| 00:02 | Welcome folks uh in this module we're chapter 13 which will cover energetic and |
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| 00:10 | . So we're gonna talk a little about microbial metabolism and um go into |
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| 00:17 | little bit about how microbes get energy about the basics of energetic sex. |
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| 00:26 | including the concepts of delta G. free energy and how um the breakdown |
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| 00:36 | organic material the energy from that's captured is used to make a T. |
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| 00:40 | . S. Of course this is for any living thing to be able |
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| 00:47 | take in nutrients to produce energy and that to do the work of the |
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| 00:51 | . And so we'll be describing this looking at respiration, fermentation and um |
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| 00:59 | and all that goes with that. as we get into chapter 14 we'll |
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| 01:03 | more about respiration. Um and then go into little troves and photosynthesis. |
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| 01:11 | , so 1314 are heavily of course describing microbial metabolism. Alright, so |
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| 01:20 | start with kind of example, we previously about microbial growth and so we |
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| 01:26 | how fast bacteria can grow and if envision, say a single cell of |
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| 01:32 | an inoculation to a medium that very we'll get the number of cells as |
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| 01:38 | go into log phase. Right? many more cells. Um So high |
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| 01:44 | density. So this represents of course substantial increase in biomass. Um It |
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| 01:52 | that a lot of energy is needed do this to create um uh representing |
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| 01:59 | replication which of course requires DNA replication of course requires protein synthesis to be |
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| 02:06 | to generate this biomass. So all is a energy expensive process. And |
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| 02:12 | has to be uh something fueling right? And because life is carbon |
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| 02:19 | , right? Uh the central nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, |
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| 02:27 | proteins are all based on carbon as talked about before. When we try |
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| 02:31 | grow microbes, we have to supply H O M. P. |
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| 02:34 | And C. Is carbons the number . Because that's what all the molecules |
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| 02:40 | are based on. So of course has to be for header tropes, |
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| 02:46 | ? Um metabolism is about the breakdown complex organic materials as you see there |
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| 02:53 | it's again about the carbon. so breaking these down for a head |
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| 02:58 | trophy if it can serve dual So it serves the source of carbon |
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| 03:04 | also can be broken down and energy be captured. And that energy is |
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| 03:08 | to do the work that living cells to do. Okay. Whether it's |
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| 03:12 | move um um to to reproduce as see here. So it's essential. |
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| 03:21 | and that's what we're looking at here metabolism in this chapter. The chemical |
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| 03:26 | . Right? So obviously we uh the the energy of molecules comes from |
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| 03:31 | chemical bonds in those molecules and as break molecules down through metabolism, we |
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| 03:37 | release energy. Of course, uh quite obvious that an explosion, |
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| 03:42 | is obviously a tremendous release of But obviously um living things cannot it's |
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| 03:49 | practical uh way for living things to energy obviously. So because you know |
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| 03:56 | most life most of them things um occur at moderate tempo, conditions of |
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| 04:04 | and pressure uh etcetera. So um course enzymes are used to carry out |
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| 04:11 | kind of metabolic reactions and and energy is not all. So the explosion |
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| 04:16 | see there that's basically energy released all once. And so that's not efficient |
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| 04:21 | living things. So basically what happens a series of reactions are carried out |
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| 04:26 | energy is captured in incremental steps. . Rather than as an all in |
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| 04:31 | um being that because basically it's more that way and we'll see how that |
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| 04:38 | . So as we uh look at of the variations of contam bill is |
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| 04:45 | okay so we see here uh um forehead a trophy of course which uses |
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| 04:54 | organic carbon. Um we can see classes here. So the differentiation between |
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| 05:01 | and fermentation. Okay so both are processes. No utilize complex organic carbon |
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| 05:11 | fermentation. It's anaerobic. So no used. It will will lead to |
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| 05:17 | formation of of um simpler organic Um So we call these um it's |
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| 05:26 | incomplete oxidation. You can still see there's energy left in those molecules like |
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| 05:32 | , acetate fermentation provides and products that small organic acids organic alcohols but there |
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| 05:40 | still energy left in those molecules. hence we call these incomplete oxidation. |
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| 05:46 | um respiration uh is a is a oxidation. Okay so we can break |
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| 05:55 | down all the way to see Two and water. You can't break |
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| 05:59 | . 02 down. In fact it released from the hetero proof. Um |
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| 06:04 | the process though we produce lots of 80 P. And these other energy |
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| 06:10 | molecules in A. D. And F. A. D. |
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| 06:14 | . Um So um in fermentation you you do That process does provide a |
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| 06:19 | . Okay. Uh just not in same amounts. Okay so there's there's |
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| 06:27 | very wide Disparity in the amount of p produced um from fermentation compared to |
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| 06:38 | to respiration as well. See um the redox reaction. So um the |
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| 06:49 | process of breaking down this organic material through respiration or fermentation is done through |
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| 06:56 | reactions. Oxidation reduction reactions and energy captured at certain points along the |
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| 07:02 | either in the form of producing a directly or through the production of these |
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| 07:11 | carriers and A D. H. F. A. D. |
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| 07:13 | Two that should actually be to So um and respiration also involves the |
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| 07:25 | of an electron transport system. And and that serves to um the |
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| 07:32 | energy captures in the form of an reduction reactions are about transfer of |
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| 07:37 | And so really respiration is about is that capturing energy from molecules by oxidizing |
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| 07:44 | capturing those electrons handing them off to carriers and A. D. |
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| 07:49 | D. N A D F A . And then taking these production transport |
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| 07:55 | where they ultimately are handed off to terminal except er it's aerobic respiration. |
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| 08:01 | gonna be one oxygen if it's something than auction. It's anaerobic respiration. |
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| 08:07 | . But the key is for respiration electron transport system. Okay. And |
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| 08:12 | was an aerobic, it would be like uh nitrate being reduced to |
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| 08:19 | Okay, so um so we're looking you know, different redox reactions, |
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| 08:25 | of electrons and then ultimately getting lots energy production from that process. |
