| 00:02 | mhm. Okay. I don't Mm hmm. Okay folks. |
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| 01:02 | Mm hmm. Thank you. Mm . There we go. Shooting. |
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| 01:15 | . So everything we're talking about today not repeat is not on the |
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| 01:23 | So we're starting unit to today, is Viruses, which is in two |
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| 01:32 | part one his defining a virus in the virus, virus structure, |
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| 01:43 | basics of reproduction. But we're going go into more details on the variations |
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| 01:50 | that in Part two, which is focused on life cycles, viral life |
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| 01:56 | . So, um, so of exams begins tomorrow. Um, you |
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| 02:03 | any last minute questions? Certainly Um, the remember there's no blackboard |
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| 02:11 | on Dubai sunday. Nor is there smart work due by sunday. |
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| 02:16 | so, uh, schedule looking This is taking us through spring |
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| 02:23 | Um, the uh, so this class coming up here. Okay. |
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| 02:30 | actually does Covers Part one. so it will be extended to here |
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| 02:36 | well. Okay, um, in same format, it's just a bunch |
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| 02:40 | questions. This time we're gonna See you do with the 13 and 14 |
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| 02:47 | , different aspects of metabolism. uh, so heavily on that in |
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| 02:52 | two try it. Um, just as you as you maybe read |
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| 03:01 | ahead. So if you go into and 14 you're gonna go, oh |
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| 03:05 | goodness, there's like a bazillion biochemical , you know, you don't have |
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| 03:11 | memorize those. Okay, um, you go through the notes on that |
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| 03:17 | , it's kind of just annoying stages bringing you down to the stages and |
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| 03:22 | going on and what's coming out. just just you know, I'm always |
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| 03:28 | this so you don't get to go the book or whatever you say, |
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| 03:30 | my God, don't don't go All right, so taylor. So |
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| 03:35 | uh make us again to is spring . So well, obviously, um |
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| 03:43 | let's um um start with viruses Okay. And so of course viruses |
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| 03:51 | encompasses everybody's favorite virus. Our friend alright is in this group. Um |
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| 04:02 | discovery mentioned discovery of viruses um briefly really just centered around the smallness of |
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| 04:13 | . Right? So filters we talked filtration um in the context of uh |
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| 04:21 | growth, uh filter sterilizing solution um filters to to effectively block viruses don't |
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| 04:31 | really exist. But um and so discovery is really kind of based on |
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| 04:38 | . We're looking at this disease of effective tobacco plants. And just taking |
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| 04:47 | that bacteria are causing this outbreak in plants because of course this is right |
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| 04:53 | the smack in the middle of the germ theory and coke establishing microbes can |
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| 04:58 | disease. And so that of course a natural thought that okay bacteria or |
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| 05:03 | type of microbes causing this tobacco disease a disease and tobacco plants and um |
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| 05:12 | uh when it looked at the plants just took disease plants and help them |
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| 05:17 | just like, you know approach populates that scheme um that the the disease |
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| 05:25 | would crush up, right? There's they contain infectious agents. Once it |
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| 05:31 | , make a liquid paste of so to speak. Take that |
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| 05:36 | run it through a filter. Oh , trap the bacteria on top. |
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| 05:41 | , we've got our agent. So they applied the stuff on top |
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| 05:45 | the filter microbes out of the Put it on healthy plants, no |
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| 05:50 | . All right. Took the stuff went through the infiltrate. Applied that |
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| 05:55 | healthy banks boom. They found the . So they knew they were living |
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| 05:59 | super super tiny. That it was was it was not known to |
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| 06:04 | Okay. And could not be seen that point because we're talking this is |
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| 06:10 | early 19 hundreds in the late 19th . So no electron microscope available. |
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| 06:17 | that's what it took to actually And that's the actual tobacco mosaic |
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| 06:22 | which happens to be on the small of the spectrum in terms of size |
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| 06:26 | years is about that's the smallest, yet rabies virus is also in that |
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| 06:32 | range. On the other end of . I actually think there's a picture |
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| 06:36 | here other than the spectrum is both labor uh towards almost one micron in |
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| 06:44 | . So, you know, like micro and that's considered viruses. |
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| 06:51 | Uh they have of course a size size range. Okay. And forms |
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| 06:55 | forms, shapes, whatnot. so, um, but you |
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| 07:00 | we've talked before about viruses of mine alive. Um there's different arguments for |
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| 07:06 | against that. Um, essentially now they're replicating what you can operate, |
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| 07:15 | very approaching synthesis etcetera. But certainly they're outside the host as that |
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| 07:24 | these guys would be okay. And is all right this area. |
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| 07:31 | Are they really are they alive in state or not? But they can |
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| 07:35 | viable. Okay. We know that viruses, I'm sure floating around here |
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| 07:40 | on door knobs and whatnot that uh know, are still remaining mine are |
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| 07:47 | opposed to being replicated. Okay. so um and even the virus |
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| 07:54 | you know, the capabilities, what capable of doing on their own actually |
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| 08:01 | the spectrum as well. So there's um what's called giant viruses greater than |
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| 08:09 | of my right. And these actually have some properties such as their own |
