| 00:22 | Okay folks. Welcome. Um probably off the mortgage today. 3 30 |
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| 00:32 | . I don't think anybody's gonna object that, I assume. Um, |
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| 00:37 | uh, schedule schedule wise, we certainly gonna get through all the information |
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| 00:45 | most of it today. What's left finish up on Tuesday? And |
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| 00:52 | you know, certainly during that if you have questions about anything, |
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| 00:55 | know, in the, in the unit, whatever, that's, that's |
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| 00:59 | have time to address those questions as . So, um, chapter |
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| 01:06 | chapter five is not that lengthy. . As with all these chapters and |
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| 01:12 | of them are not covered in their . So make sure when you're going |
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| 01:16 | the book, if you have the , you're going through it or a |
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| 01:19 | , then you're going through it, sure that your lecture notes and exam |
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| 01:24 | shoot, I've got printed out by . Dude, do it. |
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| 01:29 | And use that to keep you on in terms of going through the book |
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| 01:33 | don't get stuck in the weeds in spots where I'm not even talking about |
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| 01:37 | information and yet we're still read. be aware of that. Okay. |
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| 01:45 | Oh, I'm gonna just make you of one thing I mentioned it in |
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| 01:48 | email. Uh but let me just you real quick on blackboard. So |
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| 01:56 | this site code. So I, , of course, all of the |
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| 02:02 | are uploaded to one drive, which have access to obviously, but then |
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| 02:08 | recently I put nothing different. It's identical lectures that is also uploaded into |
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| 02:16 | points. Okay. So you may may not be familiar with it, |
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| 02:21 | it's a uhh maintain the site and it is again, same, identical |
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| 02:28 | , but the difference here is this a makes it more navigation options are |
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| 02:36 | available to you. In other you can do a keyword search and |
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| 02:38 | want to look at a particular video and you just don't care about seeing |
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| 02:42 | whole thing, you just want to , I just want to know |
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| 02:46 | All right, that's gross. Or you put in keywords and we'll take |
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| 02:50 | to the response in the video to I'm talking about that. Okay, |
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| 02:54 | just uh aided navigation tool options, you will. Okay, so, |
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| 03:01 | know, play with it yourself, want another problem? So all the |
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| 03:04 | only the only thing is pretty much I upload like the ones up here |
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| 03:10 | one drive bam right away, you see them as soon as they're |
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| 03:14 | but the process of the indexing they do take a little bit of |
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| 03:19 | . Okay, Now all the lecturers to, I don't think they haven't |
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| 03:27 | recently. I haven't looked at the for Tuesday, I don't think that |
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| 03:31 | yet processed maybe this by now, it just takes like maybe a day |
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| 03:36 | two to get those fully what they index, so just be aware that |
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| 03:41 | anyway, you didn't have to look if you want to but you have |
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| 03:44 | option of this as well. Okay I just wanted to mention that uh |
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| 03:52 | hold on just close this all together so. Alright so remember the blackboard |
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| 04:03 | will open after class to summarize the quiz. Kind of a more comprehensive |
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| 04:07 | cover areas of one 34 and Not every single topic recovery but you |
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| 04:13 | good sampling. Uh So of course usual we'll have your sunday finish that |
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| 04:20 | is smart work just give you this . There wasn't last week but there |
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| 04:24 | this week so be aware of that also on because they stay until sunday |
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| 04:30 | then Tuesday. So um I think the major thing. So obviously there's |
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| 04:36 | exam next week later next week um up for a spot. Uh you |
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| 04:42 | sign up. You can't take it just make sure to do that. |
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| 04:46 | ? Um Alright so let's uh just over just a little bit if you |
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| 04:53 | any questions let me know. But let's just kind of quickly review file |
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| 04:59 | information. Okay so the main uh of the main thing. Okay um |
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| 05:08 | one Surface to surface is cute. that's where biofilm forms. It's a |
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| 05:16 | phenomenon whether it's inside of a pipe uh medical medical importance. Maybe a |
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| 05:25 | of a catheter that's inserted or heart that's inserted or or hip replacement or |
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| 05:30 | have you. Uh these can provide for infectious types too colonize. Um |
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| 05:36 | all about service. And then after it's for those who do this. |
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| 05:41 | a species specific thing that all species do. This species that can |
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| 05:47 | Think of. Think of structures that can relate to. A surface that |
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| 05:50 | talked about. Right pillai february. so that's gonna be those that are |
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| 05:56 | informers, bacterial hand pillai and okay attachment pillai for that kind of twitching |
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| 06:06 | motion. Okay the form of sensing that's that's all about having enough cells |
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| 06:13 | . Right. Anything that's a quorum phenomenon is dependent on how many cells |
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| 06:20 | there. They have enough didn't generate the in this case of by |
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| 06:26 | . Okay so it's it's about um bathroom information is not a trivial |
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| 06:33 | Right? It's not just a Galapagos that comes together. It's a gene |
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| 06:39 | the process that you know is orchestrated and uh by no means just a |
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| 06:45 | playing. Okay so to in order commit to that right to commit to |
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| 06:50 | a biofilm you must have enough sales presumably but the environment is favorable. |
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| 06:58 | ? And that's where my phone is where there is a an abundance of |
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| 07:03 | . Right. Right. This this of a zillion themselves. How can |
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| 07:11 | possibly sustain that without any adequate food . Right. So one thing you |
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| 07:15 | to kind of envision and in this here for example is the that there's |
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| 07:24 | , nutrients flowing through here. Um It could be I mean this |
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| 07:30 | be the film forming on the Right? So you're gonna have nutrients |