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| 08:32 | So you can see you know from doesn't involve these processes of electron transport |
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| 08:38 | so forth. And it's one of main reason why fermentation doesn't yield as |
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| 08:43 | energy as the respiration. Okay. Now Photo trophy will talk about in |
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| 08:51 | 14 but it's worth mentioning here, for comparative purposes. The photo does |
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| 08:58 | , right? They have they can light energy to make a teepee. |
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| 09:02 | kind of facilitate their metabolism but the term is heavy. So it must |
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| 09:07 | on metabolism in order to provide its source. Okay. Um and as |
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| 09:15 | previous slide shows a number of different uh sources can be used um for |
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| 09:22 | not just sugars, carbohydrates but certainly proteins. And we'll look at aromatic |
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| 09:27 | as well. So bacteria have the to to utilize these what are often |
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| 09:33 | compounds as as a catatonic source for . So um but we'll talk about |
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| 09:42 | 14 here looking at inorganic energy So, little trophy methanol genesis. |
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| 09:49 | are chemo autotrophs as well as photo of course to use light energy. |
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| 09:53 | so just to refresh your memory, , Auto Trophy relies on C. |
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| 09:58 | . Right? So that's the 02 as a carbon source for |
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| 10:01 | And that of course is built into organic carbon. Okay. Um and |
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| 10:08 | that the energy so that's gonna be very energy required process to do |
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| 10:12 | And that comes from with a Photo comes from light energy is the conversion |
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| 10:18 | light energy to chemical energy provides that for the process. For little |
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| 10:24 | it'll be through the energy coming from oxidation of inorganic sources. So, |
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| 10:31 | but that will leave for chapter So for now I just want to |
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| 10:37 | through so you see at the bottom , the respiration process. So we'll |
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| 10:41 | through through this two at one level chapter 13 that will dive a little |
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| 10:47 | deeper into it in chapter 14 as . I think it's worth kind of |
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| 10:53 | showing you up front kind of what's involved in this process. So we'll |
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| 10:58 | through this uh bagram on the next here. Remember? It's it's redox |
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| 11:05 | are an essential part of this. , so begin with respiration an important |
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| 11:13 | structure is the membrane the membrane is respiration, the reactions of respiration are |
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| 11:21 | occurring within or around or near. , um the reason for that is |
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| 11:28 | membrane is essential into creating a or creating a proton gradient here and that |
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| 11:35 | gradient requires the compartmentalization if you will you can you can push molecules to |
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| 11:44 | side of the membrane and thereby create gradient. So membrane is essential. |
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| 11:48 | respiration also in photosynthesis will see this it's really electron transport chain uh is |
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| 11:55 | it's in the membrane. And so essential for respiration for the synthesis. |
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| 12:01 | as we'll see, it's not essential fermentation. Okay. But certainly for |
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| 12:07 | photosynthesis. It is. And so as mentioned electron transport system components are |
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| 12:14 | within the membrane the source. a source of electrons. Right? |
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| 12:21 | for ahead of trove, um the organic source. Right? So, |
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| 12:26 | be looking at glucose of course, as an example, but it could |
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| 12:30 | any kind of organic carbon source. It serves dual purposes. It's it's |
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| 12:35 | a carbon in the form of a source, right to make carbon based |
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| 12:40 | but also serves as the energy the electron source. Um For |
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| 12:45 | for the respiration process. Okay, the source is going to be a |
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| 12:49 | that's going to be reduced. Reduced means it's going to be electron |
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| 12:53 | . Let's call it that. And as we oxidize that reduced |
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| 12:58 | It becomes oxidized. And those electrons are given up. Okay, so |
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| 13:02 | the electron sources organic or inorganic that your your chemo organic trophy head a |
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| 13:09 | versus your chemo autotrophs slash with a . Right? So that's there because |
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| 13:15 | rely on inorganic sources. So but , our focus here in 13 Chapter |
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| 13:20 | is on organic. So the metabolism so the electron source that becomes will |
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| 13:29 | oxidized. Right? And in the those electrons are handed off to the |
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| 13:34 | carriers and N A. D. one of the major ones. And |
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| 13:39 | the N A. D then becomes as a result of picking up those |
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| 13:43 | and it carries them to the electron chain. And so there's a series |
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| 13:48 | molecules that are part of this system in the membrane that alternately accept and |
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| 13:57 | uh receive and donate electrons uh in flow of electrons ends with a terminal |
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| 14:06 | er which an aerobic respiration can be . And so this maintains an electron |
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| 14:12 | as we'll see the components of the transport system are arranged such that we |
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| 14:17 | from molecules that are that um readily up electrons right, are really strong |
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| 14:24 | . We call them readily give up and flow to progressively molecules that are |
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| 14:33 | better and better at grabbing electrons. what we call strong except er so |
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| 14:39 | line them up as strong donors. to strong except ear's and auction is |
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| 14:45 | the strongest um and so it it that flow going in this direction and |
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| 14:52 | diagram left to right. So um again the terminal except er the nature |
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| 14:57 | that, the chemical nature of that tells us is an aerobic respiration. |
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| 15:01 | an 02. Or is it something ? Is it nitrate sulfate, iron |
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| 15:06 | or or another type ammonia? Not ammonia but um um some other |
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| 15:15 | of oxidized form in any case so we accept er is an oxidized form |
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| 15:22 | it's it's that's a form that they receive electrons. So the terminal sector |
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| 15:26 | becomes is oxidized then becomes reduced by electrons at the end of the terminal |
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| 15:33 | er becomes oxygen becomes reduced to Okay. And so some of these |
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| 15:40 | of the electronic transport system can so as electrons are transferred energy is |
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| 15:47 | . So having carrying electrons. Is means you're carrying energy. And if |
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| 15:53 | donate those electronic you can release And so at a couple of points |
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| 15:57 | transport system, uh that energy released electronic transfer is coupled to the pumping |
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| 16:05 | protons. Okay. And this is the grading comes in. Right? |
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| 16:10 | is why it's important to have this in a membrane because now you can |
