this? Gonna |
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| 03:33 | some of this stuff and history and . All right. So if I |
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| 03:40 | out there and look, but I see your hand. Feel free to |
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| 03:44 | . That's okay. Um All so today a couple of things, |
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| 03:50 | we're not gonna go through all this . So we got um so consider |
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| 03:56 | and next Tuesday is at the end the time. You should be able |
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| 04:04 | think, okay, this is what microbe is. This is how we |
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| 04:08 | them and to review for you something may not be pressure, so, |
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| 04:14 | uh at least a good uh to , you know, as we as |
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| 04:19 | dive into further areas of the Um So how we define a microbe |
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| 04:26 | types, how to categorize them. then a little bit about historical |
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| 04:35 | Um The the um medical aspect of is what we try to emphasize that |
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| 04:44 | profitable. Um It was important in ways to study microbes and study disease |
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| 04:50 | these kinds of things. So um probably likely we'll get to some point |
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| 04:55 | their we'll finish today, so we'll it through this and this uh and |
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| 05:06 | little bit of um we'll do this Tuesday next Tuesday. Next Tuesday, |
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| 05:15 | get a little bit into here. anyway, we'll have to get plenty |
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| 05:19 | time to cover all this and certainly lot of time if you ask questions |
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| 05:22 | you guys and whatnot. We'll clicker questions as well of course. |
|
| 05:27 | so this is a better list of topics here. So we'll cover probably |
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| 05:32 | the box today be somewhere somewhere in range um down here, somewhere in |
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| 05:40 | . Um we'll talk more about ecological next time anyway, so uh you'll |
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| 05:48 | see at the front of each electric objectives. I'm not gonna we're not |
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| 05:53 | go through those and I'm not gonna but consider that kind of a list |
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| 06:00 | this is what I should know when done with this chapter. Just think |
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| 06:03 | it that way. So kind of guide as to what you should |
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| 06:06 | Always, always the the examined you , which is already up. That's |
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| 06:11 | really your bible, so to that's your guy, right? So |
|
| 06:16 | you're reading a textbook, uh you whatever, especially reading the text, |
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| 06:21 | have that example of you guys because keeps you long. Okay? So |
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| 06:26 | don't necessarily cover everything. And let's talk about it here and it's not |
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| 06:33 | , it's not gonna be covered. that examination is your reference go to |
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| 06:38 | . You have a question about. are we supposed to know this for |
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| 06:41 | , now, I think I'll tell that's what I look at. |
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| 06:44 | when I make the exam. Um All right, so let's start |
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| 06:50 | a question and granted you may not all this stuff here, but you |
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| 06:56 | of think about it, give it best shot. Let me right there |
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| 07:01 | sure you can see the numbers. , so uh just kind of we're |
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| 07:06 | to start a discussion kind of around topics here. So look through a |
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| 07:11 | e uh super true one is Okay um so this is kind of |
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| 07:22 | in terms of I mentioned last time thing too I hope you take away |
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| 07:28 | this despite all the bad press with it's all that that's those are the |
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| 07:38 | very few in the large number of we know and the types we |
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| 07:42 | Microbes one doesn't do that stuff is . Okay far more benefit us. |
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| 07:49 | have to rely on for our own . Okay And so they're critically |
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| 07:57 | Okay so let's see what we have . Okay if you don't answer they'll |
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| 08:05 | a little coming up. Remember these count for anything. Um So kind |
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| 08:09 | across the board um Okay. Who were seven of you that answered C |
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| 08:20 | was a c person? Why did actually see because their supply more |
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| 08:30 | Um Maybe like yeah so that is statement here. Okay um so and |
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| 08:40 | types of the types in the in environment that are doing this or |
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| 08:53 | So your algae your bacterial bacterial types bacteria uh help help. Okay. |
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| 09:03 | plants plants uh photosynthesize. Okay and microbes themselves supply 50% or more verso |
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| 09:13 | um ancestral ancestors to the bacteria that the ones that 3000 years ago put |
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| 09:23 | in our environment. So um the contributor. And so this point here |
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| 09:31 | d um relates to this to nitrogen . Okay. We talked a little |
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| 09:37 | about that later and most most kind your medical stuff we talk about is |
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| 09:43 | in kind of the first month. ? So I do try to bring |
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| 09:47 | some of my medical stuff. Um think that's important because uh audio broader |
