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GEOL 6381 Petroleum Geology - Video Monday-7-10-23-1727126412
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00:12 OK. Um As geologists and uh maybe Geophysics even more than in
00:19 past because they're doing things now that to uh reservoir management. Um A
00:27 of you will at some point in career, get involved with um uh
00:33 facility locations like platforms and that sort thing. If you're working with a
00:37 company, maybe drilling 11 well and pad and there, maybe somebody within
00:42 company that's really good at setting up uh your pad, your pad uh
00:47 and whatnot onshore and uh trying to things up. But uh oftentimes the
00:55 and, or the geophysicist can get in some of this. And uh
01:00 a whole um a large number of types of wells. You know,
01:06 of the wells we drill here here the list. It says uh production
01:15 , injection wells, but you can have dry hole wells where you just
01:19 it because it's the first uh you're drilling in a particular uh acreage
01:24 you've acquired from somebody and it's, kind of like a Strat graphic um
01:31 and you're, you're drilling it to what the section is, and if
01:34 actually can find any oil, sometimes a AFE application for expense to uh
01:41 cover uh the cost if you decide turn it into a production well or
01:46 . But a lot of times you may have dry hole, hole
01:51 . And in that case, uh that case, uh you,
01:58 you and your engineer, reservoir engineer uh get together and, and have
02:03 , both scenarios costed out. So , there's uh injection wells for enhanced
02:09 recovery. Uh You're gonna have utility uh to produce fluids or dispose of
02:19 . And of course, it depends where you're at and what you're
02:22 You may, you may have a well, just to add a gas
02:26 to a gas cap, that kind thing or uh there's water uh disposal
02:32 all around. And unfortunately, too of these, well, uh water
02:36 wells are, are shallow and they're they're susceptible to breakthrough to the surface
02:43 you can get uh all sorts of uh collapse structures and that sort of
02:50 , creating sinkholes that can be dangerous to people. And uh and sometimes
02:55 cities then of course, the relief which uh when I was working on
03:00 , they were kill wells two that worked on and kind of controlled were
03:05 East Cameron 81 and number nine. uh then it sort of on the
03:12 got involved with Macondo number two. , uh, so tho those are
03:17 kinds of things that, uh, you can drill then, then of
03:21 , uh, you start to worry a lot of the well ge geometries
03:24 the geometry of the well patterns and that sort of thing that you
03:29 up and, uh, often you to worry about things like shallow gas
03:33 , especially if it's, uh, . Um, another whole group of
03:39 is overpressure and under pressure. And , in a given region, a
03:44 of people have drilled a few wells uh oftentimes they know which intervals are
03:49 pressured or under pressured. And uh could always be in a regime.
03:54 , you know, it's not there the Macondo Well was drilled, they
03:57 they had a high pressure system at considerable depth which is always dangerous and
04:03 they kind of got sloppy with which didn't help. And um there
04:08 things in places uh where you can have mud slides. You know,
04:11 talk about the uh turbidity currents, uh sections of the uh shelf edge
04:20 uh a actually up on the shelf a little bit of a tilt and
04:24 there's a, a bit of a or whatnot, either due to storm
04:29 and, or, you know, in places where we have earthquakes,
04:33 that would create some kind of uh whole sections and in like hundreds
04:38 acres of uh substrate can start sliding a hill. And uh one place
04:45 that was real, uh common where mud slides in, uh on the
04:50 where main passes, they actually had build, diverter to uh, to
04:55 the uh the mud to pass around , uh the rigs, the legs
05:01 the rigs and the platforms to uh keep them from being destroyed. It
05:06 on. They uh they lost a uh platforms back in the sixties
05:11 and early seventies until they got this out. Folks at LSU did AAA
05:17 of uh research on um these types things where you could get mud slides
05:23 . Uh There's also things that you have to worry about. If
05:26 a lot of uh be paic things other uh metal rich uh grains in
05:35 uh formation, you have to be with it. Uh If you acid
05:39 , you can turn, it can turn into a gel that clogs up
05:43 the porosity nol and actually destroys And there's other things that you have
05:48 be careful with, with hydrofracking. normally not with a vertical well,
05:52 with the horizontal wells, you have be very careful. And uh,
05:56 then of course, uh you will all sorts of uh logging runs and
06:02 certain types of production data you might depending on whether it's an appraisal well
06:07 something in, in a mature you might uh have, have uh
06:12 uh request logs that you need that include production data. This is just
06:18 you uh west of Shetland Islands. is out of your textbook. Uh
06:25 when it's just showing you a spider of what was often very common and
06:30 is uh offshore where we'll have a located platform and we drill deviated wells
06:37 in many directions. In this it's showing you they have injection wells
06:42 this little arrow symbol. Here's another over here, one over there,
06:46 over there. And uh again, whether or not you need an
06:51 well, depends on whether you need sweep some bypassed oil. And also
06:57 it's economically feasible to do such sometimes it can cost more than um
07:03 the uh potential recovery of the bypassed . And this is just showing you
07:10 in the book, I think it's black and white diagram. I got
07:14 and it's a little bit different. got this from Lewis uh back around
07:20 where he was showing how uh we now have ways to uh graphically
07:27 the well bores and where they're, they're penetrating and the target interval and
07:33 what's underneath them so on and so and showing you some seismic lines.
07:38 is like having a A two D to help you grasp the uh the
07:45 dimensionality of this diagram which is, is plotted on a 22 D
07:51 but it's plotted in such a way it looks like it's three dimensional.
07:57 . Uh Everybody's heard an awful lot um horizontal drilling in Texas and in
08:04 Pennsylvania and North Dakota. But what lot of people aren't aware of is
08:10 the, the long reach uh horizontal really got started uh in the North
08:19 and in the early 19 nineties, this is uh which farm field in
08:24 UK. And uh aside from uh this, in the early eighties,
08:32 were also drilling horizontal wells in the to improve the cross sectional area uh
08:38 the uh of the pipe, the pipe so that you have more surface
08:44 between the rock and the differential pressure you find in the well board that
08:48 actually help it flow out and up the surface. Anyway. Um This
08:54 one of the uh the longest ones was ever drilled. Um And uh
08:59 the time and here you can see over five kilometers and um and so
09:08 uh a good close to three I guess of distance. And uh
09:16 kind of thing was, was not that well heard of even in the
09:20 chalk wells, they didn't drill them that far, but technology had to
09:25 , to do this. This was done for environmental reasons. Um They
09:31 a farm site and uh they wanted offshore, get some offshore oil,
09:36 were able to get surface rights and underneath everybody else's acreage and get something
09:42 without putting a platform offshore. Because a, um, a part of
09:46 the UK where uh they had nice and whatnot. And here you can
09:51 the kinds of things they were And um, this is where uh
09:56 of those first wells came and it way out here past this peninsula
10:01 And uh they managed to keep the the area looking, uh uh naturally
10:08 looking. And uh and at the time, they were able to capture
10:12 resources that were out here without uh a lot of uh uh structures and
10:21 into the North Sea. And on of that, the water out here
10:25 get pretty rough. And uh I any platform that had to go out
10:30 would have been a rather significant structure to be able to withstand some of
10:34 storm waves. One of the uh problems, of course, with uh
10:41 doing this kind of thing and um sorry about some of my distractions,
10:48 uh had a little problem with the group ongoing before the class started
10:54 Um Nothing serious. One of, of the key things is to uh
11:00 a kickoff point and of course, I don't know if they still call
11:04 a kickoff point because they can um the, the drilling assembly, uh
11:10 uh turn it and whatnot a lot than they used to actually have a
11:15 that would kick these things off and and help it get into angle.
11:22 uh we could steer some but not as much as they can
11:25 but almost all wells. And I think still a lot of them
11:29 dri drill a pilot hole, at , at least a few of the
11:33 in a given area so that they get a really good idea of the
11:37 section. It's really critical that you this vertical section, not only the
11:42 zone, but what's above it and below it if you know what's above
11:46 and you know, it's below Um It, it really helps you
11:51 understand how close you are to the and where you have to turn.
11:54 of course, you need to have idea of the Strat gray here so
11:58 you can start turning at this point than this point or that point or
12:03 way up here and, and have . And uh this is kind of
12:08 you one in another part of the Sea uh that, that got down
12:15 into these uh Jurassic sandstones. And , and you can see how they've
12:22 these channel sands, it was able sort of corkscrew its way through this
12:27 hit sort of the sweet spot. before that there would have been something
12:31 drilled into it to make it possible them to, to see they were
12:35 the tar and uh then getting down the uh sands within the nest and
12:41 below that. And uh and of , if for some reason, they
12:46 below this, they have, they have a good Strat graphic section to
12:50 out exactly where they were at in of being below the target area.