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| 16:15 | one side from the other and you pump protons across and you create a |
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| 16:19 | . Right? That's a form of energy. Okay. Um those those |
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| 16:25 | protons are concentrated on one side, bumping into one another and and and |
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| 16:32 | charged and being having a concentration They'll gladly move down their gradient and |
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| 16:38 | energy. They're also drawn in by charge that's inside the cell because the |
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| 16:44 | of the cell is is has a negative charge. And those positive protons |
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| 16:49 | attracted to that. So you have forces. And this is what we |
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| 16:53 | the proton motive force. The force to the charge attraction bringing them in |
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| 16:59 | well as the concentration difference that will them in. Right? And that |
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| 17:03 | is harnessed through an HTTPS. And they flow through uh that energy release |
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| 17:09 | used to produce a T. S. Okay. And that's what |
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| 17:14 | call oxidative phosphor relation. This this of 80 P. Generation tied to |
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| 17:22 | , the the oxidation and transfer electrons are the energy from which is used |
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| 17:28 | pump protons. So collectively we call oxidative phosphor relation. If it were |
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| 17:33 | by light, if this process were by light, we call it photo |
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| 17:37 | relation and would involve very similar components an A. T. P. |
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| 17:42 | . And that's what we see in , it's photo phosphor relation. But |
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| 17:46 | driving force there is light. Um So um so in a nutshell |
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| 17:53 | this is respiration. Okay. Um again the basics are as we can |
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| 18:00 | here A. And B. A. Is the electron source. |
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| 18:04 | have to have electronic source fueling the . Right? We have to have |
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| 18:09 | terminal accept er That is very good receiving electrons that sets up a electron |
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| 18:16 | . That energy from electron transfer. used to pump protons out, creating |
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| 18:20 | gradient. We capture that through oxidative relation. Right? So um having |
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| 18:25 | sources critical um that helps maintain the gradient uh that then helps maintain a |
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| 18:33 | production. So law goes hand in . Right? So it's again students |
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| 18:37 | reactions, right? Oxidation reaction reactions electrons are transferred ultimately then handed down |
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| 18:44 | electron transport system. Okay. And what we're doing here in terms of |
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| 18:51 | sex is we're combining energy requiring processes, processes with energy releasing |
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| 19:01 | And so in this diagram alone, we can see that, you |
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| 19:06 | the the transfer of electrons and electron system. That's that's energy releasing |
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| 19:11 | We're using that energy to pump protons because pumping protons out remember, is |
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| 19:16 | active transport process. Right? Going low concentration to high requires energy and |
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| 19:22 | energy is coming from the transfer of . So there were coupling energy releasing |
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| 19:27 | energy requiring process. Um The the of a tps through that 80 piece |
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| 19:33 | place. Those are protons going down gradient which releases energy and then that's |
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| 19:39 | to form a T. P. . The A. T. |
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| 19:41 | T. P. Formation requires So there again we're coupling energy requiring |
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| 19:47 | releasing processes. So here and here the in the electronic transfer energy release |
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| 19:56 | pumping a proton. So doing doing that in both of those |
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| 20:01 | Right? So it occurs all the in metabolism to to couple these |
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| 20:06 | energy requiring an energy releasing. So when we look at um Uh |
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| 20:14 | so this is the overall process going . We're gonna break this down into |
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| 20:19 | stages. Okay. And and we'll how it all fits together and we'll |
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| 20:25 | more of this as we get in Chapter 14. Okay. But I |
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| 20:28 | it's helpful just kind of up see what this process is about. |
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| 20:33 | . And why it's important in terms membranes, You know, this is |
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| 20:36 | happens in your mitochondrial membranes, This is what happens in a bacterial |
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| 20:42 | membrane. Okay. This is where process is occurring. Um It's I |
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| 20:48 | , it's, you know, for it's obviously is essential for us to |
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| 20:51 | energy. You know, we so you buy, when you eat |
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| 20:55 | whatever you eat for lunch today, know that food, you know, |
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| 20:59 | terms of what your your your cells looking at, It's really the |
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| 21:03 | right? Because that food is going be broken down by your digestive system |
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| 21:06 | smaller molecules that then will flow to cells that then will be oxidized. |
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| 21:13 | then those electrons gained through different reaction will be to support the electron transport |
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| 21:20 | in your mitochondria, which will then used to produce a proton gradient which |
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| 21:24 | then be used to to generate a . P. So in essence the |
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| 21:28 | you eat your body sees you know of the main needs your body sees |
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| 21:32 | as is a source of electrons of source of carbon as well. Because |
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| 21:36 | gonna build your molecules using that. um so that's the essence of |
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| 21:42 | So if we look at bio right? So this is where we |
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| 21:45 | of see we know from, you , centuries of doing chemistry that chemical |
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| 21:52 | we know we can lump basically metabolic either in as those that require energy |
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| 22:00 | go or they release energy. so we look at these in in |
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| 22:06 | of changes in free energy. The delta G value. So delta |
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| 22:13 | . We can look at in terms total energy or entropy which is delta |
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| 22:19 | . Okay. In terms of usable or the free energy which we call |
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| 22:25 | G. Right? That's the energy that the cell can do something |
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| 22:29 | Right? Then there's entropy which is of a measure of which is unusable |
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| 22:33 | measure of disorder. If you will a system conversely you can look at |
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| 22:39 | as a measure of stability. So more disorder equals more entropy uh |
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| 22:46 | more order equals less entropy. And so in in uh what we |
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| 22:55 | X. Organic or inorganic also term and non spontaneously used um negative delta |
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| 23:03 | . Equates to energy release right? are basically cattle bolic processes uh positive |
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| 23:08 | G processes and organic processes are those which energy input is required? |
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| 23:15 | So we can look at whenever um is typically looking at the bio energetic |
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| 23:22 | a system and what's the what's the G uh positive negative. The amount |
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| 23:30 | it is negative or positive. What's magnitude of that change changes in the |
