| 02:24 | OK. Can everybody out there hear and see my screen? Ok. |
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| 02:32 | has been a wonderful start for me this class. I had, |
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| 02:37 | I want you to know I had set up so we could put a |
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| 02:41 | on the blackboard today and tomorrow. uh we had some issues with the |
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| 02:47 | A that's sick or somebody in her is sick and she had to |
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| 02:50 | uh, return to her country for two weeks. And, |
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| 02:57 | so Utah as efficient as it usually , went ahead and sent out |
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| 03:01 | um, invite everybody, but it work well because he did that when |
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| 03:07 | recorded them. But with the camera I have here, I need to |
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| 03:11 | recording it. And so, uh not gonna be able to show if |
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| 03:15 | walk up to the blackboard, I be able to show that to the |
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| 03:19 | people. Unfortunately, uh I could my cam, my uh computer towards |
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| 03:25 | , but, uh, uh, just became too much to do, |
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| 03:30 | , hopefully we'll have it working Ok. Ok. So, |
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| 03:39 | this is kind of the course outline , uh, it's for the part |
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| 03:44 | I will be teaching. So, now we're just seeing like, |
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| 03:49 | we're not seeing it blown up. seeing, like in the beginning |
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| 03:54 | we'll start about, uh, the of bias photography. Um, and |
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| 03:58 | won't read this all out to but we'll, we'll look at these |
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| 04:01 | elements. And, uh, one the things I will like to point |
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| 04:05 | is that having worked with the, this field for uh many, many |
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| 04:13 | and I worked in oil industry with and still work with people that uh |
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| 04:17 | do buy us photography in the oil . I have to tell you uh |
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| 04:22 | front that it's a very, very tool. But apparently, uh most |
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| 04:29 | the large oil companies used to uh use it. But uh when it |
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| 04:36 | to uh looking at strata, layered , sedimentary rocks and also uh trying |
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| 04:45 | imagine uh at one what point in , uh certain deposits that become |
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| 04:53 | geological reservoirs or petroleum and oil and reservoirs or even aquifers uh to sort |
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| 05:00 | their boundaries. It's important to understand time relationships between those reservoir units and |
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| 05:06 | the rocks that surround them. And most of the time when I go |
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| 05:12 | a phd dissertation uh presentation, people the words around like Jurassic mesozoic, |
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| 05:21 | . Uh they're not even getting to stage level and many of you may |
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| 05:25 | even uh be familiar with the stage but even at the stage level, |
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| 05:31 | we'll get into this, but even the stage level, your level of |
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| 05:36 | is so far off. It would like if you did field mapping and |
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| 05:41 | had an error bar of 300 miles you map something, uh it's that |
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| 05:46 | off in time and uh reservoirs can uh defined very precisely with bio |
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| 05:54 | And uh and I've done it a in my career. Last time I |
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| 05:58 | a pre uh presentation, uh I some people say we didn't know anybody |
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| 06:06 | even do this. And uh large companies that have good databases and know |
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| 06:12 | technology can use a lot of different to help refine the Strat democratic uh |
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| 06:18 | layering and also how certain reservoirs are in time. And not only the |
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| 06:25 | but also the depositional system and the that surround it. In other |
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| 06:30 | the seals, it could be to left, the right uh below |
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| 06:34 | above it. And a lot of also forget um that um or anything |
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| 06:43 | a compartment in the ground, you to worry about the bottom seal sometimes |
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| 06:47 | as much as the top seal, if you're doing unconventional and you're pumping |
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| 06:52 | into uh that unit, you need know where you could have break out |
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| 06:56 | water and uh really mess up your reservoir uh because a lot of people |
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| 07:02 | no idea. So, so in a nutshell. I think most |
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| 07:06 | the drilling that's done now is, , sort of like somebody, |
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| 07:11 | drilling with, with very dim fog . Uh, there's something that could |
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| 07:17 | them into headlights but for some people don't understand the value of that |
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| 07:23 | , uh, they just hope that hit something and if they keep drilling |
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| 07:26 | the same space and, uh, depth wise and whatever, they'll, |
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| 07:31 | keep hitting it. But through my , I've come across dozens of uh |
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| 07:39 | where people have drilled seven wells and it. Uh Just for one |
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| 07:45 | Uh another example where Exxonmobil had a South Timber uh concession, they drilled |
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| 07:55 | wells, nothing. Uh I ordered wells to be drilled and uh the |
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| 08:02 | water contact was within 5 ft of we predicted it. So bio strate |
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| 08:07 | can be an extremely useful tool. of the advantages I have also in |
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| 08:11 | career was that I thought before I using any tools to find oil and |
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| 08:18 | , I ought to figure out how find oil and gas. And I |
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| 08:21 | a developmental geologist for a number of . And even uh got the opportunity |
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| 08:28 | uh to direct a couple of relief or kill wells as we would call |
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| 08:32 | . And uh so I saw a of action uh in the drilling |
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| 08:37 | And uh when I was at I proposed somewhere on the order more |
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| 08:41 | 15 wells. And every one of came in, including in places where |
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| 08:46 | thought the uh the wells were, below the oil water contact. They |
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| 08:51 | , but there was a Strat trap dip from it. They missed the |
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| 08:55 | traps. I did this back in late seventies and in the year 2001 |
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| 09:01 | two A APG uh uh uh announced geophysicists were able to find Strat traps |
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| 09:10 | uh with seismic data, something that did back in the late seventies. |
|
| 09:17 | uh the thing is is that there's lot of technology out there. Sometimes |
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| 09:21 | easy to just uh follow the workflow everybody else follows. Basically, you're |
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| 09:27 | a box and if you're in a , you're not ready for any |
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| 09:32 | You're not ready for uh new things happen in your field. And the |
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| 09:39 | thing is your field may be defined data that's like sort of a half |
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| 09:44 | out fog lamp instead of headlights. uh and it's hard to believe |
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| 09:49 | but that's, that's probably the easiest to explain. So this is a |
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| 09:54 | thing to learn. And also this course is divided into two, the |
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| 10:00 | half, you get into chrono But as we go through the bio |
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| 10:05 | part, I will show you how have tied chrono stratigraphy to bio |
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| 10:11 | And it's now called bio geo chrono . And uh you won't find that |
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| 10:16 | any of your spell checkers? It's new word. Ok. Uh, |
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| 10:23 | by day. Uh, we're gonna these introductions and overviews. Uh, |
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| 10:29 | gonna be looking at different types I always wanna get up but I |
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| 10:33 | really bad knees. Um, we'll looking at uh, different forms of |
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| 10:39 | Strat democratic data. If you're in small company that has some data, |
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| 10:44 | gonna be on the low end of and precision. If you're with a |
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| 10:48 | company, you'll have something that might on the higher end of quality and |
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| 10:53 | . And uh I am trying to something started with artificial intelligence but the |
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| 11:01 | in machine learning, but you you need to have a skilled person |
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| 11:05 | make sure that the data that's input quality controlled before it gets input because |
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| 11:12 | that's averaged, that's wrong is still come up with a bad answer. |
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| 11:19 | still gonna be like a half burnt fog lamp versus headlights. OK. |
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| 11:25 | , uh and then tomorrow we'll get a thing we call bio events. |
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| 11:30 | be looking at the fossil record itself how something that looks like linear regressions |
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| 11:37 | isn't, it's high, it's a interpretive uh process. Uh It's called |
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| 11:43 | correlation. We'll get into an exercise that. Then we have uh a |
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| 11:49 | bunch of uh lectures on different fossil , micro fossils that we actually use |
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| 11:55 | the industry. And uh and then we'll only look at maybe one or |
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| 12:01 | tomorrow. I, I have five them in there. We may not |
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| 12:05 | through them in complete detail, but there for you to use so that |
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| 12:09 | can see what these things are when hear fossil names and that sort of |
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| 12:14 | . And uh I may do two and maybe two next week. And |
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| 12:20 | and then we'll talk about stratigraphy a bit and the significance of stratigraphy. |
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| 12:24 | Most of our oil production is in rocks. So strata and how they're |
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| 12:30 | down is extremely important. Uh They be anywhere from layer cake to very |
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| 12:36 | three dimensional structures. Like the things we see when we do sequence |
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| 12:41 | sequence photography is a really, really thing uh these days in terms of |
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| 12:47 | uh depositional settings where they're supposed to . It's a very good predictive |
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| 12:52 | If you use it, it's a predictive tool if you don't understand it |
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| 12:56 | know how to use it. And so um so tomorrow we'll be |
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| 13:10 | at um excuse me next week, be looking at time scales and the |
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| 13:16 | of time scales. The other thing I see in uh dissertation presentations and |
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| 13:23 | theses presentations is quite often the time are from like 1995 or 1989. |
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| 13:31 | time scales evolve every day. And reason they do is because more data |
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| 13:36 | accumulated by people that do this type work and uh and the time scales |
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| 13:42 | have significant overhauls done on them uh on a weekly basis by operating |
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| 13:51 | But also uh uh some folks will things every 2 to 4 years to |
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| 13:57 | to make sure everybody's kind of on same page. And uh and that |
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| 14:02 | levels of precision are understood based on date that's closer than 20 or 30 |
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| 14:07 | ago. OK. Um And we'll look in more detail about graphic |
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| 14:15 | in the composite standards that are built this process of graphic correlation and composite |
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| 14:22 | is almost exactly like machine learning, it's done manually. It's analog machine |
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| 14:29 | . In other words, you pull in and you learn from the data |
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| 14:33 | you've, that you've added every, that's added to one of these systems |
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| 14:38 | adds more precision and more accuracy. . And so then I go into |
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| 14:47 | because I've used it a lot and seen a few things that nobody else |
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| 14:52 | to be able to do for some . Uh We'll talk about applications. |
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| 14:57 | Here, we'll talk about how um integrated with other types of data like |
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| 15:04 | and geophysics. And uh then the thing that we do with uh with |
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| 15:10 | bio stratigraphy that's really important in, the industry is we do um uh |
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| 15:16 | we call paleo ayet determination. And can also get to the level of |
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| 15:24 | we um and figure out a whole of things about the environmental deposition. |
|
| 15:31 | , I don't know, I uh, lectures in this package when |
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| 15:34 | normally teach this class. It's a for 42 hours, not just, |
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| 15:40 | , 24. And so, uh, this is sort of a |
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| 15:45 | version of it. But, I can tell you some of the |
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| 15:49 | can tell us the hydro chemistry of ancient lake deposit that has oil and |
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| 15:56 | in itself can tell us whether that basin has a propensity to produce hydrocarbons |
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| 16:04 | the complete opposite. A hydro chemistry destroys the possibility of having hydrocarbon |
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| 16:11 | And uh, and I, I'm sure I have that in here, |
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| 16:15 | uh I'll try to squeeze it in some point in lecture 11 or before |
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| 16:20 | left. Ok. Uh then, next, the third weekend you'll have |
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| 16:30 | Copeland and I, I finally got to uh send me this and uh |
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| 16:36 | is sort of an outline of what gonna be teaching. And I know |
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| 16:41 | lot of students sometimes have an issue this uh brain shift from one topic |
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| 16:48 | another in the same course, but will complete all the stuff in my |
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| 16:53 | before you get to this. And thing is when uh Doctor Copeland uh |
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| 17:01 | his last Friday class, please, please make sure you attend it or |
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| 17:07 | to it or watch it because I'm 99% sure. The answer to his |
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| 17:14 | question or questions will probably be discussed that lecture. If you missed that |
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| 17:20 | , you, um, you're, probably gonna have a rough time on |
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| 17:24 | exam. Ok. And don't tell I gave you that tip. |
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| 17:32 | But, uh, but at the of the day, uh, watching |
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| 17:37 | these lectures in real time is a thing to do if you can |
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| 17:41 | And if you're sitting in the classroom you're taking the effort to be |
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| 17:47 | you, and if you pay I know we have long hours on |
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| 17:51 | . But if you pay attention, actually be learning and studying the topic |
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| 17:56 | you're in here, you will already invested that much time into learning this |
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| 18:02 | . Ok. And so, I don't know if I had it |
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| 18:10 | here, did the last time I at it. But, um, |
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| 18:20 | , there's the, uh, the for the bio strap module is gonna |
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| 18:26 | on is gonna be on a I don't know why, but for |
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| 18:30 | reason I can't do it on a and it's going to be on a |
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| 18:36 | . Um, if, if that's problem for anybody just let me |
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| 18:41 | And, uh, and that, , I would like to do it |
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| 18:47 | in, in the classroom with those can show up and, uh, |