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| 09:55 | of beyond infectious diseases, nurses eventually hospitals and health Carolina uh being able |
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| 10:02 | take people and so infectious disease. it's good good to realize that you |
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| 10:08 | in that bubble that you're dealing with types they're really kind of a very |
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| 10:14 | fraction that they don't do. So . Right? There is a world |
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| 10:19 | we depend on it and that's It's one critical for life. Uh |
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| 10:26 | agree there's numerous reactions that occur. about for many different forms of nitrogen |
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| 10:34 | . Nitrogen is important because you find in what D. N. |
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| 10:40 | Proteins critical nutrient for life and plants algae and other photosynthetic types as great |
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| 10:49 | they are. They don't need So I'm like C. 02. |
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| 10:54 | . But they can't make you can't uh minerals. Remember the farmer who |
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| 11:01 | crops right? What they typically do water right? If it's not ready |
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| 11:05 | can irrigate there's something I can do then supply of course too. But |
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| 11:13 | also have to add fertilize my nitrogen phosphorus. Okay um but you know |
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| 11:21 | bacteria right provides nutrients to plants and . Okay. So remember even if |
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| 11:31 | not a vegetarian. Okay. Or right um that uh if you if |
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| 11:40 | do eat meat right? That those you know depend on the plants that |
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| 11:46 | eat. Right, eliminate plants and your this other food source. So |
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| 11:51 | all ties together very important. And not just only other elements as |
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| 11:59 | very important in that. Okay. something necessarily think about, but it's |
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| 12:06 | to life on this planet. Uh the microbiome, Right. That's |
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| 12:13 | of interest uh students and so your archaea, another group um even fungi |
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| 12:25 | are on your body and in your outnumber your own cells, skin cells |
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| 12:30 | your blood cells by a factor of . Okay. 10 of the 14 |
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| 12:37 | 10 30 staggering amount of cells all your body. Okay. Um bacteria |
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| 12:45 | other pro carrying. So uh and been they've been with you have been |
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| 12:50 | humans for everybody else for almost four years. So that's pretty successful. |
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| 13:04 | ? And we only came around maybe million years ago. Okay. And |
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| 13:09 | they certainly been with us for six years. So they must be doing |
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| 13:13 | for us. And they okay um all kinds of benefits. And obviously |
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| 13:19 | area of study for the past several , especially how it helps your immune |
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| 13:24 | . So uh so yeah you've got of bugs, bugs sort of speak |
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| 13:31 | okay. But I don't see how can because of that. I don't |
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| 13:35 | how you could be a journal. you're just very drowning right? Unless |
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| 13:39 | want a committee disinfect yourself. You don't wanna do that because it's |
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| 13:44 | found in that growing the animals as born into their lifespan in a completely |
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| 13:53 | environment with no microbes at all. . Um That they're sickly. They're |
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| 13:59 | well okay so those microbes are made They're mostly okay and you want |
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| 14:08 | Um And so last point so the point on e. Okay. Also |
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| 14:16 | is the lab you on how to manipulate bacterial cultures, grow them in |
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| 14:25 | ways. Um And of course those at some point in the environment brought |
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| 14:32 | into the lab and work with Um But the amount of microbes are |
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| 14:39 | there we've only scanned scanned the surface what's out there right? Because we |
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| 14:46 | possibly know how to grow these Right? Remember that in nature. |
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| 14:54 | that microbes live together with each They're not they are not pure |
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| 15:01 | We call it in a lab where by themselves and we can feed them |
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| 15:04 | much as they want and they grow grow and grow because they're not competing |
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| 15:08 | anybody else. But in nature as of microbes. Okay. And so |
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| 15:20 | there may be certain microbes one one something another one supply something. |
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| 15:28 | And we can't possibly know that in cases. So that's why it becomes |
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| 15:32 | they may need it for growth. so that's why we only really run |
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| 15:36 | small fraction in the lab what's actually there but there's a way to find |
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| 15:40 | and I'll talk about that briefly here little bit this on here. |
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| 15:47 | Uh This is a really fundamental um of fundamental process in life which is |
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| 15:59 | flow of information. D. A. On the appropriate is how |
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| 16:04 | uh segments of D. N. . Your chromosomes are converted into something |
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| 16:10 | is can be used for protein. . Protein is kind of the the |