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| 23:35 | looking at is systems versus surroundings. ? And basically you can you can |
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| 23:42 | uh your system at a number of ways. It can be, it |
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| 23:47 | be a single cell. The system be uh an organism and a system |
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| 23:52 | be an ecosystem. You can measure changes and all these at all these |
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| 23:58 | . And it is and it is particularly in ecosystems. Energy changes are |
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| 24:02 | uh that information tells us, you , you know, how much life |
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| 24:08 | be supported at the different different levels an ecosystem. For example, uh |
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| 24:12 | can tell us how may be efficient particular ecosystem is. So it's an |
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| 24:19 | parameter. So so here just to this hypothetically say, we're looking at |
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| 24:25 | cell. Right? So cells are systems they can exchange with their |
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| 24:29 | That's what an open system means you exchange, we ourselves can exchange nutrients |
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| 24:34 | with with the environment. Exchange things like that. Right? So |
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| 24:39 | to a closed system which might be a chemical reaction in a in a |
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| 24:44 | tube that's closed. Right? Um in a in an open system but |
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| 24:51 | able to to to exchange with the . So you have a chemical reaction |
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| 24:57 | plus B. To give C plus . Right? In a closed system |
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| 25:02 | will A. And B reactions will form C. And D. Product |
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| 25:07 | then eventually come to equilibrium. And at that point there's no net |
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| 25:12 | . Okay? But because cells are systems, that same reaction uh you |
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| 25:18 | , A. And B. Reactors be supplied, you know, through |
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| 25:23 | with the environment. Right? So can continually fuel the process and provide |
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| 25:28 | . And B. At the same perhaps products C. And D. |
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| 25:32 | used for um other metabolic reactions as material. So, you know, |
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| 25:40 | those open systems that can continue exchange the environment. Right? And so |
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| 25:44 | fact you don't want organisms don't want come to equilibrium because once they come |
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| 25:50 | equilibrium, they're no longer living. , so continual exchange with the environment |
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| 25:55 | what keeps reactions going towards equilibrium but quite getting there because either we keep |
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| 26:04 | the the reactant for action. And the products go on to to fuel |
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| 26:10 | processes. So, you know, metabolism which is basically all the chemical |
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| 26:15 | going on in the body or sell these are all many of them are |
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| 26:20 | interconnected in some way. And so often the case that the products of |
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| 26:25 | our service your actions for the next . So um so um so in |
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| 26:32 | again these energy changes, we can which processes are negative delta G. |
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| 26:37 | release energy and those that require. cata bolic processes release anabolic processes require |
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| 26:44 | . And so in terms of factors to delta G. Right? So |
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| 26:49 | are additives. So we can take this is this is the concept going |
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| 26:54 | to the combining energy releasing an energy processes. Right? That's what |
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| 26:59 | That's what we're doing here. We take a a process that may be |
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| 27:04 | positive delta G. And combine it a negative delta G. And if |
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| 27:08 | negative delta G exceeds then then overall is a process that may work. |
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| 27:16 | , for example, the um uh the graph over here, so we |
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| 27:23 | glucose and uh phosphate to give glucose phosphate. Right? That's a positive |
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| 27:30 | G process, Right? Plus 13.8 joules promote. Um And so you |
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| 27:36 | see it's an uphill look at the energy change. It's an uphill process |
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| 27:41 | energy input. A teepee hydraulic Right? Which we see here. |
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| 27:48 | an energy releasing process. Right? always use the analogy particularly of a |
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| 27:55 | being moved uphill, right? That tremendous energy but a rock moving |
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| 28:02 | gets rolling. Of course it's going be energy releasing. Okay, so |
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| 28:08 | question then is is this energy releasing of a teepee hydraulic sis can that |
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| 28:18 | the positive delta G. Of that ? And we combine them as we |
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| 28:24 | here. Then we see downhill And it's a net uh change. |
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| 28:34 | ? So a negative 16.7. So , yes, that's a process that |
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| 28:41 | by combining a teepee hydrologist with Right. That's what happens in a |
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| 28:46 | of different metabolic reactions that require A Tps are used because the hydraulic |
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| 28:51 | will produce so much energy that it the it will make a positive process |
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| 28:59 | . Okay? So um concentration gradients just saw right in the respiration pumping |
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| 29:05 | protons, right? So concentration gradients forms of energy storage. So um |
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| 29:11 | we saw that by the by by energy to create the gradient. We |
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| 29:17 | get that back and in fact produce tps as protons move down their |
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| 29:22 | So um concentration gradients are very important cells to do various types of |
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| 29:28 | So we can use a proton gradient only to make a tps, but |
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| 29:32 | can also use it to to pump flagellum for movement to um bring other |
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| 29:38 | in uh into the cell. So very important. Uh And then of |
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| 29:45 | there's a concentration of reactant and right? If we have an excess |
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| 29:49 | so there's our A. And B to give products C. And |
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| 29:54 | If we um have provided excess right reactant um over products, right then |
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| 30:05 | can uh produce uh a a favorable G. If we have an excess |
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| 30:15 | of reactant over products. Okay, gonna go I'm gonna flip to a |
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| 30:23 | slide. So just give me a here. Okay folks. Um So |
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| 31:40 | just wanted to show um this is is in regards to the uh Changing |
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| 31:50 | over products. So if we have product to reactant ratio of 1-10,000 you |
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| 31:59 | see the change in delta G. ? If the products and records are |
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| 32:05 | , there's really no change uh went ratio of of reaction products or went |
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| 32:14 | 10,000. So 10,000 fold excess or fold excess. You see the change |
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| 32:20 | delta G. So having a a change right in this um the difference |
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| 32:32 | uh the two products that can favor negative DELTA G in some cases. |
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| 32:39 | um so again all these are So combining the nativity uh positive DELTA |
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| 32:48 | . With a negative DELTA G. negative DELTA G. Is enough. |
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| 32:51 | can it can allow the reaction to concentration gradients then the concentrations of reactions |