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| 18:51 | then, uh, I'll do it I'll be projecting it online at the |
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| 18:54 | time. Ok. Uh, if you have an issue with the |
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| 19:02 | , let me know right away. wanna make sure no one's watching online |
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| 19:06 | isn't actually taking the test, but sitting there waiting to see the, |
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| 19:10 | questions. Um, another better way put that is if you can't make |
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| 19:16 | time, it would be best if could give me a time separately that |
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| 19:20 | could do it online with you before rest of the class. And |
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| 19:25 | if we do it that way you no advantage by telling other people what |
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| 19:28 | on the test button, it can hurt you because the grades are |
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| 19:38 | Ok. Um, and they, , final exam for geo chronology is |
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| 19:45 | 30th. I don't know if that's not right. Um, |
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| 19:51 | Um, I'll, I'll send, think it's, uh, what is |
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| 19:54 | ? The 13th? Somebody actually sent an email. It's gonna be, |
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| 19:59 | , March 13th. Yeah, five later. Yeah, it'll be March |
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| 20:09 | . Well, I made several copies this lecture and I guess I missed |
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| 20:12 | on this one. Uh, the grade though will be 60% of the |
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| 20:20 | will be in, in bio 60 40% will be in Chronos |
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| 20:25 | So that'll be the division on that so from my module, Peter will |
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| 20:32 | Copeland will tell you uh his, breakdown. But for my breakdown, |
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| 20:37 | gonna have three exercises and there'll uh, worth 50 points. And |
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| 20:45 | the exam will be worth 50 points 60% of your grade in that. |
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| 20:50 | then doctor Copeland will explain uh his too. OK. The um this |
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| 21:00 | the suggested textbook. I don't follow textbook precisely, but this textbook has |
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| 21:06 | lot of background information. Uh regarding lot of the things that we talk |
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| 21:11 | in this class. It's probably one the best ones out there relative to |
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| 21:16 | . It even talks about graphic He won't go into the kind of |
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| 21:21 | that I will, but he even about that. And these are some |
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| 21:26 | the supplementary books. Um A lot these um kind of overdo it on |
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| 21:35 | , on the uh geology part or do it completely on the geology |
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| 21:40 | But, but there are different references there that you can look at if |
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| 21:44 | , if you feel like you need and I'm pretty sure most of these |
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| 21:48 | uh would be available online. And uh just so, you |
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| 21:58 | this is, this is the book uh Peter Copeland uh wants to uh |
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| 22:05 | in his part of the place. again, he's only teaching part of |
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| 22:11 | geology course to you. But uh that, that last Friday is gonna |
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| 22:17 | an important day while he goes over and he's gonna give you probably give |
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| 22:22 | a test on applications. OK. has, has everybody been able to |
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| 22:32 | online and see, uh, the yet on canvas. So no one's |
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| 22:41 | any trouble doing. At least something . Ok. Did, uh, |
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| 22:46 | first able to see it just recently were you able to see it last |
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| 22:54 | ? Yeah, it was supposed to live last week. But for some |
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| 22:58 | it didn't get published. And so went ahead and did that this |
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| 23:02 | actually published it again. I uh, changed one of the slides |
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| 23:08 | had one that's called update. And that's because I thought it had been |
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| 23:14 | . I was told it was but it wasn't. OK. So |
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| 23:22 | an outline of what we're gonna do . I thought um this kind of |
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| 23:27 | would make uh the slide set more . But according to canvas, it's |
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| 23:32 | make it any more accessible. Go . See, it's really, that |
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| 23:51 | that means can anybody else see OK. Yeah, funny things are |
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| 24:05 | to this. It's, it's I don't know what they're doing. |
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| 24:14 | particular laptop is set up so that can open it up and I'm there |
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| 24:22 | it was trying to log me into Microsoft account, which I've never put |
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| 24:26 | this laptop and I've been, I've frozen out of that account. Um |
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| 24:43 | . OK. So, uh so today, uh we're gonna talk mostly |
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| 24:50 | um actually everything that's gonna be in class as the introduction. And uh |
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| 24:58 | then we also are gonna be looking data. OK? But this |
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| 25:03 | this first lecture here is just gonna this. OK. So um there's |
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| 25:12 | lot of definitions out in the world for everything. And um when you |
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| 25:19 | at the graduate level, even at undergraduate level, people worry about precise |
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| 25:24 | and stuff like that. Uh But of them and I kind of have |
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| 25:29 | read these to get through it. photography is the study of preserved remains |
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| 25:33 | trace traces of ancient organisms in the record. And it really links to |
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| 25:40 | . It just tells you we're gonna at fossils and, but the key |
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| 25:45 | uh what I just told you, fossil data can increase our precision and |
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| 25:51 | understanding of the reservoir rocks, which the objective of this. Now, |
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| 25:56 | if you're doing carbon sequestration, you have some idea of the aquifer that |
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| 26:03 | gonna be pumping carbon into. Um had a recent meeting with a lot |
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| 26:08 | petroleum engineers and they, they have attitude that um an aquifer that you |
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| 26:14 | things into goes on forever. It . And uh how many of you |
|
| 26:21 | of the days they, they set sinkhole in de of Texas. |
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| 26:29 | So there's a sinkhole up there. were pumping and pumping and pumping lots |
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| 26:34 | waste floater, which by the way what causes the earthquakes, not |
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| 26:39 | not the fracking. So they pumped wastewater in the aquifer had bounds. |
|
| 26:46 | , but they tend to consider any that's near the surface to be infinite |
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| 26:52 | its expanse because it's not very There may not be any faults. |
|
| 26:59 | at the end of the day, all of a sudden the thing lifted |
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| 27:06 | and it collapsed and uh a huge occurred right around the injection sites. |
|
| 27:15 | , uh, and nobody knew what . And I said, well, |
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| 27:19 | anybody is there on the ground, somebody go around and check the |
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| 27:22 | the uh orphaned well, heads around and see if water's coming up |
|
| 27:27 | And almost all of them had, burst, um, stuff had come |
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| 27:32 | along the annulus of the, of wells and fluid was coming out. |
|
| 27:37 | what they did was they had this system, remember, engineers think that |
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| 27:42 | are infinite. They had a closed and they made the assumption that it |
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| 27:47 | open. Once they reached a certain in this system, the pressure had |
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| 27:53 | be released. And of course, aquifers are not deep. So there's |
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| 27:57 | a whole lot of over overpressure or . And so they just all rupture |
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| 28:03 | they all kind of ruptured at one point almost exactly at the same |
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| 28:08 | And when it did that, the and pressure that was underneath the site |
|
| 28:13 | scientifically, I can't prove that to in any shape or form, but |
|
| 28:17 | what happened. OK. You uh like you fill up a balloon too |
|
| 28:23 | . It, it explodes. Imagine you have a balloon underground and things |
|
| 28:28 | sitting on top of it and all a sudden that balloon collapses, what's |
|
| 28:32 | happen above it? You're gonna have sinkhole. Ok. So, |
|
| 28:43 | um, being able to determine the of these reservoirs at a better scale |
|
| 28:50 | what we can do just with litho is really, really important to be |
|
| 28:55 | to do. And that's really the I was trying to get at. |
|
| 28:58 | that's just one practical aspect of Ok. But it also uh normally |
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| 29:04 | we do bio photography, we work primarily with micro fossils, but it |
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| 29:12 | bios stratigraphy also includes macro fossils and sometimes we have what we call |
|
| 29:18 | macro fossils, like juveniles of clams snails and things like that, that |
|
| 29:24 | can get in a well, anybody know why we don't use dinosaurs in |
|
| 29:29 | Mesozoic. There's a couple of really reasons. One is, most of |
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| 29:39 | are on land. Now, we're at something like the nic theos |
|
| 29:42 | We might see it in a, a, in a marine we bore |
|
| 29:47 | uh a lot of the environments where live were not where reservoirs were being |
|
| 29:54 | . Ok. But the other thing if you drill a well bore through |
|
| 30:00 | dinosaur or any large reptile back in that period of time, all you're |
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| 30:07 | get is a little piece of you're gonna see a prag, you're |
|
| 30:11 | gonna have enough to really get an . And normally when we do things |
|
| 30:15 | micro fossils, we get hundreds of in cutting samples, if not |
|
| 30:21 | And so we not only have a that we can identify, we have |
|
| 30:25 | species that we can identify and many them have lots of specimens. We |
|
| 30:30 | even look at the ratios of those to tell us what the environment deposition |
|
| 30:36 | . If you just have one you don't know if it actually was |
|
| 30:41 | land. You don't know if it been reworked. Uh you know, |
|
| 30:47 | Jurassic or Cretaceous got popped up, was eroded and it got deposited off |
|
| 30:52 | the Gulf of Mexico. It could been, could have been a rework |
|
| 30:55 | . You have no um additional information the fossil assembly to determine if it |
|
| 31:01 | in place in situ. We like call it, was it in place |
|
| 31:06 | the time of burial or has it reworked before this reservoir was buried? |
|
| 31:13 | a when, when the chrono to first uh get a hold of you |
|
| 31:18 | days, one of the big things they like to look at for things |
|
| 31:24 | appetites and, and uh some other things that, that they use to |
|
| 31:30 | date things and all of the grains material that are used in these uh |
|
| 31:37 | these new ways of age dating rocks have been reworked. All the sediments |
|
| 31:43 | a plastic system tend to have been in limestones. You can have things |
|
| 31:48 | were deposited in situ, buried and in situ. But most plastic sediments |
|
| 31:53 | been moved at least a little So anyway, to make a long |
|
| 32:03 | short, it's an indispensable part of and sequence photography. And it really |
|
| 32:08 | us uh uh develop a little bit a lot more precision than what we |
|
| 32:16 | with just face's analysis and that sort . And um when we talk about |
|
| 32:25 | crate your fee, we have to make some comments on the uh concepts |
|
| 32:32 | make it work. Uh A lot it is originally was based on relative |
|
| 32:39 | . Uh We're gonna look at the the primary fossil groups used in |
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| 32:44 | And then we're gonna start talking about and bio, bio geo chronology or |
|
| 32:50 | to a lot of geologists today think fossils can only do relative time. |
|
| 32:56 | again, I'm pointing at the board nobody will see it. But uh |
|
| 33:01 | a lot of a lot of geologists today think that fossil data is only |
|
| 33:06 | relative time tool. It is a good relative time tool. And uh |
|
| 33:12 | think that I will show you I might, I might not show |
|
| 33:17 | examples of bio steering in this but in bio steering, it is |
|
| 33:21 | a relative time at a very fine . It's a snapshot within a reservoir |
|
| 33:28 | you're trying to drill laterally. And can look at the zones, the |
|
| 33:34 | zones that we can develop across the relative time with them will tell |
|
| 33:39 | the layering in that ledge or bench you're trying to drill. And it |
|
| 33:45 | tell the driller whether he's going up down or staying on course. And |
|
| 33:52 | in the chalks of the North they don't drill horizontal wells anymore without |
|
| 33:57 | . And the North Sea happens to where all of the uh extended reach |
|
| 34:01 | initially were, were first drilled. where that technology was first got highly |
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| 34:08 | by necessity for environmental reasons. And by practice, uh because they were |
|
| 34:14 | to produce chalks which are very uh uh they're un they're not |
|
| 34:21 | not considered unconventional things. But when work working with chalks, you're working |
|
| 34:25 | very fine grain, low permeability And you need to have an increased |
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| 34:29 | board to get that surface area up produce more uh oil and gas. |
|
| 34:37 | we'll talk a little, we'll talk lot about environmental range of fossils. |
|
| 34:42 | other words, when they were they had an environmental range and you |
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| 34:46 | be in any environmental interpretations based on environmental ranges uh as we understand them |
|
| 34:54 | looking at modern depositional systems, and we have other tools to look at |
|
| 35:00 | environments with fossils in them to help pinpoint uh what these things can |
|
| 35:10 | OK. So here it is, was a ABP bio gray manual. |
|
| 35:16 | says the use of fossils to determine relative age of sediments. Uh I |
|
| 35:22 | my case. They, uh they realize they could do a little bit |
|
| 35:26 | than just relative age in relative Just means, you know, 11 |
|
| 35:33 | a little bit older than the other , one stacked. In other |
|
| 35:36 | we drill down and we see that one's in the, this particular Biota |
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| 35:43 | extinct here. Another one goes extinct . Another one goes extinct here. |
|
| 35:47 | when we drill a well bore, seeing the relative age to it. |
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| 35:52 | we have integrated a lot of data geo chronology which has helped us make |
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| 35:58 | geology. OK. Here is uh APD treatise of petroleum geology in 1999 |
|
| 36:08 | uh related to correlation and age One of the reasons a lot of |
|
| 36:17 | try to stay away from biased photography they don't understand it. And a |
|
| 36:22 | bias for you wanna know what the thing a good bio you gonna do |
|
| 36:26 | he starts working with you, it's tell you your correlations are all |
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| 36:32 | He's gonna tell you, you haven't counted all the reservoirs that you have |
|
| 36:36 | you think this reservoir it's down here it could be here. But in |
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| 36:41 | it's down here, you're correlating these that aren't even connected just because they |
|
| 36:48 | in terms of uh log character. I think all of you in this |
|
| 36:56 | , uh not everyone's taken to rig systems. But I think most |
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| 36:59 | you know, from undergrad school that depositional environments through time are repetitive. |
|
| 37:07 | you can have stacked sands like it's san, you can have a channel |
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| 37:12 | , it's moved over here and then come back uh and the uh sand |
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| 37:23 | moved in a different spot and then come back and you have another channel |
|
| 37:27 | . It sits on top of it shale breaking it. So that shale |
|
| 37:30 | it, you have two sands with shell between it. They're not, |
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| 37:34 | not in connection. But if you to look 10 miles away, you |
|
| 37:39 | be connecting the wrong ones to each because you don't have uh a better |
|
| 37:45 | on the relative age and, or absolute and a lot of this is |
|
| 37:54 | sort of theoretical. But, but when I start showing diagrams, |
|
| 37:58 | it will make a little bit more sense. But, um I'm sitting |
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| 38:04 | looking at this and um, uh every, can everybody see what's over |
|
| 38:14 | on the right? Are, are the pictures, are the pictures |
|
| 38:22 | up your uh view I want you see over here. Ok. |
|
| 38:35 | anyway, here's another, uh two uh different ones. The best one |
|
| 38:40 | these is Kaufman and Hazel. Joe used to be the branch chief |
|
| 38:45 | uh Paleo and photography with the US Survey. And I worked with him |
|
| 38:50 | the Smithsonian Institution and he's got a good thing, uh, and he |
|
| 38:55 | about zones a lot. And, , one of the things and we're |
|
| 38:59 | , we're gonna get into what a zone is in more detail. But |
|
| 39:03 | of the things is we started to of flesh out periods of time with |
|
| 39:12 | in them that we called zones. they kind of gave us some bit |
|
| 39:16 | absolute time, but they were big of time. They weren't, they |
|
| 39:20 | points in time, they were sections time. And so the coarseness of |
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| 39:25 | , even though there was absolute time , the coarseness of that system uh |
|
| 39:30 | been superseded by things called bio And um here are some other uh |
|
| 39:40 | of, of what it is uh other folks and uh mcgowan, uh |
|
| 39:47 | book that we have actually, um really saying any details, says it |
|
| 39:55 | , it has a, a significant upon historical geology and historical geology is |
|
| 40:02 | you're trying to figure out when you're to figure out what kind of rock |
|
| 40:05 | what kind of system was that reservoir in and what are its boundaries? |
|