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| 16:15 | D. N. A. Is into action, so to speak. |
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| 16:18 | . To a particular function. And so fundamental to life. Right |
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| 16:23 | process. And so that the structure D. N. A. The |
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| 16:29 | . Is the molecule of inheritance, protein synthesis works how the process |
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| 16:35 | All that stuff has figured out using bacterial life about 67 years ago. |
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| 16:43 | so because they're easy to grow and easy to manipulate and handle the work |
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| 16:47 | . And so if you've been a for these kinds of basic studies for |
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| 16:52 | years. So um so again all is meant to show you you know |
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| 16:58 | value of microbes And of course this turn you big with this that's a |
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| 17:04 | you always see associated with bacteria are because you can almost everywhere. |
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| 17:12 | And the extreme cold of northern or uh parks the globe over here is |
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| 17:21 | Yellowstone Park and Advisor. These are of basically that you can live in |
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| 17:27 | . Um And so it's because of extreme conditions where you can find |
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| 17:32 | that's why it's certainly on mars, think they're going to be some type |
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| 17:38 | microbe. Because we can find microbes somewhat not identical environments that are on |
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| 17:43 | . But you can have some environments you will find microbes. So that's |
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| 17:48 | of search on mars for life is looking for some type of microbe. |
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| 17:52 | , so um so bottom line microbes . Okay. For the most |
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| 17:59 | Um So here's here's now we're going we're going to define a microbe. |
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| 18:04 | see how he opened the Polian. see what we come up with |
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| 18:11 | Um So would you consider a micro have six choices plus. If you |
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| 18:17 | think any of them was a select G. They're all like my |
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| 18:24 | pick uh h so uh and like things in biology. Well I just |
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| 18:35 | emotional Entomology will fit into a into of a box. You can you |
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| 18:41 | count on, you know, but are other times where there was a |
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| 18:46 | okay, it doesn't find there are that don't quite fit and so you |
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| 18:51 | of have to live with it. . And uh resignation is one of |
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| 18:57 | things. Okay That you go okay kind of variations, there's variation can |
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| 19:03 | variations of the uh the concept Okay so I'm gonna go ahead. |
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| 19:13 | me count down 54321 and let's Okay so consensus says h okay um |
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| 19:28 | it's not age. Okay let's uh at the pool again. Okay. |
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| 19:38 | get this thing going here? uh one of the 1950 a here. |
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| 19:48 | why actual organisms like the Okay, . Why why not the Petri dish |
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| 20:03 | colonies? Yeah that's true. But would be in that does grow. |
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| 20:14 | what you call hyper Yeah. Yeah . Yeah. Um What about the |
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| 20:30 | ? Yeah. Kind of on your . So a map or biofilm. |
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| 20:34 | call it a great analogy. The bacterial colonies. Uh Your um answer |
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| 20:41 | the card agree. That's the scientific for the water bear. Um dust |
|
| 20:47 | . Uh So those are multicellular Issues operative world. Okay, so |
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| 20:55 | micro specifically a cellular entity. Although an asterisk on that as well. |
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| 21:00 | the current answer is a it's monkeypox environments are considered microbes. Okay. |
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| 21:07 | they're not cells. Okay. They put them in the micro category. |
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| 21:12 | map of green algae. In the petrol colonies. As he said, |
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| 21:18 | represents an entity of lots of growth a microbe. So much can make |
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| 21:25 | high. So so individually the math allergy the colony in a Petri |
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| 21:33 | The is considered uh the and the . Those uh microbe tissue or your |
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| 21:51 | skin cells uh have you because they're of a they wouldn't really function outside |
|
| 21:59 | that. Okay so they they they're to live for themselves and really um |
|
| 22:08 | structures of tissue and organ. Okay how they work. Okay. And |
|
| 22:13 | respond to signals your body gives off . Okay so that doesn't really fit |
|
| 22:18 | micro definition. Okay so the only that does in this picture is is |
|
| 22:22 | monkey pox virus. Okay. Um know just on the side you probably |
|
| 22:28 | this but the dust mite were all with these things apparently. And our |
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| 22:33 | is full of so one sanitary hygienic . But even hygienic and clean houses |
|
| 22:43 | so it just makes me pretty stinking but your dead skin cells so um |
|
| 22:54 | so into the definitely so pretty obvious on what to observe. Okay um |
|
| 23:07 | it doesn't mention typically senator entities. But again afterwards right the because viruses |
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| 23:16 | selling but we put him in that as well. Uh They have different |
|
| 23:19 | of course certain bacteria can be in forms, change clusters what have you |
|
| 23:27 | in size. So it was kind a size range um of microbes and |
|
| 23:33 | would be good. Not that one good at least just to know Canada |
|