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| 32:57 | products. So all these can can the delta G. So um |
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| 33:03 | so kind of overview here of of metabolism and metabolism the how in these |
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| 33:17 | how these are linked together. So look at examples of cellular respiration, |
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| 33:22 | , Glucose oxygen to give CO two water. Okay so um multi step |
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| 33:30 | but in the process we capture energy different steps during this. There needs |
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| 33:35 | oxidation process. And so that energy right is going to be captured. |
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| 33:43 | nationalism in contrast as shown by the of sensitive proteins using amino acid building |
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| 33:50 | uh building stuff that's an apple is so that certainly represents an example of |
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| 33:56 | . So too would be something like . N. A replication because we're |
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| 34:01 | a DNA polymer from nucleotide substance. that too is an apple is um |
|
| 34:09 | with either process heat is released and always a feature of of of any |
|
| 34:17 | energetic process. And so he you of course represents the you know, |
|
| 34:23 | increase in entropy. So um and generally is not usable in biological systems |
|
| 34:29 | of course us humans and other Uh use this heat given off by |
|
| 34:35 | metabolism to to um control our body . So we do have a need |
|
| 34:41 | need for that obviously. Um The the the role of A T. |
|
| 34:49 | . And how it links these processes . Um So you have to remember |
|
| 34:56 | a TP itself. Of course there's forms there's a teepee and there's ADP |
|
| 35:01 | phosphate. Right? So eight EP be hydrolyzed to release energy. |
|
| 35:07 | So that's an energy releasing process. teepee formation uses ADP and phosphate to |
|
| 35:14 | a teepee that's energy requiring. Okay each of those processes processes is going |
|
| 35:22 | have a role linking it to metabolism it to an apple. Is um |
|
| 35:29 | we see here. Okay so there's D. P. And phosphate. |
|
| 35:35 | A T. P. Formation. ? So this is what we're looking |
|
| 35:44 | is energy requiring. Right? That this it's going to be an energy |
|
| 35:54 | process. Where does the energy come ? The energy comes from energy released |
|
| 36:02 | the lapses? That energy is used produce a T. P. Okay |
|
| 36:11 | that requires energy, where is it from? It's coming from the energy |
|
| 36:16 | of metabolism. Right. So that's generating energy released from metabolism. |
|
| 36:25 | The glucose to C. O. the energy release is then used to |
|
| 36:29 | a teepee. Okay conversely at S. Then 80 behind your analysis |
|
| 36:41 | energy releasing. Right? We need input. It comes from a |
|
| 36:53 | P. Hydro sis so you can with anabel is um to make that |
|
| 37:01 | go. So that's how they're That's how they're linked. Okay so |
|
| 37:07 | a T. P. Formation form . This that energy to do that |
|
| 37:18 | from metabolism. Okay conversely and metabolism energy input. That comes from a |
|
| 37:31 | hydraulic sis that that process. Okay um and you and cells are performing |
|
| 37:39 | teepee and using a TPS millions of a second. Okay and so when |
|
| 37:47 | look at um you know these processes talking about? Of course energy potential |
|
| 37:55 | conversion of energy. Right. And and then obviously energy capture. |
|
| 38:02 | so redox reaction. So recall Although it's kind of counterintuitive you think |
|
| 38:08 | is getting smaller. And in the of redox it's gain of electrons, |
|
| 38:14 | is loss of electrons. Okay. we look at the process of cellular |
|
| 38:20 | , glucose plus oxygen to give CO and water and energy. Right? |
|
| 38:25 | forget. That is this again, redox redox reactions? So glucose is |
|
| 38:33 | oxidized to SEO to write. And reactions is typically through the movement of |
|
| 38:43 | ions, hydrogen atoms, right? of hydrogen atoms of hydrogen atoms, |
|
| 38:50 | . Right? 1, 1 one electron. And so we can |
|
| 38:53 | how CO2 of course is devoid of Jen's. Right. So glucose has |
|
| 39:01 | up those electrons that process become oxidized CO2. There's always gonna be a |
|
| 39:06 | . So if something's being oxidized giving electrons, something must be capturing those |
|
| 39:11 | . Right? And so in this process, ultimately oxygen is the receiver |
|
| 39:17 | ? That terminal Except er it becomes two water. Right? And you |
|
| 39:26 | see the acquisition of those 12 Right, show up at 12 hydrogen |
|
| 39:39 | represent electrons shows up in water. ? So option has been reduced. |
|
| 39:46 | was the receiver of the of those coming from glucose. Okay. In |
|
| 39:50 | process we generate energy. Right, here again, here's glucose. The |
|
| 39:55 | . Where is the potential energy of ? It comes from uh the arrangements |
|
| 40:00 | the atoms. So potential energy is of energy of position or state in |
|
| 40:04 | to molecules. And so of if we look at the three dimensional |
|
| 40:08 | of glucose, you see that there be various bond angles of these atoms |
|
| 40:13 | the molecule. Um and of course electron clouds around that will kind of |
|
| 40:20 | each other. So, you molecule with lots of bonds like |
|
| 40:23 | there's gonna be some inherent instability in in the molecule and associated energy with |
|
| 40:31 | . Right? So we can capture energy if we can remove some of |
|
| 40:35 | electrons. Okay, that's what redox all about. Right? So, |
|
| 40:39 | metabolism we're gonna break down glucose ultimately C. 02. And you can |
|
| 40:43 | the difference in the two molecules, , C 02 is obviously lacking a |
|
| 40:48 | of different chemical bonds. And so we're breaking glucose down, oxidizing |
|
| 40:52 | we're capturing it in certain steps. ? So, I'm glad causes and |
|
| 40:57 | respiration. Right? So I'm glad , we're breaking down glucose to this |
|
| 41:02 | carbon pyro vein. Right? Actually of those. And in between we're |
|
| 41:09 | to capture energy via electron transfer. ? As H Adams, similarly as |
|
| 41:16 | go from Pirate Bay to C So that encompasses uh Krebs cycle T |
|
| 41:23 | A cycle. And then again, gonna capture more energy via electron |
|
| 41:27 | Okay and so they're gonna be specialized involved in doing this. Okay. |
|
| 41:33 | what you see there is metabolism, , breakdown of a complex organic material |
|
| 41:38 | simpler compounds C. 02. Um now in an Apple is um |
|
| 41:45 | of B. C. Co two . Right? Which is what autotrophs |
|
| 41:49 | . So our troops will take 02 and build up to these larger |
|
| 41:53 | molecules co two fixation. And and can see the difference in the two |
|
| 41:59 | . We have to add a bunch Adams to the C. 02 to |
|
| 42:04 | this. So we're gonna have to course supply add electrons to we're gonna |
|
| 42:08 | to reduce C. O. To electrons to build it up into this |
|
| 42:12 | molecule. Okay, so so um let's look at um some of these |
|
| 42:27 | carriers. Okay, so again we're down, right, so we're different |
|
| 42:33 | . We're capturing energy. Uh and then ultimately we're gonna use those those |
|
| 42:41 | specialized carriers that have received these electrons they're going to the electron transport |
|
| 42:47 | And that's where that's where we're gonna our big energy output from energy captured |
|
| 42:52 | of a T. P. Okay, so let's um so the |
|
| 42:59 | current molecules of course a tp. that 80 P. Had draw sis's |
|
| 43:05 | energy. Right? Uh of course um photo relation will generate a tps |
|
| 43:15 | well. Um N. A. . N. A. D. |
|
| 43:19 | . Right? So N A D is the electron carrying form. It |
|
| 43:22 | receive electrons and become reduced, forming A D H. Okay, so |
|
| 43:28 | A. D. H is that that's carrying the electrons? Okay. |
|
| 43:33 | and A D. P and A . P. H are often seen |
|
| 43:36 | bio synthetic processes. Uh these serve as the electron sources for bio |
|
| 43:42 | Very often I will also see F D. F A D H two |
|
| 43:47 | access as hydro assist GDP. It serves as a source of energy. |
|
| 43:53 | see that in protein synthesis as GDP as the energy source source to provide |
|
| 44:00 | . Um so just a closer look N A. D. Briefly. |
|
| 44:03 | any D when you see this written a reaction, um in A. |
|
| 44:08 | becomes reduced to an A. H plus H. Plus, it |
|
| 44:12 | to do with the nature of the nature of the molecule. So, |
|
| 44:17 | N A. D. And we're to focus on the boxed part. |
|
| 44:21 | so we see here, so transfer hydrogen, which represents two electrons to |
|
| 44:27 | that the that that that molecule can two of the electrons in its aromatic |
|
| 44:34 | . Remember aromatic rings have this property residence. So the electrons are kind |
|
| 44:39 | circulate around uh that benzene ring and can provide room for one of the |
|
| 44:46 | regions to bond to it. And um then the remaining proton is |
|
| 44:57 | outside the market. So that's why plus H plus. Right. So |
|
| 45:02 | two hydrogen is the two electrons are up by the N. A. |
|
| 45:05 | . H. One hydrogen forms of and bond the other one. It's |
|
| 45:11 | a proton. Alright. That's not of the molecule. So that's why |
|
| 45:14 | always see the reaction here in D. Plus two hydrogen gives you |
|
| 45:19 | A. D. H. Plus . Okay, so the point is |
|
| 45:22 | accepts two electrons um now generating a . So energy release uh form |
|
| 45:30 | T. P. So we can um of course the formation of A |
|
| 45:34 | . P. Is energy requiring and involves of course the phosphor relation. |
|
| 45:39 | ? So if we're gonna make A . P. S. We have |
|
| 45:42 | phosphoric ADP. So one mechanism is do what's called substrate level phosphor |
|
| 45:48 | We see this in fermentation and we it in respiration at a couple of |
|
| 45:54 | . So it's very simple. All doing here is using a phosphor related |
|
| 46:00 | , a molecule containing a phosphate And we're simply removing the phosphate group |
|
| 46:06 | adding it to a D. To make a teepee. That's all |
|
| 46:09 | is. Alright, so just think it as a straightforward made to make |
|