| 40:10 | that was from Teer, who was really good sediment and photographer back in |
|
| 40:18 | . And so, um I've kind set up one here that list a |
|
| 40:24 | of the things that you can do bio photography. Many of you have |
|
| 40:29 | of the term paleontology. Paleontology focuses not so much the strength and utility |
|
| 40:38 | paleontology but actually figuring out how these through geological history lived and evolved through |
|
| 40:47 | . So it's really an all encompassing and uh it really has to do |
|
| 40:54 | natural history. Paleontology is really uh natural history thing. If you understand |
|
| 41:00 | natural history, you can apply it bio gear. And when we look |
|
| 41:10 | bio stratigraphy versus litho stratigraphy, um stratigraphic units. Uh You know, |
|
| 41:22 | lot of times we say Litho Strat versus bio Strat Democratic. Bio Strat |
|
| 41:28 | is a Strat Democratic unit defined by bio uh by, by the biologic |
|
| 41:35 | of the fossils that the Strat Democratic defined by the lo logs. But |
|
| 41:40 | you put that word Strat in it means you think it's a |
|
| 41:45 | And the problem is is when you a hole straight down into a, |
|
| 41:49 | , you see lots of layers, you don't know how they're really interconnected |
|
| 41:53 | the east, the west, the south or any points in between. |
|
| 41:56 | have no idea because there's a lot Strat Democratic architecture that will throw a |
|
| 42:02 | cake geology sense off. Um One the things that I've seen happen when |
|
| 42:08 | start doing log correlations, especially with is when you give them 10 |
|
| 42:15 | The first thing they do is they for the sand at 9500 ft, |
|
| 42:19 | one at 9500 ft in the Well, and they're instantly trying to |
|
| 42:24 | layer cakes. But we, but geologists, we understand their structure, |
|
| 42:30 | can have flatbeds that get tilted, can have flat beds that get |
|
| 42:34 | So that's structure. But we also have Strat gra architecture as in um |
|
| 42:43 | pro grades out into a basin. not laid down flat and then another |
|
| 42:48 | , it's not like somebody is pouring 10 times. It's like somebody is |
|
| 42:53 | concrete from the edge of where you put the concrete and it has to |
|
| 42:58 | all the way across it. And after that, you pour the next |
|
| 43:03 | . So the top of one is than the end of that other concrete |
|
| 43:13 | . But that concrete layer is youngest the beginning of the poor, excuse |
|
| 43:18 | , it's oldest at the beginning of floor and youngest at the end of |
|
| 43:21 | floor. And when we have Strat architecture, we have sediments that prograde |
|
| 43:27 | into accommodation space. And uh and why it becomes very important uh to |
|
| 43:36 | that these units have a Strat democratic to them. As such, you |
|
| 43:44 | a tool that can help you divide in time. And so there's really |
|
| 43:53 | , there's three scales, there's there's bio and there's actually Strat |
|
| 44:03 | OK. Um one of the big of course is why are fossils out |
|
| 44:10 | ? And so for all of these and many of you have had a |
|
| 44:14 | , a paleobiology course or a paleontology . So you know that um in |
|
| 44:22 | given place, what was living there any point in time is controlled by |
|
| 44:26 | environment over time, that environment can . Uh because faces are shifting, |
|
| 44:32 | climate is changing. Uh When I the word climate changing change, I |
|
| 44:38 | of things as a paleo climatologist, think of things that last hundreds of |
|
| 44:44 | of years or even more. Uh now, we're dealing with climate change |
|
| 44:51 | related to decades. To me, decade isn't really a climate change. |
|
| 44:56 | a weather event in the rock It's more like a weather event. |
|
| 45:02 | uh but that's the way it Ok. And um how long have |
|
| 45:06 | been going? Almost an hour? . So um another thing that that |
|
| 45:17 | is that climate is controlled by your or region because the climate on earth |
|
| 45:26 | regional um atmospheric impact, oceanic land surface impacts can make the climate |
|
| 45:36 | from one part of the world to next. Now, um A lot |
|
| 45:40 | people think that if we find an point in a fossil, it should |
|
| 45:45 | the same everywhere. Oftentimes it's the in a big region. But there's |
|
| 45:54 | thing that we came to realize where worked where we were looking at everything |
|
| 46:00 | the world at once with over 80 , we realize that there's a really |
|
| 46:08 | provincial imprint on when things go In other words, something that's adapted |
|
| 46:15 | a cold climate, uh might last little bit longer on a pole than |
|
| 46:21 | would as it's getting closer to the . And so you could see things |
|
| 46:25 | extinct sooner and sooner as this climate changing dramatically for those particular types of |
|
| 46:31 | . That's an easy thing in the in the Jurassic of the North |
|
| 46:36 | there are things that are dinoflagellate and , I'm sure none of, you |
|
| 46:41 | what they are, maybe you but their micro Biota, they're uh |
|
| 46:47 | a little bit above the class of . But there are these little things |
|
| 46:52 | have um exoskeletons, so to that are made out of a very |
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| 46:59 | resistant organic compound that um cannot be by any as it's like nothing can |
|
| 47:08 | these. And uh the extent of of the things that go extinct in |
|
| 47:15 | North Sea. And we know in northwestern Australia, in the Cretaceous, |
|
| 47:21 | , they were still alive because the climate was different from one region to |
|
| 47:25 | next. And they were able to long that uh early on paleontologists would |
|
| 47:34 | that's an error bar. This top no good because it's somewhere between the |
|
| 47:40 | and the North Sea. And uh younger than that the lower cretaceous |
|
| 47:46 | um, actually some of the things die out, um, at the |
|
| 47:53 | of the upper Jurassic and they would into a significant part of the lower |
|
| 48:00 | . Uh, in Australia, people consider that an error. But, |
|
| 48:04 | you know what that is, you , someone might say there's an AR |
|
| 48:10 | there, if I see this it's either somewhere between here and |
|
| 48:13 | Right. Yeah. But if you where you are in the world and |
|
| 48:17 | the planet and through space and time four dimensions, you know that that's |
|
| 48:23 | a signal. It's telling you that climate in Australia was different than the |
|
| 48:27 | in the North Sea. That is signal to call it an error bar |
|
| 48:32 | to not recognize the value of the stratigraphy to its fullest extent, all |
|
| 48:39 | these little perturbations that we see in ranges. There is one that has |
|
| 48:44 | do with absolute extinction. But but if it went extinct somewhere |
|
| 48:49 | that's an environmental shift that caused it go extinct in that area. But |
|
| 48:54 | environmental shift didn't happen over here That is telling us earth history, |
|
| 48:59 | not an error. That's a It's just like you're trying to filter |
|
| 49:04 | the wrong seismic waves and uh and lose the sign, there's there's signals |
|
| 49:10 | these differences, but you have to the whole picture. If the |
|
| 49:15 | if the whole world was 11 environment time and the thing went extinct, |
|
| 49:20 | would mean the environment changed completely everywhere the globe instantaneously. And those extinctions |
|
| 49:27 | be absolute everywhere. But it's not that because the earth is more complicated |
|
| 49:33 | , and uh the bio photography has a level where they can tell provincial |
|
| 49:38 | versus absolute ranges. The reason Amaco a lot of this out is we |
|
| 49:43 | around all around the world sampling places to find that absolute extinction point for |
|
| 49:49 | lot of fossils, hundreds of thousands them uh in terms of species versus |
|
| 49:57 | else, it only made it to somewhere else. It only made it |
|
| 50:00 | here. It's telling us there's environmental in those areas that would have an |
|
| 50:05 | on the propensity for hydrocarbons to develop that area. There's a lot of |
|
| 50:11 | a lot of hydrocarbon generation relates to environment. Ok. Ok. So |
|
| 50:23 | a nutshell, they're controlled by the , they are controlled by time because |
|
| 50:30 | because the environment changes through time and once a particular fossil species goes extinct |
|
| 50:37 | one area, unless there's an ocean something for these marine fossils to uh |
|
| 50:44 | themselves in that area, uh They'll come back in a particular area. |
|
| 50:50 | And uh and a lot of evolution occurs uh pretty much 99 to 100% |
|
| 50:58 | it by isolation of these genotypic organisms have genes in them. And if |
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| 51:04 | isolate the genes in one area from group of the same thing, |
|
| 51:09 | in another area over time they will over different paths. If they, |
|
| 51:17 | they have communication, then they can back and forth. Like we can |
|
| 51:24 | the aircraft, we can keep mixing the thing. Uh, and, |
|
| 51:29 | , uh, and the human population that quite well, actually. |
|
| 51:34 | um, that's part of the reason we've grown here. So we |
|
| 51:41 | uh we just keep it, keep keep changing and keeping up with uh |
|
| 51:45 | everybody else. Anyway. Uh The is to preserve fossils would be rapid |
|
| 51:52 | , chemically stable sediments, chemically altered . And uh we can have reworking |
|
| 52:01 | fossils. The dinoflagellate I was talking unless you oxidize them, they're |
|
| 52:08 | they're organic compounds. But if if you put them in a low |
|
| 52:11 | , a high ph, uh they're be preserved forever, spores and pollen |
|
| 52:17 | made out of the same, they them ex signs, same kind of |
|
| 52:21 | material. This virtually indestructible. They get up into the atmosphere through wind |
|
| 52:27 | clouds and whatnot and actually circum navigate, navigate the entire planet even |
|
| 52:34 | they, they all, they all from a flower in your garden. |
|
| 52:41 | uh um it's difficult working with spores pollens in terms of doing time because |
|
| 52:47 | , because they, they get into atmospheric system and, and they blow |
|
| 52:51 | for a long time and uh it a while for them to settle out |
|
| 52:56 | bit. Uh You can imagine uh ash can stay uh airborne atmospherically for |
|
| 53:03 | long time too, but it eventually out because it's much heavier. Um |
|
| 53:14 | these are the things that kind of have an impact on it. |
|
| 53:18 | in terms of the history of bio , uh it goes all the way |
|
| 53:23 | um to before 1796. But in uh William Smith, I like to |
|
| 53:32 | him Billy Smith. Billy Smith came with final success and that was basically |
|
| 53:41 | uh he was looking at mine shafts went to coal mines and he could |
|
| 53:47 | fossil succession in one coal mine. was identical to the fossil succession in |
|
| 53:52 | next one. So what he was was the record of, of geological |
|
| 54:00 | and life. These things lived these things lived here and these things |
|
| 54:05 | here and as it turns out, was in a, in an area |
|
| 54:09 | was fairly local to other areas. he was actually seeing something where the |
|
| 54:14 | was pretty much the same in all the different mine shafts. And |
|
| 54:18 | so through time, whatever change happened one spot, happened in the other |
|
| 54:24 | . And uh and then of in the 18 hundreds, Georges Cuvier |
|
| 54:30 | uh started working with the subdivision of of outcrop data and strata using |
|
| 54:39 | And uh and then they started building thing, they called stages and we'll |
|
| 54:44 | about what stage is and uh later they came up with this sort of |
|
| 54:50 | . Uh And what I think is interesting about the, the field of |
|
| 54:55 | photography. It's really the, it's the, um it follows the progression |
|
| 55:02 | a geologist's understanding of earth history because looking at the, the rock layers |
|
| 55:10 | , are like pages in a book the Earth's history. And uh we |
|
| 55:15 | now it's more complicated than just layered systems. But there's reasons why layer |
|
| 55:21 | systems work in certain areas. And we have to go to another area |
|
| 55:25 | fill in the gaps that were eroded or not deposited at that point in |
|
| 55:31 | and time. And then we started up with bios static zones, which |
|
| 55:38 | was, which right now I just explained to you, there's small chunks |
|
| 55:43 | time bounded by certain fossils that we what their uh in this case, |
|
| 55:49 | , their inception point, the first they occurred on the planet versus the |
|
| 55:54 | time they went extinct. So, fun succession. Now we would call |
|
| 56:04 | fossil succession. Anybody in the room tell me why it's fossil versus |
|
| 56:13 | Does anybody know what the word funnel ? All these Latin words? Thank |
|
| 56:23 | . Final is animals. OK. uh so he was looking at the |
|
| 56:31 | , the fossil succession of ancient They, most of them were mollusks |
|
| 56:37 | things like that. But there were trites and other things were art |
|
| 56:41 | all sorts of different types of And now we call it fossil succession |
|
| 56:46 | we also include the flora. So flannel and floral and it is all |
|
| 56:53 | succession. We can throw the dinosaurs there when we need them. But |
|
| 56:58 | a practical sense, we don't use in the oil industry and we don't |
|
| 57:02 | them uh very often for or uh lot of detailed subsurface work for |
|
| 57:10 | for any reason. OK. And was, there was a uh perception |
|
| 57:20 | fossils of similar assemblages were equivalent. , when you're local, like those |
|
| 57:26 | shafts that Billy Smith was looking at fossil successions, those assembly is one |
|
| 57:35 | probably tied to the other one in next. Well, because they were |
|
| 57:39 | close by. But um aside from similar assemblages, the similarity can go |
|
| 57:48 | uh kind of similar um as Larry would say, yeah, maybe and |
|
| 57:55 | and or they're exactly the same, have the same species. And uh |
|
| 58:03 | one of the things about similar sandwiches that through time we go, we |
|
| 58:09 | from different species and different assemblages, we have similar assemblages in similar depositional |
|
| 58:18 | . So it may be younger through . We have different species, but |
|
| 58:23 | composition of that looks a lot alike I'll show you some very simple cartoons |
|
| 58:28 | kind of get that concept across. here is kind of um can everybody |
|
| 58:38 | this figure on their screen? Can see what's over here? OK. |
|
| 58:49 | , I, if I, if go move it, it's gonna shut |
|
| 58:54 | knows what will happen. OK. We might have a, a full |
|
| 58:59 | of my uh of my presentation So anyway, um they started out |
|
| 59:08 | these things that were uh paleozoic and , uh so they had these primary |
|
| 59:14 | . This is the ends up being paleozoic, this is secondary or the |
|
| 59:18 | , the middle thing. And uh the tertiary and or third and or |
|
| 59:27 | Cenozoic. And um as it turns this period of time, uh is |
|
| 59:35 | by a lot of forms. There a major extinction event between the Paleozoic |
|
| 59:40 | the Mesozoic or a huge extinction which we haven't completely figured out |
|
| 59:46 | But a lot of the things that in the Paleozoic didn't make it into |
|
| 59:49 | Mesozoic and a lot of things vice at the Mesozoic Cenozoic boundary uh went |
|
| 59:57 | too because of we think the bull uh in um chick salute off of |
|
| 60:04 | Cancun or not Cancun, but the peninsula there. So anyway, this |
|
| 60:12 | kind of how it got started. simple thing. And uh anybody wanna |
|
| 60:19 | what this is called in a, a, in a the larger sense |
|
| 60:24 | fossil groups, that's a trilobite. got three parts. Does anybody know |
|
| 60:32 | this farts called? Ok. This the cephalon, the thorax and the |
|
| 60:42 | . Ok. This, this up , these are ammonites and ammonites. |
|
| 60:46 | anybody wanna know what living today is to ammonites? Close most closely you |
|
| 60:59 | heard of a thing called a The type of Croods. These are |
|
| 61:06 | and uh nautilus, of course, as a smoother outer surface than these |
|
| 61:13 | do and uh less complex suture system each one of these chambers. Uh |
|
| 61:19 | um these were really big in the and then this thing up here that |
|
| 61:24 | have in the tertiary, the What do you think is significant about |
|
| 61:29 | particular nullis? They made up the that were used for a lot of |
|
| 61:41 | uh out of the pyramids. And but anyway, these were, uh |
|
| 61:48 | are from tropical climates. These are larger venting for M and M and |
|
| 61:55 | they were uh from tropical environments. tr bikes slipped all over the |
|
| 62:03 | uh floors, the ocean floor on shelves. And uh there's probably some |
|
| 62:08 | deep weather as well and uh the nights or what we call Necton, |
|
| 62:15 | were swimmers. They actually would swim you see a squid squid doing. |
|
| 62:21 | what they did. They would have sticking out of this last chamber here |
|
| 62:26 | they'd have a body out here with well developped eyes and all sorts of |
|
| 62:30 | . And uh and they could scoot , uh they could propel themselves with |
|
| 62:35 | , with a uh or an Oregon uh is like a little water jet |
|
| 62:40 | their heads. OK. So, one of the things that comes up |
|
| 62:52 | this, a couple of questions, is, are, are we recognizing |
|
| 62:57 | section of strata and therefore a succession fossils or are we recognizing fossils to |
|
| 63:08 | the strata and then the succession, is where you wanna go actually. |
|
| 63:14 | that's what regional correlation is when Willie was doing it, um He recognizes |
|
| 63:23 | and if he had to go through certain succession to get to the next |
|
| 63:27 | mine in a new place, uh , for example, the coal was |
|
| 63:33 | underneath the trilobites, he would know they had to drill down or dig |
|
| 63:39 | shaft down to the trilobites, get the trilobites where the coal was |
|
| 63:44 | Actually, the coals would be sitting the paleo zone. And uh as |
|
| 63:50 | of the um most of the coals uh Europe are in the, what |
|
| 63:55 | call the carboniferous, which is in United States, it would be Pennsylvanian |
|
| 63:59 | Mississippi and Pennsylvania is not in neither is Mississippi. So, uh |
|
| 64:08 | a, there's always a big argument uh which of those units to use |
|
| 64:13 | , to define that area. So , we've encapsulated ways to calibrate and |
|
| 64:18 | both of them at the same So, uh in a regional standpoint |
|
| 64:26 | in an oil. We're using the to help us understand and, and |
|
| 64:31 | do this, we, when, someone looks at those fossils in well |
|
| 64:36 | , they're trying to figure out the I'll give you a really, some |
|
| 64:41 | , uh, just some things I . So they fly me out in |
|
| 64:44 | helicopter in the middle of the Caspian . No, and I got to |
|
| 64:48 | over all that stuff that James Bond having a little fight on all the |
|
| 64:52 | , um, uh, it was pier or whatnot that connected a whole |
|
| 64:56 | of, uh, old oil They're still out there. They're all |
|
| 65:00 | oil too, by the way. , uh, flew over that got |
|
| 65:04 | to this thing and, uh, a previous, well, um, |
|
| 65:10 | was required to reach a certain point the rock record and they didn't know |
|
| 65:18 | to do. So they had to so they could prove it with the |
|
| 65:21 | . Ok. So they had to a core. How many of you |
|
| 65:24 | here or online if you want to up? Um, how many of |
|
| 65:32 | have sat an oil well and, , or worked on an oil well |
|
| 65:38 | , that had a core taken. worked on chorus or well with a |
|
| 65:44 | ? Ok. Ok. So if in the middle of an operation, |
|
| 65:47 | might have been told or you might that drilling a core in a deep |
|
| 65:51 | bore is tricky business. So they to drill this to satisfy the AII |
|
| 65:58 | . The azeri government, they had sa satisfy them by saying, here's |
|
| 66:03 | rock boundary that proves we've reached the that we said we were gonna drill |
|
| 66:08 | in our contract. So they had td depth, they had to drill |
|
| 66:12 | , in other words, to get acreage, we have to drill at |
|
| 66:15 | two wells to get to that Ok. So they had to drill |
|
| 66:22 | core. How much do you want think? How much do you wanna |
|
| 66:25 | the core cost them to take? the time they got done getting |
|
| 66:29 | they actually had to do a couple sidetracks cost them $8 million. So |
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| 66:39 | I happen to know uh something about cause it was the Caspian Sea is |
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| 66:43 | of a lake basin. And uh said, would you come out here |
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| 66:48 | when we drill the next well, you tell us when we hit |
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| 66:52 | And of course I did and I , according to the drilling engineer, |
|
| 66:56 | never would drill another, do another like that, but you saved us |
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| 67:00 | least $3 million of time. And did have to spend a week explaining |
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| 67:07 | to the. I hope nobody hears Azerbaijan from the Azari from to the |
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| 67:16 | Petroleum Directorate, why we knew we reached that point? I had to |
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| 67:20 | them the data. Uh And then I was in the middle of these |