12:58 um from a reservoir management uh a lot of these things uh go
13:07 . And of course, again, the reservoir is extremely homogeneous and high
13:11 permeability, you don't need to do lot of this. But what the
13:15 tend to do is something called the model. In other words, it's
13:19 on the rocks as they sit in ground. And the uh engineers do
13:23 reservoir simulation, it's called a dynamic because it's based on changes through time
13:30 uh formation pressure, uh gas oil , all sorts of things that,
13:36 let them know that fluids are being . And uh I showed a few
13:42 that went over some of the things they actually look at. Uh Another
13:46 we can do with geophysics is uh , they'll do something that uh a
13:55 um size mix so that they can of characterize where the fluid mass
13:59 And especially if they have um converted which includes uh S uh excuse
14:06 P waves and S waves. They of do that at the beginning of
14:11 production and they start doing it on yearly to multiple year basis to see
14:19 the oil water contacts moving and how they can actually see it. And
14:24 so they can get some real vis . This is something geophysics were uh
14:30 involved in, in the past. now they're um over the last few
14:34 , the, the last decade for . In the decade before this
14:39 uh they looked at it quite a . Uh Then after, after
14:44 of course, if product production drops , you start to sorting out where
14:49 might have uh bypassed uh oil or . And uh if something like a
14:55 flood helps, sometimes infill wells can uh something that you consider other things
15:01 fracturing and acid around the well Uh The well bore can, can
15:07 very helpful. Of course, uh fracturing is, is famously known about
15:13 uh unconventional resources as that's uh part the horizontal well fracturing um ct or
15:23 couple that uh that help us really a lot of these shales that have
15:27 permeability. And of course, there's uh enhanced oil recovery methods and we
15:33 go into all of them, but will mention a few. And uh
15:38 course, primary production is basically considered you can get with natural flow,
15:44 often choked. In other words, not letting it flow out at full
15:49 if, uh, you just kind open. In fact, you almost
15:53 do this. Open the, well bore to a natural flow.
15:58 it's at great depth, you're gonna significant pressures and you'll overproduce the well
16:06 , and because of that, the you pull on the oil, the
16:11 the water behind it can move and water can outpace because it has a
16:17 higher relative permeability to oil and it'll run past the oil. So you
16:22 choke Tokyo uh production at the well to make sure that uh that you're
16:30 uh overproducing it and reducing the pressure quickly because that's pretty much the worst
16:36 you can do during World War which happened even before I was
16:42 Um Sometimes they needed oil so They uh they actually stopped choking a
16:49 of wells and they damaged a lot wells, but they needed the oil
16:53 a hurry to uh outs supply the the foes that they were dealing with
16:57 that time. Next step would be water uh secondary recovery. And that's
17:05 what we call water injection or gas . So it's some, usually when
17:08 sent uh putting something natural in there add reservoir uh energy back into the
17:16 reservoir. And that's what secondary production . And tertiary is when we do
17:20 things to uh try to help the mix better with some of the
17:26 And that alleviate some of the issue relative permeability. And uh and also
17:33 their thermal methods which uh which they to kind of uh heat things up
17:41 to uh try to make viscus oils viscous. And in some cases,
17:46 actually used to uh in uh in shales. Some of the thermal methods
17:53 actually used to uh to uh try , to mobilize and, and actually
17:59 alter the carriages to some extent so they're actually liquids instead of uh just
18:07 . OK. Here's an example um 40 seism from slumber and this was
18:14 in 2002 and it's getting a whole better. I'm sure it's uh better
18:19 . But this is a really good . Uh the tools as they
18:25 uh you're able to come up with than one or two examples that can
18:28 you something that's so clearly working. the old water contact at one point
18:33 time. And uh let's see, can't quite see it, but it
18:37 like it's see if I can uh , 1985 to uh OK,
18:55 And of course, this was one the best examples they had to show
18:59 2002. And of course, as has continued to get better every
19:06 uh this method is working better and places and of course it's not
19:11 So, um, so it's gonna in an area where, where,
19:16 , knowing exactly what's going on with royal water contact is important to
19:21 Uh, and they, and they have an example here, but I'm
19:24 there are examples now where, you might be able to see where
19:28 have been flushed and where things have been flushed, uh, which would
19:32 direct you to drilling a new primary . Well, a fill in.
19:36 , and that sort of thing, , uh, thing that can
19:45 uh, important for geologists to understand , um, we always have to
19:52 gravity and, uh, we're we're gonna try to pro,
19:56 have a water sweep. This is good sort of a good cartoon right
20:01 that I have the cursor on. an injection. Well, and it's
20:04 , pushing water up into this Uh, and you're trying to produce
20:08 just, just, uh, up of it. And here you've got
20:13 one pushing oil up dip of Um, here's an example,
20:20 from the surface of that same but they have other, uh,
20:25 . Here's like a four spot where have a production well, in the
20:29 , this might be if you um, sort of like,
20:33 some attic oil that's trapped and you're to squeeze it from all sides and
20:37 top of the top of the anticline , or the structure might be right
20:43 where this is and you're trying to , uh get that to uh push
20:46 oil uphill. So it's a little different map model than that. And
20:52 the thing called the Seven Spot one the Nine spot. One of the
20:56 that relates to. Um And I know if I've, if they've actually
21:03 it, but if, if you , um this is a horizontal
21:09 and you had another horizontal well over and another horizontal, well over
21:14 one of the things I know Schlumberger working on around 2005 and six.
21:20 I, I don't know if they uh got people interested in it,
21:25 some of those wells, they they'll have um a horizontal well
21:31 And then instead of having water flow that direction, they have the water
21:35 shooting in this direction and in this , they basically have um a primary
21:43 well in the middle, then they'll a side track, that's an injector
21:47 here on this side and another side , that's an injector over here.
21:52 I'm kind of uh without having another . I'm trying to explain to you
21:56 uh uh that could be much more in, in the fact that you're
22:01 um going down and uh immediately from beginning of your uh horizontal.
22:07 trying to figure out a way to , push the uh hydrocarbons in this
22:12 . In this direction. But in the, in these low permeability
22:18 that can be difficult. This uh might work even in high permeability ones
22:24 some of the chalk fields and some those sandstones I was showing in the
22:28 where they already have horizontal wells. . This, this uh kind of
22:38 uh uh a nice 3d uh representation the problem with relative permeability and how
22:48 can cause coning of the water. the well bore and uh because the
22:54 bore is drawing down pressure here, , uh all the fluids are gonna
22:58 screaming up here. And of the uh the water with that,
23:02 higher relative permeability is going to try cone up into it. This is
23:07 it would look like in one cross uh pretty much on strike with the
23:13 of the reservoir. This is this looking at a dip section of the
23:18 and then this is looking at it the map view from the map
23:21 You get an idea of what's happening your reservoir as this water is coning
23:27 . In other words, vertically, trying to go up uh laterally,
23:30 trying to move up, dip in an arrow sense. You can
23:34 that also and of course, that's cusp. And um you can have
23:42 like this uh where your initial oil contact is down here. You've got
23:49 injector pushing water up here. uh, you can see that at
23:54 point that injector well down here, is a, is a perm
23:59 an impermeable barrier. And, so you have this kind of trap
24:04 to the side, this particular producer produce until the water gets up
24:09 uh, up to here. But one's gonna be trapped off,
24:12 down to there. So this may leaving some attic oil behind and,
24:18 , that would be a type of bypassed oil or uh oil that uh
24:23 additional um uh drainage on it. , you didn't have preparations all the
24:30 to the top of this thing. they were down here, you,
24:32 might leave even more attic oil which happens quite frequently and this is
24:37 showing you what the sweep looks like from a map view relative to this
24:43 section. Here's another thing that you know, we, we always
24:48 about these fining upwards and coarsening upward . And uh this is like a
24:55 Gama log in a way. But here, here, it's showing your
25:00 um is higher here and it gets down here in this one. The
25:07 is higher and it's lower down So this could be a coursing upward
25:12 and this is a binding upwards And uh just uh I hope somebody's
25:22 attention. I like this diagram because gives me a chance to ask the
25:27 a question which one first of and anybody can answer which one of
25:34 looks like it's getting better sweep of reservoir. Would it be the top
25:50 ? Yeah, I would say the one. And why, why do
25:53 think that, assuming it's a good ? Why would you think that,
26:06 , because of the migration direction of oil, the water, the impact
26:10 the water on the oil? And, and, but,
26:13 one, you know, because we're at a cross sectional area, cross
26:17 area is not everything, but it's part of a volume. It's two
26:21 of a volume you can see the cross sectional area that's, that's
26:25 flushed is much greater than this cross area. And uh and that's why
26:31 was obvious to you, I And uh and so that's absolutely
26:36 So having said that um what is about coarsening upwards that seems to work
26:44 better than um binding upwards? what physical factor do you think is
27:00 this happen? Gravity? Absolutely. said that me, Stephanie the
27:12 Of course, yes. Gravity. has a role in everything.
27:17 now I'm sitting here thinking about but what if the sweep was too
27:22 ? Um If we looked at this a different perspective, this could be
27:29 a thief zone up here if it , if it breaks through too
27:32 right? And uh so it's, know, that this is the right
27:39 in one in one way. But could be the wrong answer. For
27:43 , if this was happening, happening , what we could find out is
27:48 water would break through and just block the entire, uh, production of
27:53 . Well, and you'd leave all oil behind. However, this
27:59 uh, if you think about thief because it's on the bottom, it's
28:04 , the water is not breaking So it's gonna take it a
28:06 but it's gonna sweep the rest of area eventually after it gets put.