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| 08:16 | RNA is transferring from vibration for some . And so these are thought to |
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| 08:21 | maybe um remnants of what once used be a set. Okay. And |
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| 08:27 | kind of degenerated. Okay. Um like uh smaller RNA viruses like this |
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| 08:36 | . Right? Um maybe that used be part of a soul genome. |
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| 08:41 | are in a kind of became its living entity. So it's uh a |
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| 08:48 | of speculation as to how viruses evolved then we can see different forms like |
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| 08:54 | that maybe you can tell how they written. But um they are certainly |
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| 09:00 | been around, right. There is life forms. I don't think there's |
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| 09:03 | life form on earth that doesn't have virus that infects. Okay, so |
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| 09:08 | certainly influence um populations. That's kind what the next um slides about. |
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| 09:14 | before we go there um like I , because they evolved with living, |
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| 09:19 | know with quote studied their life. been around forever as well. |
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| 09:25 | And so um and like selves, evolved, okay, they didn't change |
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| 09:31 | then host cells change their response, it's back and forth, back and |
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| 09:35 | . Okay. Um And so for longest time it was like that really |
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| 09:44 | I had no good. Alright. we do is infect cells and kill |
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| 09:48 | . Right. What can be good that? Well, that can't be |
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| 09:51 | . Right from the standpoint of uh ecological Stanton controlling population sciences, |
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| 09:58 | Uh That that can if you can back to you to recall uh uh |
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| 10:07 | the subcategory but the aspect of the population ecology, et cetera that if |
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| 10:14 | if you have an ecosystem, one becomes dominant, right, then that |
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| 10:22 | of looks the diversity. All that's the only that's that's the one |
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| 10:26 | maybe 90 30% prevalence, is that and others are not so much, |
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| 10:31 | not a lot of diversity. So . F. G. You can't |
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| 10:34 | population sizes, you know, that lead to diversity. And so viruses |
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| 10:39 | promote that in ecosystems. Okay and this shows um in aquatic ecosystems uh |
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| 10:51 | as in the oceans the the role of viruses in controlling populations of allergy |
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| 10:59 | other um microbial life in the Uh and in doing so as far |
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| 11:06 | getting scientific films it of course that dead cell becomes part of the |
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| 11:14 | right? The dead organic material. so that provides a better to those |
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| 11:19 | the ecosystem. Getting an influx of for your meta tropes influx of minerals |
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| 11:26 | things for your autotrophs. So it that way. And uh you know |
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| 11:31 | uh and of course the virus doesn't whatever its host species is it's not |
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| 11:37 | they're wiping it out. I'm not any distinct. Okay. It is |
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| 11:43 | there are many members of the population will resist the virus. Okay. |
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| 11:47 | so but it is controlling numbers. so that's where you can see that |
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| 11:53 | the University of current because no one is getting remember the other. And |
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| 11:59 | you get kind of quite you know kind of decomposition effect they can produce |
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| 12:08 | infecting their species killing it and then these organic organic materials. So um |
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| 12:17 | I certainly thought in irish yeah studied that viruses and so this is of |
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| 12:22 | has come to light in the last years or so. Okay. Um |
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| 12:28 | even then it tears up right, lots of things going on with that |
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| 12:32 | with their microbiome microbiome and and controlling relations and whatnot. So um |
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| 12:41 | so they do they can do good Obviously they can do bad things as |
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| 12:45 | know them for the last two years . Okay. But regardless um uh |
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| 12:52 | guess like anything, it's never all or all bad, you know, |
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| 12:56 | gonna be expected. Okay. So sorry about that feedback. Okay, |
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| 13:04 | look at it. It's just it's same thing I just mentioned about a |
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| 13:10 | ago. So you see uh virus specific to the certain bacterial marine forms |
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| 13:18 | plankton. Um It looks like you're the bacteria, et cetera. And |
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| 13:23 | on the right side of the net affecting things like algae uh and simple |
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| 13:29 | and then the viral shut really just to me as they get into the |
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| 13:34 | and we produced killing the host and that material um the composition the detritus |
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| 13:41 | call it. Uh huh. So apart then that again material available for |
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| 13:49 | . Um Now. Okay, so look at this question here. |
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| 13:55 | so this will preview a little bit viral life cycle. Okay. But |
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| 14:02 | any virus, right. Nothing begins this happens 1st. All right. |
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| 14:09 | not happen unless we get this going initially. Okay, true. For |
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| 14:15 | think that the virus uh this is . So um while you're thinking about |
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| 14:24 | . Any questions on the viral ecology anything? Yeah. Go ahead. |
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| 14:31 | determined. Mhm. Because I saw last line Ebola bizarre signs of the |
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| 14:46 | pit part in in the nature of infection. Is that kind of? |
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| 14:50 | necessarily nature, but by you know Oh, I don't know what the |
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| 14:58 | why Ebola is. So people, mortality rate of Ebola is like greater |
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| 15:07 | 50% upwards of 90. Thanks. reason for that is more not because |
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| 15:12 | the weird way it looks somewhat ahead the form. It's it really goes |
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| 15:16 | this question here. Okay, let that's let me ask you this |