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| 67:25 | . We even had samples flown to and they, um, they ran |
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| 67:31 | technology on them, which was another that'll work in lace lake basins. |
|
| 67:36 | , uh, they confirmed what I said too. No one ever believes |
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| 67:40 | . But anyway, uh, that sort of thing is what we're |
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| 67:44 | about in terms of, we're trying identify now, if it wasn't just |
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| 67:50 | boundary, what else could it Was it just a boundary that we |
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| 67:53 | to drill to or a contractual td ? There are things that Amaco where |
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| 67:59 | used to and I don't know if companies did this, but we knew |
|
| 68:02 | fossils in certain areas of the Gulf Mexico were sitting on top of over |
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| 68:07 | sands. And when they picked up fossils, the engineers very safely and |
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| 68:16 | stop drilling, set casing and then through the over pressured section with casing |
|
| 68:23 | . OK. And you can't do . BP, drilled through a over |
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| 68:28 | section and they ran into problems uh, and it can happen to |
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| 68:33 | a really high pressure one. uh, and even at lower |
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| 68:38 | it can be a dangerous thing to and you can have blowouts. And |
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| 68:41 | it's always important to have something that help you do that. What else |
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| 68:45 | you do with these, these funny fossils when you're trying to identify |
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| 68:50 | Uh, it can tell you, , when you're getting close to the |
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| 68:57 | rock, it can also help you you have multiple wells tell you which |
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| 69:02 | over here or carbonates correlate with the over here. In the case of |
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| 69:08 | North Sea that we worked on, always had three reservoirs that were producing |
|
| 69:15 | all other wells that had in part do with overpressure and the ability of |
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| 69:22 | oil column to be uh up to certain uh thickness. After a certain |
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| 69:29 | , it would start bleeding off. pressure would be high enough on the |
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| 69:34 | of the oil column would be great to start leaking. So it had |
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| 69:38 | balance at approximately three of these I had a team go in there |
|
| 69:44 | do graphic correlation on it and do strad on it. And we figured |
|
| 69:48 | we actually had seven reservoirs. The went from 600 million barrels of oil |
|
| 69:57 | a billion barrels of oil because of , they went to the trouble of |
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| 70:03 | O BS so they could put ocean sensors down and get through uh the |
|
| 70:09 | clouds that they had to deal And uh the person that was involved |
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| 70:13 | that is in the next room teaching class. The um they were able |
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| 70:20 | capture another um 500,000 barrels of oil they were able to define it even |
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| 70:28 | with the seismic after they had the shear wave data along with the P |
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| 70:34 | data. So that's what you can with it. Ok. So we're |
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| 70:42 | close. It's about an hour and half. Um, you guys wanna |
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| 70:46 | a 10 minute break or? Hello, everybody that's online. Uh |
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| 71:25 | you're still there. It's good to . We have Taylor, we have |
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| 71:32 | Kelly and Tessa online. All Ok. So now, um, |
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| 71:50 | me do this double check here I think I, ok, the |
|
| 71:55 | is going and, um, once got going, uh we started coming |
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| 72:07 | with these things called stages, which big chunks of time and uh relatively |
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| 72:14 | rock units. And, uh the is, uh, themselves were set |
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| 72:24 | as sort of large sections of rock actually represented in some way or another |
|
| 72:34 | periods, larger periods of time or periods of time. But we didn't |
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| 72:39 | have absolute dating to do this. so, um mhm Take a look |
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| 72:55 | this diagram. Um You can see , uh, that we had these |
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| 73:03 | units. Um, let me see I can get my thing back |
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| 73:18 | One of the hardest things to do find a cursor. I'm gonna get |
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| 73:23 | of this again. That's easier. gonna put it over here when the |
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| 74:08 | . Ok. Well, I'm I don't know why I've lost my |
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| 74:11 | in it. Did anybody see It's too hard. Oh, there |
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| 74:32 | is. I don't know why it this sometimes you have to get on |
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| 74:37 | screen to see it. Well, I'm coming across as technically challenged |
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| 74:54 | I was doing everything, right. you weren't here. OK? Um |
|
| 75:00 | here, this is kind of how stages would get divided up, but |
|
| 75:05 | would use these relative, these uh extent of these things that were |
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| 75:13 | in the rock record. There'd be extinction point here and here you can |
|
| 75:17 | there's an assemblage here and there. those of you at home, what |
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| 75:22 | talking about is we could see an here, there was some extinctions and |
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| 75:27 | inceptions. And then uh coming up , we had the same kind of |
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| 75:31 | , some things lived on, but had some new uh inceptions. And |
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| 75:35 | course, when we, when we it as a scientific thing, we |
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| 75:39 | work with the inceptions rather than the points, the oil industry, we |
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| 75:44 | to work with the extinction points and get to that later. But uh |
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| 75:49 | was happening was you had final So this is an assemblage of things |
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| 75:54 | changes to that assemblage that changes to assemblage of things. Each one of |
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| 75:58 | lines represents a puzzle, a different . And we'd have these chunks of |
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| 76:05 | that we could subdivide based on this time system. We knew that these |
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| 76:10 | older than those we knew that those older than these because we saw them |
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| 76:16 | one location. And then we took information to another location. And uh |
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| 76:21 | we found this assemblage, we knew was related to that in time, |
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| 76:25 | knew it was re this assemblage in place would be related to this stage |
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| 76:31 | time, so on and so And they went around the world building |
|
| 76:35 | and correlations between stages, something you have to do, it's been |
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| 76:42 | And uh but there was no actual to it. Now, now that |
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| 76:48 | do bio geo chronology, these fossils probably have absolute, if I had |
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| 76:53 | same date, I could put absolute to these and we could create a |
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| 76:57 | scale. We could even show you maybe there was a gap in time |
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| 77:01 | here that even though these things lived up to here, the actual, |
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| 77:06 | actual time missing, but a rock is one layer on top of another |
|
| 77:13 | , they physically look connected, they look like nothing's been broken. But |
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| 77:18 | time, a lot could be In other words, this could be |
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| 77:22 | un conformity with a lot of time in between uh this point to that |
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| 77:30 | . So that's why we have time and rock units. But stages were |
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| 77:34 | rock units where we started building the based on relative time. Once we |
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| 77:43 | got to the point where we knew ages through geo chronology and also uh |
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| 77:50 | Bio Ge Orrin technology, we were to start putting time boundaries to these |
|
| 77:57 | . And as it turns out in places, we had complete sections and |
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| 78:02 | other places, we realized time was . And so when we talk about |
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| 78:07 | , I will talk about that missing and why it's so important that we |
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| 78:11 | it out. Uh because where there's time in one place, there could |
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| 78:17 | in the middle of all that a rock somewhere else. So it's important |
|
| 78:21 | be able to capture all of the . OK. And here's another |
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| 78:28 | another wrinkle in all of this. ahead. Yes. Uh On |
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| 78:41 | what this would suggest is that this very uh whatever this is, is |
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| 78:46 | abundant. Yes. And uh and this was very abundant. And um |
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| 78:54 | a shift from a lot to almost , there's a good, good |
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| 78:59 | something happened here in terms of That's probably a time break in that |
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| 79:05 | record. So we, I can't it. But, but just imagine |
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| 79:19 | uh all of the time was recorded this unit, but the bottom half |
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| 79:28 | the time relative to this point right here. And that, and uh |
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| 79:37 | uh these points right here, there be a lot of time missing |
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| 79:42 | So, so the um the stages be parts of the whole time, |
|
| 79:52 | other words, and let, let put it to you another way, |
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| 79:55 | could be the top half of one this could be the bottom half |
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| 80:01 | age two and then it would be , which is why this went across |
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| 80:06 | . And this could be the top of stage three at age three. |
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| 80:13 | in terms of stages, it's all there. The rocks are what's, |
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| 80:18 | left. So this is what's preserved the rock record at this point on |
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| 80:24 | . But we know that if we a gap in time, there's a |
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| 80:27 | chance there's sediments somewhere else that represent missing time. And so we start |
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| 80:33 | for that missing time. And these relative breaks these extinction points. |
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| 80:40 | time is missing, you have a terrace, sometimes of these things ending |
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| 80:48 | when you go across it, a of times missing. If I had |
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| 80:52 | the time there, this fossil might gone up to here, this fossil |
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| 80:56 | have gone up to there and this might have gone up to there and |
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| 81:00 | boundary would have to have been moved here to the top of that. |
|
| 81:05 | . In terms of time, in of a rock unit, we've got |
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| 81:09 | rock stage 12 and three in the stages, 12 and three represent some |
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| 81:16 | of the time of age one, two and age three. OK. |
|
| 81:23 | another wrinkle of course is faces change here we have this fossil here. |
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| 81:30 | this a true inception point for these ? Is this the very first |
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| 81:37 | And is this the very last Is this the very first one we |
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| 81:42 | that's not the last one because there's way up here. But what's going |
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| 81:47 | is whatever the environment was here was during this whole rock unit, it |
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| 81:53 | good for a over here but into faces laterally, it changes to something |
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| 82:01 | lives there. And in fact, could, could ex, could have |
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| 82:06 | extent uh extend in time from here there based on this diagram and B |
|
| 82:13 | extend in time from here to here that time. But because they're in |
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| 82:17 | depositional environments Strat democratically or like in time, it looks like this one |
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| 82:24 | be younger than this one. Especially if I was to drill a |
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| 82:30 | , right here, I didn't see relationship. I could be thrown |
|
| 82:36 | But again, this is not an error I drill in one, |
|
| 82:40 | is actually a mathematical system to where you drill a well here and you |
|
| 82:47 | a well here, you average the here with the top there to figure |
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| 82:52 | where the real top is. And just can't say the words, it's |
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| 82:58 | , you know, you just can't that. And again, you're trying |
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| 83:03 | see what the signal is, the is. There's a depositional change, |
|
| 83:08 | necessarily a time change. OK. here is, and this, you |
|
| 83:16 | , you may wanna laugh about this , and uh and for all the |
|
| 83:23 | . I've been on this planet. doesn't seem like very long to |
|
| 83:27 | And it seems like yesterday I was in the field with a professor and |
|
| 83:33 | were looking at stuff on a coastal . You can imagine if you're on |
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| 83:38 | coastal plane, like the, like gulf coastal plane. Uh, sometimes |
|
| 83:43 | level goes up and it goes underwater then sea level goes down and |
|
| 83:48 | and you have changes in the depositional that move back and forth along the |
|
| 83:54 | . In other words, here's, where today's coastline is, but the |
|
| 83:58 | plain, that stuff uh transgress it then it had stuff regress it later |
|
| 84:04 | as it subsides and sea level may back up again. So when geologists |
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| 84:11 | looking at both the environment and the , like in this diagram, they |
|
| 84:19 | , you know, it seems like seas are coming in, the seas |
|
| 84:21 | going out what's going on with all . And of course, they |
|
| 84:25 | we didn't, we didn't uh have called sequence TERT gray. Yet we |
|
| 84:30 | see there were sequences, but we put it in a greater context until |
|
| 84:35 | came along with sequence strate seismic stratigraphy showed us what was going on on |
|
| 84:40 | broader scale in the whole, on coastline, on the diagram that I |
|
| 84:46 | over there with the, the theme of uh say a coastal plain. |
|
| 84:52 | There you have a continental shelf and have a beach there and sea level |
|
| 84:57 | come up and down on that thing change it. And uh so here |
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| 85:01 | have two periods of time. You uh vertical, temporal changes, temporal |
|
| 85:08 | , time changes. So through you see you have a forum that |
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| 85:14 | like this and this, this as as I can tell is a baby |
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| 85:19 | plank for him like that. And have, does anybody wanna know what |
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| 85:27 | anybody know what this is supposed to ? It's a scallop. Yes. |
|
| 85:41 | . You guys are really, you are good. OK? You |
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| 85:47 | I hope somebody else will answer besides , but I really appreciate you |
|
| 85:51 | Everybody don't be embarrassed. I, expect that you haven't had enough biology |
|
| 86:00 | even grasp some of it, which a shame. It's a real shame |
|
| 86:06 | . Uh But that's the way it . So I wanna teach you. |
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| 86:09 | want you to learn. And uh here's scallops up here. Do the |
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| 86:14 | look the same? The scallops are . This one has more ribs than |
|
| 86:19 | one. Seems like a small But there's a whole group of scallops |
|
| 86:25 | are called just Pins. But there's group in the Miocene called Chesa ands |
|
| 86:30 | a number of ribs on the tin will tell you whether it's one species |
|
| 86:36 | another. Sometimes that won't tell you thing. But more often with this |
|
| 86:41 | group of fossils, it tells you . And over here, what do |
|
| 86:44 | have over here, we have right? OK. So we're gonna |
|
| 86:54 | on the vertical first. So when look at the vertical here, we |
|
| 87:01 | a four M that seems to be same here. We have, we |
|
| 87:06 | um Ar Pectin are uh here are , by the way, scallops are |
|
| 87:15 | to eat. And uh and then have leaves over here. So in |
|
| 87:21 | general sense, we have an assemblage . So this would be something if |
|
| 87:26 | got lucky. Um And maybe you of drilled a well, that was |
|
| 87:30 | little bit deviated and went through like . You would see this assemblage that |
|
| 87:36 | three different fossils in it. And up here, you would see an |
|
| 87:39 | with three different fossils. So, in terms of relative time, you |
|
| 87:44 | know these were younger than those, . And the change, the vertical |
|
| 87:51 | changes that you're seeing in this system sea level coming up, sea |
|
| 87:57 | going out, transgression, regression, regression, you're seeing evolution vertically, |
|
| 88:05 | ? So in a vertical sense, you're seeing is we're changing, it's |
|
| 88:09 | change of one group of species to , we call that evolution. |
|
| 88:16 | Then you go here. Now we're look at the lateral environmental changes |
|
| 88:23 | It's changing along this time thing at higher frequency by the way than the |
|
| 88:29 | change, the temporal change. Uh this whole unit in time to this |
|
| 88:35 | unit in time. But laterally, can see things going on at a |
|
| 88:41 | time frame, right. So, it's gone on in a smaller time |
|
| 88:46 | , if I'm interested in a reservoir here, I can kind of figure |
|
| 88:50 | where it is at higher precision than I just had these two assemblages that |
|
| 88:56 | . And that's kind of what we with uh with horizontal drilling and bio |