| 23:40 | here for each 20 range pro carrots that middle of 1 to 10 virus |
|
| 23:48 | much less than that, of Okay. And actually to see a |
|
| 23:51 | of the electron microscope, that is a light microscope. Okay, size |
|
| 23:58 | right from a chicken egg, check in there. The single cells, |
|
| 24:07 | egg. Because for three sizes down where there's actual act here, the |
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| 24:15 | and viruses are gonna be on the end or can be because viruses spanner |
|
| 24:20 | range to some can actually be quite But most are in that left one |
|
| 24:26 | size. Um And that's another thing viruses are relatively simple in terms of |
|
| 24:32 | structure. Okay. Because on the end, I mean what's gonna it's |
|
| 24:38 | be so small, Right? Because gonna let you get very small, |
|
| 24:46 | gonna be a very small cell. gonna be a limit to that. |
|
| 24:50 | what's gonna what's gonna control that. , these six you have a cell |
|
| 24:57 | like 0.1 nanometer. Just hold one uh your molecules in the gonna be |
|
| 25:08 | than the cell size itself. You possibly have been living on how small |
|
| 25:14 | you have to contain at least a some size And uh some other |
|
| 25:22 | And so there's gonna be a The smallest virus I think around 20 |
|
| 25:27 | or go 5-5 microbes. But so are sizes and it's going to be |
|
| 25:36 | uh some anomalies or variations as we'll about here in a second. So |
|
| 25:43 | a look at this question. so this goes kind of into um |
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| 25:51 | of that are out there representative types help classify. Okay, I'm reading |
|
| 25:59 | that point. Okay, so which these is a false statement. Archaea |
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| 26:06 | a type of union sailor you carry often found in extreme conditions. There |
|
| 26:12 | two taxonomic different groups of portraits. microbes contained you found in domain. |
|
| 26:22 | is one of the more relatively recent . Okay. Those are kind of |
|
| 26:28 | all encompassing right ones you're probably familiar ? Are your like finding fast order |
|
| 26:37 | blah. Okay. And so we have those but we also have those |
|
| 26:41 | one today. Um uh You answer question. Any questions so far? |
|
| 26:55 | . All right, let me count . 54321. Let's see equal across |
|
| 27:05 | border you're staying? Okay, so let's see what is the correct answer |
|
| 27:14 | . Okay, mm hmm. So if you answered a correct so |
|
| 27:26 | are not. There's two groups of and bacteria. Um There are microbes |
|
| 27:35 | nucleus would be in the Okay, if you look at who are right |
|
| 27:45 | taking this is who? What where when of microbes, who we can |
|
| 27:50 | at as being either sailor life forms a safe. Okay, so of |
|
| 27:56 | viruses are gonna fit in the a side um types um are these for |
|
| 28:03 | ? Um and actually do comprise their kingdoms. Um fungi, bacteria like |
|
| 28:11 | okay so you reach the molds, zones uh bacteria's these two groups. |
|
| 28:23 | two groups. Okay I'm sure you're have gone through the differences between and |
|
| 28:31 | you remember the main one? There pro lack of nucleus. Okay uh |
|
| 28:38 | have uh smaller certain chromosome single They replicate the binary fission. There's |
|
| 28:46 | sexual reproduction. Um diverse. But are as diverse in terms of how |
|
| 28:51 | can but they can eat is very . Much more so than our is |
|
| 28:56 | group that's often called extremophiles you find they can also be found and you |
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| 29:04 | actually have some in your gut as . So they're not always found on |
|
| 29:08 | conditions. Um Of course eukaryotic I'm sure you're aware of already. |
|
| 29:15 | no multiple chromosomes, things like Okay. Um then a sale so |
|
| 29:23 | I'm you're aware of obviously um and violent employment maybe something new possibly you |
|
| 29:31 | heard of. Um So viruses all at the most basic structure code covering |
|
| 29:40 | genome which can be D. A. On and viral and Priam's |
|
| 29:47 | aren't again ourselves. 11 is a rm arguments all it is and the |
|
| 29:55 | is in fact it's protein and that's there is to the structure so very |
|
| 29:59 | . Okay um the viral and triumph what they affect. So the thyroid |
|
| 30:10 | only affect plants. Okay we'll talk this in uh thyroids uh permanent just |
|
| 30:19 | plants and plants. Okay, uh humans, but you're familiar with disease |
|
| 30:29 | to the Okay, so uh, know, other people in the |
|
| 30:34 | S. Is life next to Okay. It's not really an issue |
|
| 30:40 | in United States and around the It's not really even that much of |
|
| 30:44 | issue as far as I can but nonetheless, it's unique in this |
|
| 30:49 | protein. So we'll talk about that the next year. Um but the |
|
| 30:56 | is here a sailor forms of Okay. Um, now the uh |
|
| 31:04 | a word on. Okay, so , these are pro carriers. Their |
|
| 31:11 | group. Pro carriers. Okay. called extremophiles doesn't always fit, but |
|
| 31:16 | does in many cases. And so three categories, you can loosely take |
|
| 31:23 | . Uh files, files don't worry much about the descriptions under each |
|
| 31:32 | I just put it in a kind comprises but don't get to uh get |
|
| 31:39 | memorize every single characteristic as long as know, yeah, engines and and |
|
| 31:48 | you're good. Okay. But in terms of what that means, |
|
| 31:53 | heat actually grow, grow often, ? And you have to provide these |
|
| 31:59 | temps in the and so we call . You can have a subcategory of |
|
| 32:06 | called hyper these are the ones that super elevated temperatures. These are the |
|
| 32:11 | you see in in boiling water is near near boiling waters in these geysers |
|
| 32:18 | the uh means with or without oxygen can survive that live in that A |
|
| 32:25 | of them had different types of sulfur . Um The uh so now um |
|
| 32:36 | describing of but are also going to the nature right beside. Okay, |
|
| 32:44 | bacteria can also be thermal files but not the hyper type they can be |
|
| 32:51 | well, but only archaea are And oddly enough, um there are |
|
| 33:02 | disease causing that, we know that human disease. So you know, |
|
| 33:10 | so as a nurse, you would have to come across an archaea |
|
| 33:14 | not yet at least. Um And method energetic activity. So remember methane |
|
| 33:24 | , if you don't know, Ch , okay, is a potent greenhouse |
|
| 33:30 | much much worse than C. Main source uh meth angiogenic activity on |
|
| 33:39 | Earth is what does anybody know? , so technically it's the house, |
|
| 33:49 | but yeah, how's the primary Uh You can also find uh find |
|
| 33:55 | land filled, you often see a with a flame because they're burning the |
|
| 34:01 | that's produced. Um So yeah, it's a strictly Archaea type activity um |
|
| 34:09 | . So these are salt. So or more sort of find these and |
|
| 34:23 | are a few naturally salty bodies of on earth. Red sea, great |
|
| 34:31 | lake where you can find them. besides from that there are areas where |
|
| 34:38 | manufacturers that produce salt, They will um these shallow cools throw seawater water |
|
| 34:47 | and you get super concentrated salt solutions that's where they can live. |
|
| 34:51 | They have an unusual ancient type of . It doesn't involve, that's your |