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| 07:34 | flow of flow occurring And um if a sewer pipe or what have you |
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| 07:41 | gonna be exactly organic material flowing through that kind of sustained and if it's |
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| 07:46 | continual flow of difference and then this can be sustained indefinitely. But that's |
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| 07:52 | with having having blueprints are a part this obviously. Okay. It's what |
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| 07:56 | tracks the cells to the surface in first place typically. Okay. And |
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| 08:03 | there's enough start to gather and then begin to multiply and grow right then |
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| 08:08 | reach that threshold level of these chemical . Okay. That will induce their |
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| 08:14 | specific um chemicals. Okay, so there's enough self president is going to |
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| 08:21 | then presumably that that's an indicator. , this is a favorable environment because |
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| 08:25 | are growing, we are multiplying and we're threshold and then these chemicals that |
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| 08:32 | the extra police Ackroyd formation. The induces the genes in those cells that |
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| 08:42 | about the extra party sacra information which a bunch of sugars, carbohydrates and |
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| 08:49 | can be mixed in with it as . So again like I said before |
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| 08:53 | kind of the glue holding everything Okay, so that it grows for |
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| 08:59 | on two dimensions on the surface to off the surface. And these biofilm |
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| 09:05 | . Okay, so it can be large structure and again just keep envisioning |
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| 09:11 | there's nutrients flowing through here. To keep everybody happened okay Because there |
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| 09:19 | or there's a drop off. And certainly not everybody is gonna be |
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| 09:24 | . And then you may have what's dissolution. Right? So these cells |
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| 09:29 | kind of break off. And so remember we had kind of a the |
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| 09:33 | target and the uh stickers and Right? The plant tonic ones that |
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| 09:39 | multi ones kind of looking forward to the form of biofilm and the stickers |
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| 09:44 | the ones that we'll go on the . And here maybe do that twitching |
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| 09:50 | thing. Right. And then uh be the ones the foundation for the |
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| 09:56 | . No growth and multiplying so solution is happy and sustained. So now |
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| 10:06 | would say okay before I depart let's find another nutrient rich area and then |
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| 10:11 | swimmers. Again, there's a switchback . Okay um Any questions about |
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| 10:19 | Yes. All right. We don't . Yes says it gives is a |
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| 10:32 | for all biofilm formers but we also the same phenomenon and other other things |
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| 10:37 | battle for information. We'll talk about again in the context of of the |
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| 10:45 | which is taking DNA from the environment two of the quorum quorum sensing |
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| 10:49 | There's certain certain features of the bacteria that that that's a part of |
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| 10:54 | Yeah. It's always something that depends enough cells being present for the, |
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| 11:02 | so um is there like a sort um order that for example. Yeah |
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| 11:07 | going to be um basically erase this there. Let's get this out the |
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| 11:14 | again. So I would say it be something like um this one could |
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| 11:18 | one. Okay And then call that right then three maybe five. That's |
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| 11:30 | of how I would number specifically for um I'm guessing the yeah is there |
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| 11:42 | sort of order that? Okay older would become for the newer ones have |
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| 11:46 | swimmers again? Oh in terms of ? Okay. I don't um I |
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| 11:52 | necessarily think so. I think the could be but I think it's going |
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| 11:59 | be if they become nutrient limited then yeah they're gonna be dying off |
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| 12:07 | Okay. But um uh I'm not say no but you could probably could |
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| 12:13 | to that. Okay h could be factor but certainly numerous become limiting. |
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| 12:18 | gonna be a stress onto itself. may trigger the let's get the back |
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| 12:23 | when we go get some nutrients kind a thing. So that's That's part |
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| 12:27 | it. I think it is but I'm not really not that that's gonna |
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| 12:30 | part of three the nutrients flowing from environment. Yes. Yes so imagine |
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| 12:38 | for example it was it was a of some sort where flows coming through |
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| 12:42 | shower you have a in the shower go home and take a shower |
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| 12:46 | You've got some green gun or something that. Again, there's that |
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| 12:51 | I'm not making this up. If walk straight out of here, everybody |
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| 12:55 | at this the other day, you straight out of here towards SnR |
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| 13:00 | Okay. And walking. It's enough the stairs come up before then there's |
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| 13:07 | there's a wouldn't wouldn't think that they need to type. There's green green |
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| 13:14 | on their bios. Right? I maybe that when we had the |
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| 13:20 | it might have killed it off because didn't see anything flow out of there |
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| 13:24 | . Um, but there was there actively stuff just dribbling, dribbling out |
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| 13:28 | there was this green mat point that a biofilm. Yeah, mm |
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| 13:34 | It doesn't work. Then they will leave that surface and go elsewhere. |
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| 13:40 | . It'll just, it'll just stop , stop right there and then they |
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| 13:44 | back to being swimmers and go Yeah, Yeah. Is for |
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| 13:54 | sensing when he thank you. Yes. You have to get to |
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| 14:03 | . You get to the form sensing that then triggers the induction of the |
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| 14:08 | place, that right formation. Okay. So let's uh, let's |
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| 14:16 | at Windows. More information. So, uh, I haven't seen |
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| 14:22 | before. Um, Sports in general structure, you see really across across |
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| 14:32 | kingdoms. Um, uh, certainly and fungi whose spores. Um, |
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| 14:41 | , let's say other types of bacteria spores. Okay. Um protozoa types |
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| 14:49 | dormant types that are similar spores that in fact any anything I think that |
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| 14:57 | call it. It's a it's a form can be some form of |
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| 15:00 | Okay. Um It's it's uh sports something that's not actively growing of course |