|
| 89:02 | . But nevertheless, here we have is bio faces. One which is |
|
| 89:07 | thing that looks like a shell or be like swamp deposits or a lake |
|
| 89:12 | . We go into the sandy coastal that's got the Pectin's and then we |
|
| 89:17 | into the deeper offshore deposit that's got but plank for AM and little things |
|
| 89:23 | live in the ocean, not things live on the bottom, but when |
|
| 89:26 | die, they end up on the . OK. And, and so |
|
| 89:31 | we're seeing environmental changes. So what fossils, this success, these successions |
|
| 89:38 | showing us vertically changes through time, is, which is the types of |
|
| 89:46 | that we might see in a well . OK. So like we would |
|
| 89:51 | and no matter where we drilled in , we would expect to see either |
|
| 89:57 | leaf versus that leaf or this Pectin that Pectin and this forum versus that |
|
| 90:04 | wherever we drill. So it's, given us a lateral picture and it's |
|
| 90:09 | us a vertical picture of where we in time and where we are in |
|
| 90:14 | . So if, if, if we were trying to drill something |
|
| 90:19 | at this level and we came over and we just saw, you |
|
| 90:23 | we're farther out and all we saw the deeper marine stuff. We wouldn't |
|
| 90:28 | a reservoir. But if we came here and started to see the |
|
| 90:31 | we would know we were getting close the reservoir rock type of deposition. |
|
| 90:36 | that's why this is so cool and pulls the whole thing together so that |
|
| 90:40 | can just see that we have these , th this would be like a |
|
| 90:48 | zone here and this is a bio . These are bio faces in this |
|
| 90:53 | . And what's important to remember is even though these species are different than |
|
| 90:59 | species, why do they look the ? They look similar, don't |
|
| 91:07 | they look similar because they're reflecting the environment. So when, so when |
|
| 91:15 | look for offshore stuff in uh in time period, I'm looking for plank |
|
| 91:23 | MS. If I'm looking for, if I'm drilling through marshes at this |
|
| 91:30 | of time, I'm gonna be looking this. If I want to see |
|
| 91:34 | mother lode where the sands are, looking for that shallow water, high |
|
| 91:38 | species, that particular Pectin it lives the shore. There's a lot of |
|
| 91:45 | that we can do this with. uh but this is just a cartoon |
|
| 91:49 | give you an example of how it . Now, here's another thing that |
|
| 91:54 | happen. It can be a little more complicated than this. And here |
|
| 92:02 | showing you pleomorphous which uh for the part are spores in pollen. And |
|
| 92:09 | you can see that we have these zonal boundaries based on the for |
|
| 92:22 | And when we get in here, have one based on the polymorph. |
|
| 92:28 | could also create one, for that might start somewhere around here in |
|
| 92:33 | middle of here between, well, one shows the exact same uh what |
|
| 92:41 | you call it? Uh pins or I don't know why I can't think |
|
| 92:48 | the word, these are clams or what was the word again? |
|
| 92:53 | I'm sorry, there's too many common . OK. And um so |
|
| 93:01 | this shows you that even at a level with additional fossils, you can |
|
| 93:06 | more time layers. Like here's a here and a zone here and a |
|
| 93:11 | here, we're getting all these This is ABC by four MS and |
|
| 93:16 | is zone 123 by polymorph just to of keep them clear. And this |
|
| 93:24 | has a lot of significance. This shows you that there's a lot of |
|
| 93:31 | all of this because you can see pins are still the same, the |
|
| 93:37 | are still the same. All of could be going on at a higher |
|
| 93:42 | inside of this. So you could subdivide each one of those, one |
|
| 93:47 | these zones the way they first named zones, you could subdivide it even |
|
| 93:52 | because you pull in another fossil Another thing that's really important. And |
|
| 93:59 | lot of paleontologists don't always think somebody working with palm sees different extinction |
|
| 94:08 | in different places for different environmental reasons somebody looking at voice. And as |
|
| 94:16 | turns out, the clams don't seem care about this small period of |
|
| 94:20 | right? And the leaves don't seem hear about this long period, but |
|
| 94:25 | significant is happening to change the forum of here at a different, at |
|
| 94:30 | points in the in the colon That's why if you just look at |
|
| 94:36 | fossil group, if you just look one fossil group for those online, |
|
| 94:41 | just look at one fossil group and dividing time with, with different, |
|
| 94:48 | with a different scheme of calibration. sometimes people will think this boundary is |
|
| 94:54 | same as that boundary. This boundary the same as that boundary, but |
|
| 94:58 | not their offset. And when somebody works on nano fossils, another |
|
| 95:04 | he comes up with a completely different of zones and he thinks his is |
|
| 95:08 | answer to everything. It's only part the engine, the whole answer, |
|
| 95:13 | look at more than one fossil, need to have the right fossils and |
|
| 95:19 | , if you're gonna be working in that's mostly shallow water and non |
|
| 95:25 | you also have to pick a different of fossils than if, than if |
|
| 95:30 | were gonna look at marine stuff and stuff. You'd be fo focusing on |
|
| 95:34 | kinds of fossils. If you're looking shallow marine and non marine stuff, |
|
| 95:38 | would be looking at these fossils. marine is not insignificant. Some of |
|
| 95:42 | biggest producing fields in uh China come lacustrine or lake nonm marine lake deposits |
|
| 95:51 | fields. It's a, a huge of their wealth. They do also |
|
| 96:01 | a lot of coal. Ok. through time, through human time |
|
| 96:10 | through the evolution of all of uh paleontologists have figured out ways uh |
|
| 96:17 | look at the structure that we might . Uh Here's, here's a cross |
|
| 96:22 | coming across the Gulf of Mexico. is, this is Louisiana and Mississippi |
|
| 96:28 | Alabama over here and um might be to read this. Um But there's |
|
| 96:35 | cross section here and it's kind of strike. And when you see things |
|
| 96:39 | strike, they're almost layer taped when on strike when they're on depositional |
|
| 96:45 | And uh many of you may uh this class may not have had a |
|
| 96:50 | uh where several of us, the photographer would do this and I would |
|
| 96:55 | this depositional dip and strike are really . And uh one of the reasons |
|
| 97:02 | I came up with the uh the was I wanted to show you |
|
| 97:06 | But um this section right here is of on depositional strike. And so |
|
| 97:13 | though there's a little bit of structure from here to there, we're, |
|
| 97:18 | , we're building out into deep water way. But we're at about the |
|
| 97:23 | letter depth at the same period of . And this, this is depositional |
|
| 97:28 | , this would be depositional dip, is going off into the, the |
|
| 97:32 | , the sediments would prograde out there they would retrograde back on top of |
|
| 97:41 | or transgress rather back on top of . I'm sorry. So here's |
|
| 97:46 | another way of looking at, here's continental faces here. This is somebody |
|
| 97:53 | me whether this is depositional strike or dip. OK. Imagine we're in |
|
| 98:05 | Gulf of Mexico. This is this is south. So is, |
|
| 98:13 | this depositional dip or depositional strike? , what did you say? Who |
|
| 98:24 | that? OK. Oh, you too? OK. So this is |
|
| 98:32 | dip, depositional dip in the Gulf Mexico. Uh where we were just |
|
| 98:38 | here is gonna be to the It's, in other words, depositional |
|
| 98:46 | relates to if you're up in the , for example, the streams are |
|
| 98:50 | a certain elevation and as it cuts in base level, it, it |
|
| 98:55 | down to the base level till you to sea level. That's depositional |
|
| 98:59 | And when you go offshore, you below sea level to, to the |
|
| 99:03 | to the uh inner neuritic, middle neuritic, outer neuritic, the |
|
| 99:09 | break. And what comes after the break that the, then you hit |
|
| 99:19 | stuff on the slope and then when slope hits the bottom, you have |
|
| 99:22 | bristle that's depositional dip. So, sediments roll downhill, right? They're |
|
| 99:29 | by gravity. OK? And if take a strike, a strike |
|
| 99:35 | strike line on this diagram that we now would go into the board and |
|
| 99:40 | of the board. And if you're at a strike section that went like |
|
| 99:46 | , the rocks would look pretty much their layer kit. But over |
|
| 99:51 | they don't look that way at all this on the zip line, you're |
|
| 99:56 | seeing depositional systems pro grading into a . And that's what sequence photography is |
|
| 100:03 | about by the way. And these faces, it's much more complicated than |
|
| 100:09 | . Uh And so what you normally is something that looks more like |
|
| 100:14 | And this basically is the seas coming here at a uh flooding surface and |
|
| 100:22 | pro gradation, the sea is going , then another flooding surface, the |
|
| 100:26 | is pro grading in and this is a dip section. Again, if |
|
| 100:31 | did a slice like this, it almost look in and out of the |
|
| 100:35 | like it was layer k really obvious this diagram. I I wish I |
|
| 100:40 | draw this for you. Uh but drawings aren't this good anyway. So |
|
| 100:44 | it helps. But these flooding surfaces are rich in funnel assemblages, by |
|
| 100:52 | way, which is one of the these flooding surfaces also happens to be |
|
| 100:56 | boundaries. But what's more important about sequence boundary like this? Then the |
|
| 101:03 | that it's just separating these rocks are of one age. The rocks on |
|
| 101:08 | other side are younger, the rocks the other side of this are |
|
| 101:12 | But if I drill the well, and a well, here and a |
|
| 101:16 | here, I might correlate the sands here to here to here to |
|
| 101:22 | But they're not connected. They don't , they're different ages. They're different |
|
| 101:28 | systems. They're not genetically related. ones that are genetically, genetically related |
|
| 101:35 | in here. These are genetically These are genetically related and these are |
|
| 101:41 | related and these are, they are by a marine sail for those of |
|
| 101:48 | that have had petroleum geology. What a marine shall do in terms of |
|
| 101:53 | petroleum system? Does it create a , a baffle or something or even |
|
| 102:01 | else on top of that seal? creates seals. Oil doesn't flow through |
|
| 102:10 | . Ok. Except the really thick that have expelled a lot of oil |
|
| 102:16 | gas already because they've been popped open , by uh oil and gas generator |
|
| 102:24 | up in a tiny, little And that's unconventional resource. Ok. |
|
| 102:32 | looking again at the, the Gulf Mexico. You can see here that |
|
| 102:37 | have these continental faces here. But we have things of, we have |
|
| 102:42 | bio faces, a neurotic faces and coastal faces up here. This could |
|
| 102:47 | like in the previous diagram, this faces could have been our um oh |
|
| 102:55 | P are Pectin. I am so right now. I can't think of |
|
| 103:02 | scallops again. This could be our . Zens. I'm having a brain |
|
| 103:07 | , sorry guys. And uh but have forms that can help us see |
|
| 103:12 | shallow water versus the deeper, deeper and deepest. And that's what |
|
| 103:18 | do with bias photography. And because complicated, this is uh based on |
|
| 103:27 | sequence photography. And another paper it done from a fellow that went to |
|
| 103:33 | University of Washington for his degree and was a Strat for too. And |
|
| 103:39 | they tried to show on this. Then I'll have to get in some |
|
| 103:44 | . But here you can see these client. This is a depositional dip |
|
| 103:50 | . Here's pro gradation of a unit , pro gradation of a unit |
|
| 103:55 | Then another one goes here and in these things, you'll have flooding surfaces |
|
| 104:03 | as you go from shallow to you can see uh they call these |
|
| 104:09 | little squiggle lines which it's hard to in a real rock record. They |
|
| 104:14 | them Shazam and you'll never see them seismic, by the way, Shazam |
|
| 104:17 | just well hidden. And uh and but anyway, before I get into |
|
| 104:25 | detail of this, you can see these units are Strat democratically arranged in |
|
| 104:31 | uh in some detail and you're seeing , different units. So there's, |
|
| 104:37 | a base level period of time And then uh there's another base level |
|
| 104:43 | in here where you might have a surface or actually an erosional surface. |
|
| 104:48 | in between you've preserved some pro some down dip stuff, this unit |
|
| 104:54 | younger than that unit is younger than unit is younger than that unit is |
|
| 104:59 | than that. Excuse me. I it completely backwards. This unit is |
|
| 105:04 | oldest, this one is younger. one is younger than that one. |
|
| 105:09 | one is younger than that one and one is younger than that one, |
|
| 105:13 | brain freeze on me. OK. if we look at it in, |
|
| 105:17 | bigger scale, you can kind of this and one of the things that |
|
| 105:23 | photographer was trying to tell us is you can't see this with these |
|
| 105:30 | Uh And he's saying that this particular , uh there's a fossil had a |
|
| 105:36 | here and there's another one that had datum here, but here they |
|
| 105:41 | they're depressed here, it's depressed, , it's depressed and it's not until |
|
| 105:47 | get out here and here that this fossil, the globe alt. Uh |
|
| 105:57 | you drill a, well, it like it has an extinction there. |
|
| 105:59 | you drill a well, it looks it has an extinction there. You |
|
| 106:03 | a well, it has an extinction . But to get the, the |
|
| 106:06 | top of it where it has its is out here because this is |
|
| 106:12 | it's getting younger and younger and Why is it truncated here? Why |
|
| 106:18 | the fossil range truncated at that point the section? Remember what the shazam |
|
| 106:29 | in the other diagrams? OK. is a different paleo environment than the |
|
| 106:36 | , the dark and so OK. these, these are going extinct because |
|
| 106:44 | environment shifted. The, the, ES and the DS are the same |
|
| 106:52 | except that it went extinct. It extinct later in time here or earlier |
|
| 107:01 | the section than it should have. the whole section is actually you come |
|
| 107:07 | the section, the way this looks goes, this would be time one |
|
| 107:12 | here. This is time two, , three times, four times, |
|
| 107:18 | times, six times, seven eight times nine. And the globe |
|
| 107:23 | ends at time. The base of 10, the depressed occurrence of it |
|
| 107:31 | because the faces changed, this was , it went shallower. There was |
|
| 107:38 | pro gradation going on here. Each of these clio forms. I'm gonna |
|
| 107:44 | to draw on the board. I'm . But uh maybe I can do |
|
| 107:54 | . Let's see, you see how diagram goes from shallow to deep. |
|
| 108:03 | those shazam are kind of like OK? And they missed the flooding |
|
| 108:11 | or the Shazam would have been up . OK? In this diagram. |
|
| 108:20 | a couple of things are happening because have, remember I said, pouring |
|
| 108:26 | into it, you'd have the concrete across here and the stuff over here |
|
| 108:30 | be at least a few seconds if minutes younger than the stuff that ended |
|
| 108:38 | over here, right? Because it fill in and fill out. So |
|
| 108:44 | you have li forms, prograde you have this um this thing called |
|
| 108:54 | clim, the base of the clio are deeper. What are the tops |
|
| 108:57 | the cline or what clim are shallow what? OK. And I'm gonna |
|
| 109:04 | to, I'm gonna draw for the and uh hopefully you might be able |
|
| 109:09 | hear me because I didn't get my set up. You have a sediment |
|
| 109:35 | like a delta over here program out the base. Yeah, this is |
|
| 109:43 | be shallow. Marisa child breed shallow . This is gonna be sandy, |
|
| 109:53 | , sandy. This is gonna be and then this, this will be |
|
| 109:58 | , the front place and this will the silts and sands uh that are |
|
| 110:04 | down from the delta, front, delta delta. This is development deposits |
|
| 110:13 | this is your Delphin actual del in . This is in front of the |
|
| 110:18 | front. This is down in the . So what's happening is this four |
|
| 110:27 | , four s, here's time, , the four s of, |
|
| 110:33 | on that thing, it's reversed what showed here. But, uh, |
|
| 110:37 | the thing that in one, it's depressed and can't get past this |
|
| 110:43 | of time. This is time, time too when he gets to time |
|
| 110:49 | its depressed here. Time three gets there. It's time four gets depressed |
|
| 110:57 | . But then when you get out in some cases, all the way |
|
| 111:01 | here, um So perhaps it's getting its full extent as this is |
|
| 111:08 | This is actually time one here. is 2345 over here in a different |
|
| 111:23 | . These things are clio forms that , there's a delta over here. |
|
| 111:27 | pro grading out here. This is delta front and, uh, and |
|
| 111:33 | delta itself was shallow things. This the pro delta which would had shales |
|
| 111:40 | the Mississippi River shales go out 200 before they start to settle out and |
|
| 111:45 | dropping down and forming these shales. would have these plank to fors in |
|
| 111:50 | . If it's far enough away from much turbidity, they would be living |
|
| 111:54 | . And as this pro grades the environment shift, so you wouldn't |
|
| 112:01 | this thing until you drilled this well then you wouldn't see it again till |
|
| 112:05 | one. But when you got to , you would see the actual extinction |
|
| 112:09 | of the fossil. And this is than the extinction point. This is |
|
| 112:18 | and this is even older still. . So the first thing, how |
|
| 112:24 | I use fossils if they're, if have that problem is any, does |
|
| 112:29 | ? So that's something that any of are pondering. You know, if |
|
| 112:38 | using extinction events to figure out our time, is this a big arar |
|
| 112:46 | lot of geologists think that that's an bar, but it's not an error |
|
| 112:50 | what it's doing. And this is signal telling you that you do have |
|
| 112:54 | gradation. And normally in a you would have fossils that had extinction |
|
| 113:03 | in here, you would have had fossils that had an extinction points in |
|
| 113:08 | . You would have had other fossils extinction points in here and this particular |
|
| 113:12 | would be extinct there. You would able to see a terrace that would |
|
| 113:16 | us on a, on a plot depth and time which show us um |
|
| 113:23 | you actually had prograde age and it's not straightforward to you right now. |
|
| 113:28 | I'm hoping you're kind of catching on geometry of all of this. This |
|
| 113:32 | not an error. This is a telling us that it's not just layer |
|
| 113:38 | here over here through this interval. time one time, two, |
|
| 113:45 | three, time four, time And in time five, we see |
|
| 113:50 | actual extinction of that fossil, but would have seen extinctions of other fossils |
|
| 113:55 | time, time, one time, , time, three times four times |
|
| 114:01 | , that we could actually help us that the other one hadn't reached |
|
| 114:04 | its total extent. You'll see it when we get into this in more |
|
| 114:18 | . And here I've just numbered Here's pre one, here's 1234, |
|
| 114:23 | you could do it 12345. And are flooding surfaces. So the sands |
|
| 114:30 | here are separated by the, by flooding surface terms of communication with these |
|
| 114:36 | . There's a flooding surface here and these flooding surfaces, uh We see |
|
| 114:43 | kind of forms with seismic photography because these sediments have been there longer, |
|
| 114:52 | been compacted more and then you reach sharp uh resounding uh thing with a |
|
| 115:01 | uh change in its geophysical characters. you have reflectivity on these, on |
|
| 115:07 | things. People would say their timelines not exactly timelines, but in a |
|
| 115:11 | they are timelines because they reflect a surface. That was, was almost |
|
| 115:18 | with fossil data. We can tell this was instantaneous or if it took |
|
| 115:21 | long time, you can't do that any other tool. Um You'll have |
|
| 115:27 | take my work for it now, I'll, but I'll even in this |
|
| 115:31 | of slides, you'll um you'll see clarification. Now, in, in |
|
| 115:38 | to a lot of people thinking that is a reason why it's hard to |
|
| 115:42 | fossil data. Uh When, in , it's fossil data that can tell |
|
| 115:48 | more than just the time. It tell you where there's pro gradation and |
|
| 115:52 | there isn't pro gradation. There's a area in the North Sea where they |
|
| 115:57 | see anything. Uh You know, the pro grading wedges are small, |
|
| 116:02 | can't see it in seismic anyway. there was an area where I was |
|
| 116:06 | to show a terrace that was formed this pro gradation. And I was |
|
| 116:12 | to explain to the geologist that in area where they didn't see where sand |
|
| 116:17 | was, which is an issue in Jurassic. If you have prorating wedges |
|
| 116:22 | this, that means you've got sand the top and shale on the |
|
| 116:28 | the size, we can't tell the . So what you have to do |
|
| 116:33 | in most cases, but it, you have to do is be able |
|
| 116:36 | see that there's pro gradation, sometimes seismic uh using attributes, you can |
|
| 116:43 | the more sandy bodies because you have have an awful lot of information to |
|