28:11 other words, you know, it's slow process, but it's, it's
28:15 be a greater and greater aerial Whereas this, this could come right
28:20 here and if your perps are all here, uh you're in trouble if
28:25 down here, uh You could still some issues because, but the gravity
28:30 actually trying to help you in that . So, um it always depends
28:36 , you know, what the problem could be. Uh If this happens
28:40 a long period of time, it's much more efficient sweep and would be
28:44 good thing. Uh And better than . But if this was happening
28:49 this could be a thief zone to off a lot of this oil down
28:53 . Whereas this one is gradually gonna in this direction and get all the
28:58 and especially if you have perps all this pipe, which you probably
29:03 but uh I don't think they're trying show you that this is ground
29:06 This is the formation itself uh where finding upwards and this is the formation
29:12 where it's coarsening upwards. OK. , um oh yeah, I put
29:20 over here too, you know, been there for a long time and
29:24 is the first class that got it . OK. Um Here we have
29:31 just more examples showing this kind of . And uh here you can
29:36 uh here's high permeability at the top here you're gonna end up getting
29:44 um, a better sweep because gravity , is actually doing the exact opposite
29:50 . Um But here it's shooting through and so it sounds like I'm saying
29:55 different thing but for different reasons, , this one definitely looks like it's
30:02 lot better. Uh, in terms a coursing upward sequence versus a finding
30:08 sequence. And here again, you see this gravity is also the gravity
30:14 the water is actually working against Here, it's working with you here
30:20 long as it's not too fast. . And here, here's just another
30:28 of, uh, I like to a couple of these things are really
30:32 same thing, but this is trying show you that tonguing doesn't, doesn't
30:36 to be, you know, so like this. Um, tongue can
30:46 more like this too where you get pods of bypassed oil. And here
30:56 , uh this is the barrel of questions and uh this doesn't equal 100%
31:04 it says, you know, maybe of the recovered oil is gonna be
31:07 . I think in your example, have 34 you may be able to
31:12 another 15% out this way, another that way, another 20 you may
31:17 do all of these things either. whatever the in place amount was,
31:22 can get 30% out this way especially with a nice, with good
31:27 abilities. Uh then uh this could another 15%. All these different things
31:34 help you. And it's talking uh, you know what it is
31:37 here, of course, the Eeor thermal and surfactants and polymers and that
31:43 of thing. And uh here we water and gas injection down here and
31:48 of course, infill horizontal wells can redirected primary recovery. Um And so
31:57 primary, this is another primary. this is what, you know,
32:01 we have a recovery factor. This what we're hoping for when we put
32:04 first wells in. But after someone can come back and do some
32:09 these things. One of these two of these things, three of
32:11 things and try to get more I don't think it's likely that you
32:15 do all of them and get all the oil. Uh, but 1
32:18 work better in a particular setting than . Uh, sometimes it has to
32:23 with, you know, gas If you've got a lot of extra
32:26 coming out of the gas cap, an easy source. And,
32:31 water injection could relate to, uh, waste if you have waste
32:36 . But sometimes it's an issue putting in a pipe. So,
32:39 there can be a lot of different that you normally wouldn't think of.
32:45 here's a section of what's going on what these are called. So this
32:51 be bypassed oil, which would um, could be pods of oil
32:55 are left behind or it could um, something like the attic oil
33:00 you might see up here, at the end of it. So
33:03 would be types of bypassed oil and bypassed oil here that, uh,
33:09 some reason, uh, they couldn't a sweep on, on this and
33:12 it to drilled based on the I'm seeing, it looks like they
33:16 . But, uh, again, , they're trying to point out that
33:20 near the top of a, of system. You can have attic oil
33:23 gets trapped because water starts coning somewhere the well is. Ok,
33:29 like this, uh, leg of right here, could be one of
33:38 in your wells right here. But your well starts up dip, once
33:43 well starts producing that water, you're gonna be able to get that
33:46 That's next to it. Simple But there's some complications that you must
33:53 aware of. Here's water injectors going . And of course, you
33:57 they didn't put them up here, put them down here to try to
34:00 all the bypassed oil. Uh, other type of oil that we have
34:04 residual oil. And, uh, is microscopic and of course we use
34:10 , uh, things like polymers and to try to uh reduce surface tension
34:15 , or um surfactant surface tension and of the polymers to uh make the
34:21 missable with the water and uh, get stuff at the interstitial level,
34:29 what we call residual oil. So good test question is something about what
34:33 residual oil, what is bypassed oil , um, and what might be
34:40 bypass oil, be added oil, kind of thing. And,
34:48 there's the answer to that one and , here's just some others. Um
34:55 won't go through this in great uh , but I think what you should
35:01 is just look at it and see we can have. Uh, here's
35:04 Strat graphic uh potential uh attic oil in up here. And here's one
35:13 , um, um, you um, perforation such that it,
35:19 that it come through and left a lot of oil behind you. And
35:24 would be, uh definitely be a infill well in here somewhere which could
35:29 up this attic oil, this Strat attic oil and this sun swept oil
35:34 . And this, this right here be something, uh, similar to
35:39 a different direction what this was In other words, you know,
35:44 this water gets over here to the , it's gonna shoot right up the
35:48 bore and it's gonna get there quicker . Which one of these ones,
35:57 , this, this could win for lot of reasons and this could win
36:01 other reasons and vice versa. It's and the reservoir engineers are good at
36:07 out what will work in a given and a given uh permeability. Uh
36:14 between the water and the oil or other fluids. If you have
36:19 it's not usually a problem. Um Here is, um, again
36:27 just a better diagram of what attic will look like. It's a type
36:31 ba bypassed oil. And, you know, and what I,
36:36 I was trying to point out earlier that in the slide or coming out
36:40 the slide? Uh This could be tongue that actually misses the well bore
36:47 , but there might have been a bore in or out of here that
36:50 up some of the oil in between even this one. And here's just
36:57 example of um, um, different of attic oil that you can,
37:03 configurations. Here's, here's a whole of compartments, this was totally unsw
37:10 one needs to be swept more. one needs to be swept more,
37:14 this is all um bypassed or un oil. And uh and uh you
37:21 end up with a lot of it a row like this, you can
37:25 up with these things being stacked. so I shared some diagrams that I
37:29 myself and this would be what it look like. If you had ones
37:33 were side by side, you could a horizontal well to come in and
37:37 a whole bunch of them. You a deviated well to come in and
37:40 get several of them this way. in fact, um one of the
37:46 Hill Corp has in some of these that have been highly produced is to
37:50 in and do this kind of And uh and take advantage of the
37:56 to uh the, it's much easier deviate wells now or drill horizontal wells
38:03 it used to be. And you use this in conventional resources that have
38:07 oil uh that can, can be with one be well, uh well
38:14 could actually penetrate all these pods in row. And uh and sometimes,
38:21 sometimes there's rules against it, but you can have multiple per preparations and
38:27 the multiple perforations at one time. there's rules against that and you can't
38:32 mangle in which, which cases you , you would open up one at
38:35 time, then just open up the one and the next one,
38:38 if each one of these was like contested unit, part of this block
38:42 in somebody's acreage, but this one , uh, you might have to
38:46 it out that way. And this is just um, another,
38:53 thing that can happen, you can gas coating. If you have
38:56 um, the upside ver upside down of, of water coning, you
39:01 , you have, have the gas , you wanna keep your preparations away
39:04 your gas cap in the course of in a situation like this and you
39:13 gas up here and you have oil here, which one of these you
39:18 is gonna be really important and uh the bottom one would be better if
39:22 had a gas cap in it. there's simple things to think about,
39:29 there's no right answer unless you know the details on this. Ok.
39:37 there's another issue of uh dealing with problem of landing horizontal wells. And
39:46 you remember uh earlier on, I about um you know, when
39:52 when we drill a well, it's very hard to um see ahead of
39:58 drill bit, but when you, you work on a horizontal,
40:04 it seems very complicated except that you have layers through here uh that you
40:10 pick up. So um here is somebody heather kickoff point, too
40:17 So the target was high and they it here. Their kickoff point was
40:23 , too, too early. And it took him a while to get
40:26 to it. So these kinds of can happen. But, but
40:30 as we're drilling this way, we always have that predictability. But if
40:34 do drill this way here, you see where they, you're gonna have
40:41 with this. The dip being different what you think it is. Here's
40:45 where you go through faults and this offset can make you miss it.
40:50 now there's a lot of la lateral that have improved. And uh one
40:54 the, one of the students, Sheikh Iqbal was um a phd student
41:00 Rice University. He came here and into the program. You're in the
41:05 uh in petroleum geology. So, know, a little bit more about
41:10 and it, it helped him, think I mentioned, helped him save
41:13 job beyond his boss and his boss's . Anyway, um Here, I'm
41:20 show you a couple of things. of the alternatives of course is bio
41:25 uh to this old scenario of trying guess where to do this first.
41:32 uh that is to have some idea what the vertical section looks like.
41:38 bio zone four, for example, be your sweet spot in here and
41:42 a paleontologist can do is come in figure out what some really high detailed
41:47 localized by zones are. So that actually as, as you're drilling
41:52 you know, exactly where you And of course, if you want
41:55 predict where you're gonna start kicking uh, you could get some of
41:59 bioz ons sooner and, and figure the geometry of when you needed to
42:03 turning. But once you get you'll know you're in one, you
42:06 , you're in two, you need keep going down. And when you
42:08 to three, you need to start slow down. And when you get
42:12 four, you wanna level off and you go too far, you'll see
42:17 uh that sort of thing. And , so you have this vertical profile
42:22 in a way allows you, you , if, if you're, if
42:26 on target in, in a well, everything's great. But what
42:30 want is something that can help you ahead of the drill bit and what's
42:34 ahead of the drill bit here is what's a, what's next to the
42:39 , the drill bit on this way in this way. So the lateral
42:44 now becomes the vertical. And we tools that can see laterally which will
42:50 the vertical for us to help us if we're getting too close to this
42:54 we're getting too close to that. uh and so this is the kind
42:59 thing is you know, you, keep adjusting it in this manner.