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| 15:09 | but it's just represents a dormant state can grow under optimum conditions. A |
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| 15:15 | scene. Not really a sport but see it is very similar. It's |
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| 15:20 | got living material in there but just in the soil and had water began |
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| 15:23 | grow. Right? So but there something very unique about endo sports. |
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| 15:30 | . Because none of those other things other stores um had a level of |
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| 15:37 | . Is that an end those four ? Okay. Um And those spores |
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| 15:43 | just the the Within two taxonomic Okay. The soloist and cost |
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| 15:53 | Um They've that's just slash shows they've uncovered the spores from not mentioned here |
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| 16:01 | from the the Egyptian uh with the were buried in the sarcophagus. I |
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| 16:06 | it is when they open those They've actually discovered sports. And their |
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| 16:10 | they end those sports that they've been to germinate. Germinate. There's a |
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| 16:14 | of bringing them back to life um evidence uh in these um And these |
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| 16:21 | certainly without a doubt. These are And this part right here is the |
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| 16:29 | forming in it or was forming in . These are they're able to revive |
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| 16:34 | , these are free. And those here here's another one. Okay, |
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| 16:39 | I've been able to um Uh reviving these are uh 50 million years |
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| 16:45 | Right? 40 million year old bacteria those platforms in uh in Amber. |
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| 16:50 | these things can last for thousands, of thousands of years in Germany. |
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| 16:56 | , so the bird resistant to chemicals radiation um even to some degree boiling |
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| 17:05 | but there's a limit for that. really why we have to use a |
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| 17:09 | of for for of course the lab to play with the media and we |
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| 17:14 | to really use it to kill these . Okay. Uh Most architect |
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| 17:19 | The 1st 1st 5 minutes of autoclave much kills everything. Okay. But |
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| 17:25 | really it's really required longer longer time required to kill these guys because they're |
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| 17:30 | resistant. Okay. And uh as mentioned, so bacillus and clostridium. |
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| 17:37 | physiologic see there they're both grand Um But the they're the big difference |
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| 17:47 | in their oxygen metabolism Australian obviously animals can't oxygen will actually kill them or |
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| 17:56 | have very little tolerance for bacillus. are either aerobic or in between. |
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| 18:03 | , they are both soil organisms. find them in soil. Uh But |
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| 18:08 | clostridium are a number of pathogens and pathogens form different toxins. Okay, |
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| 18:15 | you're botulism tetanus that's clostridium gas gangrene can cause a wound that doesn't get |
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| 18:23 | out properly. Can cause the formation these organisms and toxin production which kills |
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| 18:29 | tissue. Okay. As you see uh Tetanus victim, tennis economies, |
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| 18:36 | muscle spasms, uncontrolled spasms among the . They're pretty much benign. The |
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| 18:44 | you're likely aware of. The anthrax the pathogen there. Uh It conforms |
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| 18:51 | but but again the the formation of sport. And so you see here |
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| 18:57 | what we call a tactile body in cell. It doesn't flex light. |
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| 19:04 | you can see it typically has a a whitish colored blob inside the |
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| 19:09 | Okay, so you can see here , okay, here and The the |
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| 19:18 | to form and enclose four which is like a biofilm. Not a trivial |
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| 19:24 | . It's a long process actually. Cars multiple genes being turned on and |
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| 19:30 | . Um But the end result is structure that's very resistant to various harsh |
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| 19:38 | of environmental conditions can survive for thousands years. Uh And then it can |
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| 19:43 | when the conditions are offered in so um the hallmark of the process |
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| 19:52 | support formation. It's really the first the replication of DNA. Okay then |
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| 20:01 | this unequal compartmentalization that forms in the kind of one big compartment and one |
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| 20:08 | one. And the small ones was those work forms in fact. Um |
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| 20:14 | then kind of bring the cycle. have um a very thick pepper plant |
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| 20:19 | layer forms. It's kind of sandwich a protein coat around it. Um |
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| 20:25 | go through the steps. I'm not you to know the steps in super |
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| 20:30 | . Just kind of yours and here the main things and so we'll go |
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| 20:33 | it. Okay. Um one of things about it in the resistance is |
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| 20:39 | the removal of water community support. water is actually can be detrimental. |
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| 20:45 | you know, for example, if heated, right, it's water inside |
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| 20:48 | . So the water inside the cell heats up and can cause damage to |
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| 20:53 | . So you can move into that that helps in terms of um to |
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| 20:59 | able to resist. And so these be as you see here in the |
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| 21:04 | themselves can contain his feet as less few as 7% water. Up to |
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| 21:10 | 20, maybe 30% water rather than typical 70%. So um and so |
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| 21:18 | unequal compartments that are called the mother . And the fourth sport. |
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| 21:24 | so before we get into that, just look at the nature of the |
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| 21:30 | forming species. Okay, so what see under a microscope with these uh |
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| 21:37 | always is typically always three types. , and the three types can vary |
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| 21:43 | their proportions, depending on the state the culture. Okay, so by |
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| 21:50 | , I mean, a completely vegetative vegetative cell here is the normal functioning |
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| 22:00 | dividing cells. Alright, no endospore occurred because they living breathing function cell |
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| 22:08 | . With nothing special going on Okay, so uh across the in |
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| 22:15 | performer we'll see again in three One is the vegetative cell which is |
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| 22:20 | are going, it looks like Um Here's the vegetative cell with the |
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| 22:26 | forming. So this guy has gotten signal to form the due dates for |
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| 22:31 | formulation process we call it. And then um this then is to |
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| 22:39 | in the sports for this. Then the process is done gets released from |