| 116:48 | it work because all of the variables from one field to the next, |
|
| 116:52 | uh compaction, the timing of uh the thickness of these wedges in |
|
| 116:58 | , you will see all the things worked really easily and well with |
|
| 117:02 | But in reality, there's things where , where the uh geological event is |
|
| 117:08 | smaller uh resolution of, of, uh travel time than what you can |
|
| 117:14 | uh with the seismic. Now, top of that, in 2010, |
|
| 117:23 | was a sequence photography thing. Uh book of volume where uh like you |
|
| 117:30 | go ahead and read this by But basically what he says is bio |
|
| 117:34 | first, don't make interpretations and I to agree with them. A lot |
|
| 117:39 | them don't, but this one used do it all the time. Uh |
|
| 117:43 | a lot of interpretation in this. a lot of signal in the information |
|
| 117:48 | people are overlooking because they've never been . I got to start out doing |
|
| 117:55 | in stratigraphy, doing fieldwork in deposition . Then I got into bio |
|
| 118:01 | And then even though I was in Strate Gray, I went into the |
|
| 118:04 | industry and learned how to drill oil find oil and learned out what it |
|
| 118:08 | that helps you find it. But also knew what could help you |
|
| 118:12 | The first day I started working at Amaco Research Center when I left uh |
|
| 118:18 | , my boss said, what can do for us? Well, I |
|
| 118:21 | could figure out exactly how you can this bio photography that you're developing here |
|
| 118:25 | this research center because I've had experience for oil and gas. I know |
|
| 118:30 | what it is and he says, , explain it to him just like |
|
| 118:33 | trying to explain it to you. would take a long time and I'm |
|
| 118:37 | sure my boss did not wanna have class and you're, you're getting my |
|
| 118:43 | but, and, uh, hopefully sink in and hopefully you'll, |
|
| 118:48 | you'll get exposed to, uh, geological organization that actually looks at this |
|
| 118:55 | of detail. Jessica is over in and in Europe, uh, they |
|
| 119:00 | at this stuff really close sometimes because don't know what they're doing. The |
|
| 119:06 | will sidetrack the bio strap, but often than anything uh in, in |
|
| 119:11 | , they uh they heavily uh appreciate the sciences of stratigraphy and bio stratigraphy |
|
| 119:19 | well as chrono stratigraphy. They uh tend to be more holistic than we |
|
| 119:25 | in the oil industry. We're trying find something that will find the oil |
|
| 119:28 | the least amount of cost all the , all the time. And uh |
|
| 119:33 | made a big difference when I worked Norway because they knew every oil company |
|
| 119:38 | would come to get acreage had lots money, but some of them had |
|
| 119:43 | technology, some of the technology that going through was considered a strategic advantage |
|
| 119:48 | Amaco was actually able to pick up for lower bids because they had a |
|
| 119:53 | technology profile than the other companies. . Not just bio photography, but |
|
| 120:01 | lot of other things. OK. So again, the main tools and |
|
| 120:08 | that we have are micro fossils uh on people use zonal schemes. Uh |
|
| 120:16 | today, there are oil companies to south that um that the north, |
|
| 120:23 | , east and west, I should that focus on, on these things |
|
| 120:27 | zones. But I like to focus bio events because to me what you |
|
| 120:34 | in this diagram is a bio even here that fossil terminating right there is |
|
| 120:41 | bent, this is not noise, is a signal that these rocks are |
|
| 120:48 | old to have that bio even. exactly what you should see. They're |
|
| 120:54 | young enough for that bio event to if you drill a well over here |
|
| 120:58 | the, on the right side of page. OK. So these are |
|
| 121:11 | the tools that we have or as pointed out, we micro fossils, |
|
| 121:15 | gonna be, I'm going to be to uh focus on bio events in |
|
| 121:21 | that we talk about. And uh are these uh these depositional frameworks that |
|
| 121:28 | us. Water depth is a really thing. Why would water depth be |
|
| 121:32 | ? Looking for oil and gas and reservoirs, water depth of the |
|
| 121:49 | water depth of the rocks. How water depth of the rocks help |
|
| 121:52 | It relates to current, it relates what we see in the recent the |
|
| 121:58 | day rather. So, so why why, why would water theft auto |
|
| 122:06 | become a really important thing? You know we're on the, we're, |
|
| 122:12 | , we're sitting on the gulf coastal , right? Many, many of |
|
| 122:17 | geologists we have are and somehow they're focused more on igneous rocks |
|
| 122:22 | which are not around here. But but we're sitting on a coastal |
|
| 122:28 | this coastal plain has layers and layers these seas coming in seas going |
|
| 122:33 | Well, there was a professor at University and uh he had a um |
|
| 122:40 | was a Dutch person also and uh think he actually, I'm not sure |
|
| 122:46 | he was born in the Netherlands or first generation over here. But, |
|
| 122:49 | he was Dutch too in a, last name was Hal. And |
|
| 122:58 | he knew Oscar Gods like I work , but he knew of a particular |
|
| 123:03 | God in a certain section of the record that if you found that |
|
| 123:10 | you knew you were close to, the coastline. So if you look |
|
| 123:16 | this one of these pro ledges, I'm here, I close to |
|
| 123:26 | right? So, by supplying fossil , you know, the modern day |
|
| 123:32 | gonna be up on top of So if I start finding fossils uh |
|
| 123:38 | are in a coastal places, a that fully occurs in coastal places that |
|
| 123:45 | me what about the plastic rocks in area? What kind of rocks do |
|
| 123:52 | have in the middle of a Usually? Very fine. Great. |
|
| 124:02 | do you have in a LA? like all these uh ponds on |
|
| 124:06 | They fill in with clays. What a swamp? It fills in with |
|
| 124:11 | , right? Ok. So where we find oil and gas in? |
|
| 124:19 | type of rock do we usually find and gas in? If it's a |
|
| 124:27 | ? And I'm talking about conventions. , right. Sandstones occur in high |
|
| 124:35 | environments. There's two major high energy environments. One of them are things |
|
| 124:44 | relate to the coast and once that relate to what streams, different types |
|
| 124:51 | streams, right? So that's where energy is. So, if you |
|
| 124:56 | a coastal, hey, fossil doesn't if it's an ostro or not, |
|
| 125:01 | find a fossil that tells you you're the coast in a certain level and |
|
| 125:06 | you drilled, you're close to you're close to barrier islands, you're |
|
| 125:13 | to shallow water marine bars, you're to um uh ridges and runnels which |
|
| 125:24 | up onto the beach shore face, you may not know what a ridge |
|
| 125:26 | runnel is, but they're like small uh ripples, relatively large wave beaters |
|
| 125:39 | uh that are actually shaped by longshore , but they get pushed on shore |
|
| 125:45 | storm surge, stuff like that. . So that's an important thing. |
|
| 125:55 | Nothing is plena faces and Carro in . When they look at pleomorphous, |
|
| 126:01 | can actually see dinoflagellate that are turning oil that certainly tells you something about |
|
| 126:07 | rock, make sure. But they uh they can look at the types |
|
| 126:13 | spores in pollen, they see close shore versus far away from shore. |
|
| 126:17 | those are called plena faces. And , and some of these things help |
|
| 126:23 | understand those flooding surfaces. I was about, you could be looking at |
|
| 126:30 | sorts of coastal stuff and then you deep water stuff. So then you're |
|
| 126:33 | seals and there's a lot of other tools that we can use when we |
|
| 126:38 | at the assembly just to help us out exactly where it is. I |
|
| 126:42 | uh I've done studies where you could whether you were in a um a |
|
| 126:47 | inlet which is high energy uh sitting front of a barrier island behind a |
|
| 126:53 | island in a tidal inlet or off sides of the title inlet in uh |
|
| 127:00 | back bay environment, all sorts of like that. And there are other |
|
| 127:05 | that you can do with certain fossils tell you what the hydro chemistry of |
|
| 127:11 | water mass was in lake systems. if it's a certain hydro chemistry, |
|
| 127:16 | has a strong propensity for accumulation of . Uh Breo Coccus Brown Eye, |
|
| 127:24 | is a brown algae uh that uh almost pure, pure oil. It's |
|
| 127:33 | rich and uh and, and it it's the basis for the Eocene and |
|
| 127:39 | Cretaceous oil fields in uh in China are lius in nature. So you |
|
| 127:47 | do a lot of things with it correlation. We have qualitative we have |
|
| 127:55 | qualitative is we look for those We're looking for those bio zone, |
|
| 127:59 | those bio zones are hopefully the bio . And uh quantitatively, we can |
|
| 128:07 | at the assemblages and see how they . Uh Do they have lots of |
|
| 128:12 | water things? Lots of shallow water . What's the mix? And that |
|
| 128:16 | us with water depth but also helps correlate units from one well to the |
|
| 128:24 | . Another thing that we can do is thermal maturation. And uh this |
|
| 128:30 | uh CA I has done a lot the poors change in color from uh |
|
| 128:40 | this translucent to let's less trans inherent um start to get beige, they'll |
|
| 128:49 | light brown, dark brown. And when it gets to the oil |
|
| 128:53 | it gets, it gets to be dark and you can tell that that |
|
| 128:57 | unit has been very even up and enough to uh keep producing oils. |
|
| 129:03 | there's a carro and rich shale in body, uh counter ons are things |
|
| 129:09 | are in the Paleozoic. And they those a lot in um the Permian |
|
| 129:15 | because uh because that's paleozoic, but lot of that area is overcooked and |
|
| 129:23 | got it off uh operation index. CA I uh helps you get |
|
| 129:28 | a feel for how big it's been practice it's been in. Uh once |
|
| 129:35 | get to the gas line, once gone through the oil window and you |
|
| 129:38 | to the gas so it helps for , uh, the hotter, |
|
| 129:45 | source rocks that you might have in of the older rocks that are more |
|
| 129:49 | prone than oil prone. But it also tell you that you haven't reached |
|
| 129:53 | point too on the paleozoic rocks. other words, if they don't, |
|
| 129:58 | they haven't changed that much, you to be able to sit in |
|
| 130:07 | that's almost never used. But but I, but uh has been |
|
| 130:12 | and sort of sorted out similar to ta I uh the osteopaths have a |
|
| 130:20 | index too that goes basically from translucent age to light brown, little |
|
| 130:27 | dark brown, very dark brown as organic material between them calcium carbonate uh |
|
| 130:34 | in the rock. The ascot thing used that often because it doesn't occur |
|
| 130:41 | frequently anywhere. There's a source rock almost always gonna get bored of. |
|
| 130:48 | may not get lost and you have be in the familiar Z to get |
|
| 130:55 | . I had a, this is bad it is. I had a |
|
| 130:59 | in Norway asked me, he had friend and uh you know, a |
|
| 131:06 | of times people work with their they don't work with what they should |
|
| 131:09 | doing. Um uh He had a who worked on, he is always |
|
| 131:15 | emperor 500 dogs. Uh but a Salins and he, the person that |
|
| 131:23 | asking me as a bio stratigraphic coordinator should work on it. He asked |
|
| 131:28 | if his friend could work on an A problem, then the Eocene fossils |
|
| 131:35 | do not contain fins. So, another thing that's really important to learn |
|
| 131:41 | this class is that you're gonna have reference material. So if somebody lets |
|
| 131:48 | get paleo data, uh they're not , you're not gonna go ask for |
|
| 131:52 | wrong paleo date. There. There are, I don't know if there |
|
| 131:58 | now, but there have been contractors the past. They would look for |
|
| 132:01 | you ask them to look for. asked him to look for Conant in |
|
| 132:06 | E A scene. It right back Baron, Baron Baron because they could |
|
| 132:12 | maybe they know of uh a So that has lots of Paleozoic Condon |
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| 132:17 | I don't know and just charge it it. Uh There was another organization |
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| 132:22 | I took over. Um most of uh international stuff at Aico that did |
|
| 132:30 | by foot or by sample. If do it by foot, you |
|
| 132:39 | every 20 ft is so much. you do it by sample, each |
|
| 132:45 | that you analyze is a different They billed us for for what and |
|
| 132:53 | build us for, for example, about 10 years until I came |
|
| 133:02 | And um, some of the managers getting really big lunches from this |
|
| 133:11 | So you have to be careful what step into and uh just don't push |
|
| 133:18 | , just say, hey, I we could get this done for |
|
| 133:21 | How about if we just do? other words, don't even bring up |
|
| 133:25 | problem. Just say from now we're gonna do it by Sam and |
|
| 133:30 | they have to have an answer for sample. And then you also can |
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| 133:33 | them how many feet apart you want to co to collect the sample that |
|
| 133:38 | do. And, but it's all price. So these are the kinds |
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| 133:42 | things that you, you kind of to know if you, if you |
|
| 133:45 | no training in this and you were on it well, and, and |
|
| 133:49 | boss came and said, you order up some paleo, you need |
|
| 133:52 | be careful. Uh Somebody doesn't sneak like that on. You don't wanna |
|
| 133:57 | looking for fossils that aren't there. other words, if you're working on |
|
| 134:01 | basins, there's a whole whole bunch fossils you can't look for if you're |
|
| 134:05 | in lake basins, but there's a different set that you look for in |
|
| 134:09 | basins. OK? And that's so gets to this question. Apparently, |
|
| 134:16 | done this lecture before. So we're talking about which to use. You've |
|
| 134:20 | , you've gotta use the ones that within the age range of where you're |
|
| 134:23 | . The environment, sometimes province and regional environment are important. Um, |
|
| 134:30 | really critical thing is if everything is of much the same time to process |
|
| 134:36 | really important. Pollin occurs in almost s any marine sample and a lot |
|
| 134:43 | non marine samples, but it takes to process. A couple of the |
|
| 134:49 | have come up with a green process pretty quick. So that's changed a |
|
| 134:54 | bit. So now we can almost real time pollin. But in the |
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| 134:59 | NANO fossils which are really big in deep water, which when we were |
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| 135:03 | in the Deepwater Gulf of Mexico, we still will probably in the future |
|
| 135:07 | we're not doing a little bit right . Uh Anna fossils are king in |
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| 135:13 | and they're even better than Plank for , which we used before we started |
|
| 135:18 | NANO fossils. Before Amaco started heavily on NANO fossils, almost nobody was |
|
| 135:24 | on nano fossils in the world. uh that kind of moved to that |
|
| 135:28 | . But if you're in deep marine , nano fossils tend to be really |
|
| 135:33 | . Calin technology is important again too sometimes the Deepwater calcareous fossils um because |
|
| 135:42 | the C CD uh get dissolved and PH can change and you can dissolve |
|
| 135:49 | . And also from uh reduced the solubility of the calcite goes up |
|
| 135:55 | the pressures uh um increase the solubility calcite too. So it starts to |
|
| 136:03 | . Right, right in situ and lose a lot of the benthic |
|
| 136:08 | So, uh anybody in here have guess at what type of, maybe |
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| 136:14 | of you have had enough biology to what for amines might be non susceptible |
|
| 136:19 | the C CV. The Calcite compensation . Does anybody know that? Some |
|
| 136:30 | are called the Glutton forums? The nated forms are made of, of |
|
| 136:38 | grains organically glued together by the forum make their test or chambers which make |
|
| 136:44 | together, make a test. So agglutinated ones often are deep water. |
|
| 136:51 | of the agglutinated ones range from shallow deep water. But when you get |
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| 136:57 | the deep water, they're the only left because of the C CD because |
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| 137:01 | were buried in sediments deeper than the uh that solubility limit. Uh When |
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| 137:07 | get below that limit, unless they're buried um in organic material, |
|
| 137:14 | lot of organic material which can uh they're gonna dissolve. Remember a |
|
| 137:24 | of these organic compounds are resistant to and other things that cause dissolution. |
|
| 137:35 | . So here is um just one these diagrams it's worth looking at and |
|
| 137:40 | show you different ones because they, know, everybody builds once a little |
|
| 137:44 | different, but they would like to out of different uh folders. And |
|
| 137:50 | those uh online, the column in uh left is the type of |
|
| 138:02 | The next column over is gonna be they're made out of. And the |
|
| 138:09 | one gives you sort of their age and time so that, you |
|
| 138:15 | you might have beds through this entire here with the forums. They're just |
|
| 138:21 | about Benic forums and they're just talking carious ones. But there are different |
|
| 138:26 | of rooms. There's also planktonic ones swim in the water, which will |
|
| 138:31 | in deeper waters mostly. And, there's also a glutin it Ben, |
|
| 138:37 | are resistant to the thing on the right column. Uh Environmentally sensitive C |
|
| 138:43 | , that's the carbonate condensation depth. that's when you uh the carbonate becomes |
|
| 138:52 | super unsaturated and anything made out of will dissolve over here in this part |
|
| 138:58 | the call. So even is what to be a very comprehensive list. |
|
| 139:05 | not that comprehensive because this is just about calcareous benthic and here's the planks |
|
| 139:13 | , but there's also a glut in , uh type forms. And uh |
|
| 139:20 | , the nano fossils can disappear, these, the benthic that aren't |
|
| 139:25 | the ones that are agglutinated can get this. And also if you have |
|
| 139:30 | dinoflagellate cyst, um it says burial depth destruction, uh The only |
|
| 139:38 | in barrel depth for them is if , if they could pass the oil |
|
| 139:43 | . And the only other thing that hurt them is if they stay at |
|
| 139:46 | surface for a long time before they're because they can oxidize. But if |
|
| 139:51 | get buried quickly, like a lot fossils do, especially small ones like |
|
| 139:56 | . Uh they get isolated and the thing they have to worry about is |
|
| 140:00 | waters or something that's under saturated. would, doesn't happen to the organic |
|
| 140:06 | . It's one of the toughest materials the planet. NASA was considering |
|
| 140:11 | um, space suits out of But, uh, it became more |
|
| 140:16 | a chore than a, than a . Here's another similar chart, |
|
| 140:22 | but it's different in the, in aspect it's showing you, uh, |
|
| 140:27 | continental and lacustrine. Vraic and brackish . Does anybody know what neuritic |
|
| 140:42 | Hm. The bill kind of a neuritic means water on top of the |
|
| 140:54 | . OK. And so, um here it doesn't show you that, |
|
| 140:59 | you go from, this is in . So 600 ft is approximately 200 |
|
| 141:06 | is what I had drawn up there , but you can't use it, |
|
| 141:10 | this is the neurotic and it goes shallow water. You'll have inner |
|
| 141:15 | Uh and then you'll have middle neuritic then you'll have outer neritic. This |
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| 141:19 | be the approximate shelf break. And the approximate shelf break, you go |
|
| 141:24 | the slope and as you go down slope, uh you're in BFI and |
|
| 141:28 | when you get deeper, you're in and Hayel is gonna be really, |
|
| 141:33 | deep, some of the deepest basins the planet. And uh so we |
|
| 141:37 | see a whole lot down into that . We actually don't see too many |
|
| 141:42 | in the abyssal except the Dino If they're floating around in the |
|
| 141:45 | they can sink there and they'll survive . And um the Planktonic Forums can |
|
| 141:53 | there too. But they, but Plankton Fors have this issue right |
|
| 142:00 | Uh C CD, the Bendix, say they're environmental sensitive, but the |
|
| 142:06 | meths have to worry about the C as well. Not the agglutinated, |
|
| 142:13 | are on the chart and this just you a whole uh group of them |
|
| 142:19 | we'll talk about those later. So summary of some of the really important |
|
| 142:25 | are, is that absolute age dating sentiments uh they can help you with |
|
| 142:31 | of these different things, relative age help you with this paleo environmental |
|
| 142:36 | can help you with this. And all these different things that you can |
|
| 142:41 | . I will give you examples of lot of these things as we're going |
|
| 142:45 | time. But when you're correlating, you have relative age and you have |
|
| 142:52 | geo chronology going on with that relative , you can get a whole lot |
|
| 142:56 | out of it uh than just a uh top to top correlation because you |
|
| 143:04 | also input uh some of the bio involved here too. And I will |
|
| 143:10 | you some actual examples and um just show you some economic applications, I'm |