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| 15:21 | I'll come right back here. I think I think it would make |
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| 15:25 | . Um All right. Everybody Answer 12 seconds. Yes. |
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| 15:47 | 5, frantically punching letters. Mm hmm. And here we |
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| 15:57 | Um. Yes. So that goes your suggestions. So, recognition and |
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| 16:05 | . The whole surface model. That's either begins or ends. So, |
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| 16:12 | to your question about Ebola. viruses we'll talk about shortly have this |
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| 16:19 | future about what's called tissue specificity. , you have post range where a |
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| 16:27 | , How many different hosts can virus ratings can affect different animals. |
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| 16:33 | But within a single host, it also have different tissue specificities. Like |
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| 16:40 | bars. Infects your upper respiratory Sounds right. Um, the flu |
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| 16:48 | similar. Uh, Ebola has a of different self are taking effect. |
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| 16:54 | is why it's so deadly. It affect um empathy themselves. Which like |
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| 17:01 | blood vessels and things. And so can start affecting those blood vessels speaking |
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| 17:05 | lead. And Ebola is a disease basically the person that dies from it |
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| 17:09 | fluids coming out of everywhere. You ? And so it's very invasive and |
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| 17:13 | because it affects so many different cell . That's why it's so deadly. |
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| 17:17 | so much why it's yeah, that be kind of weird. Big but |
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| 17:22 | really boils down to this aspect of able to affect different cell class. |
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| 17:26 | that any? Okay, so again all about recognition. Right. And |
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| 17:36 | the definition. Okay. So environment are not, they're not settled in |
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| 17:43 | sense that we know how we define . Okay. Um They certainly can |
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| 17:52 | like self dude, but they have requirement to have a hope to do |
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| 17:57 | functions. Right? So they're right? They're small. And that |
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| 18:03 | size means they can't you know, can have a small genome. |
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| 18:08 | We'll be able to code for as genes as probably most sellers can. |
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| 18:14 | um so it's gonna limit. And so they relied for a number |
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| 18:19 | functions rely on the host for a of their functions. Okay. Um |
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| 18:26 | so the term obligate intracellular parasite. . They're obligated. They must have |
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| 18:33 | . Right? Um Like the Obligate must have oxygen. Right? Obligate |
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| 18:38 | obligate intracellular parasite. It's parasitic living of the cell. Okay. Well |
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| 18:44 | least for its reproductive part of its . Okay. Um the cap |
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| 18:50 | So at the most basic uh every has a genome and protein surrounding that |
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| 19:02 | common feature of any viruses that of other things can be added to |
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| 19:08 | See, caption is that protein structure the genome which can be D. |
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| 19:14 | . A. Or RNA. Single DNA or or or double stranded DNA |
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| 19:20 | . The whole variations. Okay. and so here we're just gonna go |
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| 19:26 | the basic life cycle. Um And what you'll see is pretty much common |
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| 19:36 | any virus but there's going to be and we're gonna see these variations as |
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| 19:42 | looked at life cycles in the next . But um of course all viruses |
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| 19:51 | cycle begins or doesn't begin unless they a particular molecular interactions with the whole |
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| 19:58 | molecules. Things like different types of , Glycoprotein, Zlatko lipids, these |
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| 20:05 | of things that are on the periphery the seven hope so and so that's |
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| 20:11 | they interact with and that begins the . Okay. And so from the |
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| 20:18 | , what are the things they So that things were asterisks. It |
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| 20:23 | on the viral type. So maybe don't some type of with them. |
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| 20:28 | don't. So uh so DNA polymerase polymerase is one of those things. |
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| 20:34 | , depends on the RNA viral Um Certainly they're only driver zones. |
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| 20:41 | RNA. Something needs to do protein . Right? Um nucleotides of course |
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| 20:47 | to produce its genome. Um The other thing is the virus is pretty |
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| 20:56 | lack in the cabinet. You can't them glucose and help. They're |
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| 21:02 | yep break that down into CO. and water. Right. They don't |
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| 21:06 | that. They don't have electron transport . And the things we equipped with |
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| 21:10 | in usual cells. Okay. Again on the host. Okay and so |
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| 21:17 | energy they rely on from the host really that too popular genome and to |
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| 21:23 | sides proteins and assembly. Okay um okay so following recognition, attachment recognition |
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| 21:33 | attachment then the viral genome enters. there's variations here. The most number |
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| 21:41 | variations you see are going to be animal viruses. So we're looking at |
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| 21:46 | we'll look at bacterial viruses the more comparatively speaking. And the virus is |
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| 21:53 | little complicated. And just about the of your head, why do you |
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| 22:00 | an animal virus would be a more life cycle in the bacterial virus? |
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| 22:08 | . Yes exactly. Animal cells are more complicated, appropriate. So naturally |
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| 22:13 | sense. The viral time infecting that's to be more complex in terms of |
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| 22:19 | life cycle. Okay. Um Okay so and again the variations we see |
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| 22:26 | it's an animal virus system. The viral particle may enter. Okay um |
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| 22:33 | part of it uh bacterial viruses generally the genome matters. Everything else stays |
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| 22:38 | . Okay so um whatever the viral genome enters. Okay. And |