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| 22:44 | and you have it's called the free of Sports, right? So you'll |
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| 22:47 | see all threes in any kind of yeah, simply looking at the sport |
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| 22:55 | . It's just the proportions of these vary. So that's kind of gone |
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| 22:59 | the whole program formulation is near the Or almost done then it will actually |
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| 23:06 | 90% or more of this. It's not really for me in those |
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| 23:12 | at all. Very rightly. Of , that you won't see part of |
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| 23:15 | of this, you see most of that looks like this, vegetate |
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| 23:20 | Okay, so they were very respected curve. Right? That's growth |
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| 23:24 | Right? So in log phase, expect not to see very many three |
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| 23:30 | sports at all. Okay, you see mostly just educated cells like |
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| 23:34 | Okay, we're getting stationary things that's when the proportions will change, |
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| 23:40 | ? Like I'm gonna see much more like this. Okay. And then |
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| 23:45 | to see the number of funerals, crime as we go through stationary approaching |
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| 23:50 | days in fact. So it's um you know, if you worked with |
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| 23:55 | the sport former and you kind of at it on the microscope, you |
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| 23:58 | of told you kind of give an of the state of the culture. |
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| 24:02 | ? So there's four lots of It must be star stressed, stressed |
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| 24:08 | . Right? So um the uh , so let's I just threw this |
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| 24:16 | again. I'm not gonna test you this. But those performers species means |
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| 24:23 | uh each have their own way. formed bananas for all. Right, |
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| 24:29 | can be swollen. Okay. Which it kind of swells up the |
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| 24:36 | so to speak. Like these guys , it's swollen. Uh And those |
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| 24:41 | the position of the sport can it can be terminal just on one |
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| 24:45 | . Uh It can be in the or it can be towards one end |
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| 24:49 | the other. So we call this sub terminal, central swollen. So |
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| 24:55 | these and this is all species Alright, so a certain species will |
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| 24:59 | to look just like this. The not swollen or made up. |
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| 25:05 | okay. So this is even use as an identification tool for an endospore |
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| 25:11 | too. Okay. Um Now the , so it's probably coincided. So |
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| 25:20 | , the things that will induce this gonna be things like lack of |
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| 25:25 | Okay harsh chemical conditions, um elevated um um mediates stress. You know |
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| 25:37 | number of different factors radiation. Can induce this. So any kind |
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| 25:43 | these stressful situations will initiate the Okay. And so step one is |
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| 25:51 | replicate your chromosome. Okay. And will span the lights of the set |
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| 26:00 | here's what's called actual Philip. And then you begin to see that |
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| 26:05 | compartmentalization that occurs in kind of pitching there. Okay so the a larger |
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| 26:15 | of the mother's self right. I the mothership but uh it directs what's |
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| 26:21 | on to this. So there is right kind of shown by the arrow |
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| 26:26 | . So communication between here and here the mother cell genes that are being |
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| 26:32 | and then those proteins are going into 4th board. Kind of directing the |
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| 26:36 | . Right. So the mother cell kind of telekinetic, stands for controlling |
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| 26:44 | going on to the production of various . Okay. So is this force |
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| 26:50 | then uh what basically where the handles reform. Okay. And so what |
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| 26:56 | is the mother cell membrane. engulfs that force board. Okay. |
|
| 27:03 | then actually the DNA. That's in copy DNA. And the mother cells |
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| 27:08 | and go away. Okay so um so that engulf mint. Right creates |
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| 27:16 | double membrane. No. Okay around sport sport. And so that's that's |
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| 27:22 | we get. And you can see D. N. A. Here |
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| 27:24 | the mother cells being into to Okay and so and so this you |
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| 27:32 | so we'll wait till we get this here. So um and so what |
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| 27:36 | is you get deposition of materials into double membrane. So pepper like an |
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| 27:44 | forms in here. Okay um Other were called coat proteins are deposited |
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| 27:52 | calcium ions are deposited in the production this uh chemical called diabetic Olynyk acid |
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| 27:59 | you only see in those four. . Uh This material serves to advise |
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| 28:07 | D. N. A. So stabilize protect D. N. |
|
| 28:11 | In this kind of sport form Um water is also drawn out in |
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| 28:19 | process. Remember that doesn't keep 70% water in there we go down to |
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| 28:25 | 2010% water signs. And those Okay that's all it all helps. |
|
| 28:30 | hopes to remain resistant and protected. and then um uh so then it's |
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| 28:40 | all that has occurred instead of what call an expo exposed layer around |
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| 28:46 | In fact um the sport coat. that mature sport coat is now that |
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| 28:52 | resistant forms surrounding. Okay and so um Mhm. And then they didn't |
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| 29:00 | the free sport and so the rest the cell. So here's like the |
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| 29:04 | membrane. Uh it would then just as as the free sports released. |
|
| 29:11 | so really throughout really throughout um as get to here I'd say certainly hear |
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| 29:19 | this point to this point, all pictures diagrams you see here here here |
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| 29:28 | , that's where you'll see, I'll back in the same. That's where |
|
| 29:33 | see these this kind of a So this one that guy legislative self |
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| 29:40 | board, that's what it looks like these stages are marked here these |
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| 29:48 | Okay, sell endospore inside. That's what's going on. Right? Until |
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| 29:53 | the free sport be released. And then the free sport can sport |
|
| 30:01 | the I mean, isn't that state a long time? Right? And |
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| 30:06 | the third temple conditions are there, it will go back to being a |
|
| 30:11 | cell. And they would start. ? And the vegetative viable cell. |
|
| 30:19 | . Um Very questions. Yes. your mother tell itself No, the |
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| 30:26 | will the mother cell kind of directs population process by sending signals to the |
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| 30:32 | floor the mother cell. Once that's the role the mother cell is really |
|
| 30:38 | the DNA when it goes away. the membrane of that mother cell |
|