| 46:12 | A. T. P. And again there's a couple of steps |
|
| 46:15 | respiration where this happens and the fermentation the only way a Tps are formed |
|
| 46:21 | substrate level of phosphor relation. Now phosphor relation is via respiration. Photo |
|
| 46:29 | relation via photosynthesis. Right So both processes rely on the army osmotic |
|
| 46:36 | So we I showed you the diagram respiration. This is what we're talking |
|
| 46:41 | . Okay so this involves the use electron transport chain. It involves production |
|
| 46:47 | a proton gradient. The use of 80 piece in place and the same |
|
| 46:51 | photo fox relation. The same. same general components involved in a teepee |
|
| 46:56 | this electron transport chain. But it's it's a light driven process which is |
|
| 47:01 | differentiates it. Okay but both rely this keamy osmosis. The formation of |
|
| 47:08 | T. P. Is using a gradient supplied by the energy for electron |
|
| 47:14 | And then harnessed or tied to this piece entities to form AT. so |
|
| 47:22 | both both operated phosphor relation. E and for photo phosphor relation as in |
|
| 47:29 | . Okay so a little bit more . Certainly different from substrate level phosphor |
|
| 47:37 | . Okay so um so let's look um real quickly at this data we |
|
| 47:50 | different carbon sources in the left We see different oxidants. Okay and |
|
| 47:56 | we see different delta G values. . All all negative but very magnitudes |
|
| 48:03 | then the impact on biomass. Okay when you're of course growing um bacteria |
|
| 48:14 | culture as we've seen already. We supply them proper nutrients that they |
|
| 48:20 | you inoculate with a few cells they then of course grow and produce lots |
|
| 48:25 | cells along the way. Okay so you already know we need to provide |
|
| 48:29 | source. Right? Carbon source will used as both for um as an |
|
| 48:34 | source as well. Right. And if we look at different carbon sources |
|
| 48:38 | . Right. So this is what looking at in terms of respiration. |
|
| 48:43 | ? So electron source feeds feeds the transfer chain. There's a terminal except |
|
| 48:47 | Right. So what are the equivalent these in the table to the |
|
| 48:52 | Well, the carbon source is electron . Right? Your glucose appropriation it |
|
| 48:58 | etcetera are the um carbon sources slash source. Right in the table the |
|
| 49:07 | is the terminal except er right. the occident is the molecule. The |
|
| 49:12 | is a molecule that becomes reduced so oxidant becomes reduced. Right so this |
|
| 49:16 | going to serve the role terminal Okay so this is what is going |
|
| 49:22 | . Um Now you see for one them there is no such terminal except |
|
| 49:27 | right because the bottom process with ethanol green is fermentation. Right? So |
|
| 49:34 | see in blue is aerobic respiration and is anaerobic respiration and the bottom one |
|
| 49:41 | fermentation. Right? So you see have a nitrate as a terminal except |
|
| 49:46 | here versus oxygen aerobic versus anaerobic. um in terms of of yield we |
|
| 49:56 | that glucose yields the most amount of delta G. Also note that um |
|
| 50:03 | greater a greater negative DELTA G equates the production of more biomass. |
|
| 50:11 | more biomass glucose is a bigger six carbons versus appropriate, which is |
|
| 50:16 | carbon. Right? So it gives more carbon uh thus potentially more |
|
| 50:23 | Okay. Uh contrast. So, we look at um ethanol, for |
|
| 50:32 | , as a carbon source. All , so we look at an aerobic |
|
| 50:42 | and in fermentation, ethanol is the source in all three. Right? |
|
| 50:48 | comparative purposes, we see that using through aerobic cellular respiration uh produces more |
|
| 50:56 | than those anaerobic respiration using ethanol, the difference terrorism isn't great, but |
|
| 51:01 | still better with oxygen. Okay. but both of those, both aerobic |
|
| 51:07 | are definitely much better than fermentation. see the yield of biomass and delta |
|
| 51:13 | . Is much less than that shown respiration. And that's and that's that's |
|
| 51:19 | case because aerobic respiration is simply produces energy, then does fermentation and of |
|
| 51:27 | the the difference difference in in differences biomass that are ultimately produced. |
|
| 51:32 | so, um so, you when when when growing cells, you |
|
| 51:37 | , these are things to consider if in terms of biomass levels, you |
|
| 51:41 | , what's the carbon source? Uh anaerobic respiration um are gonna have an |
|
| 51:48 | , or it can only ferment. these are all things that will impact |
|
| 51:52 | the bio energetic will tell us, know what the ultimate level of growth |
|
| 51:56 | be. Okay. So um so we look through as we go through |
|
| 52:03 | causes. And so aspiration We're not go through every single of the 50 |
|
| 52:09 | reactions that occur, right? You to know there's no it in stages |
|
| 52:14 | comes in and out of each So here are the relevant terms to |
|
| 52:18 | . Of course you should know oxidative relation. You should know when we |
|
| 52:23 | when we get to a photo phosphor . But these are the relevant |
|
| 52:26 | And so again it's about knowing the . So in in black colossus we |
|
| 52:30 | from a six carbon glucose, 2 three carbon para baits or producing two |
|
| 52:35 | these. And then Along the way have a net energy yield of 80 |
|
| 52:43 | and AD. Pirate bait is the in the road. So we can |
|
| 52:49 | either to fermentation where we get production small organic acids, alcohols or through |
|
| 52:57 | set of core way. Okay. then on to the Krebs cycle. |
|
| 53:02 | we produce some energy, more energy the Krebs cycle. And then finally |
|
| 53:09 | the electron transport chain or where these carriers end up producing more a |
|
| 53:14 | Right? So knowing the stage is . And what happens what comes in |
|
| 53:19 | comes out? All right. And main molecule C c glucose to pirate |
|
| 53:24 | sudoku way Krebs cycle and electron transport . Okay, so that's how we're |
|
| 53:30 | to look at it. And so , in terms of numbers, so |
|
| 53:33 | two pair of eight right to a away. Um And of course as |
|
| 53:42 | oxidize glucose, we're going to lose , lose it as C. |
|
| 53:46 | To write C 02, CO two as well. Um And you |
|
| 53:53 | eventually completely oxidizing glucose as we go respiration. Okay, so um so |
|
| 54:01 | start with black colossus colossus or oxidizing to peru vic acid. Okay. |
|
| 54:11 | initially there is an energy input that to occur. And so even though |
|
| 54:17 | cause this is a negative delta G , even for those who sometimes have |
|
| 54:23 | put energy in. Okay, so of a ball rolling downhill, |
|
| 54:30 | But there may be a little hump have to get over, but once |
|
| 54:34 | get it going it will be a delta G. It does. The |
|
| 54:41 | hump. Maybe put in for a on a hill and we have to |
|
| 54:46 | in a piece of wood and kind wedge it in and then get the |
|
| 54:49 | rolling. So that's a little bit energy expenditure to get the ball |
|
| 54:53 | But once we do it's a surplus get we get a negative delta G |
|
| 54:58 | the process. Okay? And that's going on here with the energy investment |
|
| 55:04 | . So glucose needs load of a . And so we're gonna add some |
|
| 55:09 | to it in the form of a , get a couple of steps, |
|
| 55:12 | ? So as we as we go we form fructose, 16 by phosphate |
|
| 55:17 | phosphate. And then in the phosphor form and then we're going to break |
|
| 55:23 | into two molecules ultimately to glycerol three . Okay. As you said, |
|
| 55:30 | 23 carbon molecules that then then we the energy harvest phase. So we're |
|
| 55:35 | get back a surplus of energy Both in the form of A. |
|
| 55:40 | . H. And in the form a Tps. And it's gonna be |
|
| 55:44 | net a net gain of energy. ? So the A. T. |
|
| 55:49 | . Occurring a teepee formation occurring here here is through substrate level of phosphor |
|
| 55:59 | . A false for intermediate right is the phosphate group to make an |
|
| 56:05 | T. P. Okay there and okay. But as well we're gonna |
|
| 56:12 | gonna generate an A. D. . Two. Right? And we're |
|
| 56:18 | use that later on. But also this is a anaerobic process. Does |
|
| 56:23 | require the presence of 02 to Okay. Doesn't rely on that. |
|
| 56:29 | anaerobic 80 P through substrate level phosphor production of two molecules. Para |
|
| 56:36 | three carbon, para bait and A . H. Okay. Now we |
|
| 56:43 | look also at some variations beyond what's the M din Meyerhoff pathway or Emden |
|
| 56:51 | Meyerhoff partners E. M. Okay too. These alternate mechanisms which |
|
| 56:59 | of which is the pathway or D. Pathway for short it's called |
|
| 57:04 | sugar acids pathway. Certain gram negatives it. Um You can see that |
|
| 57:10 | six possible gluconate right? The production that um is a type of |
|
| 57:16 | So glucose looks like this. So what's called Aldo sugar has an |
|
| 57:21 | high group at the end of it there um sugar acid has a carb |
|
| 57:30 | group. Okay. And so these prevalent in in in mucosal secretions of |
|
| 57:38 | intestinal wall. And so of course gut is inhabited by many bacteria and |
|
| 57:44 | gram negatives like E. Coli. so they evolved the pathway to kind |
|
| 57:49 | take advantage of these types of Sugar acids that are prevalent in these |
|
| 57:54 | secretions and so enables them to kind break these down and get energy from |
|
| 57:58 | . Okay um the energy production isn't great. So you form half the |
|
| 58:06 | of a TP through substrate level phosphor and half the amount of N. |
|
| 58:11 | . D. H. In some it can form any DPH depending. |
|
| 58:15 | uh not the same level of energy but nonetheless unable to use a different |
|
| 58:21 | of carbon source. Okay. Different of carbohydrate. The I believe most |
|
| 58:28 | those with the E. D. have that in addition to glenn hollis |
|
| 58:34 | so for example has both the M. P. Glycol is pathway |
|
| 58:40 | in addition have have the E. . Pathway as well. Okay um |
|
| 58:47 | phosphate pathway or pintos phosphate shunt um be a source of energy information again |
|
| 58:52 | as much as with psychosis. Um Any DPH produced domestically user uh bio |
|
| 59:03 | and that's really what the pintos phosphate is. It serves more a role |
|
| 59:08 | bio synthesis for anabel is um uh forms this five carbon ribbon goes by |
|
| 59:15 | intermediate that's used as a building block make things like aromatic amino acids like |