|
| 34:59 | with. Uh, but these are different. The molecule actually absorbs light |
|
| 35:08 | enough. It's very similar to the of your I uh right now. |
|
| 35:15 | , it's what's more similar to, it's believed to be an ancient type |
|
| 35:19 | photosynthesis, pre predating the so unique route. Um, so |
|
| 35:28 | files are kind of like an group . And so viruses were 2.5 plus |
|
| 35:37 | have come down if we all know the virus is. Okay. |
|
| 35:42 | and we'll explore that more in chapter I think is another month or |
|
| 35:47 | Um, but again, he okay, they give me the |
|
| 35:52 | Right? They, because they're small don't even contain a lot of material |
|
| 35:57 | they do have a genome. They have the usual stuff itself. They |
|
| 36:01 | have the stuff to make proteins with machinery to to copy their genomes |
|
| 36:08 | So they rely on a host for things. Okay, so the question |
|
| 36:14 | the virus alive or dead, what you say? What what could it |
|
| 36:19 | be? Was it last alive? , when it's in, when it's |
|
| 36:26 | a herd is replicating itself. You could argue that it's dead. |
|
| 36:33 | not any host, right? But sure they've done that uh video there |
|
| 36:39 | here. This virus is hanging out right now. Okay. It's a |
|
| 36:43 | of uh depending on the viral it will have a certain lifetime |
|
| 36:49 | Lifetime. Um meaning that it can like a a state or it's viable |
|
| 36:58 | means if you outside hooks on a knob on a desktop or what have |
|
| 37:07 | . Okay, but how long they're to be infectious tight conditions where it's |
|
| 37:15 | out and all kind of stuff. certainly you can be in kind of |
|
| 37:19 | code suspended animation if you will until host comes to. So that's kind |
|
| 37:27 | the you might say dead, you to call it dead. But |
|
| 37:32 | the viability is deliberate, infectious outside how long it is, depends on |
|
| 37:37 | lot of factors. For some it's so long. Okay. Um HIV |
|
| 37:43 | for example, sexually transmitted. And respectively transmitted viruses and bacteria tend |
|
| 37:51 | like lots of moisture. Okay, they don't last very long in a |
|
| 37:55 | environment. Okay, so they would have a very long lifetime outside a |
|
| 38:00 | . But others others can I think I think cope has been documented to |
|
| 38:05 | be viable outside a host for days maybe even a few weeks. So |
|
| 38:11 | just depends. Okay, um so variations so definite so now what |
|
| 38:21 | some of the variations on this Right. We saw some of the |
|
| 38:25 | . And so um super stock So this group bio margarita right too |
|
| 38:33 | . It's not a drink. Some of a weird drink. Uh it's |
|
| 38:37 | group taxonomic group that actually contains the type bacterial cells. Okay, you |
|
| 38:46 | that that sounds like almost uh 10 millimeters long. That's insane. |
|
| 38:53 | . Obviously visible to the naked eye there's a few allergy that can do |
|
| 38:57 | very big. Uh there's an algae uh bubble algae. That's one that's |
|
| 39:03 | single set. Okay. Uh sometimes call this thing, see grapes. |
|
| 39:09 | . Um it's actually that that is single cell but it's actually full a |
|
| 39:15 | cell full of nuclei. So it's become multi nuclear, so lively nuclei |
|
| 39:22 | that in that in that cell. , if you pop it all those |
|
| 39:29 | go flying and then create more So it's a way it's actually to |
|
| 39:33 | spread. Okay. Apparently those that particular types of partners that this thing |
|
| 39:41 | be an issue for these people. , so if you have bubble analogy |
|
| 39:45 | pop, just take it out and of it by itself. Anyway. |
|
| 39:50 | so um criminal community. So for , you see a pipe um honestly |
|
| 39:59 | a accumulation of bazillions of cells, ? Microbe. Uh so they can |
|
| 40:07 | together and become invisible to the naked . Of course individually they are uh |
|
| 40:14 | can't see with the naked eye, they grow, this is a large |
|
| 40:17 | they can be um to the bathroom is not a micro but the things |
|
| 40:23 | there are um the biofilms from a standpoint can be uh quite problematic because |
|
| 40:35 | like and so a biofilm is about thing, not just about a few |
|
| 40:41 | but the first thing to have a is what what's your best guess? |
|
| 40:48 | have a bathroom reform. There must a service all of our service. |
|
| 40:55 | I think that's a medical apparatus that might use like an uh an intern |
|
| 41:01 | breathing. Really good uh catheter. These are all services that can handle |
|
| 41:09 | property candidate by its information in the . So so catheter is a package |
|
| 41:16 | . You don't handle property when you it. Everybody has to have staff |
|
| 41:20 | their skin. Right touch it Love location patient can potentially get staph |
|
| 41:28 | that can form a biofilm can be dangerous. Okay so uh so not |
|
| 41:34 | to find these in hospital situation on like catheters or breathing tubes. Um |
|
| 41:41 | Barry's replacement, hip replacement heart These kind of things that provided surface |
|
| 41:45 | not handled properly. Okay um talking that, these aren't considered microbes. |
|
| 41:55 | animals and just very tiny. Okay okay I just put this one in |
|
| 42:03 | only to mention uh the because your is affected by this. So my |
|
| 42:11 | genomes in the context of of recombinant technology. Okay. Uh He had |
|
| 42:21 | that's the most basic. How would describe the common DNA technology. It's |
|
| 42:25 | very simply anybody have an idea anybody competent recombined recombined Here's a piece of |
|
| 42:39 | sources can be two different it's all same. A GCT re combined in |
|
| 42:54 | different combination. So that technology enables um find specific genes in in those |
|
| 43:08 | find and use those for different purposes it's all about commercializing typically um a |
|
| 43:17 | of biological process. Okay. And and make money on it. |
|
| 43:24 | But has an application in this and other areas of course. But medicine |
|
| 43:30 | a single industry chemical industry by uh of course to isolate DNA genomes from |
|
| 43:39 | sequence and see what they produce what are from all kinds of your chromosomes |
|
| 43:47 | hundreds and thousands of genes each functioning a particular process in your body. |
|
| 43:53 | . It's your blueprint for for your . Okay. And so if we |
|
| 43:59 | go in there and maybe fix mistakes are made in energy that can |
|
| 44:04 | Gene therapy. Right? Um finding types of of uh antimicrobial agents like |
|
| 44:13 | antibiotics and antiviral can be used with technology. Um medicine preparing bad |
|
| 44:23 | The patient may have a good Huh. This technology. So it |
|
| 44:30 | a wide range so our ability to sequence the genome. Right? And |
|
| 44:35 | what's really been used to have this . So remember that D. |
|
| 44:41 | A. S. A. C. T. In different combinations |
|
| 44:45 | very long. Right? We use technology to to make comparisons between |
|
| 44:53 | Right? We gotta say each nucleotide a point of comparison. Right? |
|
| 45:02 | to living things go how later how apart are they? Right compare their |
|
| 45:08 | DNA sequences. Right. And you them up and you look to see |
|
| 45:13 | many how many differences are there in A. G. C. And |
|
| 45:17 | . That gives you a very few . Not. Okay. And so |
|