|
| 143:20 | gonna go on in a lot of on this. Uh I'm gonna look |
|
| 143:24 | the chalks in the North Sea, is one area where, um, |
|
| 143:32 | use nano fossils. And, this is, to me this is |
|
| 143:38 | of hilarious. The, um, geologist thought, wouldn't it be great |
|
| 143:43 | , if they could identify these nano , uh, on the rig, |
|
| 143:48 | wouldn't need to pay a nano fossil to come out and do it. |
|
| 143:51 | , they made a book. You paid a lot of money to make |
|
| 143:54 | book. But it's, it's And can anybody in here tell me |
|
| 144:01 | see something that might be a really image. Number four. Well, |
|
| 144:15 | , you can see part of, can see part of a nano fossil |
|
| 144:18 | um the right one on uh where says number eight, just write a |
|
| 144:23 | eight. And I'm guessing it's number because seven is on the left eights |
|
| 144:31 | the middle. Number nine must be one on the right. It looks |
|
| 144:35 | it has the central part of When you do nano fossils, you |
|
| 144:40 | have to focus up and down to because some of the parts because it's |
|
| 144:46 | such high power. These things are than uh usually less than five |
|
| 144:50 | You have to focus at such high to have it in focus uh to |
|
| 144:56 | some of the uh central elements versus of the elements on the periphery. |
|
| 145:01 | have to focus up and down to and to see the structure of some |
|
| 145:06 | the central elements, you have to so that didn't work out so |
|
| 145:09 | For him here is um these are electron micrograph of uh Finra and these |
|
| 145:19 | in the ecos and Tor formation. ecos was paleocene, the tor was |
|
| 145:23 | cretaceous. And um these uh here fairly distinctive and uh especially this one |
|
| 145:34 | . But some of these other ones when you do a scanning electron |
|
| 145:39 | uh if you were to see these , these uh four MS in a |
|
| 145:45 | a microscope with a, with uh light on it, doing reflective |
|
| 145:52 | you could put a drop of water it and you would see the internal |
|
| 145:55 | , you can't see the internal structures this number four. For example, |
|
| 146:00 | thing down here is a really good marker. It's a bull of anos |
|
| 146:05 | called bull of Anno and people have working with them forever because even uh |
|
| 146:10 | looking at the outside, you can identify a lot of these. And |
|
| 146:16 | uh it might not be too hard train a geologist to spot one of |
|
| 146:22 | . OK. But again, it's working. But what I'm trying to |
|
| 146:25 | you is that there are people to day that are looking at better specimens |
|
| 146:32 | these in a microscope to figure out the age of some of the rocks |
|
| 146:37 | in time. When I say in , I mean, they're sitting out |
|
| 146:40 | the rig identify there's a really nice of annoys down here. That one |
|
| 146:50 | up. This is an Ostra holy my God. There's one |
|
| 146:56 | These are calcareous uh vic forms This looks like it may be a |
|
| 147:06 | of uh and global in it. can't tell here. But I |
|
| 147:12 | this thing has a double keel on . They call this uh the edge |
|
| 147:21 | here on this is, this is oral side of it, the ab |
|
| 147:24 | on the other side or the spiral of this forum. And that means |
|
| 147:31 | to you probably. But there's like plate that goes, there's a, |
|
| 147:34 | a corner here between the side and top and there's a corner here between |
|
| 147:41 | bottom of the test and the side the test. And um that's called |
|
| 147:50 | keel. Each one of these is a keel and it has a double |
|
| 147:54 | . You see a double keel that's prevalent in the top of the |
|
| 147:59 | So you might be able to train geologist to spot a double keel and |
|
| 148:05 | you can have a single keeled things the Cretaceous and there are some things |
|
| 148:09 | almost look like a double heel in Cenozoic, but almost never. And |
|
| 148:14 | normally when you see that, you , you're in the Cretaceous and um |
|
| 148:26 | anybody wanna guess what this is? did you guess that? Let me |
|
| 148:43 | this down? What, what was name again? Ok. That's what |
|
| 148:46 | thought. Ok, I haven't seen guys. I can't, can't keep |
|
| 148:51 | of, well, um, just of curiosity, why do you think |
|
| 148:55 | part of a clam? Oh, . Ok. So this is |
|
| 149:02 | this is actually microscopic. This is part of the clam. It turns |
|
| 149:08 | it was right. You're the first to guess this, um, there's |
|
| 149:13 | really big clam called an Ino And it, it can, you |
|
| 149:18 | , get as big as a gigantic , like bigger than a platter, |
|
| 149:22 | of plate shaped. And um they're fragile. So they break up a |
|
| 149:28 | , but the shell is made up calcite prisms. So this might be |
|
| 149:32 | inside, I can't tell from looking this, but this might be the |
|
| 149:36 | and this might be the outside or other way around. But this |
|
| 149:39 | if you were to break it, can see the prisms that make up |
|
| 149:43 | shell and uh it's amazing, you it anyway. So, uh so |
|
| 149:52 | tho those are in Aus prisms and in Ouse is when extinct wind. |
|
| 150:03 | know what the mastrich is. It's top stage of the Cretaceous. What |
|
| 150:15 | doing here is trying to show you variability. I'm not asking you to |
|
| 150:18 | this, but I think it's important , you know, there's a lot |
|
| 150:21 | variety and there's a lot of things us to identify. It's not just |
|
| 150:26 | guy that knows 10 fossils. It a long time to train a |
|
| 150:31 | OK. And here is hog OK. One of the interesting things |
|
| 150:39 | these, these funny cone shaped Anybody wanna guess what they are, |
|
| 151:04 | wanna guess what they're made out She, uh, there are select |
|
| 151:21 | but these aren't sponges. Ok. are salacious or, excuse me, |
|
| 151:26 | were originally salacious. OK? And you come back here, see diatoms |
|
| 151:39 | salacious and Radians marine and exclusive, see him in this chart, they're |
|
| 151:53 | in this chart. You know why not usually used in the oil industry |
|
| 152:01 | they're salacious when they um when they're at depths of close to right around |
|
| 152:09 | ft, they actually start to dissolve the silicate, the silli silicates that |
|
| 152:17 | made out of the courts, the of courts that they're made out of |
|
| 152:25 | is highly so soluble at uh higher and you normally don't see him greater |
|
| 152:31 | 10,000 ft. I mean, excuse , 5000 ft, these radial area |
|
| 152:37 | out of wells probably somewhere around 12,000 . Why did they find them in |
|
| 152:43 | hot formation? There's, there's almost way to guess, but you might |
|
| 152:55 | that some mineral replaced, you mineral replacement and fossils is when another |
|
| 153:01 | replaces the structure almost bit for bit a different mineral. OK. These |
|
| 153:09 | replaced with pyrite. So if you to see these, they might look |
|
| 153:14 | little bit goldish, goldish to You saw hand specimens or I actually |
|
| 153:22 | them in the microscope. These are area. They also tell you it's |
|
| 153:27 | a uh a colder climate. The Sea qualifies in some periods of |
|
| 153:38 | OK. Here is a Strat democratic over here and we talked a little |
|
| 153:46 | about the concept of zones, but gonna talk about it in more |
|
| 153:49 | This is just an example of how oil, a uh bios Strat company |
|
| 153:57 | into great detail to come up with zones that were very uh short in |
|
| 154:03 | and very thin in section. And zones were to help a bios steer |
|
| 154:08 | might come drilling through a section like . And when he got to the |
|
| 154:13 | spot in here, he would have uh that he was at the top |
|
| 154:19 | it because he would have hit b he would hit C then he would |
|
| 154:24 | Dan knowing that he might be getting of that. If that's the sweet |
|
| 154:28 | , if this whole thing here was sweet zone, he would probably try |
|
| 154:32 | keep his drill bit somewhere in here these bio zones and these things have |
|
| 154:40 | age significance. But in this particular unit, they know that there's layers |
|
| 154:46 | different assemblages. And if you cut one and you're pointed down, you're |
|
| 154:53 | to the next one, you cut one and you're pointed up your head |
|
| 154:57 | the one above it. So they actually bio steer uh in real time |
|
| 155:03 | , um, these are nano fossil as the returns came up. |
|
| 155:09 | the pa the uh nano fossil worker literally take a samples the size of |
|
| 155:17 | fingernail actually and smeared on a slide look at it and come up with |
|
| 155:21 | right, the right non nano fossils tell which bio zone he was |
|
| 155:25 | And that's what I mean by That was really quick. And, |
|
| 155:31 | , I think it's been a few since I checked, but last time |
|
| 155:34 | checked, they were still using bio in the chalk wells in the North |
|
| 155:39 | . And I, I know they it and, uh, some companies |
|
| 155:43 | it in the uh unconventional, but won't tell me where because then somebody |
|
| 155:50 | might know. Here's an example from , uh Gulf of Mexico and uh |
|
| 155:59 | data, uh pretty much put this , but here's the Pleistocene, the |
|
| 156:05 | . And, um, you when a geologist tells you something is |
|
| 156:08 | the Pliocene or the Pleistocene, you're talking about a whole lot of |
|
| 156:13 | You get into the Maya scene. , it's close to 2020 million years |
|
| 156:17 | it's a lot of section. But here you can see that a lot |
|
| 156:22 | going on in the relative change of , on lap. This relative change |
|
| 156:28 | coastal online lap is gonna be producing forms with prorating wedges with flooding |
|
| 156:38 | flooding surfaces will be right here. is a maximum flooding surface here, |
|
| 156:43 | another maximum flooding surface. So you'll this over a short period of |
|
| 156:49 | You're having all sorts of things to do this. And uh paleo |
|
| 156:54 | back in the, this is, is from their 1993 chart at this |
|
| 157:00 | . They had these nano fossils to I to help break down Not only |
|
| 157:06 | time but also the sections of the . This flooding surface was dated at |
|
| 157:12 | million. This one at 2.8 this at 2.4 this at 1.9 using integrated |
|
| 157:21 | or technology. Um after this was this was made, well, actually |
|
| 157:28 | this was made cameo in this probably would have had 75 of these |
|
| 157:35 | they had more details. Uh Almost the companies are pretty much stuck to |
|
| 157:41 | planks and then the pics also help with figuring out, you know |
|
| 157:45 | what little pieces of this were deep , which little pieces are shallow as |
|
| 157:50 | drilling through. So it, it's something that's, that's used a |
|
| 157:58 | And um here's another one uh at later date, this one, there's |
|
| 158:08 | Pleistocene, the pne and the upper of the biote here. And you |
|
| 158:12 | see again, there's an awful lot tops still each one of these tops |
|
| 158:16 | is, is marked with the the chronological uh page. I wouldn't agree |
|
| 158:22 | every one of these things, but probably very, and um and they're |
|
| 158:28 | you spot these splitting surfaces that actually separate reservoirs and sediment packages. And |
|
| 158:39 | to show you even further, uh is what they did in the North |
|
| 158:43 | Jurassic. Um I worked in the and I had data from over 800 |
|
| 158:53 | in the Jurassic. And um this what BP came up with while they |
|
| 158:59 | had paleo. Paleo. Remember I talking about how some of those scales |
|
| 159:06 | throw you off. You know, , if you don't realize that one |
|
| 159:11 | group is doing a certain scale and fossils building for a different type of |
|
| 159:17 | . If you don't collect those things in samples, you don't know how |
|
| 159:22 | work and when you don't know how work, you do this, you |
|
| 159:27 | , you take say this is two students that are watching. Um I'm |
|
| 159:33 | my, my index finger and my up like parentheses. So the top |
|
| 159:39 | of the parenthesis on the right hand the for m boundaries, on the |
|
| 159:45 | hand is the pallin boundaries. They assume they line up perfect, almost |
|
| 159:53 | I'm trying to tell you, I you that. But if you, |
|
| 159:57 | in reality, they're offset one way another. So you have mixed |
|
| 160:02 | you're trying to make a one scale the Jurassic is worse in the |
|
| 160:08 | they have these things called ammonites because swim when you get down in the |
|
| 160:16 | the warmer climates in the Jurassic, in Italy and like in the France |
|
| 160:23 | same. Um and the warm seeds the king, the Ammonites are |
|
| 160:32 | And so they can see successions of and they can't tell you the years |
|
| 160:39 | , but they have relative two. what they don't have is bio geo |
|
| 160:47 | at attached to them because of these are sequences that uh he, |
|
| 160:54 | created and this is supposed to be time chart. And why do you |
|
| 161:00 | these are all in this time Why do you think this column over |
|
| 161:07 | ? OK. We MCC cursor why you think these are all the same |
|
| 161:17 | ? OK. So the BP so we don't know what the geo |
|
| 161:26 | is of the examining zones. So gonna assume each one is a million |
|
| 161:32 | . This is a million years, a million years. That's, and |
|
| 161:36 | that right there is like the kiss death, but even worsened even worse |
|
| 161:46 | they put the, their Pelin against over here in this column are those |
|
| 161:55 | units. You know, Jurassic 76 here, Jurassic 74 is there. |
|
| 162:00 | put the ranges of their, their data, they calibrated it to this |
|
| 162:07 | figure out where they were, they things other than ammonites to tie it |
|
| 162:11 | the Ammonite scale, which was already up. The ammonite scale was set |
|
| 162:17 | a million years for sequence. You see it again right here and see |
|
| 162:25 | , you know, they sort of an un conformity up here, that's |
|
| 162:28 | that gets axed. But so they these equal distance things and there's, |
|
| 162:33 | stretching the scale of these poly morphs fit another scale. It assumes each |
|
| 162:42 | these sequences is a million years because have a different ammonite zone in |
|
| 162:49 | And the ammonite zones are not defined ammonites because this is not the |
|
| 162:56 | Ok. This is farther north in Jurassic and they have to use things |
|
| 163:02 | they think tie to the ammonites in , in the south into the Tehn |
|
| 163:10 | . So it's like a, it's double problem. So I found all |
|
| 163:14 | of problems with this. And uh believe if I remember I did this |
|
| 163:19 | a long time ago, the ones yellow are the only ones that actually |
|
| 163:24 | working uh with a real time scale at Amao, we didn't, we |
|
| 163:31 | , we had a separate scale that based on relative time and then we |
|
| 163:35 | it to real time. We didn't a fossil group and call it a |
|
| 163:41 | years per interval. Yeah, I this is kind of boring, but |
|
| 163:47 | , there's a lot of science that behind this and I just want you |
|
| 163:50 | know that there are people that understand stuff a whole lot better than |
|
| 163:59 | OK. And uh it also helps recognize straddle surfaces. You know, |
|
| 164:04 | you have a good seismic line, really good seismic line, you get |
|
| 164:07 | thick sequences and um at any resolute a resolution where the seismic really shows |
|
| 164:17 | um something like this sequence stratigraphic If you have uh seismic data like |
|
| 164:27 | , then it makes it real easy you to see these. But if |
|
| 164:29 | don't have something like that, the inside, there can be used to |
|
| 164:36 | sequence boundaries, maximum flooding surfaces and sequence boundaries and boundaries are what sequence |
|
| 164:44 | is all about. It's sedimentary uh depositional packages separated by depositional |
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| 164:55 | The boundaries are always where those things , there's a depositional vent and for |
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| 165:01 | reason it stops and there's another deposition it. These boundaries all relate to |
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| 165:07 | event. Uh The uh boundaries between events, the big ones and the |
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| 165:13 | ones often are what we call third sequence boundaries and those are normally |
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| 165:21 | Those are normally gonna be unconformable. not always but normal and uh and |
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| 165:26 | are actually missing sections. And with , you can tell missing section uh |
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| 165:34 | headlights and not broken fog lights, flooding surfaces. The same way with |
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| 165:42 | photography, you can spot them with headlights instead of with broken uh |
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| 165:49 | lamps and pair sequence boundaries can be little bit tougher but often it's exactly |
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| 165:55 | we see the fossils. It's exactly we see a change from things that |
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| 166:00 | younger versus things that are a step older. And the things within those |
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| 166:09 | are genetic packages that may have reservoirs oil gas, condensate water like |
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| 166:19 | If you're doing, you could be a hydrology study and uh it's gonna |
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| 166:24 | the distribution of your aquifers. It's impact the fidelity of the seal around |
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| 166:36 | injection reser aquifer. And uh this again, I was just trying |
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| 166:48 | show you uh Now, you we spot some of these things in |
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| 166:56 | . Uh Most of you don't know I low standard system track is versus |
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| 167:04 | transgressive systems track in a high OK. But uh hopefully, |
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| 167:10 | most of, you know, high system track, you know, these |
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| 167:13 | things, but I'll go into it little bit with you and I'll just |
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| 167:17 | you this slide right now that might you because this will be coming up |
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| 167:21 | class. This is what's called a diagram. And uh on the left |
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| 167:28 | of this page for this diagram, gonna be uh on the coast as |
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| 167:36 | move from the left to the you're getting in deeper and deeper water |
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| 167:43 | the white spaces in here are gaps time. They've been eroded. The |
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| 167:52 | things in here happened to be condensed . There are long periods of time |
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| 168:02 | very very, very thin set of , very thin sediments. So, |
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| 168:08 | a way, when you think about , if you collapse a purple to |
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| 168:17 | thin and you collapse the white to thin, you will see like on |
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| 168:25 | left hand, you'll see the sandstones that top unit sitting right on top |
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| 168:30 | the sandstones in the bottom. And what? That's what you see when |
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| 168:35 | drill a well, this, right here, number two. |
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| 168:39 | you see the number two. you would see your log would get |
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| 168:45 | down to the yellow thing that's just the pink thing and back into the |
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| 168:50 | and the white isn't even there. solid rock sitting on top of solid |
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| 168:55 | and it fools everybody. It's the dimension is a real butter and this |
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| 169:02 | plotted in the fourth dimension which is and uh and distance and from the |
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| 169:10 | , you're going from up depositional dip the right down depositional dip. And |
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| 169:18 | you squish it all together, it something like this. This would be |
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| 169:24 | spread out part with purple. This be the spread out part. The |
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| 169:28 | side would be between those red lines be spread out with erosional surfaces. |
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| 169:34 | stuff on the right side would be purple which flattens to paper even though |
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| 169:41 | , it's recording all the time. condensed. It's a very thin light |