|
| 59:24 | for example. Um nucleotides as The service building blocks for nuclear |
|
| 59:30 | That's primarily its role is bio synthetic it can if needed to serve the |
|
| 59:35 | of providing some energy as well. so so just you know a couple |
|
| 59:40 | alternative pathways to to the E. . P. Pathway. Now um |
|
| 59:47 | in terms of let's look at an again. So we're gonna get into |
|
| 59:55 | right but let's look first at at So we start with like causes no |
|
| 60:04 | whether we're going into respiration or we're to fermentation like cause this is a |
|
| 60:08 | of it. Okay. Of both of course. And the regular energy |
|
| 60:13 | . Any D. H. T. P. Right so whether |
|
| 60:17 | pirate that's formed goes respiration depends on available is an aerobic respiration is oxygen |
|
| 60:25 | . Well then we can go this . Okay maybe it's not option. |
|
| 60:29 | it's an anaerobic respiration maybe nitrates Well then it can go this |
|
| 60:33 | Okay and so what that means is going to go through these different stages |
|
| 60:38 | information of a silk away the Krebs electron transport chain. All this become |
|
| 60:44 | a part of respiration, whether it's or aerobic. Okay so of course |
|
| 60:51 | . It's an aerobic right? Doesn't oxygen. Doesn't require any of this |
|
| 60:56 | the process. As you see here the left. All gone. |
|
| 61:00 | So fermentation relies on black colleges for teepee formation. We do for men |
|
| 61:07 | . D. H. Of course black causes is a part of |
|
| 61:11 | So we have to have a continual of N. A. D. |
|
| 61:17 | to supply glycol Asus because in D. Is a reactive in black |
|
| 61:24 | so we have to keep supplying that that we can keep performing in |
|
| 61:27 | D. H. Right so fermentation actually that's the role they serve. |
|
| 61:32 | regenerate the N. A. Needed for black analysis. Okay so |
|
| 61:37 | the gas the fermentation, ethanol fermentation look at both of these uh fermentation |
|
| 61:43 | . Okay so again and psychosis uh casa stage provides the A. |
|
| 61:51 | P. Formation. Okay um and long as you keep supplying glucose or |
|
| 62:00 | other sugar uh and N. D. Plus. Right and of |
|
| 62:05 | ADP and phosphate. So as long you're providing these reactant it will form |
|
| 62:13 | energy. Right? But you have keep resupplying your carbon and your |
|
| 62:18 | A. D. Okay. And see how fermentation reactions do that. |
|
| 62:23 | so um so it's all about recycling N A D H. Okay to |
|
| 62:30 | N A D. So here's black . Okay, glucose to power And |
|
| 62:37 | about all about maintaining redox balance. ? So making sure that you have |
|
| 62:42 | the oxidized form of N A. . Available to accept electrons during black |
|
| 62:48 | to form an A. D. . And then continually resupply regenerating the |
|
| 62:52 | A. D. Right, um, and the lactic acid |
|
| 62:57 | So we see the power of So empire of eight has become reduced |
|
| 63:05 | lacking. So pirates actually receiving You see how molecules are different |
|
| 63:13 | Right? So pirate has accepted electrons become reduced to lactate. And in |
|
| 63:19 | process we regenerate the N A So it keeps going and going. |
|
| 63:23 | right. So in this example is keep supplying glucose. Um we form |
|
| 63:30 | pirate. Then the fermentation reactions will it to lactate. Okay, in |
|
| 63:36 | fermentation again, para bait uh, initially broken down car D. Car |
|
| 63:43 | . Later we call it the esa tal height. Okay, to carbon |
|
| 63:48 | behind then this is where this comes . So N A. D. |
|
| 63:53 | from electrolysis, right? Will be as the talbot gets reduced. |
|
| 64:02 | you see there and they're reduced. you see the addition of electrons in |
|
| 64:12 | form of hydrogen right here and So we've any D H has become |
|
| 64:19 | electrons handed off to a settled behind reducing it to form ethanol. Okay |
|
| 64:26 | and the purpose has been served we've regenerated N. A. |
|
| 64:30 | Which can then keep keep black colleges and keep producing energy because this is |
|
| 64:34 | only way energy is produced. And it has to keep that |
|
| 64:45 | Alright. Once again that substrate level phosphor relation occurring, there's no no |
|
| 64:50 | transport chain, none of that's Right? This is substrate level of |
|
| 64:54 | relation. Not not oxidative relation. , so if we look at so |
|
| 65:01 | we go then the route of respiration the next stop for pyro bait is |
|
| 65:08 | the formation of acidic away. so recall that. So we go |
|
| 65:14 | coast to Prior Bates private oxidation at next stage. So we're going to |
|
| 65:20 | box late. Nice see there and gonna form this to carbon away. |
|
| 65:26 | CO A is a coenzyme called coenzyme and it's derived from this. It's |
|
| 65:38 | from panther authentic acid. If next time you look on your pant |
|
| 65:46 | , I'm not gonna test you on but just to for completeness. So |
|
| 65:51 | authentic as the next time you look a cereal box. Look at the |
|
| 65:54 | and you'll see a bunch of actually bunch of vitamins that are involved in |
|
| 65:59 | like vitamin B one B two. um and Panasonic acids in there as |
|
| 66:07 | . Um and it's a source for CO and Co actually has a self |
|
| 66:13 | group on it. And um it's when you add CO a kind of |
|
| 66:19 | a high energy bond. And so CO a to a molecule kind of |
|
| 66:23 | it. So like glucose needed a uh you need to be energized at |
|
| 66:29 | start of glycol Asus by adding by a couple of a tps. So |
|
| 66:35 | does pyre of eight. So part it kind of is a lower energy |
|
| 66:38 | needs a boost as well. So attaching a CO A two as part |
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| 66:44 | the process that energizes it and then be more reactive and then that's what |
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| 66:50 | the Krebs cycle. Okay, so Krebs cycle then is is actually a |
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| 66:56 | point in metabolism. So the Krebs has a number of intermediates, some |
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| 67:01 | which are used for anabolic processes. if you ever look at a metabolic |
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| 67:05 | , you'll see that the Krebs cycle what we call a central point |
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| 67:09 | There's there's arrows going to and arrows away from it because it supports both |
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| 67:17 | and and and an apple is um a central point where there are building |
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| 67:22 | for for things like amino acids nucleotides are in the Krebs cycle and it |
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| 67:28 | both those purposes both Annapolis. Um metabolism. Okay. And so you |
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| 67:34 | the energy production in the Krebs cycle in the private oxidation to acetic away |
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| 67:41 | for N. A. D. . Right? All the A. |
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| 67:43 | . H. Is being formed as as F. A. D. |
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| 67:45 | . Two being formed and we have step where we see substrate level of |
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| 67:51 | relation again. Okay so um so each turn so remember that one block |
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| 68:03 | formed goes through one turn of the . Okay. One turn of the |
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| 68:07 | gives you three and A D. . One F. A. |
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| 68:10 | H. Two and 1 80 Right so but we generate two takeaways |
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| 68:15 | each glucose that gets oxidized. Okay so for each glucose we're going through |
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| 68:23 | . Right two turns which means we're double up our value. So six |
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| 68:27 | A. D. H. Two . A. D. H. |
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| 68:29 | to 80 P. Per glucose Okay so of course here now we |
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| 68:37 | have completely oxidized glucose to C. 11 mole of CO two in the |
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| 68:42 | that you look away process two more of C. 02 during the |
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| 68:50 | C. A. Cycle right here here. Okay so and as mentioned |
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| 69:00 | T. C. A cycle of Krebs cycle is a central point of |
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| 69:04 | . So it's it's it's a term and feet bolic that's what we call |
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| 69:15 | Krebs cycle. Anti bullet means it both metabolism and it serves an apple |
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| 69:21 | um by by providing building blocks to various molecules. Okay so um so |
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| 69:31 | we look at the overall process then we see that um you see the |
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| 69:42 | energy output if you will. so um so in the area in |
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| 69:53 | respiration and we see the breakdown of to private information of energy here as |
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| 70:00 | saw. Right? Uh then electrons transfer redox reactions. So we have |
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| 70:06 | electrons to any data from N D H. Right? Uh in |
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| 70:11 | pirates of silicon way step, we that as well. T C A |
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| 70:18 | more right formation of N A D D H two. We do have |
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| 70:22 | step of phosphor relation there. So we see in oxygen and this |
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| 70:30 | what represents oxidative phosphor relation. The process of electron transport, so |
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| 70:36 | see how the N A. H is. Right? This is |