| 45:26 | it's relatively easy technology and to get we can we can we can identify |
|
| 45:33 | can actually culture. We can actually remember we said that can actually |
|
| 45:42 | Right? So how do we know ? We can handle it. Put |
|
| 45:49 | in a flash, add some buffer it and then extract all the |
|
| 45:54 | N. A. All the physical just breaking up themselves taking all the |
|
| 46:00 | is in there. And then you this technology use sequence what's in |
|
| 46:05 | You compare this on full of information sequenced organisms. So you find what's |
|
| 46:13 | there not even having your culture which made a huge benefit. Right? |
|
| 46:20 | again has application it allows you to you're interested in looking at, okay |
|
| 46:27 | out there in that grass? Some ? How they what's out there? |
|
| 46:31 | do they work with each other using technology to identify that? Maybe this |
|
| 46:37 | something new. Okay so it's a tool that allows you to again not |
|
| 46:43 | to do the work of culture or when you know the odds are you |
|
| 46:47 | not be able to but now you're seeing actually what's out there through |
|
| 46:52 | N. A. Is that kind bar code to identify it? So |
|
| 46:57 | so it's kind of that ability is allows us to make the family tree |
|
| 47:05 | that's big. Um So you made of the tree of life. And |
|
| 47:11 | biologists are have been uh basically uh DNA all life on earth plants, |
|
| 47:21 | were headed okay. And looking at relationships and creating the tree of life |
|
| 47:27 | uh and micro church fit into the basket. Of course. Okay, |
|
| 47:34 | , historically, Okay, everything on planet was once classified animal now way |
|
| 47:46 | in ancient Greece. Okay. Uh microbes. Okay. The singular |
|
| 47:54 | each of that has different ones Tax on has been one, you |
|
| 47:59 | what instrument microbes can be seen with the microscope for to be able to |
|
| 48:12 | them then to improvements in microscopy have course influenced taxonomy of microbes but of |
|
| 48:20 | we can all these biochemical tests. you take you will do that. |
|
| 48:26 | we do microscopy biochemical tests to differentiate . Okay then we have the added |
|
| 48:34 | of genetic similarity using DNA sequencing. . And so if you look at |
|
| 48:41 | history um like I said basically early I loved everything into one of these |
|
| 48:46 | categories. Okay I'm leaving minerals out the timing. Unknowingly fungi analogy we're |
|
| 48:54 | there as well. For some reason understandable. I'm not sure fungi are |
|
| 49:00 | like us than actually plans for But nevertheless, that's what they |
|
| 49:06 | So along comes in the 1960s, . Um Hecho comes along to look |
|
| 49:16 | this. Of course, microscopes are developed at that time. And he |
|
| 49:21 | uh he took microbes out of both kingdoms and put them in their |
|
| 49:26 | So pro Teesta contained nothing but Right? And then within that |
|
| 49:33 | a group he had this group Okay. And so he knew there |
|
| 49:38 | a difference among this group that some looked like they had nothing in |
|
| 49:44 | There was a member of course. inside it was like pretty nondescript. |
|
| 49:48 | really no organelles, nothing nothing really there. And so that's what he |
|
| 49:54 | . Okay, later on, when developed, especially when the electron expecting |
|
| 49:59 | can distinctly see you can prepare and different nuclear nucleus and all these kind |
|
| 50:05 | things. So that's when became containing precarious. And the We're both in |
|
| 50:19 | . Okay. There you have for longest time. It was your five |
|
| 50:25 | . 1234. And uh well 656 , repeated that my bad back |
|
| 50:36 | Five kingdoms. Okay. 12345. . When I studied microbiology, I |
|
| 50:46 | , that was like early eighties, that it was five paintings. |
|
| 50:52 | So we still have but then not after that though comes our right so |
|
| 51:01 | within the bacteria and Archaea. Okay so this is a three domain |
|
| 51:09 | And so uh woes. Um and dr Fox your base he was worked |
|
| 51:18 | back then uh looking at a specific of D. N. A. |
|
| 51:24 | . Right? What's called 16 Don't worry that much about it. |
|
| 51:28 | what it is a ribosomes. So a. Right. Right. |
|
| 51:37 | what that occurs. So in picking molecule for comparison second D. |
|
| 51:44 | A. But you want to compare all life? Okay. Whether you're |
|
| 51:50 | cockroach a snake or okay. Or mobile what can you use to |
|
| 51:56 | Okay so you want something that makes everything? Right? So maybe kind |
|
| 52:02 | corny analogy but think of if you to describe the evolution of transportation |
|
| 52:10 | What might be a future? You to That? There would be almost |
|
| 52:15 | not everything but almost offensive forms of in some way what would you guess |
|
| 52:23 | of a structure? Does the bus round and round the wheels wheels a |
|
| 52:38 | early bench, right cart to load on then they transport that brought the |
|
| 52:44 | then you train cars. The Right? So you can pick the |
|
| 52:51 | ? Okay. And that was something you could go far back in time |
|
| 52:57 | a way to compare make relationships among uh difficult transportation in this context. |
|
| 53:05 | it's a structure that would not have a lot, right? They'd be |
|
| 53:10 | , right. You know, you a square wheel, right? You |
|
| 53:14 | make it to around right at work now in the last two extinct. |
|
| 53:18 | it's pretty quickly that in the So, uh and so they come |
|
| 53:23 | with a wing wing that's, you , in airplanes, right? That's |
|
| 53:27 | be something more closer, more And the more recent. So that's |
|
| 53:33 | you can look at certain DNA examine living things. However, more |
|
| 53:41 | , more farther back. That's The here in the first place, |
|
| 53:50 | you're gonna you're gonna become extinct very . So the zone, It's just |
|
| 53:55 | particular molecule is 16. All of means there's like three forms, there's |
|
| 54:01 | s. 16 s. don't need write it down. And 23 |
|
| 54:05 | Okay. It's just a mass. means big five S. Is |
|
| 54:11 | 23. Okay. And so your zones are made of these three types |
|
| 54:17 | plus a lot of proteins. And so it's the and so you're familiar |
|
| 54:24 | , of course that genes code for . Right? That's what you learn |
|
| 54:29 | you also know that sometimes the product not a protein that sometimes the product |
|
| 54:36 | simply just the RNA. And that's case for rival Zobel jeans. |
|
| 54:42 | For transfer RNA, A guy. are all you have a D. |
|
| 54:48 | . A. Is a building block you make the R. A. |
|
| 54:50 | that's the functioning molecule. Okay so D. N. A. For |
|
| 54:55 | one has become the standard for a time because it's relatively short. You |
|
| 55:02 | see very quickly. So there's lots information on here that of course databases |
|
| 55:08 | sequence information. So if you if if you sequence something and with that |
|
| 55:13 | you can easily compare with what's after . Okay but that's what they did |
|
| 55:17 | they in doing so they found a difference in this pro there's this thing |
|
| 55:24 | and and bacteria there's a real It turns out that there are characteristics |
|
| 55:33 | we have in common with you. bacteria don't. Right so very unique |
|
| 55:40 | . But make no mistake. Okay are pro characters. They're both um |
|