43:05 , here, um with these uh these lateral tools that we have with
43:11 higher, higher reach into the you, you do the same kind
43:15 thing. You come up with with a trophy zone nation like
43:21 This is done in the chalk wells the time and uh last like just
43:26 COVID, they were still doing I know for sure. And I'm
43:29 they might still be doing it with owns. But now, now with
43:33 tools that they can see farther put them on their side laterally,
43:38 seeing what you need to see vertically keep you on target. And so
43:45 is, this is kind of why drilling works because in, in some
43:51 you're seeing ahead of the drill bit in the sense that you wanna know
43:55 going on laterally to keep you aligned here. Now. And um and
44:04 that's why uh uh these new tools reach farther out into the formation help
44:10 because you can see through those zones , and so on and so forth
44:15 that we'll be done with that Any questions, um push the wrong
44:37 there. Is anybody there? Uh you know, um like
44:51 I, I think everybody in, the class prefers in class and I
44:54 I do too. It's a whole easier when I can see you let's
45:04 . But you're, you're a whole quieter um, online as well.
45:18 . Now we're gonna talk a little about some of the types of unconventional
45:22 resources. Everybody knows about the And, uh, and of
45:32 when you're working with unconventional, you the same primary task as somebody working
45:36 conventional wells. And, uh, of course, in that vein,
45:43 know, the conventional things with high and high porosity, you know,
45:48 , have put us, you pretty much focused on the coarse
45:53 And of course, now we've, know, I say new tech technologies
45:57 what, what's really, I think most amazing are the, are the
46:02 the ways they can turn the drill now that they couldn't do before and
46:07 way they managed to uh to get into the well board that's horizontal
46:12 and a lot of other things which uh absolutely amazing how they do
46:17 But uh but the hydrofracking that they is something that was done routinely,
46:25 least, at least in the late , if not earlier, that was
46:30 vertical wells. And of course, horizontal wells were being done in the
46:38 . And then these, these long ones, especially uh in the UK
46:44 what sort of forced people to figure some technology to do some of these
46:49 reach wells which were probably very difficult do. And the technology had some
46:56 , but over the past 20 the improvements have gotten, uh,
47:00 much better. So, it, a lot's happened, uh, over
47:04 last 20 years, terms of helping to get into these things and,
47:10 I've already shown you this, but , to me it's still remarkable
47:15 you know, if you look at the sedimentary rocks covering the earth's
47:20 uh, it's a pretty big, big area, uh, for the
47:26 and we've been ignoring all the fine sediments for the most part. And
47:31 and that is the reason why it's . And uh I know I gave
47:36 lectures with this slide before 2010 ish uh things were just starting to happen
47:44 people had no idea. I don't at the time of how profound it
47:49 certainly people like uh Floyd C Wilson exactly how profound it was and uh
47:56 guess it was Mitcham uh that also a pretty good handle on, on
48:02 was gonna happen. And uh even today, we haven't even, I
48:08 think we've touched even a small fraction the resource plays that are out there
48:15 around the globe. Um You a lot of the technology is,
48:19 still focused here in the United States it's just slowly creeping um to other
48:25 of the world where uh a lot the fields, for example, that
48:29 being developed, even like in places surname and Guyana, those are all
48:36 productivity. Those are all conventional You know, they're going after
48:41 uh, the big, the big that uh, that are easy to
48:46 and they haven't gotten to the, the point of uh turning some of
48:50 uh resource plays into real assets. , anyway, uh there's a whole
48:57 of them. Um, she plays oil and gas, of course,
49:04 then there's these other things, tar , oil shales. So we'll talk
49:08 little bit about these, a little about the tar sands and the oil
49:13 and some of these tight gas sands that are not typical. Um But
49:21 what we call basin centered gas gas , the BC GM. And um
49:34 things that we can do with, uh drilling and wells, the geologist
49:38 geophysicists might be involved in or carbon wells, gas storage, heat,
49:46 , uh lithium is probably gonna become soon. And of course helium and
49:53 for all the different uses, I think this map has changed much since
49:58 came out. And um, this published in 2016. I think there
50:05 something identical to this almost every but some of these uh other fields
50:11 starting to develop a little bit But some of the uh the biggest
50:15 are the Marcellus, the Utica. uh this Antrum over here is glacial
50:22 which one of my students worked Here's the Bakken up in North Dakota
50:28 a little bit in Idaho. uh, mostly in here in,
50:33 , in the, um, this of, uh, northern,
50:41 North Dakota rather. And, and of course, the Barnett has
50:45 a big one. that's some of acreage that, uh, one of
50:49 students worked on that made a lot money for his company. And,
50:54 , and some of these other things , are picking up this. Uh
50:59 is where some of the tight gas might be in here because even the
51:03 stuff in Mobile Bay over here related it uh was tight gas. And
51:13 it's pretty extensive in the US and no shortage of things like this.
51:18 one thing that's really obvious to anyone worked in the oil industry for any
51:23 of time is that these things are right underneath a lot of places where
51:28 been producing oil and gas forever. that's why they're there. They're the
51:34 through the source rocks which are now plays to uh to basically go back
51:39 and get the bypassed oil that hasn't generated and, and uh expelled into
51:46 secondary migration and uh into a And uh I like to use this
51:56 uh some of these diagrams were pretty , but uh things got hopping and
52:00 kind of slowed off. But uh think this kind of explains what
52:05 This is in 2013 here, you see 2011. And uh this person
52:11 today, he probably couldn't get a that looked like the one that he
52:16 uh what he used for this But he said two years later,
52:20 way up here. So it was a boom. After that point in
52:24 , you can see here that people getting into it. Uh You
52:29 just one place, um the Barnett a while, but you can see
52:37 happened here in uh 20 07, know, it started to pick up
52:43 people didn't realize it was gonna be over the place as well as the
52:48 that had the vision to do this invest some money to do this,
52:51 had the vision and um pretty pretty good calls actually. And uh
52:58 then it just exploded after that. of course, some of this relates
53:02 the technology was getting better every day uh here is in 2012, how
53:10 all of this was. And, these, um and this is looking
53:15 expenditures, of course, uh the expenditures actually would have a lot to
53:20 with what ended up happening and how production moved forward. And here they
53:25 talking about $54 billion into this and much more than that's come out of
53:31 areas. And uh and so, it's pretty significant, I think what's
53:37 significant to notice is, um, Ford is predominantly in Texas,
53:44 um, the Permian basin, of , it's in West Texas and some
53:49 uh, New Mexico and here the washes in Texas, Oklahoma.
53:57 uh, and of course, some these uh, smaller things that aren't
54:00 listed on here also are in So, an awful lot of,
54:04 , of these resource players are in where we, we found oil and
54:08 for primary production of conventional. Here's a scattering of what's going on in
54:17 Permian basin. And uh many, years ago before any of you were
54:23 , I actually did a study on Delaware and the Midland Basin. And
54:29 but I was looking at uh pretty the, the conventional resources uh
54:35 in graduate in a class in graduate . OK. Um Some of the
54:44 in some of these areas was uh already been, uh you know,
54:49 a, a lot of the development based on the conventional and, and
54:54 the Delaware Basin was one of the one people started to go back
55:00 Uh one thing that's interesting is that on the highs here, I have
55:05 also um come into their own as are some source rocks up up across
55:13 high. And uh that's a completely thing. But uh uh here,
55:21 , it's saying, you know, 20% develop, here's 3% since,
55:28 uh that period of time, you , it's, it's developed a lot
55:31 but there's still a lot to Here's showing uh cap Capex past.
55:38 Here, here is what Capex was to be in 2012. Here's just
55:44 you a diagram, bar diagrams. know, I, I wish when
55:49 made a diagram like this, they make one the next year and the
55:52 year. So you could show people . It's very difficult to find uh
55:58 uh graphics. I think it's But uh but it would be helpful
56:02 an instructor, but you can see uh what's going on and of
56:08 uh a lot of stuff uh that projected for 2020 2021 obviously didn't
56:15 And some of that, a lot that had to do with COVID,
56:17 of it had to do with uh the oversupply that we had starting to
56:22 in 2019. And here again, projections pass 2020 this was released in
56:32 . So this was assuming a dip COVID and then some build up uh
56:37 that. And um here's sort of um the gap is uh being projected
56:49 the future. Um as we see in conventional, we're gonna see uh
56:56 in the unconventional resources. And uh , here's where we are right about
57:03 and uh we're still really just a bit better in here. And
57:09 I'm not sure the unconventional are outstripping conventional right now. But uh
57:15 this is in the US, the Basin is still a monster. And
57:21 and that's all unconventional, which which is driving a lot of our
57:24 and ability to export oil and gas this time. And I think exporting
57:30 when, when you can send it the refineries that can produce that lighter
57:35 , uh you're actually creating an efficiency the system that ultimately uh at least
57:41 a global and a national scale should the prices relatively lower as long as
57:45 happening. OK. And uh this just a diagram showing you that,
57:53 know, it's not just going on the US, it's happening all over
57:56 world. And um some of these in Brazil and Argentina are pretty
58:03 Um Some of the ones in um this area here relate to high uh
58:11 geothermal um low, which uh which actually mature things that are shallower than
58:18 would normally expect and uh still be the, the source rock itself.