| 30:43 | So that that that part of it that remains is what forms that in |
|
| 30:49 | sports coat if you are. So mothers seldom and kind of it's |
|
| 30:54 | . Okay. Yeah. Yeah. was something I saw another uh let's |
|
| 31:02 | back here. Okay, so, , so that was just to |
|
| 31:07 | you know, to define a vegetative . So vegetative cells is just the |
|
| 31:11 | functioning dividing cell. You can see vegetative cell in this context has nothing |
|
| 31:17 | no industry information going on. It's it's just the normal cell, if |
|
| 31:21 | will. Okay um any uh any for example, that doesn't for moral |
|
| 31:28 | because the vegetative it's either vegetative vegetative was dead, right? But this |
|
| 31:34 | happens to have this property for me end those four where you can see |
|
| 31:37 | vegetative cell completely. But one with that was performing in it. So |
|
| 31:41 | that's the only thing I make a . Yeah, all three of those |
|
| 31:50 | will be present. And then you him time. That's right. Just |
|
| 31:54 | proportions, were there? Right. that doesn't ask the question? |
|
| 32:01 | So the separation between What's that one ? What's your vision? Uh |
|
| 32:14 | Kind of But not really because I think you have the whole F Tsz |
|
| 32:18 | going on. None of that. it's not accept them in that |
|
| 32:21 | It's more just a uh because we're we're not creating necessarily new cell wall |
|
| 32:31 | material. Cell, envelope material Okay, what's happening? Is that |
|
| 32:36 | cell membrane is gonna around because you to get that double membrane form because |
|
| 32:42 | that's the foundation for that sport coat like and in between and other proteins |
|
| 32:47 | whatnot. Together? Uh Good I say he's a would you consider |
|
| 33:00 | plant seed to be alive? I , okay, I say I say |
|
| 33:12 | , it's alive because it's capable of . If you were dead then we |
|
| 33:19 | get to do it. So I consider it a lot. It's |
|
| 33:24 | But dormant, something like that, would say by a little bit |
|
| 33:29 | something like that. Yeah. But again that that seed or end those |
|
| 33:37 | wouldn't be the host to begin to . I just need to give it |
|
| 33:40 | and temperature and all that kind of to grow. So that is that |
|
| 33:46 | question. Uh It's simply um for , if you could if you induce |
|
| 33:56 | in culturally elevated temperature and get involved spores. Um We actually uh one |
|
| 34:03 | the buttons to work for actually used as one of the uh one of |
|
| 34:08 | products and they would grow in a tank. Uh and and they wanted |
|
| 34:15 | get to form in those schools, wanted to go all into sports. |
|
| 34:18 | so they would just grow it Up , you know, follow back growth |
|
| 34:23 | . And when I got the stationary and in the end it would just |
|
| 34:25 | to keep going for another 10 hours in that state and they would all |
|
| 34:30 | in the sports. Um So that's but what what happens is you harvest |
|
| 34:37 | in those spores. And if you to put them in nutrient broth, |
|
| 34:42 | would Germany so it's yeah, provided right conditions for in Diego scored |
|
| 34:51 | I yeah, I want to say . But they all have to |
|
| 34:59 | since they have across the chromosome, have to keep building synthesizing those |
|
| 35:02 | Even if they don't, I I know I know when I'm not |
|
| 35:06 | percent sure about that, but I to say yes but I didn't check |
|
| 35:12 | sure. I would say that they , it wouldn't matter. Okay. |
|
| 35:16 | they did very well there. So we can right, correct, |
|
| 35:39 | , correct, correct. So it a I mean it's a survival strategy |
|
| 35:45 | a sense. So I mean last cause because it's it's not a true |
|
| 35:51 | thing undergo sport relation. So there a point where it's like in this |
|
| 35:57 | somewhere somewhere before you get to hear so can actually pull back and say |
|
| 36:05 | I'm not gonna do it. And there is that there's a point where |
|
| 36:10 | or come back and there's a point you can't you can't go back. |
|
| 36:14 | so that point is of course you when when nutrients are absolutely limiting |
|
| 36:21 | And nothing's coming in, that's why just takes about eight hours to go |
|
| 36:25 | the whole thing. Okay. So is a little bit of time at |
|
| 36:28 | beginning to not do it. But , if if the selling there seems |
|
| 36:34 | be no other recourse because there's no No other new things around at all |
|
| 36:40 | zero. Okay. Or just being with some kind of radiation or or |
|
| 36:46 | eliminating what have you? This guy a choice to get into school? |
|
| 36:51 | commits and goes through. Okay. that answer your question? Sometimes I |
|
| 37:00 | anybody else have a question? All . Okay. I think we're gonna |
|
| 37:07 | gears here. So we went through this. Uh it's all chapter four |
|
| 37:14 | do anything about points Like I said think uh monday I mean Tuesday starting |
|
| 37:21 | in that ketchup day we'll have there be some time. I think if |
|
| 37:25 | if you do have any lingering questions any of you have one stuff certainly |
|
| 37:29 | it. Um Okay so chapter five brief. I'm only focusing on two |
|
| 37:37 | . One is Uh what I call tolerance. Okay and the other part |
|
| 37:43 | just a little bit about um control microbial growth. So physical chemical factors |
|
| 37:50 | a couple of concepts that relates to in some terms. Okay so first |
|
| 37:56 | uh Um zero tolerance. So Okay so bacteria that you live in |
|
| 38:06 | mouth. You know that because um that you may may get a plaque |
|
| 38:14 | your teeth. Uh True that formed are actually fermenting bacteria in your |
|
| 38:21 | And fermentation of course occurs in the of boston. Right so um fermenters |
|
| 38:28 | uh that acidity produced by fermentation can down the academy. So um some |
|
| 38:35 | is you know you obviously are breathing . Right. So you got in |
|
| 38:41 | mouth. So you think well how the living there? They don't like |
|
| 38:45 | ? Okay so how do they how how does it become anaerobic in your |
|
| 38:51 | ? And I don't mean like you're your breath. Okay. Uh So |
|
| 38:56 | what how how is the panoramic environment ? Yeah mm. Right. And |
|
| 39:09 | still building when you're when you're asleep though your mouths closed. Yeah, |
|
| 39:17 | is they'll like sugar. It's as as there's an anaerobic environment. The |
|
| 39:25 | . Yeah. Mhm. There you're there. Yeah, it's kinda like |
|
| 39:34 | find the lips and crannies in your . Right? So we're looking uh |
|
| 39:38 | in the mouth here so they can like uh in the gums, right |
|
| 39:43 | between the gum gum and teeth, ? There are spaces and pockets in |
|
| 39:47 | . They may be hideout in think micro environments, right? Micro environments |
|
| 39:53 | the mouth. A little spaces and things that are in your mouth and |
|
| 39:57 | teeth, et cetera. That's where can either think, okay, even |
|
| 40:03 | there's there's create micro environments in the , particularly in the gums and |
|
| 40:09 | Okay. Uh So um so yeah do find the find their niche in |
|
| 40:17 | um now, so we're talking about talk about uh respiration All the tablets |
|
| 40:26 | in year two for now? Um that uh of course an Arabic metabolism |
|
| 40:35 | oxygen. Internal sector, which is we do? Okay. The auction |
|
| 40:40 | very reactive it's very reactive molecules. , so as a result of that |
|
| 40:46 | is um option. It interacts with components of the respiratory chain with |
|
| 40:53 | Okay. And in the results of are these side reactions creating these uh |
|
| 41:02 | more reactive species, what we call reactive oxygen species. Super oxide |
|
| 41:06 | hydroxy tires and peroxide. So these chemicals that themselves are very reactive and |
|
| 41:13 | cause damage. Right? It's not I think people have known that the |
|
| 41:19 | process in humans. Right? We heard of free radicals, right? |
|
| 41:24 | and using anti optimist to counteract, ? Um and not eating different types |
|
| 41:30 | foods and whatnot. So uh these of processes damaged cells. And we |
|
| 41:36 | that when you get older that that's computer contributed. So, so if |
|
| 41:43 | so for organisms that are living in environment where there's air, if there's |
|
| 41:50 | often um they must have some kind protection against it. Okay, yourself |
|
| 41:56 | that protection. Okay, when you've yourself and maybe you put hydrogen peroxide |
|
| 42:02 | there, you see the bubble. ? Those bubbles are protective enzyme that |
|
| 42:07 | cells are created to counteract the effect the hydrogen peroxide. So the thing |
|
| 42:13 | these molecules is they're very active. interact with proteins can cause damage. |
|
| 42:19 | ? Even interacting with the cleric acid damage. So again, if one |
|
| 42:24 | living in the oxygen world, you have protection against these processes checked. |
|
| 42:30 | the protection are these three enzymes? . S. O. D. |
|
| 42:33 | oxide. Disney tastes S. D. For short catalysts and proxies |
|
| 42:39 | the way to protect. And so so auction formation through interaction with |
|
| 42:45 | A. D. Which is one the components in the respiratory chain introduced |
|
| 42:49 | oxide. And that can that effect be lessened by S. O. |
|
| 42:55 | . Which produces hydrogen peroxide which itself reactive but not as reactive as super |
|
| 43:00 | . Random. Okay and then one have cattle A's and or peroxide days |
|
| 43:06 | then utilize the effective forming water. so now um back here so. |
|
| 43:20 | so knowing this, if one is to be a microbe just focus on |
|