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| 22:45 | course it's about making copies of the uh you have to remember when you're |
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| 22:52 | at these life cycles. But the ultimately is for the virus is make |
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| 22:59 | the particles. In fact new Okay, so what's going on in |
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| 23:06 | that? Alright, basically what we're at now in the cell, what's |
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| 23:09 | on is to that end to that ? Uh That goal may be |
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| 23:17 | For some margin to come in, . Make lots of our particles get |
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| 23:23 | would likely kill yourself. That's That's happened for others. It |
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| 23:30 | Right? And so one of the can be to integrate with the host |
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| 23:35 | . Alright, so maybe able to copies and then I'm gonna make particles |
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| 23:39 | off we go. It's no I'm gonna hang out in the host chromosome |
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| 23:45 | do nothing. Okay, that's one . That's what HIV virus place and |
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| 23:55 | others. Um So the even if does do that at some point it's |
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| 24:03 | to kick in viral replication. So basically the virus takes over the |
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| 24:11 | and forming this with what's called a complex making the cella replication factory for |
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| 24:18 | . Okay. And so which is about transcribing and translating viral genes. |
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| 24:24 | . Into viral proteins, assembling all material. Okay. And then of |
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| 24:31 | putting within the assembly process, putting right genome in there. Right. |
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| 24:37 | it may be. R. A D N. A. What |
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| 24:40 | ? Okay, so as I mentioned the basics of what you see here |
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| 24:44 | and of course exit the cell. basics of what you see for common |
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| 24:49 | types. We're going to see variations different points, different steps here, |
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| 24:55 | right, Including exit some basically just to sell. They'll they'll be like |
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| 25:02 | or 500 bacteria viruses coming out at and just overwhelming and killing himself. |
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| 25:08 | , um some come out piecemeal, know, little bit at a |
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| 25:14 | Right. And so the other thing remember is, you know, um |
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| 25:19 | toll on the hosepipe. Right? hotel is certainly not having fun while |
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| 25:28 | that's energy being sacked from it. , so um you know how much |
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| 25:35 | a total taken on the host cell to? Can you still really |
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| 25:41 | Can still replicate? Okay, because see again variations where a virus may |
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| 25:48 | and just do to kind of let just make a few at a time |
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| 25:53 | exit. That's easier on the Right, host can survive that. |
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| 25:57 | can still replicate albeit more slowly. . But the wholesale does survive. |
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| 26:05 | , um um but you know, all depending on the bio type. |
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| 26:11 | , so we'll see different variations of and each it has kind of their |
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| 26:17 | strategy for for replication. Okay, any questions. Thank you. So |
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| 26:27 | , uh let's look at an Okay, so I kind of mentioned |
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| 26:30 | a second ago. The context of so um host range, so this |
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| 26:38 | be a little bit confusing. So host range and trope business. |
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| 26:44 | Post range is how many different physical can I expect rabies is obvious |
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| 26:53 | Rabies can say it squirrels, dogs, cats, humans, |
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| 26:58 | What happened? Okay. Different That's host range. Okay, so |
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| 27:04 | brought her there. Rabies is of course. Right, narrow HIV |
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| 27:10 | , mumps, cole are fairly narrow rangers. Okay. Um the then |
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| 27:20 | trope is um is within a single . So say a rabies virus |
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| 27:30 | Multiple mana types. Okay, but let's just look at this world. |
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| 27:38 | a host for rabies. Okay, the squirrel then, how many of |
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| 27:42 | tissue types can affect rabies? The effects and things of nerve cells. |
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| 27:49 | , um and then and then and it. They don't infect other parts |
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| 27:53 | . Okay, so that's gonna be narrow trumpet narrow tissue specificity. Think |
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| 28:00 | that way. Okay uh cold flu invest sells the respiratory tract. So |
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| 28:08 | broad as mentioned can be Ebola infects cell types in the in the |
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| 28:14 | Okay um so just to read it more time, repeat it. One |
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| 28:21 | host range. How many different there's host bodies? Okay. Exactly. |
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| 28:28 | . Trumpism within a particular host species different tissue types giving but okay, |
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| 28:37 | little bit different stuff. Okay um and again, just to re reader |
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| 28:46 | at this point. Right wholesale Right? While it's in that |
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| 28:50 | Okay. The virus is pretty much . Right? I don't even know |
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| 28:56 | was going on. Okay. But this happens potentially then the infection cycle |
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| 29:05 | start. Okay. Um Do you it? Well you may or may |
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| 29:10 | notice it, but you notice it symptoms of whatever disease maybe. Um |
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| 29:19 | virus structure alright, surrounding the viral that the caption is made of what |
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| 29:28 | called capsule mirrors the protein units. they can be and there's um typically |
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| 29:35 | may have these geometric shapes, symmetrical possess that. They can be the |
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| 29:42 | sided uh policy even I guess you it. Um But it's not made |
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| 29:50 | it's made of multiple captured units. um But but there'll be a handful |
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| 30:00 | different actually different caps and proteins. one shows you three different types. |
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| 30:06 | . BP 1, 2 and And they just combine those regular |
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| 30:10 | It doesn't mean that each um I've my having here. No dang |