58:26 this is showing you the same kind thing with gas. Again. Uh
58:32 key to this is to just point uh there are lots of places uh
58:37 where we have reserves that aren't aren't being produced really uh at high
58:42 yet. But um there's a lot reserves out there in terms of uh
58:48 and it's a matter of uh getting technology spread around the world so that
58:53 can, can uh get these Of course, South Africa I think
58:58 is, is doing a lot uh they're always sort of on the teetering
59:03 of having enough energy to uh keep electricity on. I was over there
59:08 times and we had a professional master's over there and over the course of
59:13 16 months, they had blackouts, , all sorts of things because,
59:18 their grid, their na their grid a national scale was uh was not
59:22 able to keep up. And I'm sure they, they, they have
59:29 very little to no uh nuclear They're trying to, trying to keep
59:33 as clean as possible. And of , natural gas would be a good
59:36 for them because natural gas produces more per CO2 output. OK. So
59:45 we're gonna get into hydrofracking and, , again, we're just looking at
59:56 , but uh I think the most thing that you have to think about
60:04 that, you know, if you a, if you have a vertical
60:07 up here and you're trying to produce own, that's all the surface
60:15 But the circumference of that well, times the thickness of your PFS,
60:21 perf zone is all the surface area have uh that creates that differential impress
60:28 the formation and the rise up And of course, it's gonna be
60:33 , uh, if you're doing things . And, uh, until you
60:38 to, uh, something that's producing slowly. Um, Rob Stewart,
60:45 of the geophysics professors was teaching today he, he brought me some oil
60:50 a Coke bottle. He was in , in a, um, plastic
60:54 bottle. It was coming from well, that's producing four barrels of
60:58 a day. He was really excited it. Um, you know,
61:03 , it is, it is extra if you can get it without um
61:08 having to spend much apex uh with shallow wells that that happens often in
61:13 . So, um but nevertheless, know, when you get uh this
61:18 surface area in here, uh and you frac it, you're increasing the
61:24 area dramatically at all these critical So you're getting flow into it from
61:31 formation over a greater area. In words, all through here, all
61:35 way down here, uh You're getting , the sand grains that are put
61:40 here are supposed to be suggesting um prop which is glass beads or sand
61:48 anything that uh can create a uh higher permeability uh and kind of hold
61:55 fractures open once they're made. And there's a lot of concern about the
62:02 things that go into this. A of the unnatural chemicals are to help
62:07 from clogging things up on the way and really have nothing to do.
62:11 uh keeping it opened up, others . But the uh the percentage and
62:16 amount of these things are really As long as, as long as
62:20 unit that you're producing is not near valuable aquifer or not near salt,
62:28 that you could actually dissolve and cause um a sinkhole to form above it
62:35 that sort of thing. So most the time, this can be a
62:38 uh very efficient way to get more out in a very safe way.
62:42 long as all the players are paying to the reality of what they're
62:49 there's a different uh types of uh , something's called the passy method and
62:54 everything in geology, it doesn't work everywhere, but it works really well
63:00 a lot of places and it can very well with different tools. Um
63:08 original, original uh thing that was was uh looking to see um uh
63:16 your resistivity. Uh And also your trying to give you uh a hint
63:24 uh various things like, like uh creating resistivity versus um uh volume issues
63:37 might be related to density and uh that sort of thing. So you
63:41 a density log and you have something looking for organics. And here it's
63:46 you kind of uh um the gamma is showing you um a higher level
63:52 organics down here versus up here. this is definitely more organics than anywhere
63:58 . The resistivity is a, is uh a function of uh of some
64:06 that porosity that you're getting. And this density is showing you um here
64:12 there's, there's a drop there um , in the density. And
64:20 um what's filling that porosity is gonna organic material as opposed to uh to
64:27 something like like uh rocks or In other words, you're visualizing the
64:34 and the resistivity at the same time . And when you get here,
64:39 you kind of see that there's, no gap in that log and the
64:44 in that same area did, did of the same thing where he,
64:47 had this and he was tying the um uh S two uh values and
64:55 to CTO C values based on the data and how it lines up with
65:01 the log data was trying to show at the same time. And so
65:05 worked out really well and uh sometimes doesn't. And uh originally uh they
65:11 Sonic, but you can also um can also use uh a density or
65:16 neutron log if it works better in lithograph and sort out an algorithm that'll
65:22 you see this um this separation between two things and the overlap that opens
65:28 uh and allows you to see that hydrocarbons in a poorer system.
65:34 If we uh look at the Eagle play which is, they go way
65:40 here is this thing that we're gonna at. Um, you know,
65:56 is one of these unique places where had a source rock that they knew
66:02 had hydrocarbons in it. And uh the shell, the shell can be
66:10 to 400 ft thick. Uh 250 , what the average is in the
66:14 prolific areas. Um It can have content as high as 70%. So
66:22 has a low V shell and that it's more highly frac, it also
66:28 that there's some grain support so that you're, if you're removing some of
66:31 hydrocarbons, it's not gonna necessarily So you have, you have kind
66:38 a rock that's a little bit it's frack, but it also doesn't
66:44 need as much uh prop naturally uh keep, keep those uh fractures that
66:50 push open uh in, in the that some of the natural fractures could
66:57 uh work alongside with the uh the fractures that you put in there.
67:04 a lot of it had to do uh an isolated basin uh behind the
67:10 Sligo Reef trend. And uh and lot of these different things uh kind
67:16 combined to make this really incredible sweet and the producing interval is found over
67:23 . Of course, some of the , the deeper parts are gonna be
67:27 gas prone. And um and as come up the section, it's gonna
67:32 less and less mature to where you into the, uh, condensate in
67:37 gas zones and then into oil and further up, you're gonna have a
67:42 amount of oil production in some early . And, um, here you
67:52 see, um, the Eagle Ford this Strat graphic column. Of
67:58 they have a timescale over here and don't show any gaps for these un
68:02 , which I know it probably means to you guys, but it,
68:05 hurts, hurts my feelings to see . But what's interesting here is you've
68:10 something with natural frock fracking, the chalk up above it and you have
68:15 other stuff. Uh The Del Rio here also has natural fracturing. So
68:21 you're, when you're perf in you have to make sure that uh
68:25 of these systems depending on how they're with each other structurally in that particular
68:30 where you're at, you. Um have to be really careful um uh
68:37 you don't have uh fracturing going into above, into the Austin chalk or
68:43 into the uh into the Buddha. , the, the shale part that
68:49 gonna be working on in the Eagle is well below some of the other
68:53 . So usually you don't have to about Austin chalk. But if
68:55 if you, if you're near faults stuff like that, it could be
68:59 issue OK. Here. Um It's of showing you um where the shelf
69:09 were. And uh so you have basins behind the Sligo and the Stewart
69:16 shelf margins. And, uh and have the thickness uh here, you
69:21 see it gets thicker over here in East Texas Basin. It's a little
69:25 thinner over here. But uh what it normally mean when we have a
69:32 section in a given area? Really rocks? Remember what we were talking
69:36 ? Net degross anybody uh when it suggest or think about, you
69:46 you're, we're trying to make you , petroleum geologist and some of you
69:52 . Uh but what is it about area? It's behind this, this
69:57 break. It looks like a big center over here. It's less of
70:03 depot center over here. And you've me say that a lot of times
70:08 go to the Depot center, but is the Depot center a bad thing
70:12 here? What is it about this structural scenario here that makes this bad
70:25 this better when, if you stop think about it, normally, we're
70:29 for thicker sections with more, with plastics and more sand. Why might
70:38 automatically be a bad place for producing Ford? Maybe it has um minerals
71:02 aren't sand. Ok. Over over , we do have more carbonate.
71:10 have more plastic sands and shales over , but this is a much thicker
71:17 . I mean, 12,000 ft versus is a lot, right?
71:23 um if we have all that sediment compassion be an issue and then that
71:31 affect like pro permeability. Is that we're going for? Ok.
71:40 well, let me, let me uh back up and um, so
71:44 , we have this space in here uh it's obvious there's more accommodation space
71:49 here, there's less over here. , but what is it also obvious
71:54 more of in here? Remember this , this is, you know,
72:01 is the thickness of it. It have uh the structure, the an
72:06 like the other side does. And rem remember I'm asking you,
72:14 know, in the past, I've out when we're looking at conventional,
72:19 wanna see exactly this kind of thing opposed to that kind of thing.
72:25 want to see that Depot Center when , when we're looking for thicker Depot
72:30 , what are we looking for? , what part of the uh there's
72:36 things but what's the first kind of , um I don't know how to
72:41 this. Um I'm trying to get guys to think, but it's hard
72:45 telling you the answer. How do , um there's like a more period
72:53 subsidence, more period of subsidence, have more subsidence. But what's happening
73:00 that side of subsidence? It, know, is, is it just
73:08 and not being filled up. Is um not collecting like the combination?
73:25 , it's being pushed over into the space. Ok. Um I guess
73:33 stop trying but um you guys are to, trying to get there.
73:38 no, you know, in conventional looking, you know, a lot
73:41 times we, we want to make one reason we look for high net
73:45 gross is because we're looking for reservoir , ok? But in this
73:53 we're looking for a source rock that also the reservoir. What does high
73:59 rate do to a potential reservoirs Excuse me, a potential source
74:05 What would hide uh depositional depositional rates to uh accumulation of organic rich
74:25 It's a big picture thing. It , in this case, the sedimentation
74:31 the organic material and the concentrations of material that you see over here can't
74:38 over here because it's diluted. Do remember uh the example of the ridge
74:42 that I showed you where it was 1009 kilometers, 9000 m. I
74:50 time I say it, I don't it's true, but it is there's
74:53 kilometers of sediment in that pull apart in California and it's got lots of
75:00 rocks in it. But one of things that it does is dilute,
75:06 it's a dilution effect on the overall composition of the sediments throughout the basin's
75:12 . And therefore, this is the Texas Basin and you've got all sorts
75:18 uh, sediment coming in here from, uh, something similar to
75:22 the Mississippi River is today. Just stuff in here. You've got this
75:28 here, the San Marcos Arch here keeps it from getting into here.