| 43:24 | microbe and then oxygen filled world. um if you're gonna live in that |
|
| 43:33 | you will be creating these kinds of . Okay. Even if you use |
|
| 43:38 | or not just being independent of auction cause these processes to occur. |
|
| 43:46 | these processes will occur whether and that's that any of these molecules will |
|
| 43:56 | Okay. Whether the microbe is capable using oxygen or not. Okay, |
|
| 44:04 | living in the presence of it. gonna need protection whether it uses oxygen |
|
| 44:08 | not. Okay so the protection against depends on the do they have all |
|
| 44:17 | of these, do do they have level of all three things? Okay |
|
| 44:23 | the differences we see among microbes in to go to directly relates to. |
|
| 44:31 | they have these enzymes? If so do they have optimal levels or do |
|
| 44:37 | just have one or two of them they're not an optimal level? So |
|
| 44:42 | see the whole spectrum. Right. that relates to how they will growth |
|
| 44:49 | an environment containing oxygen. Okay. won't grow at all zero. No |
|
| 44:55 | they don't have protection at all. toxic to them. Okay, auction |
|
| 45:01 | but others standard stuff. Yeah. you questions. So this whole process |
|
| 45:13 | general for any microbes living in Arabic whether it uses oxygen or not. |
|
| 45:25 | . Three things are oh because those be generated in a microbe for a |
|
| 45:33 | thing if they're in the presence of oxygen. Right? So whether it |
|
| 45:41 | it or not that's an issue to with. Which is why a obligate |
|
| 45:51 | avoid it altogether. Absolutely. The altogether because they can't survive in the |
|
| 45:57 | containing oxygen gotta get away completely. so but like I said, there's |
|
| 46:05 | some will have varying effects varying responses . What was your question? |
|
| 46:19 | Yeah. What was the form of you know? Yeah. Mhm. |
|
| 46:37 | . The um okay if I think understand. So the organism. Okay |
|
| 46:45 | the protection against these three things are enzymes, right? That's how it |
|
| 46:51 | be protected against it? Is that question or not? So the protection |
|
| 46:58 | those three molecules which are damaging molecules to have catalysts, peroxide ladies and |
|
| 47:04 | . O. D. That will the effects of those of the damage |
|
| 47:08 | those three molecules. Okay so well let's go through and we'll see how |
|
| 47:14 | variations on this. Okay so the we detect we look at analyzing how |
|
| 47:23 | look rough in in bringing the levels oxygen. Okay so you have this |
|
| 47:31 | that uses this medium called fluid. it contains chemicals that will indicate the |
|
| 47:40 | of often. So red, red there's a lot of oxygen present. |
|
| 47:46 | , red or no red, there's oxygen present. Um It has chemicals |
|
| 47:51 | typically it's it's a semi solid. kind of a jelly like um |
|
| 47:59 | When you prepare it you of course of it. And then put in |
|
| 48:03 | autoclave and that kind of drives all gas out of the tube. |
|
| 48:08 | But then as they're slowly seeps back because it's a gel like matrix doesn't |
|
| 48:16 | it very quickly. Two you have and the chemicals that can bind up |
|
| 48:22 | . In fact the net effect of that if you create a gradient in |
|
| 48:27 | tube right? Where you have high at the top, none at the |
|
| 48:34 | . And you know again a gradient high to low higher than zero. |
|
| 48:40 | ? And so then into this medium inoculate. Okay so you take a |
|
| 48:48 | loop right now. Alright and you just insert it into the tube? |
|
| 48:56 | . And so the inoculate um is being spread throughout the length of the |
|
| 49:02 | basically ceding that medium. But they're throughout the whole length because it's a |
|
| 49:07 | of a jelly like matrix. And so you just as you drag |
|
| 49:11 | loop along, you're basically just uh cells throughout the whole next to the |
|
| 49:17 | . Okay? And so now you let me incubate. Okay and incubate |
|
| 49:22 | for 24 48 hours. So what looking for then is where is growth |
|
| 49:29 | ? Is growth only occurring for the you seated down at the bottom are |
|
| 49:34 | only cells that begin to grow here at the top or throughout the whole |
|
| 49:41 | ? Okay so you can see five types will emerge potentially. Okay and |
|
| 49:47 | parallel depends on what's the cell's response go to. Okay so um so |
|
| 49:58 | what it's all about. That's how determine you know what what how you |
|
| 50:01 | each type. So we have terms each type of category. Okay um |
|
| 50:07 | so the as I just said that determines the interaction with them too. |
|
| 50:13 | yeah it's all about yeah what the looks like. It's all about. |
|
| 50:17 | is the what is the level of that have all three of those protective |
|
| 50:23 | ? Are they all at maximum Or have some and on others or |
|
| 50:29 | what they have? They only have half the amount. So his fans |
|
| 50:33 | whole spectrum. Okay. And so they then growth pattern tells us what |
|
| 50:39 | to put them? Okay. So um any question that I think makes |
|
| 50:48 | I think. Okay. Um Alright here's a question. Take a look |
|
| 50:54 | this, yep. So five strains each grown on medium. We just |
|
| 51:00 | about it with a black light To the growth response to oxygen based on |
|
| 51:05 | results. You see five results b. c. d. |
|
| 51:09 | Which train has S. O. . E. The super oxide. |
|
| 51:13 | tastes, catalyst and peroxide. These but expresses reduced levels of these Or |
|
| 51:24 | maybe missing one or two of the . Okay. So it's got protection |
|
| 51:29 | not not optimal protection. Okay. so what might that be? |
|
| 51:54 | Yeah. Thanks. Oh okay. . So A. Is one |
|
| 52:03 | Is two C. Is three It's weird. Let's let me |
|
| 52:23 | Okay so All right, so I'll on this slider. That's that's really |
|
| 52:29 | . Does that happen before? Okay. Okay. So here is |
|
| 52:40 | . Does that match up? That's I've never heard of that |
|
| 52:45 | so I'm going to check on Yeah. Was it? Um Wait |
|
| 53:10 | . Okay. Let's uh they've got timer on. Yeah. Great |
|
| 53:43 | Alright, deposit in case we got stragglers out there. Okay. |
|
| 53:49 | Here we go. Okay. Alright let's see mm hmm. Alright. |
|
| 54:06 | c. one and 4 seemed to the consensus. Okay. So Who |
|
| 54:15 | # 4? Why did why did pick for? Okay. Yeah. |
|
| 54:30 | . Yeah. Have something. I'm say something. Process. Yeah. |
|
| 54:38 | . Yeah. So you have you um A sub optimal. So number |
|
| 54:44 | the one who absolutely cannot stand auctions course, is number two or |
|
| 54:51 | Right? Obligate anaerobic. Right? part of the tube, but there's |
|
| 54:55 | lock. Right? That's the only that grows um A. Is the |
|
| 55:00 | spectrum? Um It only grows at top where there's maximal oxygen, |
|
| 55:04 | That's your opposite. Arab, You're you're an A. You all |
|
| 55:09 | A is in here. Um And then the the in between between |
|
| 55:16 | And C. E. That's what call a micro era file. |
|
| 55:20 | So um it's actually due to because don't have the fully full optimal |
|
| 55:28 | They growing somewhere in between right below below. Um the level of the |
|
| 55:38 | of the tube. Okay. Where less oxygen present. Okay. Because |
|
| 55:42 | can get their protection when you forced being able to handle a certain auction |
|
| 55:48 | . Okay, B and D. types that are can can actually um |
|
| 55:57 | or not oxygen they're they're fine Okay. And they typically have |
|
| 56:03 | 1 in one in three will have pretty much had the full complement of |
|
| 56:07 | . Okay. But their metabolism is that they they produce slightly different |
|
| 56:14 | Okay. And we'll go into Why they look different because one in |
|
| 56:18 | in three are the ones that typically people. Okay. And we'll go |
|
| 56:23 | there here in a second. Let just show you the different categories |
|
| 56:27 | Um Okay so we have um five . We can put these in based |
|
| 56:37 | their growth patterns. OK so I with my um these to read So |
|
| 56:44 | panel and faculty faculty types can live the presence of options or without |
|
| 56:52 | Okay so with your arrows of course have. This is gonna be um |
|
| 56:57 | obligated Arabs and your micro arrow So what distinguishes them? Number |
|
| 57:04 | If you're in the area of area you use oxygen as part of the |
|
| 57:09 | . Like you're a hero. That . Right and so too is the |
|
| 57:15 | error file. It just cannot handle levels of oak too. Right. |
|
| 57:21 | 21 21% option I think is in atmosphere. So they can't handle |
|
| 57:26 | They must have 10 5%. Something that. Okay. And so um |
|
| 57:33 | and micro micro terrified. Okay. and you know among cro cheerios micro |
|
| 57:41 | valve is actually fairly common to be micro profile. Okay. Um Even |
|
| 57:47 | commonly used to be an anaerobic. not an anaerobic activity among pro players |
|
| 57:52 | this planet is mind blowing. Right outweighs. Harrowing acted. Taking all |
|
| 57:59 | bacteria you've got. Okay that's an from there. Yeah. Um So |
|
| 58:05 | we go to the general category then have two types. I'll begin to |
|
| 58:11 | , oxygen kills them. Cannot live it at all toxic. Okay. |
|
| 58:16 | have has zero protection against it. . Um Your aero tolerant types. |
|
| 58:26 | . Um oxygen is not toxic and use that. So does not use |
|
| 58:33 | both members of this category do not often. Right? As it says |
|
| 58:41 | they either ferment where they can inspire aerobically which we haven't talked about yet |
|
| 58:49 | but they they they're not a roman . Thanks. And so the faculty |
|