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| 30:30 | Oh here we go. Okay, if we see I'm sorry, we |
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| 30:37 | different units here. Okay. There's there's one there's one they're not all |
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| 30:46 | different protein. Right, So it's three or four or five different ones |
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| 30:50 | combined together. Okay. Again it to do with you know, the |
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| 30:56 | of the violent, you know, can't it's not building up to code |
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| 30:59 | you know, each individual unit. it comes up with a handful of |
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| 31:04 | and puts them together. Okay so because I remember viruses from small gotta |
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| 31:10 | efficient in in that in that Um the envelope so you can so |
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| 31:19 | is back up here. So what see here is hepatitis a virus. |
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| 31:24 | captured surrounding genome. That's what they a naked. Okay so naked viruses |
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| 31:31 | an envelope. Is what you see . Okay so here in the interior |
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| 31:40 | the cab sit surrounding the genome. but then all of this around it |
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| 31:45 | an envelope. Okay, acquired from seventh? Okay so all about viruses |
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| 31:56 | it could be primarily if not exclusively the animal self variety. Yes. |
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| 32:06 | The example soldier commonly will pick up envelope as it exits the wholesale and |
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| 32:14 | the plans of memories wrapped around. . And that's what an envelope is |
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| 32:18 | derived from the host cell member the viruses. That doesn't happen because most |
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| 32:24 | had to sell long. It's not wrap the cell wall around um uh |
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| 32:32 | uh So enveloped viruses that will have you see here viral proteins to insert |
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| 32:38 | it. Okay, all these little things are viral proteins. The envelope |
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| 32:44 | is host cell derived. Right um is like that. Okay. There's |
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| 32:51 | envelope virus. Um Okay. And you often hear determine glycoprotein splash. |
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| 32:59 | certainly do with that's what the Uh . The vaccine was produced against this |
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| 33:07 | spike proteins in the in the periphery the virus in the envelope. Uh |
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| 33:13 | those are for attachment. Okay. and so by having a vaccine to |
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| 33:22 | spike protein, the antibodies produced as result will then bind and then that |
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| 33:28 | the virus from binding to yourself. idea that Okay. Um Now uh |
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| 33:37 | you see also. Right, so is a naked virus. Mhm. |
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| 33:45 | this too. It's a naked Right? So you can have spikes |
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| 33:51 | it and not have an envelope. you don't have those variations. Um |
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| 33:58 | filament is viruses. Okay, these more of course. Okay. Um |
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| 34:08 | can be enveloped. Okay. You one here this is Ebola wrapped, |
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| 34:16 | the helical Emelin shape and then it an envelope around it. Um The |
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| 34:23 | mosaic virus as well as the This virus um tailed viruses are also |
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| 34:32 | complex viruses because they have kind of features. So you see there captured |
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| 34:44 | viral structure that we have seen several already. Okay, so that contains |
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| 34:50 | the captain of the genome inside. . When you see all this other |
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| 34:53 | . Right. You see this tube . Okay this thing called the |
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| 34:59 | Right. And you see all these here all that is for the recognition |
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| 35:05 | binding to a hotel. And this form right here. This thing will |
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| 35:14 | compress like a spring. It will and then shoot the genome with |
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| 35:21 | So these types are bacteria viruses is common for bacterial virus is the only |
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| 35:27 | going into the cell is the Nothing else. Right. That |
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| 35:33 | that's not that's not generally the Then the virus is kind of a |
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| 35:37 | . Their team goes in but not with bacterial viruses. Okay, |
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| 35:43 | it has to do with the cell that surrounds the bacterial cell typically. |
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| 35:51 | okay. Asymmetrical. So you may at that and go, well that's |
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| 35:54 | asymmetrical. Okay, well it's actually of a more blondish form to |
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| 36:01 | Okay, when you look at electron graphs of like a flu virus code |
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| 36:06 | think in the same way it's it roundish. Okay, but not a |
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| 36:12 | circle. Right? So it can change something change for a little |
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| 36:16 | So it's like include the ground. can even be someone oblong and kind |
|
| 36:20 | blocky looking. So that's what we asymmetrical types. In fact. Um |
|
| 36:26 | too is an envelope virus uh is of a variation I guess of the |
|
| 36:37 | the of the capital structure. I've talking about where it looks like |
|
| 36:41 | Right? And then we have the inside. Okay, you can also |
|
| 36:50 | this structure over here. Okay, you see nuclear approach. Right? |
|
| 36:57 | that structure is not necessarily a formal captured around it but rather the genome |
|
| 37:05 | is covered with captured approach. what they called nuclear nuclear from nucleic |
|
| 37:11 | caps it. Nuclear protein sometimes called capsule protein. But the deal itself |
|
| 37:19 | the proteins like found all over Instead of being like, like like |
|
| 37:24 | encased in the caption. The GM was like studded with proteins. |
|
| 37:30 | so that's not uncommon. Flu virus like that. And so does that |
|
| 37:36 | . So you don't you don't see like the box captured boxing gym |
|
| 37:41 | You see the G on itself is with protein. Yeah, sure. |
|
| 37:49 | that make freedom? Does that make ? Yeah. Um the uh I |
|
| 37:55 | know when the book doesn't go into detail either, but it makes sense |
|
| 37:59 | to think that because you're looking at and go, well, where's the |
|
| 38:01 | that? Right. You don't really that captured in this cross section |
|
| 38:05 | like like one of these structures. , but you see this and it's |
|
| 38:09 | proteins coding directly coding genome. so let's think about this question |
|
| 38:17 | Alright, reference to RNA RNA Okay, and depending on the particular |
|
| 38:23 | virus type is GM could be used a template for what did archer viruses |
|
| 38:31 | for most people When we first the virus is studied viruses are the |
|
| 38:35 | tend to be the one that's You can't have to wrap your head |
|
| 38:38 | . Okay. Compared DNA viruses viruses understand you can understand better because they |