75:33 is an isolated small basin where Anoxia prevalent. There's probably gonna be less
75:40 in here because it's a bigger open . And, uh, and it's
75:45 diluted. So the source rock over , not the, not the reservoir
75:50 , but the source rocks over here um on steroids over here. And
75:57 I don't know how I did that a pointer, but that was pretty
76:00 when I said steroids. And uh , the um uh and that's the
76:07 about being a, a geologist and geophysicist looking for oil and gas.
76:12 have to think about how these combinations things that are perfect in one place
76:17 perfectly wrong in another place. And all that's different here is that
76:22 we're focusing on a source rock and makes that source rock good because that
76:27 rock now will also be a reservoir over here. We would probably be
76:31 more of reservoir rocks, but we have a harder time of uh getting
76:37 source rock. But as it turns there are Jurassic source rocks over here
76:42 feed into primary uh plastic sandstones. . Um Not as, not as
76:52 as we want, but that's, how it works. And,
76:54 um, but over here we have really high graded, uh source rock
77:00 that's essentially, um, on steroids this part of the world. And
77:07 , um, like I said um, this, the lower Eagle
77:12 is what really is the uh very rich laminated part of this. One
77:17 the reasons you don't have to worry , um, um, breaking up
77:25 the Austin Shaw is because you've got upper Eagle Ford, which is um
77:32 word right here, burrowed. It's a better bedded and it's burrowed,
77:37 which is two unusual things I But nevertheless, um, it's been
77:44 a lot if it's brewed a that means the uh creatures that live
77:47 were eating the organics and uh making good meal out of it. And
77:53 what's getting preserved down here where it more anoxic and they couldn't thrive and
78:00 uh organic rich layer was preserved and course, it's organic rich and laminated
78:08 a lot of disruptions. Here. can see a lot of disruptions in
78:12 laminate because it's being bioturbated like Ok. Now, the bottom
78:19 you have to worry about fracking into bottom because the Buddha has natural fracturing
78:23 there could be aquifers that you have watch out for, depending on where
78:28 at. Ok. Here is a structure during the deposition of the Eagle
78:36 and you can see you have these shelves. There's a salt ridge here
78:42 . Uh There's this arch here, this basin in here is primarily the
78:46 Basin and the rest of this um are isolated here. It says organic
78:57 , uh less organic concentration, Why we have these, the wood
79:03 fluvial axes is coming in here and in sandstones and shales and clay,
79:09 silts and clays to uh further dilute uh potential organic rich things that might
79:16 in here. And so there's a of constriction of a bay and this
79:22 a bigger broader area uh that can uh water circulation that can prevent anoxia
79:29 happening. And also dilution of the material. You deposit a whole lot
79:35 sediment with the organic rain that's coming to make your source rock. It's
79:40 be less rich. If you reduce sedimentation coming into a basin, then
79:45 have almost nothing but pure organic This is a lot, this isn't
79:51 good as a lake basin, but close to some of the internally drained
79:56 uh lake basins on a large scale uh that actually preserved a lot of
80:01 material. And here's a uh a uh uh ice pack map of the
80:12 Eagle Ford. And you can see um uh there's a lot of the
80:17 in here. Again, the thermal uh or the uh thermal gradient and
80:26 of maturation is less as you go way you have, um, the
80:32 out here kind of insane and, , um, and, uh,
80:38 gas or wet gass rather. uh, and then up here you
80:42 getting oil and then you start to too mature oil, immature oil up
80:45 . But still some oil as you to the, um, go to
80:49 north over here it's, it's very to find these organic rich sales.
80:56 where the, uh, Stewart City margin in the Georgetown Edwards are pretty
81:01 together here. There's a little bit a break and here's the,
81:06 and here's the lower Eagle Ford, Buddha, the Del Rio. This
81:10 kind of an isolated basin at the of the lower Eagle Ford deposition,
81:14 also, uh, helped make uh, more likely to develop
81:21 uh, ox or anoxic conditions. , here's where some of the,
81:27 big fields are. Um, this BHP Billiton purchase. Um, one
81:36 the things that you, uh, don't see on here anymore is Petra
81:42 because, um, they sold it to BHP and, uh, it
81:47 $400. He bought the acres for acres, sold it for $10,000 an
81:53 and made money just off of And, uh, not quite to
81:58 extent of 12 billion. But, , um, the student,
82:04 that worked up around the Dallas area I was talking about made uh somewhere
82:09 2 to 4 billion barrels for his doing something very similar to that.
82:17 . And again, uh this is of showing you a cross section across
82:21 arch. And here you can see low Eagle Ford is isolated over
82:26 You have something sim sim similar to over here. But then you start
82:31 get into these um uh different The wood B is, is a
82:36 um sandstone rich unit uh in the here. And uh there's some things
82:45 to the Eagle Ford here that they it the Pete the pepper here,
82:49 manna here. But this uh these lighter gray because they're less organic
82:54 only a small part of the organic feathers off around the top of the
82:59 Marcos Arch. And uh so you've got uh you've got diluted organic
83:08 over here that certainly had more oxidation on uh in the, in the
83:14 . And over here it's isolated and limited influx of sediments to dilute the
83:21 material that was settling on the OK. We just got a couple
83:32 things to look at and um we have a half hour to go.
83:38 um tight, tight gas sands are normally uh 0.1 millis which is really
83:48 , I'm not sure how that But uh but that's what it is
83:53 of course, um what I'm gonna , look what we're gonna be looking
83:57 here is something that's very unusual. course, there are tight gas sands
84:02 , uh, are produced, similar to, um, conventional,
84:10 , reservoirs and things that you, , uh, you know, you
84:14 play and work on the normal But the basin centered ones, it's
84:20 the depressions that you're going for, find the guest pockets and the sweet
84:25 , uh, to produce from. here is, um, one of
84:33 classic ones here and we're looking across basin. Um, I don't know
84:40 , but I've always called it the Creek Basin, I guess because the
84:43 Creek goes through it. And, , but here is uh the formation
84:49 you're looking at and they say here's top of guess what's funny about this
85:14 ? Do you see anything in here looks like a trap? Not
85:23 So, um, what's interesting is , you know, normally all of
85:32 , if there was gas like normally it would just come out
85:35 It would, you'd have tertiary migration the way to the surface. Uh
85:39 are, this is sort of a scale cartoon and there are faults and
85:46 in here. But the normal conventional and traps are up here and up
85:52 . But down here, there's this mass of natural gas, it's pretty
85:57 trapped by something like a dynamic, like a dynamic seal that we were
86:02 about where pressure on either side of is closing the po throats and making
86:06 difficult for migration to happen. And , this looks even harder to understand
86:17 you've done a lot of geology. , uh, but here you can
86:23 water and there's gas underneath the What could possibly be wrong?
86:27 there's a lot of pressure in There's pressure coming down over here and
86:32 a capillary issue which is kind of this in and, uh you reach
86:36 point to the pressure, uh abnormal down here. And of course,
86:42 expansion of this has caused sort of uh a pressure seal pushing up and
86:47 depth in the well is pushing on uh capillaries down with the water.
86:53 so you kind of get something that's similar to a dynamic uh pressure
86:59 And this is what it looks like cross section. And um um if
87:08 was to try to explain this to people I worked with in the
87:11 they think I was insane. But this is basically what we think's going
87:17 is the pressure across this, this . This cap, it's a capillary
87:22 between here and here and uh some of it leaks out but,
87:29 a lot of it is still trapped . And as, as um some
87:35 pressure is released, you know, little bit escapes and then, then
87:41 generation occurs, more builds up and lateral to these things, we,
87:48 do end up having tight sands that , uh, the normal,
87:54 geometry of what we would expect you know, water down here,
88:00 , water and gas bearing zone down with minimum to no food flow and
88:04 the gas all stuck up here. still, there's this funny issue
88:10 uh, of a pressure of a war going on between things that shouldn't
88:15 be, uh, uh, at with each other. And here's kind
88:20 what it looks like again, at a, at a larger
88:23 And here you can see this might one of the conventional reservoirs up
88:28 This is a diagram that helped me believe it. And I can't doubt
88:32 because I know it's happening, but still hard for me to uh understand
88:38 . But you, you have the the higher over pressure down here.
88:43 have capillary pressure in conflict here and through faults and some other things,
88:49 little bit of it leaks out and all these, these uh conventional reservoirs
88:55 have a funny configuration like this with similar kind of thing since there's all
89:00 gas involved. Uh And, uh know, the, the water is
89:05 top and the gas is trying to around it. Ok. If uh
89:14 anybody understand this better than me? I, I thought it would be
89:21 to point out to you that uh , uh even when we think we
89:26 that gravity is simple. Here's a case of gravity, um capillary pressure
89:36 overpressure fighting each other at some Uh That's making it very difficult uh
89:45 this gas to actually get out of bases, the center of the
89:49 In other words, it's a barrier migration. I guess that's the best
89:52 of looking at it. OK. Then the other thing that we were
90:02 look at, I used to love when professor actually, I didn't ever
90:09 to worry about professors doing this because didn't have Power point. They drew
90:14 on the board. OK. um you know, we looked at
90:21 , we've looked at this. we're gonna take a look at these
90:24 things here, car sands and oil . OK? So the tar
90:42 you know, are mixtures of clay and, and bitumen and uh and
90:51 the bitumen at least can be processed , with uh with the different types
90:58 organic solvents. And uh and so kind of how this works. And
91:06 um the oil gets extracted from this turning it into um something called a
91:13 sin fuel. And uh that in has a pretty good footprint, hydrocarbon
91:19 and a and an environmental footprint You can see uh Venezuela's got some
91:24 big resources here. Of course, have the um in the subsurface,
91:29 have the heavy oils and then you're to the surface uh they have some
91:34 sands up here. Alberta has really things very close to the surface.