| 55:48 | organelles the signature. So they have but our kid does have these features |
|
| 55:56 | common with you carry. Is that ? So they do they are their |
|
| 56:01 | group. Okay so and that's because that we never knew that there would |
|
| 56:10 | two back here in D. And so the okay so I put |
|
| 56:18 | question in here and two about the again of their success story. So |
|
| 56:28 | bacteria has been around for a long longer than anybody else. What kind |
|
| 56:34 | earth? And every reason for Right if you survived 3-plus billion years |
|
| 56:41 | this planet through all the that occurred you must be doing something like okay |
|
| 56:51 | so this kind of comes down to of some basic evolution type of uh |
|
| 56:59 | . Nothing that complicated. Um I'm you heard you aware of these. |
|
| 57:07 | let me uh let's see what we here. Okay. I think I |
|
| 57:13 | open the pole on my bed So now you can answer. |
|
| 57:16 | Sorry. Um So remember that Well one right. The you measure |
|
| 57:27 | success of a species in terms of what's probably watching? He's a species |
|
| 57:39 | . Is really because I see this it's about the big idea and how |
|
| 57:51 | it is. Ivory what you say ? High reduction. What would you |
|
| 58:02 | ? That's a high reproduction? Survive survive reproduction. Absolutely. Okay |
|
| 58:10 | you survive because we have the most combination of Dean's, right? That |
|
| 58:15 | you to survive and then you're able perpetuate that into the next generation of |
|
| 58:23 | . So with this the bacteria and and see abc looks like it's d |
|
| 58:34 | correct. So that that is not reason why because they don't carry out |
|
| 58:39 | reproduction right there strictly vision. So these choices here um uh let's |
|
| 58:52 | Okay E and G. Relate to they can grow so fast. Okay |
|
| 59:00 | you have a smaller genome and small um you can replicate itself fairly |
|
| 59:06 | You don't have that much to keep in the small chromosome as well. |
|
| 59:11 | can transcription translation that process all that it out and it's all at once |
|
| 59:20 | there's no division right ourselves? You transcription translation outside. So you have |
|
| 59:28 | move stuff on that. Right? it's not all one. So that |
|
| 59:32 | that bacteria and is because it is very fast. 12 for a and |
|
| 59:40 | forth. That requires lots of And so companies need to process |
|
| 59:46 | Makes you actually make a lot of very quickly. So collectively reasons why |
|
| 59:53 | grow so fast under optimal conditions. so you couple. So you have |
|
| 59:57 | fast reproductive rate but then you know want to have some versatility variety genetic |
|
| 60:05 | . Bacteria are basically zero machine make copies variation. Well in us as |
|
| 60:15 | can see we have sexual reproduction That's where radiation bacteria don't have sexual |
|
| 60:23 | . So what they have though is have a higher mutation rate. Not |
|
| 60:28 | . So viruses have crazy because there's keeping in check but bacteria archaea and |
|
| 60:39 | have mechanisms and fixed mistakes that I've of the process. Okay They don't |
|
| 60:45 | what they have less of a check it than we do. But it's |
|
| 60:49 | out of control. It's like like time they made a mistake. That's |
|
| 60:53 | that critical spontaneous mutation rate. But it's way to introduce variation in population |
|
| 61:00 | they have their disposal of the fast rate. So they can produce 20 |
|
| 61:04 | in eight hours. Anything mutations that can rapidly be maybe it's good or |
|
| 61:12 | . But you you you you have I think 20 generations in about eight |
|
| 61:17 | 10 hours. How long does it ? Human nerves? Yes, 400 |
|
| 61:25 | . 400 years. Eight hours. difference. Right, so you couple |
|
| 61:31 | with also get jerry variation through Right? They can sell the population |
|
| 61:40 | population nearby. They can look up genes. Okay, create variation. |
|
| 61:48 | variation that reproductive rate and the ability have a diverse metabolisms write that word |
|
| 61:56 | . Right? Found everywhere because they have some different types of metabolisms and |
|
| 62:01 | thinks you can possibly think of eating , enables them to survive. So |
|
| 62:06 | wonder they are highly adaptable and have around for almost four billion years and |
|
| 62:13 | okay, so any questions. so a little bit about historical |
|
| 62:23 | So the main thing to bring home with this Hook versus Leeuwenhoek okay. |
|
| 62:30 | really um uh the certification uh microscope that each one developed. Okay, |
|
| 62:41 | of course doesn't begin until you were to find them. Right, so |
|
| 62:49 | to magnify. Okay. And so the 15 hundreds and that even |
|
| 62:54 | And so um certainly must have been offshoot of because they had eyeglasses around |
|
| 63:01 | then, so and so of course are called and nothing and I don't |
|
| 63:08 | anything about it. But apparently we about that to create the magnification |
|
| 63:14 | So hook and labor. So hook credit only for being the first use |
|
| 63:20 | microphone. That's it. Here you microorganisms right? When is what a |
|
| 63:27 | a large organism under the microscope looks . Okay so above you take a |
|
| 63:33 | uh tissue you put on the microscope look and see what's there. That's |
|
| 63:39 | he actually coined the term self. . But microbes himself was first found |
|
| 63:45 | the neighborhood. Okay even with this looking hard to believe it's called |
|
| 63:53 | Okay. Uh but apparently he was expert blends grinder dude. And he |
|
| 64:00 | get 300 X. Out of this seems insane. 303 100 X. |
|
| 64:05 | can see bacteria. Okay and so was all manner of microbes drives and |
|
| 64:11 | , et cetera. Uh And so course he unlocks this invisible world, |
|
| 64:18 | ? And then of course you take close to time there in the |
|
| 64:24 | Um The idea of spontaneous generation turning for quite some time. Okay this |
|
| 64:32 | from non right? So there's experience types to see if this is realism |
|
| 64:39 | crazy. What is? Okay so generation a life from. Okay and |
|
| 64:49 | was all manner of weird things they , right? Um If you had |
|
| 64:55 | of brain out right? And you see rats running around. Oh |
|
| 65:02 | And. Okay just hanging in a shop. There's no refrigeration back |
|
| 65:09 | Okay. Was hanging in a butcher . he flies around the meat |
|
| 65:16 | Then they go and they see maggots the meat became meat. Okay, |
|
| 65:27 | what Okay, so fairly quickly it to be disproved, particularly with what |
|
| 65:38 | call macro scarlet, so visible to naked eye, like just mentioned the |
|
| 65:47 | thinking that maggot sprang forth from became . Okay, not true. Simple |
|
| 65:53 | to refute that, right, just an open container with meat. Of |
|
| 65:59 | they're coming flies and maggots, Didn't have it sealed. Right? |
|
| 66:04 | let anything in at all. No at all. Any maggots in the |
|
| 66:09 | . Okay, put gauze on Right. Gauze covered container. Right |
|
| 66:16 | you try uh hair can produce eggs the meat. But one of the |
|
| 66:22 | about those of the spontaneous generation, finally have they everything and the ability |
|
| 66:31 | form life. Okay, you just to provide air, the vital force |
|
| 66:40 | . Air had to be present. that's why the gods was formed. |
|
| 66:45 | , it could come in. air can come in, but I'm |
|