|
| 38:46 | a DNA genome. You're used to that. Okay. Uh, questions |
|
| 38:54 | far. What's an example of a the last week we talked about this |
|
| 39:03 | . Uh, influenza is also, , identify virus, the herpes type |
|
| 39:12 | . Um, uh, bacteria viruses those types. Yeah, many |
|
| 39:24 | Okay. So, so well we'll more into definitely get more into RNA |
|
| 39:31 | life cycles next time. But it's to kind of think about it now |
|
| 39:36 | terms of what these different types of . So just think of a |
|
| 39:43 | N. A template. What what you do with that? Okay. |
|
| 39:55 | , and the granite demanded have all information to answer the question but we'll |
|
| 40:04 | . Yeah. See I got my open to God. Shut up. |
|
| 40:20 | gonna get back and answer the Right. Yeah. Okay. |
|
| 40:29 | So I have 4, 3, . Okay. Alright. Um, |
|
| 40:39 | majority is correct. All of All of the services depending on how |
|
| 40:45 | bottles type. Right? You can uh, what's called plus plus the |
|
| 40:55 | . You can have a minus RNA . You can have coronavirus. That's |
|
| 41:03 | plus. But yeah, uh, reverse transcriptase. Okay. And um |
|
| 41:19 | out of space transcript case. So um, we'll get into |
|
| 41:28 | Well we're gonna talk a little about the end, but then more of |
|
| 41:31 | next time. Um, so the of the plus and minus thing. |
|
| 41:39 | , that's, that's not good. not using that part of my |
|
| 41:44 | Plus minus thing is applicable to any you're talking about the gasses. Okay |
|
| 41:49 | an opaque assets thing. It's not virus thing. Right? It's like |
|
| 41:54 | remember the nature of graphic acids right in the D. N. |
|
| 41:59 | But you can have complementary strands. ? So two strands of E. |
|
| 42:05 | . Are not identified. One is or the other? It's a complimentary |
|
| 42:13 | . And so we refer to those strands. Other names are sense |
|
| 42:20 | Right? Um We called for the minus strains. Okay. No I'm |
|
| 42:26 | this out now because you're gonna hear lot of it, you know coming |
|
| 42:31 | at the end of that certainly next . So we'll go through if you |
|
| 42:36 | know already. We'll go through what distinguishes at. Okay. But because |
|
| 42:42 | the plus and minus strands connected acting . It can be templates for slightly |
|
| 42:47 | things. Okay so in fact uh plus RNA strand is a template for |
|
| 42:57 | . Okay and minus RNA strand as template for our M. RNA |
|
| 43:03 | Okay and this guy and which has reverse transcriptase that's attempting to make |
|
| 43:11 | RNA DNA a little bit different. um Anyway so just throwing it out |
|
| 43:19 | see if it sticks doesn't stick will it stick it in the in the |
|
| 43:23 | lecture. Um Because we're gonna we're go over this in more detail. |
|
| 43:29 | so here's coronavirus. Just threw it just for grins. Uh if you |
|
| 43:34 | to throw rocks at it, feel . Okay. Um so has the |
|
| 43:39 | record here again. Example of that that has the nuclear capsules right? |
|
| 43:46 | has these the nuclear proteins directly on of the genome which you don't see |
|
| 43:54 | box captured on geometric captured form. see it captured proteins are directly stuck |
|
| 44:00 | the genome. Okay it does have envelope. Okay and the spike |
|
| 44:06 | Okay so plus RNA virus. So it can be a template directly for |
|
| 44:12 | make proteins. Okay and so that's something I'm gonna test john but just |
|
| 44:17 | know I don't really know this. covid is of course has an ancestry |
|
| 44:22 | it Back in uh 02 in Hong was the outbreak of sarge stands for |
|
| 44:34 | acute respiratory syndrome. But never that spread beyond that area but it's stayed |
|
| 44:43 | never spread um Members is for Middle respiratory syndrome. It's it's spread out |
|
| 44:52 | the Middle East. Um but really the sarge and then of course our |
|
| 44:59 | is the most recent version but they that lineage. Okay. All plus |
|
| 45:05 | RNA RNA viruses uh similar in many they all have the bat the bath |
|
| 45:13 | the source. Where were these Right. Um so uh the and |
|
| 45:25 | in terms of what covid um latches host recognition. Okay. Are these |
|
| 45:35 | called ace receptors uh in LBO So I think it's I haven't updated |
|
| 45:42 | uh with the omicron version, I'm this is probably the delta version. |
|
| 45:49 | version was divorced in terms of symptoms death. And one of the main |
|
| 45:56 | was its ability to buy into these called the older cells. Of course |
|
| 45:59 | in your lungs. So severe forms Covid can cause severe pneumonia, |
|
| 46:07 | inflammation. Uh information of albi older is the problem. It's serious because |
|
| 46:14 | you're impairing breathing. That's what the of is. One of the symptoms |
|
| 46:18 | Covid uh relates to how the self effects. And of course this |
|
| 46:25 | You get information information needs to um and fluid in the lungs and that |
|
| 46:32 | course leads the bad effects the pneumonia . Okay. Um but the omicron |
|
| 46:40 | isn't as um deadly uh nor as in terms of symptoms as the delta |
|
| 46:48 | is. Uh But but the oh conversion is more what than the delta |
|
| 46:57 | ? What was it working? Yeah more transmissible. More can marking tape |
|
| 47:02 | more transmissible but not it's not as . Um Not as severe symptoms with |
|
| 47:08 | . Um So I guess very public it now so that's what I |
|
| 47:16 | I got like two before before school . And uh three days I think |
|
| 47:22 | but the worst was I mean the was I had they did have a |
|
| 47:26 | like 100 and a low grade And as it's called 101.4 or something |
|
| 47:31 | that. Or 100.4. I forget , that was the worst. But |
|
| 47:35 | was about 80% the next day or . But anyway I think we all |
|
| 47:41 | about code for the time being. . Somebody wants to chime in with |
|
| 47:45 | covid story. No, we're good . So it's like should not making |
|
| 47:50 | of it. Okay. Um Any up there? Yes. Mm |
|
| 47:57 | So bacteria have about 500,000 spirits. . But what about a virus? |
|
| 48:03 | know that it's gonna be a lot than uh Yeah, probably about actually |
|
| 48:12 | slides coming up that have numbers So let me not miss speed. |
|
| 48:15 | I say upper range. Um Hold . Because I have the number for |
|
| 48:26 | fact these giant viruses I mentioned that can be upwards of more than |
|
| 48:30 | micron science. Those can have I close to the low end of what |
|
| 48:35 | have like 500,000 base range. That's be the max. I think I |
|
| 48:39 | say it's more like Um I'll speak the devil here we are. uh |
|
| 48:45 | bases for its probably probably about the size. I'd say this is your |
|
| 48:50 | viruses. It has this amount zika we see here. So you know |
|
| 48:56 | course you can look at the size right. The rabies virus On the |
|
| 49:02 | end like 20 nm in size. it's probably gonna have much less than |
|
| 49:06 | . Maybe 5000 or so bases. like Ebola part is a little more |
|
| 49:10 | it can accommodate more gino size So this is probably average I'd say |
|
| 49:17 | this range. Um And so I this and only to you know make |
|
| 49:23 | point that size. You know the sizes depending on how big the |
|
| 49:29 | Um And so the other point is they are dependent on the host to |
|
| 49:36 | . But they do of course carry that for for virus specific proteins. |
|
| 49:41 | there are certainly virus specific proteins that part of the process. Right? |
|
| 49:46 | catholic protein for example. Alright. certain of these proteins you see in |
|
| 49:52 | envelope or captions spike proteins and these of things. Right. So there's |
|
| 49:56 | virus encoded um Uh huh. Protein the part of the process of the |
|
| 50:03 | cycle. Um Also uh you know do some do carry their own DNA |
|
| 50:10 | for example certain DNA viruses. And that that that will certainly be a |
|
| 50:15 | gene that codes for. So it but the point is that there are |
|
| 50:19 | virus in coded gene. Um So flu virus. And so in terms |
|
| 50:24 | genome so we looked at um so Gm can be RNA D. |
|
| 50:29 | A single or double stranded. Um either a singular form. Okay, |
|
| 50:38 | the double strand or it can be this. So the flu virus is |
|
| 50:44 | we call a segmented said method in chopped up into four pieces. Okay |
|
| 50:51 | actually eight segments I think in the virus. Okay now what that can |
|
| 50:57 | for it is enable you know a combining segments of these. So the |
|
| 51:06 | is when the virus is in fact settled um You can have current fraction |
|
| 51:15 | cells. You can have two flu affecting the same cell. Okay and |
|
| 51:20 | you can have accommodation for example of segments. Okay that's two viruses. |
|
| 51:27 | R. R.. Next year. huh. D. N. |