91:41 uh of course, Saudi Arabia also places um that, um, and
91:48 are billions of barrels, by the , that's 265 billion barrels. So
91:53 a lot of uh a lot of tar sands and asphalt out there that
91:58 , that we can use as a . And uh this is showing you
92:04 it is in uh in Alberta, , obviously a little bit of it
92:09 over into the next province and uh never have enough time to go into
92:19 in, in great detail. But I'd like you to just go through
92:23 and, and read it uh when get a chance. But I highlight
92:27 because steam assisted gravity drainage, which SAGD uh produces uh recovery rates of
92:36 to 60%. Uh One of the why this is one that they like
92:42 most is because it's slightly in the and you still get a pretty high
92:49 rate. That's actually a phenomenal recovery . Uh strip mining, you get
92:55 recovery rate, but it's um you have to imagine if you have
93:00 much area of tar sands near the and you have rivers and streams cutting
93:06 it and even lakes uh forming around . You have to imagine that automatically
93:13 natural existence of these uh deposits actually an environmental problem in itself. It's
93:22 , uh, it's, it's um, damage free just in
93:27 But if you go in there and stripping it, stripping whatever cover there
93:31 be on it off, uh, makes it even more catastrophic.
93:37 uh, and of course, it carbon to the carbon footprint that's not
93:42 . Um, it's hard to say this is a problem because we've always
93:46 it here. To me that excuse pretty weak. That's the excuse for
93:52 . But uh but nevertheless, um a lot of reasons, this particular
93:59 is one of the ones that is strip mining, which is, which
94:03 very um uh which is very damaging the environment. Re releases lots and
94:10 of uh CO2 in the process. this is kind of the, the
94:15 that's favored by most people. They're to uh generate these sin fuels.
94:22 uh the way that process works is lot like the horizontal whales. I
94:27 showing you in a, in a where you actually um uh surround uh
94:35 of uh the deposit with the steam , the steam chamber which has steam
94:42 and it sort of heats up the area and then very close to
94:45 You have oil production an oil well can uh not really oil but uh
94:52 this a sludge that comes off of as it uh it heats up,
94:55 becomes less viscous and you can produce at the surface. And here you
94:59 see, uh they're using um, to, to pull it out of
95:05 ground at the same time, even uh the viscosity is being reduced and
95:10 uh the float characteristics are being Ok. And so, uh
95:17 that's all I wanna say about tar . But I, I want you
95:21 be aware of this, you there's an addition to the shale plays
95:24 , that I think everybody's familiar Just trying to show you some of
95:28 . And we looked at the Eagle , I'm trying to show you a
95:31 of things that are a little bit . Uh There's certainly a lot
95:34 a lot of other uh things uh that list that I showed up front
95:40 that are considered unconventional resources. So next one is oil shale. And
95:49 the difference between oil shale and shale ? I've already asked this question,
95:53 maybe I can see if everybody remembers it is. You know, there's
95:59 thing called oil shale and there's another called shale oil. Nobody has that
96:19 oil. It's um oh, it deals with the extraction like one's
96:27 to the finish line than the other something like that. Yeah, you're
96:31 on it. And uh and I'm the geophysicist is on top of this
96:37 uh but you're, you know, absolutely right. The um the oil
96:41 . First of all, we had we called oil shell before we had
96:45 ever produced any shale oil. So shale, the term oil shale was
96:50 owned by um this carriage enrich. can't, you can't use solvents to
96:56 it out of the ground. This enrich uh uh thing that we have
97:05 uh in some of these lake The only way to turn it into
97:10 liquid is to heat it. In words, to try to advance the
97:14 maturation of the carros so that they to generate fluids. And um and
97:22 we can mine these but that's really and most of them are, are
97:26 deep and uh you could mine this actually process them by heating them up
97:33 that, of course, is Uh But uh having said that oil
97:39 , the carris will burn at the if you, if you have a
97:44 piece of oil shale, that's over toc and probably less than that,
97:49 can light it with a match and burn um I guess, sort of
97:54 Pete. But uh but nevertheless, it, it's, it's all carriage
97:59 , and um and so um they , they do strip mining but uh
98:06 other way they pull it out of ground. Uh And here's some of
98:09 big basins, the Green River basin course, and the UTA Basin and
98:13 Peons Basin are big areas and I've worked on issues of lacustrine basins
98:20 these are big latrin basins and good of um less productive, less cooked
98:28 . In other words, the deepest of these have uh matured, but
98:34 quantities of the um of these basins still have immature Carris, which is
98:41 we have oil shale, shale oil what is when we produce oil straight
98:47 of a shale. It's, it's like you said, it's farther down
98:51 line. And uh and it may viscous, it may be uh heavy
98:56 some cases. It's not. And and it's uh but it's, it's
99:02 Carro that's already been metamorphosed into uh the liquid. And here's some deep
99:11 shells and carbonates and um uh some these beds may actually be part of
99:16 mahogany ledge. Uh But the to in here uh probably range between 15
99:23 20%. And of course, these the limestones uh that fall during uh
99:30 productivity periods and deposition. So what one of the things that uh shell's
99:38 that's um they had some success with was you actually put heaters into the
99:46 wells that heat it just like he do here. And I don't know
99:51 it was steam injection, but it have probably was. And uh and
99:57 these are the heater wells then they that if they put in refrigeration
100:03 Uh And, and I'm, I'm not sure exactly how they,
100:08 , did this but they would, , but cool, cool,
100:15 chilled waters into these, into these to create sort of an isolating insulation
100:22 these would sort of block around this and help concentrate the heat through the
100:29 area and through that they were able do it. I don't think they
100:32 got to the point of, uh, making it economic, but
100:38 theory, they've, they've figured out to make it work. And here
100:41 can see this would be a, producer. Well, right here.
100:47 . And with that, we're done many questions about unconventional, even if
100:55 didn't talk about it. Ok. , um thank you guys for letting
101:04 break earlier uh on Saturday and uh I, I'm, I'm gonna send
101:12 email out to everyone and let you what the um let me open this
101:17 up again here that, so I a quick question. OK. There
101:32 go. I just stopped the Go ahead. Hey, earlier you
101:38 mentioned unconventional um sources and I think associate it with uh uh CO2 storage
101:46 carbon storage. Um No, that, that wasn't, that
101:53 that wasn't associated with, with uh it's associated with unconventional. In other
101:59 , it's a type of unconventional, not. Um um uh Let me
102:06 back to the slide. Mm I to share my screen again. What
102:15 is carbon capture OK. Hang on minute. Uh Let's see.
102:33 And you have to remember when we're about unconventional course resources. It's not
102:38 shales. Ok. Unconventional resources are these different things. One is shale
102:46 which I think was what your question . Hayden. And, um,
102:51 , but there's other unconventional resources and tar sands have nothing to do with
102:57 , the oil shells have nothing to with these, the gas hydrates
103:01 or clathrate. Um That's a really thing but it, you know,
103:06 another 20 minute uh discussion to get these, but we talked about these
103:12 uh they relate to um um what you call it, um gas clouds
103:23 uh that are coming up, seeping that come up to the surface,
103:26 reach the proper temperature and uh and and they, and the uh the
103:32 turn into uh crystals and, and clathrate that create these structures and
103:39 So there are people that have actually at producing these things. There's another
103:42 that's really important is coal bed And uh and that's kind of a
103:47 too. And we, I've actually a student drill into coal mines and
103:54 get carbon capture credits for burning the because the methane is worse. Uh
104:03 the CO2. So they turn the into Co2 so that methane doesn't get
104:08 the atmosphere directly leaking from mines. there's a lot of things like
104:12 And, um, and here's additional , uh not on this list,
104:18 this would be, you know, the size of a bullet here.
104:22 , carbon storage is, is another in the sense of something we can
104:29 with wells. Um, that's it's a, it's an economic resource
104:35 have a place to park CO2 is, I guess a better way
104:38 saying it also to store uh gas you might be able to use for
104:44 floods and that kind of thing. then these other things, uh heat
104:49 uh is also an unconventional and and actually geothermal is too, but
104:54 didn't uh I didn't even list that , but some of these other things
104:58 things that we can put in wells take out of works, essentially what
105:03 getting at that. And with some the gas clathrate, you have to
105:08 like an apron uh that would go top of it and uh and try
105:13 produce it that way because it's, that's extremely dangerous because if you mobilize
105:20 you know, a massive amount of frozen gas and turn it into uh
105:26 gas, you know, you can issues that are, are catastrophic because
105:31 changes the density of the water as comes to the surface in any vessel
105:36 on top of it can sink. it's uh it's a big thing.
105:41 in terms of carbon capture capture, mean, basically what people are trying
105:46 do is to capture it where we it like at a um they
105:50 they've done a whole series of um things. Uh Well, not a
105:57 but a few where they actually have generation with coal fired plants and they're
106:03 the CO2 at that plant and processing and shipping it into the ground.