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| 169:49 | the graphic correlation interpretation of this, can see here from this well to |
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| 169:56 | , number two to, well, five, you can see that we |
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| 170:00 | actually spot these breaks or gaps. uh horizontal lines on this chart here |
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| 170:07 | actually depositional events. In other this is death and this is |
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| 170:15 | So through time, we're getting thickness time, it's collapsed through time, |
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| 170:23 | depositional event. So these are the events separated by these flooding surfaces and |
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| 170:32 | un conformance. And it happens And uh in this particular, at |
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| 170:38 | particular point, you see sediment starvation one end as you have an exposed |
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| 170:45 | . And here you have uh uh bing, it's going down a slope |
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| 170:52 | uh down here is definitely uh an surface. Same here. It's different |
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| 170:59 | . It's happening at different times. one thing uh if you look at |
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| 171:03 | time, A through G whenever you sequence boundaries, uh if they're the |
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| 171:12 | sequence boundary, you go back same sequence boundary up here in this |
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| 171:21 | space up here. This is all sequence boundary, but the break in |
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| 171:28 | is more dramatic here, then it way down here. There's almost no |
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| 171:34 | in time. Likewise, with these , there's a lot of section is |
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| 171:42 | , but it's paper thin and it into here. And these are the |
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| 171:45 | surfaces that shoot all the way across and separate your reservoirs and your genetic |
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| 171:50 | of deposition. And uh if you even further than that. If you |
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| 172:00 | additional wells between this five and this , I put a couple in here |
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| 172:07 | that gap changes in size. This exactly what you just saw in that |
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| 172:12 | . You're seeing the pro gradation going . This is pro gradation. It's |
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| 172:19 | here. It was in that one I I was showing you the |
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| 172:23 | OK? It's older here, but gets younger. The next pro grade |
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| 172:27 | younger. The base of it is next pro gradation wedge is younger still |
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| 172:32 | it's going down depositional depth. It's magic. Mhm OK. And |
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| 172:41 | just to give you another um oil example, uh this is from some |
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| 172:50 | wells offshore Gulf of Mexico. Uh in here is from the oil company |
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| 172:57 | I worked on this for so and the labels are just kind of messed |
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| 173:03 | . But um does anybody want to what the yellow, the yellow is |
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| 173:07 | the blue? OK. The blue time the yellow is sediment being deposited |
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| 173:27 | the period. So this isn't even thickness. The thickness is between this |
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| 173:34 | 6 30 this 23 9 60. . So that's 330 ft of |
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| 173:44 | Come down here. This is This is, this is, that's |
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| 173:49 | 24 at 25. The next one gonna be almost 2000 ft a |
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| 173:58 | So it actually a a little bit time but the yellow and the blue |
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| 174:04 | actually plotted in time, but the is where um a depositional event |
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| 174:13 | I'm gonna find oil in a depositional because that's where the reservoir is. |
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| 174:19 | . Doesn't have to be, this thing doesn't have to be re |
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| 174:22 | But the sandstone is in one of depositional bins. And if you look |
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| 174:31 | , none of these things correlated straight laterally. But they should, if |
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| 174:36 | were to correlate these as a you would be correlating all over this |
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| 174:42 | because you might have correlated this thick to that thick sandstone and thin, |
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| 174:49 | to that one or maybe this none of them are gen genetically |
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| 174:54 | They're all separated by flooding surfaces or conformity. And um in this part |
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| 175:05 | here, it looks like there could some pro gradation. Why do you |
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| 175:08 | this is so mishmash looking? So look like there's a lot of |
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| 175:19 | all of these wells come from different mini basins. And when one mini |
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| 175:30 | forms, it starts to fill in sand and it could shut off the |
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| 175:35 | to another one down, dip from . And so here we're getting deposition |
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| 175:40 | , we're getting deposition, but there's sand coming down that it actually spilled |
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| 175:44 | this one. This one's being fed a completely different flow. Um So |
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| 175:52 | a lot of complexity in here in basins. What mini basins are, |
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| 175:55 | they're as salts being withdrawn, they deeper and deeper and deeper. They're |
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| 176:00 | the, they're in a BFI they're on a slope that normally collects |
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| 176:05 | sediment. But because of salt mini basins are formed on a slope |
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| 176:11 | you have those mini basins formed on slope. Uh You get this sort |
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| 176:16 | start stop kind of thing and you have uh something here. Um See |
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| 176:22 | I can find a good one. example, this one started and as |
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| 176:26 | was filling over too fast, it have spilled over into that one. |
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| 176:32 | Intentionally, I I didn't put that on here because it would give too |
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| 176:38 | away on to where the sands were , and that sort of thing. |
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| 176:42 | uh but I think it's uh the point here is that using bio geo |
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| 176:50 | instead of zones instead of just fossil , like we started out in the |
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| 176:56 | instead of doing that, we can very high resolution stuff that relates directly |
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| 177:01 | sequence stratigraphy. Even though that sequence volume said that we don't even think |
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| 177:06 | interpret we think and interpret a lot we understand this, this system, |
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| 177:12 | is graphic correlation, which again is analog form of machine learning. Um |
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| 177:19 | , when we get the data from , well, we put it into |
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| 177:21 | composite standard and it would improve So like we would add a well |
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| 177:26 | another, well add another well, another well and we go back and |
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| 177:29 | re uh plot all of the wells the new information telling us where these |
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| 177:36 | ended. Remember how I showed you some of the, remember the |
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| 177:40 | the depressed tops versus the tops. you had those five wells in a |
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| 177:45 | standard, you would know that that fossil had it, was it |
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| 177:50 | And then when it shows lower than where that time is that there's |
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| 177:55 | non depositional event. Ok. Um almost 430 just because I had a |
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| 178:06 | start, I think, I think might be a good time to uh |
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| 178:12 | break for tomorrow. And uh tomorrow start out with the different types of |
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| 178:19 | which you may find almost equally But it's, it's not as |
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| 178:23 | mind challenging. You don't have to in four dimensions to uh to understand |
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| 178:31 | the data that we deal with the of data we deal with. And |
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| 178:34 | I wanna show you tomorrow start out is the type of data that uh |
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| 178:41 | really good versus the type of Uh That's not so good and is |
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| 178:46 | , but even with minimal data, can do a lot. When I |
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| 178:49 | petroleum geology, I give you minimal to give you some tops, some |
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| 178:55 | evens. Uh But when they when they were picked, they were |
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| 178:59 | zones at the top. The bio was the the start of the |
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| 179:04 | But uh but when you do that exercise, it helps you line up |
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| 179:08 | log. So that, so that least you're not correlating this thing with |
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| 179:14 | that's way up here and then in next, well, way up |
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| 179:19 | you know, and you could do , you know, you might correlate |
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| 179:21 | base of this with the base of with a bit because again, when |
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| 179:24 | have a log, it's a complete , it doesn't look broken up. |
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| 179:29 | Again, when I worked at we had a, a petrologist |
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| 179:33 | that added the time track and we correlated with time instead of with uh |
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| 179:44 | thickness and it was unbelievable. And I, I can't tap into all |
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| 179:51 | data now. So and um and , and sometimes people think you're stealing |
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| 179:59 | that, you know, uh through course of this, I may give |
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| 180:02 | an example of how we got um for oxy, by the way, |
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| 180:09 | man, some graphic correlation down on well. And BP was the operator |
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| 180:15 | turned in their, their tops and ones that weren't required to be turned |
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| 180:20 | , they left the death that they , but they didn't say what it |
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| 180:25 | . So between myself and a and nano fossil worker, we were able |
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| 180:28 | figure out which, which tops they because of the sequence we put them |
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| 180:34 | and used our geo chronology and we're able to see un conformity that |
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| 180:38 | nobody else could see or, or in the deposition and they, |
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| 180:44 | they wanted to know if I had data from BP and giving it to |
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| 180:52 | . That's, and, uh, never seen those wells when I worked |
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| 180:56 | Amica. But, uh, but , um, these things work really |
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| 181:04 | when you understand them and they don't without interpretation, they do not work |
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| 181:08 | a human mind. And uh and , uh I hate to say |
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| 181:13 | but oil companies like to get rid positions that they like to get rid |
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| 181:17 | technology that requires a brain. All to, that's what, that's what |
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| 181:23 | gonna try to do with A I uh a lot of good people might |
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| 181:30 | fired before they realize the mistake. ? And I hope it doesn't have |
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| 181:37 | , you, but I, I'll , uh, I'll keep pulling on |
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| 181:39 | end. Hey, with that, think we can uh quit for the |
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| 181:43 | if it's OK with everybody. Uh So we got a question, |
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| 181:52 | . Can you hear me? Is microphone on? Yes, it's |
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| 182:04 | Uh maybe mine's off my volume's Can you hear me now? |
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| 182:09 | I can hear you now. I was wondering if you um or |
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| 182:15 | in the class could send us a of what you drew on the board |
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| 182:18 | . I'd like to see it. , sure. Someone could uh photograph |
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| 182:22 | . And just, and just email to you. Yeah, that'd be |
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| 182:26 | . Yeah, I just, I showed some kind of forms and, |
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| 182:30 | , and since you asked that um, I don't know, |
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| 182:36 | could somebody, I don't know if could show, let me see if |
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| 182:41 | can, um, you might have exit out of your slides first. |
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| 182:53 | , that would probably be most And they can, everybody, |
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| 183:14 | I just spotlighted it. Can you ? Can you see is most of |
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| 183:19 | frame, the picture? It's half the picture. Try um to stop |
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| 183:32 | your screen. There we go. . Now I'm gonna do another dangerous |
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| 183:41 | . I'm gonna unplug uh the slide . It's still there. Can you |
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| 183:49 | see it? Yes, sir. . And I'm gonna unplug my thing |
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| 183:56 | the recorder is still on. I a, I have a camera that |
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| 184:01 | do this for me. But can see that it may be reverse what |
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| 184:07 | is? I can see it. you so much. And uh those |
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| 184:12 | Clio forms. And um, if look at the picture, uh this |
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| 184:20 | reversed, isn't it? And is reversed on your picture? It |
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| 184:25 | But, well, I mean, can read 123 and four. So |
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| 184:29 | , I see what you're, but backwards, right? A little |
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| 184:32 | Yes, I think so. They're backwards. They can't be half |
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| 184:36 | They're, they're backwards. Ok. What I can tell you, I |
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| 184:40 | tell everybody there and record this is lines or what we call Clio |
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| 184:45 | Um, I usually try to get and a lot of students know what |
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| 184:49 | client of form is sometimes but, they're, they're inclined boundaries as Clio |
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| 184:56 | . Each one of those encased inside them represents a depositional event. And |
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| 185:01 | one on the right the way it now would be the first one that |
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| 185:04 | prograde into the, into the And it would be pro grading from |
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| 185:10 | to left the way it is and would be um a depositional dip. |
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| 185:16 | when sea level rises, that the kind of form above the first one |
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| 185:21 | the boundary between unit number three. uh and then it pro grades out |
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| 185:28 | it pro grades out shells are at bottom of the diagram. But at |
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| 185:33 | top of the cli of forms, would have sandstones, which is why |
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| 185:36 | have those shazam in there. And uh and any sand that's between |
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| 185:44 | boundaries is gonna be genetically uh But if you go across those cli |
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| 185:51 | boundaries, those would be flooding surfaces those sands are not. And as |
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| 185:56 | picture is drawn, if you drilled in it, the way it's |
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| 186:00 | you would think those sands were corret and in communication, but none of |
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| 186:05 | are, they're separated. It's a important point to get because when you're |
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| 186:11 | for oil, you're looking for what people aren't looking for. That's why |
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| 186:15 | can find it and they can't. you need to, you need to |
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| 186:19 | that way. You know, here's my work process the way I |
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| 186:24 | my last study, which is completely from this study. And, |
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| 186:28 | you're gonna miss a lot of, , geology when you do that. |
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| 186:33 | that help? Yes, sir. you very much. Ok. And |
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| 186:40 | I'll go ahead and turn my recorder and I'll see you guys tomorrow at |
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| 186:47 | hopefully we'll have the camera set Awesome. Thank |
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