|
| 51:34 | Is from their previous hosts. So acquire uh birds wild water birds |
|
| 51:41 | ducks. Alright and then devolved into to um domestic fowl, chickens |
|
| 51:50 | Okay um domestic ducks and and then then into swipe like pigs. |
|
| 52:00 | And so you know the the human one of ours. You can see |
|
| 52:05 | remnants of those of that duck. name of that chicken of that swine |
|
| 52:13 | in the flu virus. And uh course it's constantly evolving changing. Which |
|
| 52:20 | why there was a different flu shot season because the flu virus changes. |
|
| 52:28 | um thankfully doesn't have high mortality rate . Right it's endemic of course. |
|
| 52:39 | That's that's where covid is headed is the pandemic state like the flu. |
|
| 52:45 | But the segmented segmented you know is kind of a different thing. We |
|
| 52:50 | see that a lot in in fact can't think of another example size flu |
|
| 52:54 | that has this. Um But uh something else I can't remember now. |
|
| 53:03 | is any questions? So next next things are are not we don't they're |
|
| 53:14 | considered viruses. Okay. They're Right? So vai roids and |
|
| 53:21 | Okay. Are not viruses. Um but they are virus like I |
|
| 53:31 | . Um So viral and prime are prime uh thyroid RNA and infectious |
|
| 53:40 | A molecule. That's it no No it's a coordinate monitor. |
|
| 53:49 | Priam's approaching that's it. Nothing else with it. Just a protein. |
|
| 53:55 | caps. It's no to pick Just a protein. Okay. Um |
|
| 54:01 | that just is the key. They replicate themselves. The boats get into |
|
| 54:04 | host and replicate. Okay. And they do it in kind of a |
|
| 54:08 | way more so the prime uh than the violates our plant plant um infectious |
|
| 54:19 | of plants, uh fruits and different types very common to get infected |
|
| 54:26 | thyroids. Uh I think the most is the is the potato tuber spindle |
|
| 54:33 | I think it's called. But it affect other other fruits and vegetables. |
|
| 54:38 | to date I have not seen where fact it's kind of a human. |
|
| 54:42 | . Um but RNA molecules although not stranded, they can fold up. |
|
| 54:49 | have secondary structure, complementary base pairing that. And actually that structure is |
|
| 54:54 | important to its viability, right folds such a way you see here to |
|
| 55:02 | keep it viable. Okay, so can infect, it typically affects plants |
|
| 55:09 | whether whether they may be damaged. , because it's not easy to affect |
|
| 55:13 | plant really cell wall. So a of uh plant viruses, right, |
|
| 55:20 | typically carried through insect vectors when they plants causing disease and plants. But |
|
| 55:29 | anyway, so virus are certainly a among certain fruits and vegetables. They |
|
| 55:35 | small. They rely on the host their preliminary to make copies of |
|
| 55:40 | Okay, uh uh you may not different types of RNA molecules can have |
|
| 55:47 | their own catalytic activity. Right? remember the Our ribosomes, ribosomes, |
|
| 55:54 | 16 s part of the small subunit actually has catalytic activity is what creates |
|
| 56:02 | peptide bonds between amino acids. Uh and so this I believe they |
|
| 56:08 | has catalytic activity as well. And their effect is too, I've seen |
|
| 56:15 | they where they interact with proteins affecting but also affecting expression of certain |
|
| 56:25 | Um beyond that, I was on whole lot known about these. Um |
|
| 56:35 | you know, it certainly is from economic standpoint, apparently it can devastate |
|
| 56:42 | types of crops. Um so that's all I have to say about |
|
| 56:47 | And so the main takeaway with thyroids infectious RNA molecules, nothing more than |
|
| 56:53 | in terms of structure. Okay, brian's are infectious proteins. Okay, |
|
| 57:01 | so mad cow disease, I'm guessing may have heard about Um back in |
|
| 57:08 | 80s, that was a was a . Um not so much, not |
|
| 57:13 | here in the States, but in Britain, there was this concern raised |
|
| 57:18 | would see on the nightly news. showed cattle and every now and then |
|
| 57:22 | somebody's farm that were affected with this you know, obviously causing severe neurological |
|
| 57:29 | , motor skills and things like house falling down and whatnot. Pretty |
|
| 57:33 | looking. But and that's you know we would get. It's frightening disease |
|
| 57:42 | be forgiving the needs of affected, ? Um the the term medical |
|
| 57:51 | I guess for the disease. Spongiform . Okay, so the pathology of |
|
| 57:57 | brain tissue spongy form, It's appropriate because the progress of disease. So |
|
| 58:05 | disease progresses very slowly. Okay, humans, um but it's um it |
|
| 58:14 | up creating destroying nerve cells and in place creating gaps in the tissue or |
|
| 58:22 | cells used to be. And nerve have disappeared. Okay, so the |
|
| 58:27 | that actually holds great tissue given the brand tissue a very spongy consistency. |
|
| 58:35 | that term. Spongiform. Right? you started this, I think this |
|
| 58:39 | studied this in uh and sheep I is when they first studied this and |
|
| 58:44 | saw of course the pathology of the tissue in this forum. Um the |
|
| 58:52 | human, so scrapie is like the and sheep and humans, they call |
|
| 58:57 | Horsfield objective disease. I guess you also get it from eating the practice |
|
| 59:04 | eating infected brains of humans. So tribes I think I've seen have been |
|
| 59:13 | to have have this as well that's kuru kuru. Are you um in |
|
| 59:20 | case, what is This thing all ? Well, number one we have |
|
| 59:26 | normal formulas in our primarily the brain . It actually exists in very many |
|
| 59:34 | of cells, but it's prevalent in cells. And still to this |
|
| 59:41 | I have not seen a exact function a pinpoint. Okay, I've seen |
|
| 59:47 | often. That may be important to something to do with property capitalism. |
|
| 59:52 | weird. That's what I've seen. the normal form is needed. And |
|
| 60:00 | what happens is it becomes intact normal me, it's all about changing the |
|
| 60:05 | structure the approach and really is what's . And the prion form, the |
|
| 60:13 | is what we call the misfolded. a misfolded abnormal film. You can |
|
| 60:19 | the contrast and the tertiary structure between two types. And so the the |
|
| 60:23 | form um when it binds to a type, it changes the shape into |
|
| 60:33 | abnormal shape as you see here. ? So this guy through the binding |
|
| 60:40 | we has assumed that private shape. , then we're gonna change the act |
|
| 60:47 | . Slowly, gradual progression. Not over time you get aggregates of these |
|
| 60:56 | and think they can even like buying ? I had to come from like |
|
| 61:03 | . Okay and the gradual accumulation of space of the death of nervous. |
|
| 61:11 | . Um They surprised they are very to various treatments. Physical physical chemical |
|
| 61:18 | really have to really if you know really need that aspect of the crime |
|
| 61:23 | don't worry about it. All The number of cases people died of |
|
| 61:27 | to the U. S. Is intimate test. Okay so um that's |
|
| 61:33 | something to worry about but just for . If you had a state that |
|
| 61:37 | . Alright cook the hell of Yes. Very very well done. |
|
| 61:43 | . Apparently it's very resistant attempt as maybe because the way it folds |
|
| 61:49 | I'm sure this has to do with . Um There is and so you |
|
| 61:55 | in a cross section of diseased tissue these are the holes basically the where |
|
| 62:02 | used to be plaques. I think also call these things plaques as |
|
| 62:06 | So um of course accumulating those. is a very spongy kind of |
|
| 62:11 | And you don't want a spongy Okay. Unless you're absorbing knowledge |
|
| 62:15 | No I think that's the brain that's absorb much knowledge holding it. Um |
|
| 62:23 | and this just shows a little cartoon diagram of how the red the green |
|
| 62:28 | the normal prion proteins and the red . Bad ones that are forming and |
|
| 62:33 | are obviously accumulating in this neuron Um And then they can they can |
|
| 62:41 | to other cells and start to cycle those cells. Um Any questions? |
|
| 62:51 | so prions are proteins that are infectious roids. RNA molecules are infectious. |
|
| 62:58 | do we consider them to be They're just kind of these unique virus |
|
| 63:04 | things. Okay so here's a So we're gonna kind of wrap up |
|
| 63:13 | classifying viruses. Okay. And having gone through the structure of viruses priority |
|
| 63:22 | . Okay well they're gonna differentiate viruses different things. We've just we've already |
|
| 63:27 | now you can maybe theoretically pacify them . Okay. I'm sure you can |
|
| 63:33 | up with a number of these things not everything. Well sit down. |