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| 70:39 | N A D H FADH two. are all going to be funneled electron |
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| 70:49 | chain. Right? So through oxidative relation. Right. The A. |
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| 70:53 | . P synthesis production of a Right. So you can see the |
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| 70:58 | . Okay, so, again, on a proton gradient to to generate |
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| 71:04 | A T. P. S. subject frost relation for a T. |
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| 71:08 | . S. Right. Right. activated false correlation. 34. So |
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| 71:19 | , huge difference. Right? 34 four. Big difference. Okay, |
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| 71:25 | more than 90% of a Tps to are coming through oxygen false relations. |
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| 71:30 | it's very important for us humans to carrying this out. We couldn't rely |
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| 71:34 | fermentation. The energy output would not enough to sustain our bodies. Okay |
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| 71:41 | um uh so that's respiration. So get a little more closely at this |
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| 71:48 | respiration in chapter 14. But you this is kind of the overview of |
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| 71:54 | that's about. Right? So we a carbohydrate source. But remember, |
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| 72:00 | know, the same basic thing occurs you're whether you're breaking down proteins, |
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| 72:07 | , nucleic acids, they'll just funnel different entry points in this pathway overall |
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| 72:17 | . So for example lipid metabolism will into the silicone way formation. Protein |
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| 72:24 | breakdown will feed into the T. . A. Cycle for example. |
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| 72:28 | they'll have different entry points depending on being used as the organic source but |
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| 72:33 | you're gonna form lots of a Tps . Okay. Um so again this |
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| 72:38 | a complete contrast to what happened in . None of this is involved in |
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| 72:42 | other than the substrate phosphor relation from . Okay, so looking at uh |
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| 72:51 | aromatic compounds as sources of energy uh for particular bacteria are able to do |
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| 72:58 | . Some bacteria can definitely do this use these aromatic compounds. Um they |
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| 73:07 | the thing about aromatic compounds is they be quite toxic. Okay and then |
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| 73:13 | see there which is what's basically would formed from lignin. Uh you see |
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| 73:19 | the aromatic rings present. Um So compounds in general again can be quite |
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| 73:26 | . Uh the utility of bacteria that these down it comes from pollutants uh |
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| 73:35 | these aromatic compounds. What are they whether with sort of contamination or water |
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| 73:41 | , bacteria have been used in bioremediation to to clean up these pollutants uh |
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| 73:49 | there are many types of that are to break these things down and use |
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| 73:53 | as a source of carbon and Okay, so we see these kind |
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| 73:58 | things certainly in petroleum products are rich aromatic compounds. Um uh things like |
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| 74:06 | and die dies are contained these aromatic , pesticides. So a number of |
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| 74:12 | things um contain aromatic compounds. And these things can be very hard to |
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| 74:19 | because the benzene ring itself, the ring is quite stable. Okay. |
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| 74:25 | so but they can be can tantalized certain bacteria. And the key to |
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| 74:31 | breaking them down is to break the . So ring break, which is |
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| 74:36 | key to the process. Okay. so many of these aromatic the pathways |
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| 74:42 | break down certain of these aromatic compounds on plasmas in in in because it |
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| 74:48 | be a few genes in length that that bring about the metabolism of the |
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| 74:54 | . And it's very often that these be transferred by plasma to from one |
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| 74:58 | to another. And we've engineered bacteria do this to to be able to |
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| 75:04 | a variety of these different compounds. And so you see there tara Winkler |
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| 75:10 | , aniline nitrobenzene that they all frontal to this molecule called catacombs. |
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| 75:19 | that's kind of the the central um in the processing of of aromatic |
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| 75:28 | So and that requires the addition of . Right? So addition of oxygen |
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| 75:34 | the ring is what is what enables to be broken down. So you |
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| 75:38 | the ring then it can be fairly metabolized and fall into the Krebs |
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| 75:44 | So you see there benzoate uh is canticle uh the addition of oxygen. |
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| 75:53 | die oxygenates enzymes. You see the benzoate, di oxygenates aniline dye, |
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| 76:01 | , nitrobenzene, di oxygen etcetera. are all enzymes and oxygen to the |
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| 76:07 | and then eventually lead to the So that this system is the product |
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| 76:14 | is the the of of the ring so cat skull to mutilate. And |
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| 76:19 | once that happens then we can break further down into components that fall into |
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| 76:28 | T. C. A. Cycle you see there. Right, So |
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| 76:32 | is the aerobic pathway is very There's also an anaerobic pathway that can |
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| 76:36 | this. And pseudomonas species of pseudomonas wrote A caucus are have been used |
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| 76:43 | bioremediation purposes because the number of these able to to break down these aromatic |
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| 76:49 | and use them for growth. Um but again, so the bottom line |
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| 76:56 | breaks of aromatic compounds, breaking the ring. Doing so using dioxin enzyme |
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| 77:01 | will add oxygen to it. And the products that will funnel into the |
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| 77:06 | . C. A cycle. And where the energy capture can occur. |
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| 77:11 | um so again canticle is kind of main molecule to the intermediate that then |
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| 77:20 | then we break it down to the or other that is now the the |
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| 77:27 | ring product. And then intermediates to go to T. C. |
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| 77:31 | Cycle. And then we kind of for A. D. H. |
|
| 77:34 | . H. Two and 80 Okay so uh so in summary then |
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| 77:40 | again it's it's uh in terms of metabolic pathways overall pathway caused to so |
|
| 77:48 | is to know in stages. So just refer back to refer back |
|
| 77:52 | this diagram here uh it's kind of starting point um And in the terms |
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| 78:00 | and then doing a little bit about basics of of antibiotic anabolic, how |
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| 78:05 | teepee hydro sis and um formation have role in the process. Um And |
|
| 78:19 | um let me just go to the here so you know and then knowing |
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| 78:36 | , knowing the let's go here, we go. The basic principles of |
|
| 78:47 | G. Um What influences delta The uh construction of the energy |
|
| 78:54 | So um so yeah and and again one in stages, you don't need |
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| 79:02 | know all the individual reactions and all enzymes involved but you know The state |
|
| 79:08 | , what comes in and what comes of each stage. Okay so we |
|
| 79:11 | then continue this in Chapter 14 with little closer look at respiration, kind |
|
| 79:17 | what's involved there, a little bit redox reactions. Um, and so |
|
| 79:23 | is going to be broken up into parts, so we'll have part one |
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| 79:26 | part two there. Okay, so next time I'll see you in the |
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| 79:32 | |
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