| 66:48 | seeing maggots in the meat. So that kind of led to the |
|
| 66:53 | of. Okay, spontaneous generation maybe happen for complex forms of life. |
|
| 67:01 | forms of life. So, when of microbes came around now here, |
|
| 67:06 | opportunity. Now we can prove that think about spontaneous generation. That applies |
|
| 67:10 | microbes, right? Because they could this is one component of it, |
|
| 67:16 | could take a broth and broth in time. It's basically a soup and |
|
| 67:22 | can boil the soup and sterilize right? And if you took the |
|
| 67:27 | the boiled soup that you sterilized and poured into another vessel, he would |
|
| 67:32 | growth. Duh because you're not doing a second. Maybe the vessels are |
|
| 67:38 | clean air is allowed to enter. course it's gonna it's gonna be um |
|
| 67:43 | is gonna occur but they're not aware that. Okay so um tried. |
|
| 67:55 | Roth again. So this is what it. Okay let it cool. |
|
| 68:01 | So in both cases heated. Right case it's left open. Okay well |
|
| 68:08 | so it's gonna stuff is going to into it. That's what we |
|
| 68:13 | Of course these days. And growth here sealed. Okay. No growth |
|
| 68:19 | occurred. But the air is not . The vital force reject experiment. |
|
| 68:28 | . Good. So that's why this of spontaneous generation for micro. Okay |
|
| 68:36 | you have to have air. Oh present. Alright, if you don't |
|
| 68:40 | you're not gonna have the conditions for generation. So. Right. So |
|
| 68:46 | and this really necessary. What's what this matter to be in 2022? |
|
| 68:54 | it matters to you when you go . Right? And you're transferring cultures |
|
| 69:00 | you're doing you're working there because because happens, right? You leave it |
|
| 69:06 | to air, right? And you growth contamination, right? That's what |
|
| 69:12 | regulate is not the way we do prevent that, right? Because you're |
|
| 69:17 | to transfer your e coli to another . Um You only want that if |
|
| 69:23 | don't want stuff coming from around you it's going to be there. That's |
|
| 69:29 | you disinfect the before you work in hands that you put the gloves |
|
| 69:35 | That's why um you call what's called the top of the Bunsen burner flame |
|
| 69:41 | top of the class. That's why handle the flask. Not up and |
|
| 69:45 | . Oh if it's a test tube always at an angle there up my |
|
| 69:51 | and it's all because you know that everywhere because the pension contaminate your stuff |
|
| 69:58 | you don't handle. It was just of to bring someone forward because based |
|
| 70:04 | this and what pasture did okay here do these manipulations and to do a |
|
| 70:13 | of techniques and playing cultures. This all started way back then and |
|
| 70:18 | done today. Okay. Um the this one word about this guy so |
|
| 70:26 | uh is really say cells but at we can only come from pre existing |
|
| 70:36 | right? So that spontaneous generation. to the present previously grown cells. |
|
| 70:42 | the cells that fell into this flask present in the air typically on dust |
|
| 70:47 | and they fell into this and the from and they began to grow. |
|
| 70:52 | cells came themselves not from nothing. . And so Pasteur was instrumental in |
|
| 71:00 | lot of areas in medical microbiology, vaccines. Uh chemistry chemists first uh |
|
| 71:13 | have nothing chemistry yet um with the of the uh left handed and right |
|
| 71:19 | molecules. He came up with that uh my chronology his contribution really numerous |
|
| 71:28 | initially is the idea that that microbes responsible or can be responsible for chemical |
|
| 71:37 | . So his he was sucked into uh to the french wine industry were |
|
| 71:43 | issues with their wine tasting good and nor anything their wine tasting good. |
|
| 71:48 | not. So he came and rescued by figuring out that they didn't know |
|
| 71:56 | even created the wine grapes. And sit and ferment and you get |
|
| 72:03 | Okay. You know what was going microscopically or otherwise? Pastor figure it |
|
| 72:08 | . And saw that cells responsible for responsible for the of the line. |
|
| 72:17 | . That growth of marco's in the the vat was consistent with the level |
|
| 72:25 | alcohol that was produced and the Okay. And so we handled the |
|
| 72:32 | properly. I. E. Hygienic sanitary issues could occur. And |
|
| 72:39 | is where pasteurization company. Okay. um so this is how we discovered |
|
| 72:48 | that wine come from grapes. It's fermentation means in the absence of |
|
| 72:55 | . Right? Your muscle getting a fermentation lactic acid, Right? Um |
|
| 73:03 | Grace can be fermented to produce Okay, as he's doing so he |
|
| 73:09 | samples over time and saw more and and more. and the wine is |
|
| 73:14 | more and more alcohol right correlation. . But he also saw for where |
|
| 73:23 | wine tasted like bitter. Okay, acetic acid. Right? That's a |
|
| 73:30 | to bacteria that contaminated and formed the acid. He subsequently found that uh |
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| 73:41 | types of bacteria produce different types of organic acids, alcohols as well. |
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| 73:52 | so he saw, oh this this chemical. And so he figured |
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| 74:03 | that out and attributed to the transformation microbes bacteria. And this is what's |
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| 74:09 | a german theory, a fermentation theory it's important in that uh fermentation basically |
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| 74:20 | how bacteria microbes can be responsible for transformations. Right? Um Well what |
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| 74:32 | is microbes can do that can transform organic materials like sugars, sugars are |
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| 74:40 | materials. Right. Um What about human buying this organic material? Okay |
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| 74:54 | so um so what about microbes transforming right into the state. This is |
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| 75:02 | they kind of plant the idea of well microbes responsible for transforming this stuff |
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| 75:08 | these flasks and bats into you consumable products. What about the micro |
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| 75:15 | responsible for transforming human bodies in the state. This is where then we |
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| 75:21 | the leap into transition into code and the theory of disease contract implementation. |
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| 75:30 | this is kind of the idea that disease obviously known for centuries before I |
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| 75:35 | knew what was going on. I gave him the idea that hey, |
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| 75:38 | microbes can transform bodies into disease. we'll talk about that next time. |
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| 75:43 | anyway, thanks for hanging around and , check blackboard points tomorrow to make |
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| 75:49 | you're getting every |
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