|
| 64:04 | . Yes. Okay. One mm hmm. Mhm. Here we |
|
| 64:50 | . We need to one and you be able to do a carbohydrate fermentation |
|
| 65:01 | I. D. Purposes. Okay viruses don't do that. Okay. |
|
| 65:08 | so I think you know hypothetically you use all of these except for B |
|
| 65:15 | identify and you know they are used uh kind of standard is the Baltimore |
|
| 65:25 | he's the discoverer of of co discovery the HIV virus retrovirus. Um So |
|
| 65:35 | this is classification is based on is genome tight and the route to get |
|
| 65:47 | expression of the genes of RNA. protein. Okay. How does it |
|
| 65:52 | to that point. So the group into our DNA viruses double stranded single |
|
| 65:58 | respectively. That I think is kind easy. Right? It's easy enough |
|
| 66:04 | wrap. Your head around because that's you're used to seeing. Right. |
|
| 66:07 | . N. A. Transcribed. right. M. R. And |
|
| 66:11 | translate the programs. I think that's easy to grasp. Right. So |
|
| 66:15 | aren't a viruses and there are different . And so here's the key is |
|
| 66:22 | box. Okay, so plus RNA because sense RNA. It contains the |
|
| 66:35 | information to be translated into approaching. . Um And so and we're looking |
|
| 66:44 | RNA viruses generally not all but most this enzyme RNA dependent RNA polymerase. |
|
| 66:57 | a viral enzyme. Okay. We have that as do other life forms |
|
| 67:06 | um what kind of ornate commemorates do have? No, Well, we |
|
| 67:14 | barney is we just have It's called , it's called R. N. |
|
| 67:22 | . No, it's called do they That's what we've got D. |
|
| 67:30 | A. Dependent our exploration because our implementations copy our D. N. |
|
| 67:37 | . A. Protein. Right? we have DNA dependent not our |
|
| 67:42 | We all copy RNA is into. right. More um But these three |
|
| 67:50 | of RNA viruses view hence many. not gonna get it from their |
|
| 67:59 | Yeah. Um Okay. So group 4 and five. So with the |
|
| 68:11 | threes which have double stranded RNA they're have a plus and minus strand. |
|
| 68:17 | remember. So you can see that minus relationship is here as well. |
|
| 68:23 | . D. N. A. . It's about time you take |
|
| 68:28 | Right? It's not about the viruses acid. That's why we make the |
|
| 68:31 | minus designations. Ok. Um So the double stranded RNA bars it's got |
|
| 68:39 | . The guy has one of Right? So um we can copy |
|
| 68:45 | M. R. A. We copy to transcribe the miners stranded for |
|
| 68:50 | strand. And uh we're done. then we can use that to translating |
|
| 68:56 | . Um now the other two groups night Have um one has the plus |
|
| 69:02 | in a group four group five to RNA genome. Okay, so whenever |
|
| 69:10 | copy a strand, it's going to the complimentary copy. We know |
|
| 69:17 | So plus copies into a minus and into a plus. Okay, so |
|
| 69:22 | the plus strand you may be okay, here's a plus barney a |
|
| 69:29 | with this genome. Okay, I that that I know from this box |
|
| 69:37 | that can act as an M. . Name. I can make proteins |
|
| 69:41 | there. Yeah. So why do need to copy that at all? |
|
| 69:48 | got a genome that can be made to proteins. I go to the |
|
| 69:52 | boom. Why do I need to a bunch of copies of that? |
|
| 69:58 | . Mhm. Why? Thank you went back in the first line. |
|
| 70:04 | know we talked about bio replication. of the endgame the end game for |
|
| 70:11 | . What? Making lots of little . Right. And what's gonna be |
|
| 70:18 | each one of those little viruses? . So it's about making stuff so |
|
| 70:24 | that plus RNA virus. Right. gonna make lots of copies of minus |
|
| 70:30 | . N. A. And it to happen that way. Believe me |
|
| 70:34 | it could go if you could make bunch of the copies of that into |
|
| 70:41 | . Of course it would. But can't it just doesn't happen. |
|
| 70:46 | It has to go through. It's the rules of nucleic acid base |
|
| 70:52 | Alright. You can't it doesn't work way. So they have to go |
|
| 70:56 | way minus then copy that into a . So that's the thing you have |
|
| 71:01 | wrap your head around. Right. ? Okay. So but it's just |
|
| 71:08 | the rules of basement. That's all is. You can work it out |
|
| 71:13 | yourself on a sheet of paper. ? You're not gonna go okay A |
|
| 71:19 | . G. C. Are we copy that into A U. |
|
| 71:25 | C. No, the copy is A C. G. Okay. |
|
| 71:34 | that's all that's going on. Nothing . Okay. But for the virus |
|
| 71:39 | is a single stranded RNA virus, the group that has to go |
|
| 71:45 | Okay, so um that's why you this kind of seems to be back |
|
| 71:51 | forth. What's this all about? that's why. Okay so for the |
|
| 71:55 | RNA virus it can make copies of . And boom it's got M RNA |
|
| 72:01 | now been translated protein but it's not it's not done because why in the |
|
| 72:10 | game to package into all the eventual it's going to make so you have |
|
| 72:18 | make copies of that. So hence go oh I can't draw. So |
|
| 72:23 | gonna because I'm ending where the RNA ends. That's why my extending |
|
| 72:27 | . But what will happen is this then go into minus RNA with another |
|
| 72:33 | of R. D. R. . For short. Okay. Only |
|
| 72:39 | it needs those guys to stuff into the eventual viruses is gonna make. |
|
| 72:47 | ? So I don't remember the Right? But in fact the NBA |
|
| 72:52 | invest is gonna be making lots of particles. Each one of those |
|
| 72:55 | He's a genome and plus a bunch other stuff. So that's why it |
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| 73:01 | does this this way. Okay um so the last one here is |
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| 73:08 | That's the oddball. Right So they their RNA as a template community. |
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| 73:13 | . N. A. Okay reverse . And that then uh then use |
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| 73:21 | um host DNA polymerase to make the strains the clustering. So it's here |
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| 73:32 | right based pairing rules right here is plus R. N. A. |
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| 73:37 | into a minus D. N. . Right? The the same same |
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| 73:44 | why it happens that way whether it's RNA DNA DNA or RNA anything. |
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| 73:48 | right. And then um then finally would transcribe the DNA form to make |
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| 73:58 | . R. So again it's all in this classification scheme. It's all |
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| 74:03 | how do we get two here? . Because of course that's important. |
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| 74:12 | ? You gotta get a synthesized by protein, right? Because remember there's |
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| 74:15 | things going on. Right. And keeping it keeping the basic structure. |
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| 74:21 | . We got to make that. , captured. You need proteins to |
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| 74:28 | that. And whatever else is little things. Right. Maybe in here |
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| 74:34 | this. Okay. And then we're stick a genome in it. |
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| 74:39 | So all that it happens in the of a viral infection. We're gonna |
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| 74:45 | all that stuff together. That's why got this. If you go through |
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| 74:52 | different step something. Okay. Um , uh real quick. Okay. |
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| 75:05 | memorize this table # one. Just throw it in just to show |
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| 75:11 | , really. We've been talking about viruses at the end of your |
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| 75:14 | So many viruses you're familiar with are those two groups, right? You're |
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| 75:21 | your West Nile which is endemic in area. Uh, poliovirus, measles |
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| 75:28 | mumps and rabies, flu. All favorites. Right. Already. Among |
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| 75:35 | many RNA viruses. All right. guys have a lab something. You |
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| 75:41 | Others continue studying others. I See you. Okay, next |
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