106:09 There are other things that they're trying do to just uh um different ways
106:15 try to pull it out of the . But obviously, the quickest and
106:21 and biggest gain would be to um something, capture the carbon that's coming
106:28 of a carbon source like a uh coal fired or a gas fired uh
106:36 plant. In other words, um of make it net zero. In
106:41 words, you would collect, you collect all that carbon that you're generating
106:45 push it down into the ground. you could use that for doing a
106:50 flood. I didn't mention CO2 but instead of uh natural gas,
106:55 can also flood the reservoir with uh which which puts it away in,
107:01 into the ground and actually helps us pump up reservoir pressure and maintain reservoir
107:09 as we're depleting the oil or, natural gas that we want to get
107:13 of it. And it has certain and characteristics that make it favorable to
107:18 of these other floods in terms of tension and uh and uh relative
107:27 And so I, I hope that the question on what is carbon
107:31 Really? And um you know, to pull it out of the atmosphere
107:36 , would I think would be limited . But uh but you know,
107:42 you, if you could have capture it at the back end of
107:46 car that drives down the road, be on to something And uh and
107:53 um would give us more time to to cleaner energy. And I think
108:00 basically the whole purpose of it. , I was just curious because
108:05 I know at work we're doing a of projects for companies that are like
108:10 um we're doing like extra f analysis in the Permian basin. And I
108:14 just curious like how carbon capture would in a basin like that, that
108:18 was so much unregulated drilling back in day. It's like Swiss Cheese.
108:23 I was like, how would carbon work in an area like that where
108:28 just so many wells? Well, , and, and um you
108:32 they, there's all sorts of, mean, there must be 30 different
108:36 you could do. And you just this idea of poking a hole
108:40 a mine and sucking out the methane flaring it uh that reduces the carbon
108:50 by a factor of 52 or, the heat index rather because methane holds
108:58 more heat than CO2 does. So a fif, there's 50 times 52
109:04 worse to let that methane out. there, there are companies that are
109:09 capturing, they're getting carbon credit, really storing CO2, but they're getting
109:15 credit. Half of that uh 52% 26 20 or 52 times.
109:23 they get credit of 26 times for the methane. They turn into
109:29 And because, you know, you to give back a little bit of
109:31 you take because you are burning something it's, it's the same thing with
109:39 biofuels. If you're, if you're recycling uh living material that's gonna biodegrade
109:49 , that's one thing. But if actually producing the biomaterial for biofuels,
109:56 actually adding CO2 and the process of agriculture requires machinery and the net that
110:04 get out of that is, is zero just in terms of energy,
110:09 it's actually creating more of a carbon . So I have no idea why
110:12 think biofuels are good. And uh it's a, it's a complicated question
110:18 a lot of, a lot of they're doing with carbon credits is things
110:22 burning, burning methane to get And uh there's also uh different types
110:30 places where CO2 is released, different where CO2 is released where they're trying
110:35 figure out a way to absorb it uh into things and or push it
110:42 into the ground. And uh like you would, for example,
110:46 you're producing oil and gas, you're get some CO2 2. If you
110:50 capture the gas and the CO2 and both of them back in the
110:54 you're saving on methane and you're saving , on CO2. If you naturally
111:00 everything that you produce, like to make an oil well,
111:06 sometimes you have to flare uh the so that you can get that oil
111:12 because you don't have anywhere to put methane. Now, if they could
111:16 out in all cases of how to the methane rather than flaring it,
111:21 get another 26 points out of that points for completely taking the methane out
111:28 the system. And that would that would be a real winner in
111:31 of carbon capture. And uh and I, and I don't know
111:37 we don't do this more often, there are a lot of places where
111:40 producing conventional resources where if we figure a way to economically take any of
111:49 gas that any of the associated gas comes out with it that we don't
111:54 for, for generation, put that into the well and put that back
111:58 the well energy automatically your, your you could also get 52 credit points
112:05 each mole of that that you put into the ground instead of flaring.
112:11 uh there, there's a lot of like that, that we can
112:14 It all takes engineering and uh every uh like right now they, they
112:20 , it's borderline with the, these plants that they're trying to use to
112:26 carbon storage. Wall Street Journal had really good article on it if you
112:30 the Wall Street Journal and uh when are working well, they're, they're
112:36 breaking even. But uh but it's, it, the engineers will
112:41 up with a filter or something that absorb this CO2 better and,
112:46 and so that they can pull it and, and put it into a
112:51 and send it back down. Uh know, the better we get at
112:56 , you know, that's some, technology that's worth spending money on,
113:00 , to get that stuff back into ground because if, if you
113:05 if you can get the benefit of without the, um, the negative
113:11 of CO2, uh you're obviously gonna , be making a lot of money
113:16 somebody and, and saving the planet the same time. Does that answer
113:28 question? It does. Thank May maybe it maybe a little
113:35 No, it does. I was curious. Well, I mean,
113:38 , it's a, uh, it's work, it's definitely a work in
113:42 . And uh, and there's, gotta be 1000 ways they're already trying
113:47 , to figure out how to, to, how to get this,
113:51 get the CO2 back into the ground how to figure out a way
113:55 to keep having such a large And, uh, you know,
114:00 EPA did a big thing for us the seventies to get particulate pollutants,
114:05 example, out of the atmosphere. they, they didn't do such a
114:09 job and, and everybody's resistant uh, helping them get the,
114:15 , the invisible pollutants that come out the uh come out of some of
114:20 uh refineries and, and uh chemical and uh and that's been a
114:24 But uh again, it's, it's of these are engineering problems and uh
114:30 as clever as we are and as as A I is supposed to
114:34 uh you know, if we put little in a little bit of energy
114:38 carbon capture and things like that, um the problem with CO2 may become
114:44 moot point uh if they have some breakthroughs. And uh that's, that's
114:50 of what I'm hoping for for the because I don't see us getting the
114:55 alternates up to steam as quickly as want them to. Uh because there's
115:01 lot of, a lot of difficulty the entire food chain, so to
115:05 . And, you know, all way from producing enough cars to producing
115:08 electricity, to transporting that electricity on lines. And uh and,
115:15 that sort of thing that, you , we, we have a long
115:17 to go to, uh, to fully electric. So, with
115:24 thank you guys for paying attention. you for giving me a little break
115:27 Saturday. And, uh, if you guys want me to send
115:33 the schedule for the exam. um, uh, and also when
115:39 , the final exercise is due or you, uh, do you,
115:42 you all write it down? It's at one on Friday, right?
115:49 at 1 p.m. Ok. Um, , so it is at 1 p.m.
115:55 Friday. I thought it was gonna at, at, uh, 5
115:58 7 on Friday. But we, , we can do it. I
116:03 something written down wrong. Then uh, 1 p.m. That's right
116:08 uh, uh, who was Anthony? Anthony couldn't make it at
116:16 to 7. Is that correct? correct. Ok. So, so
116:20 do it. We will do, do the online exam at one
116:27 2 30 then, um, and , uh, I, I
116:33 is a here, I don't think here. He wanted to do it
116:41 person at once. So that makes easier for me. I get
116:44 I'll do it all at once. then the, um, let's
116:55 the, well, the, excuse me, I have too many
117:05 on my phone. Yeah, the , the mapping exercise is gonna be
117:23 on, um, the 17th. , the exam, the final exam
117:30 be Friday at 1 p.m. on the and then on the 17th, your
117:35 exercise will be due. Does, that sound right? Guess?
117:45 Yeah. Yes, sir. So we're all, we're all
117:52 Now, now we're all on the page. Ok. I'm glad I
117:55 the question because I would have messed again. Thank you for keeping me
118:02 line. Ok. So, uh luck with this. And um,
118:09 the, uh, I've loaded, , this past weekend's, uh,
118:16 and I'll be loading this one uh, before I head out
118:21 So, um, things should be . I don't know, it takes
118:26 while for them to get processed uh, video points, but they
118:31 be up by now. They uh, about two hours ago,
118:35 hopefully they're, they're available now, if not, they should be sooner
118:40 . Um, well, at uh, sometime this evening they should
118:44 up and up and running. But you don't see them by tomorrow
118:47 let me know and, uh, may have to reload them.
118:54 Sure. Ok. Well, it's been nice having you guys in
118:58 class. Um, uh, I've done a three week course before.
119:05 , the last time I taught one these classes which, which was only
119:09 , uh, 16 months. less than that, it was about
119:13 semesters ago. Uh, I, had the last, uh, I
119:20 I had the last. Well, it was bio so I only teach
119:23 thirds of that course. Uh, it's been about, it's been exactly
119:29 months since I taught the four week . But I've never taught the three
119:34 course. So, sorry about my with timing and, uh, some
119:40 the delays we had and that we to do any of this online.
119:44 , uh, really enjoyed, a lot of the feedback we were
119:48 in class and, uh, even questions you just asked me.
119:52 so have a good, good And, um, oh, by
119:55 way, your grades are all pretty in the same bucket. So,
120:00 , so I have to, figure out who gets an A or
120:03 A minus at this point. uh, but at the same
120:07 you know, you have another exam that could affect the curve and,
120:12 , and you have the exercises which help in most cases help pull up
120:17 , uh, pull up your So, uh, good luck with
120:21 you've done. If you haven't turned your first three exercises, get those
120:24 as soon as possible as well. , sir. Yes, sir.
120:31 too. Thank you. Thank Thank you. Thanks. Ok,
120:37
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+