| 58:57 | type. Okay they can use it capable of being an Arabic perspire. |
|
| 59:04 | they can be a fermenter or they be an anaerobic perspire. Er E |
|
| 59:09 | it is a faculty of antelope and can do all three. It can |
|
| 59:13 | it can be an anaerobic respiration it inspire with oxygen. Okay. All |
|
| 59:18 | on where it finds itself and what's to. Right? Um Now when |
|
| 59:24 | look at the growth patterns right Because can be kind of confusing. Um |
|
| 59:30 | this album get arrow public and a MicroAire file are pretty obvious. I |
|
| 59:37 | if you just to categorize those Okay but these two can be a |
|
| 59:42 | bit problematic. Okay this one and aero tolerant and a rope. Okay |
|
| 59:49 | where you is they're looking at this and that too. Okay. The |
|
| 59:59 | grows throughout the whole to grow throughout whole tube. You see little dots |
|
| 60:03 | growth throughout the whole tube is within two tube. Is there a |
|
| 60:10 | Even a slight difference. But you to Yeah, The one on the |
|
| 60:18 | place. Because because what tells you there is there's more more that So |
|
| 60:30 | more dark dots, Right? Which more what you were saying? So |
|
| 60:34 | more at the top. So when compare that to the aero teller and |
|
| 60:42 | robe was pretty much uniforms. I guess I would say right. |
|
| 60:48 | effective arrow is throughout but skewed maybe much more growth toward the top. |
|
| 60:54 | why is that? Because an error metabolism gives you more energy more https |
|
| 61:03 | you have more https, that always you more growth. Okay, so |
|
| 61:09 | metabolism is more energy producing. It you more growth. And so at |
|
| 61:14 | top of that too, In fact you can use oxygen. All |
|
| 61:19 | You'll see a little bit more sell up there. Okay, the arrow |
|
| 61:25 | . Arab does not use oxygen. can grow there because it has protection |
|
| 61:30 | it, but it doesn't you can't it. So, hence there's not |
|
| 61:33 | be any more growth at the Okay, that's the faculty. |
|
| 61:39 | um any questions about that. I know it's so kind of kind |
|
| 61:45 | remember these things about their own metabolism energy more energy more growth as we're |
|
| 61:50 | the This will be explained when we into unit two. Okay. Uh |
|
| 61:56 | . Specifically about two weeks. Okay so. Okay we'll get it all |
|
| 62:03 | . And so well we got these again of a robe and a robe |
|
| 62:07 | cetera. All right. Um Okay let's uh not forget so effective began |
|
| 62:20 | don't have to have full protection. not talking to them. All right |
|
| 62:28 | some gears a little bit and talk control of microbial growth a little |
|
| 62:35 | Um So again as I said last we're focused on the death part of |
|
| 62:44 | curve. Remember batch growth occurred? ? And the death phase. So |
|
| 62:49 | in uh in microbial growth of course targeting pathogens. Whatever you give a |
|
| 62:55 | of disinfectant, antiseptic whatever your physical treatment is of course you're gonna reduce |
|
| 63:00 | of every micro bear. But obviously just trying to take your targets are |
|
| 63:05 | . Right? So you'll always see the side of a bottle of Lysol |
|
| 63:10 | whatever your favorite disinfecting is. You're to see a list of standard types |
|
| 63:15 | strains that are tested against. Right staff oriented to the M. |
|
| 63:19 | S. A restrained highly antibiotic Uh Salmonella esoterica foodborne pathogen. E |
|
| 63:28 | there's an O. N. There's 87 right there. Oh NH |
|
| 63:32 | . Right. Um We've got different . Okay and now it's on the |
|
| 63:37 | I'm sure this is from a few ago anyway so target pathogens. Um |
|
| 63:44 | so you always see on the side these products you know tout you know |
|
| 63:52 | point 9999.999% killed. Right. So does all that actually mean? Just |
|
| 63:58 | at the actual numbers here. So if you're looking at an area |
|
| 64:03 | you do these things you kind of like a little template square template That's |
|
| 64:09 | two x 2. And uh you the inside of that area and then |
|
| 64:15 | try to get a total volume And so then you do the treatment |
|
| 64:20 | disinfectant or whatever it is And then again look for a viable count. |
|
| 64:25 | call it themselves. And so just if you kill 99.9% of your starting |
|
| 64:32 | a million cells obviously then 99 999,000 killed. Right? So 90 down |
|
| 64:40 | 10 of the third. Right? so we look at um controlled microbial |
|
| 64:44 | . One of the parameters we use logs of death logs of death. |
|
| 64:50 | so uh and how quickly can we that about? Okay and different um |
|
| 64:59 | that deal with making these kinds of or are in a some kind of |
|
| 65:04 | where it's important to get death of types of bacterial cells. They'll have |
|
| 65:10 | own parameter uh what's called A. . Value that we'll talk about. |
|
| 65:16 | That is actually the time to get one log of death. Okay. |
|
| 65:21 | 90% killed off. Um So one the things is um you know, |
|
| 65:30 | all used these kind of products in home, right? Or dorm. |
|
| 65:34 | . And the point is you're not certainly reducing the numbers significantly. |
|
| 65:40 | But you're not bringing them down to . All right. You're gonna have |
|
| 65:43 | some they're still sitting there. Um And so back to my pet |
|
| 65:50 | write this, right. And the of that term. So is this |
|
| 65:58 | the 01234 thing again On your. , Jesus. I'm sorry. All |
|
| 66:05 | . zero. Oh, there's the . Never mind do that, didn't |
|
| 66:13 | ? None of the above, Hurry and punch in number four. So |
|
| 66:22 | is not pasteurization. It's not It's not any sepsis. It doesn't |
|
| 66:30 | in the final reduction of numbers to . Alright, it's zero. |
|
| 66:35 | no viruses uh cells. And those are detectable when you have sterilized |
|
| 66:44 | Okay. Um Alright, so let's Everybody answered please 84%. Who answered |
|
| 66:57 | , shame on you. Okay, that's not 100%. My God. |
|
| 67:04 | . Alright, here we go. Okay, terms terms terms terms. |
|
| 67:12 | um just mentioned that. So disinfection and a sepsis of course target production |
|
| 67:19 | pathogens. Disinfection. Of course is objects. Right. So for that |
|
| 67:24 | um you can use harsher chemicals. more concentrated formulations for disinfectants because they're |
|
| 67:31 | going to touch your skin presumably unless gloved protected. But for an acceptance |
|
| 67:37 | course is uh for a living Okay um sanitation is a little bit |
|
| 67:44 | . Okay so sanitation the gold there really again it's it's the values are |
|
| 67:51 | reduction of numbers. Microbial numbers. . Obviously when you're doing that, |
|
| 67:56 | also affecting the pathogen levels too. but it relates more to hygienic |
|
| 68:03 | Right? The things you do always the example of, I'm sure myself |
|
| 68:08 | many of you have or are working the uh fast food or other |
|
| 68:13 | Right server in the kitchen will have um the practices you do. They're |
|
| 68:21 | . Too many teams, proper hygiene, wearing a hairnet, uh |
|
| 68:28 | , cleaning the area, making sure is on the on the ground. |
|
| 68:33 | The not having food out at improper . Um any of these things that |
|
| 68:39 | lead to your customers getting food Ok. Which includes if you're |
|
| 68:46 | O. Server spinning on your client's because they were also practice. |
|
| 68:54 | Um so um so and the numbers numbers for sanitary practices. So |
|
| 69:02 | those are set by the county health . Uh They were the ones that |
|
| 69:07 | inspect and make sure you are following guidelines. Okay so um so that's |
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| 69:14 | few more terms here. So bacterial , bacterial static bacterial DNA. Okay |
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| 69:23 | these um terms uh growth innovation versus themselves. That's the difference. |
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| 69:31 | Um So if you look at the um the we're adding agent at the |
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| 69:39 | . Okay. You see here here here to a growing culture. |
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| 69:44 | We have two parameters. We have called a total cell count, the |
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| 69:47 | line and a viable cell count. . Which means only living cells. |
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| 69:54 | . So viable cell count. I'm going to briefly tell you. So |
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| 69:59 | you take a sample of the culture you don't hand out, you put |
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| 70:04 | into to delude out so you get a state so you can put it |
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| 70:09 | a plate and then still delude. have colonies form that aren't Plentiful. |
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| 70:16 | to get in a range of around colonies on a plate. So do |
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| 70:22 | , do that your sample. So you have to do it out to |
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| 70:26 | able to get that. And then count those colonies. And you can |
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| 70:31 | it gives you a cell number that's your in your liver and your |
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| 70:36 | Okay. And so that's actually taking sample in doing these manipulations and being |
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| 70:41 | camp. Right? And that's what what the solid line is. |
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| 70:47 | The dash line you get by taking at the same time when you put |
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| 70:53 | sample under a microscope and say right you can use a thing called a |
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| 71:00 | is basically a fancy chamber with agreed it and you can count yourselves and |
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| 71:04 | the number of cell number as The thing is you don't know what's |
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| 71:09 | and dead cells because they look to , right? So the total the |
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| 71:13 | of themselves. But the same. count all of it gives you a |
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| 71:18 | the bible says only living cells. , that's the difference. So when |
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| 71:24 | have a growth inhibitory agent, the growth levels off. Alright. Plants |
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| 71:31 | is gonna go down. This plan out right now. We're not killing |
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| 71:36 | were just arresting growth. Okay. the cell numbers stay the same after |
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| 71:41 | of the agent material stat Okay. it's a bacterial political bachelor asylum, |
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| 71:49 | killing cells. Right. So of viable counts. It's going down because |
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| 71:53 | being here. Okay. And so we have a so there's been back |
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| 72:01 | relate back to the asylum. Both bible counts go down. But how |
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| 72:09 | is it accurately? Different metrics How is that? Yeah, total |
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| 72:18 | . Right. So how can so is the same. This is |
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| 72:24 | That's where they differ. It's here here. Right? So total |
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| 72:29 | Right? The county that sells Ineffectual assignment agent. It looks all |
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| 72:35 | same. Life and death cells are same. But viable accounts going |
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| 72:40 | The bacteriological agent also goes down like see and he sounds and I told |
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| 72:48 | how it's going down bacterial is the word. That license to kill is |
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| 72:54 | agent that blows up the cells. ? So you can kill cells and |
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| 73:00 | dead cells can be intact or they be blown up. Right? That's |
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| 73:05 | essential difference between 281 is bachelor lyric it kills the cell and completely destroys |
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| 73:11 | it. So you can't see it a microscope anymore. Or it can |
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| 73:16 | it by maybe inhibiting blocking protein synthesis will kill a self but doesn't necessarily |
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| 73:24 | blow up. That's so bacteria Asylum big. So it's that's that's the |
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| 73:30 | between how they're both dying. Both are both are killing agents but |
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| 73:36 | just kills by yeah throwing a hand on to disintegrate it. Alright |
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| 73:42 | So is that useful for like whenever find enough infections? So you'd use |
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| 73:47 | to your system because you don't want bacteria release toxins stuck because they be |
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| 73:54 | everywhere. So back to the um questions about that. Yeah so this |
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| 74:05 | just meant to really illustrate that point looking under the microscope at the samples |
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| 74:12 | seeing um bacterial um lick bacterial seidel and be right and cells are just |
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| 74:21 | because they're listening right? But hey dying But we just can't visually see |
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| 74:26 | the viable count. The viable count us that's going down and tells us |
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| 74:30 | killed. Okay. Um And so week here on just the D. |
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| 74:38 | . Okay so the value is a to measure how these agents work |
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| 74:44 | Whether whatever the treatment is your Okay. And so again we're focused |
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| 74:50 | the death part of the of the . Right? So we can look |
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| 74:55 | it in terms of cell numbers and pick two points right? Um That |
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| 75:03 | this 90% or one log reduction. what the value is. Okay so |
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| 75:08 | picking these two points here to represent is extrapolate and it becomes about one |
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| 75:15 | . Okay So and there's a bazillion methods to measuring how well and accepted |
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| 75:21 | disinfectant. Whatever treatment it is that of course it's all about getting cell |
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| 75:27 | and logs of death uh in a time frame. Okay And so lots |
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| 75:33 | things can affect this. And so know it's how much how much is |
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| 75:38 | present there? Did you have to it? Um Is the surface of |
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| 75:43 | a clean surface? So it is the case to first just clean a |
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| 75:50 | . Right. With your favorite Then applied this effective. That's what |
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| 75:55 | call it. If it has a organic little. How dirty is |
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| 75:59 | All right because that organic material that's cells can absorb your agent and not |
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| 76:06 | make much of much of a dent themselves themselves. So it's important to |
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| 76:10 | first. Then put this effect on to reduce that effect. And so |
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| 76:16 | of course you know how how harsh the agent is it going to corrode |
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| 76:20 | service? You're trying to disinfect? some are light sense of delight. |
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| 76:26 | may need to put it in an bottle or covered up to protect it |
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| 76:29 | light because it loses effectiveness. So different kinds of things can affect uh |
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| 76:34 | agent that you may be using. . And then in terms of |
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| 76:39 | okay, number one is you're never see something like that, or you |
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| 76:46 | your treatment and everyone dies at It doesn't happen. Okay. It's |
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| 76:52 | some great which are the first because all about the accumulation of damage even |
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| 76:58 | the population of but you may think identical cells and most of them are |
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| 77:04 | still die in a slightly different Right. Damage accumulation occurs, there |
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| 77:09 | be slightly different from self set and fast, but it's not, it's |
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| 77:14 | that they all die at once. ? So it's always going to be |
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| 77:17 | some great of death, Jack. I think uh I wanted to show |
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| 77:26 | quote. I'll show this next I want to show this question. |
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| 77:28 | Bowl edition. Um, so I what the answer is gonna be. |
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| 77:42 | are a Bengals fan. Right, , we got one Cincinnati. Any |
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| 77:48 | people here? No, no Okay, my prediction is deep. |
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| 77:59 | gonna answer d majority. Except for . If you answered folks, you |
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| 78:10 | go, we'll see you all on . |
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