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GEOL 6381 Petroleum Geology - Last Hour video SAT-6-17-23 2546429540
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00:19 Ok. Now we're gonna do basic tool. Everybody in the class is
00:30 . Ok. So, um, many have you ever worked with?
00:34 line logging? No, any kind logging? Mhm. Yeah.
00:48 Um, have any of you heard wire line logging? Has anybody done
00:55 physics? The Petro physics class That's next, next semester, isn't
01:01 ? So, who's graduating this You are? Is it, is
01:12 ? Oh, yeah. But you'll Petro Physics. Yeah, you
01:19 Yeah, this coming semester. Um, you'll, um, you'll
01:23 Petro Physics next semester and you'll uh, you haven't had Kurt marred
01:29 ? Have you? We'll get Kurt and, well, hopefully, and
01:34 get, uh, Fred Hill from . Have you had Fred Hill from
01:37 yet? Ok. Everybody, everybody the classes that we have this semester
01:44 semester, the, all the geologists geophysics are in it and these
01:50 these are kind of like the overlapping where we, uh, discuss things
01:54 relate to inter geological geophysical interpretation. , pretty much how we use it
02:06 find oil. Ok. Um, here's a wire line, uh,
02:13 and, um, sometimes, they do these things on the,
02:18 , sort of measure while drilling anybody work on measure well drilling.
02:26 . Ok. And, uh, is, I don't know if this
02:29 a slumber truck but it's blue. it looks like one. Uh,
02:36 wire line is the way we, , did a, we did for
02:39 most part, a lot of the in the past. And if you're
02:43 with, uh, legacy data, the legacy data you're gonna be looking
02:47 comes from wire line logging. uh basically the way it works is
02:55 normally on a, uh, on rig you're offshore. Uh, instead
03:01 having a truck, you'll have a that has these cables in it
03:05 and operators in there. And the table actually, uh feeds down
03:12 , uh to the uh tower and goes down into the, well,
03:18 as though it's, um, you're , uh, say a cutting tool
03:23 something else down the, down the bore. And, uh, and
03:28 as it goes down the well you have to worry about the,
03:35 , whether you've got painting or anything that on the side of. Did
03:47 have a and, um, somewhere there you gotta have case,
03:52 you can do certain kinds of blogs casing. But once we gonna be
03:57 about um, situations and, we have one that comes down like
04:06 and uh requires us to, can some mud and he basically kind of
04:36 this thing down and it, you , to shape. But,
04:45 you, you add sections to it I just might have, uh,
04:48 thing here. Yeah. Ok. you drop it down in a more
04:56 that and on the way down your . So, just gonna get an
05:00 with City and then you hit it the way down to the bottom.
05:04 , this drops off the, you're to uh pull it up a little
05:10 , pull it up, slowly, up and down a couple at the
05:14 bottom to make sure they have calibrated to where the bottom is and then
05:19 just pull it all up and they a certain sub the street record,
05:24 the data you and uh once you a, you know, you should
05:30 able to tell them and just sometimes they started dropping this thing down and
05:38 gets hung up and they have to out the any, any time you
05:43 on the take extra time. And thing that, that happened when,
05:48 I was doing it is the um , and you feel like this platform
05:56 it had a little bit of a out something like that and you have
06:03 tool, then the tool would fall , you know, and um you
06:10 , when that happens the screen, you can, you can't log
06:16 hang on a minute. I'm gonna my supervisor and tell me and uh
06:25 of the tricks to love to getting uh cave would be, uh,
06:34 I said, five together, you add another one to just and uh
06:44 maybe something that's an extra tool and the, the tool set. It
07:01 be this long. So I let come down and so over, slide
07:11 and, uh, and it you know, it might because it
07:15 to this curve. Then once once you get that, it seems
07:28 be, then whenever I was that seemed to be most of what
07:31 did was scream and yell at somebody we got along. And,
07:37 the tool pusher doesn't like logging or or anything because, because he gets
07:42 for how much, well he And, uh, one of
07:47 uh, I didn't count it as of the 11 worst mistakes, but
07:50 was something that was really strange when , uh, BP Macondo,
07:54 blew out the tool pusher. The who gets paid to, um,
08:03 , drill more wells told him you to slow down. And,
08:10 when I heard that he said, that I'm like, what in God's
08:14 ? It's like it's upside down. know, the tool pushers just
08:18 I don't care, I don't I don't care. Just get the
08:20 down, get the drill, drill , get that thing out of
08:23 We're not gonna take any data, know. But when the Macondo well
08:27 out the company man who was the guy for the company, which would
08:32 BP was the one telling him to faster and to be unsafe.
08:38 uh, and I, I've never of such a thing. Normally the
08:42 man is doing exactly the opposite. , uh, it was, that's
08:48 one of the red flags that tells , uh, if you're ever on
08:52 rig and the company man is telling tool pusher to move faster, you
08:58 , to pusher lives dies and is to go faster. You know,
09:03 tell him to go slow. It's telling a Mario Andretti to drive 25
09:09 an hour, uh, at Indianapolis something, you know, it's just
09:15 of non sequitur. Ok. So get around it. Um,
09:20 uh, so you see a lot different things out there but there's always
09:24 solution to a lot of these And, uh, the reason it's
09:28 to bring up this kind of thing that when you get, you have
09:34 horizontal, it's really hard to do and it, normally it's got,
09:38 know, piece of and, and so you're not worried about it
09:41 much, but it still can get up. I've never set, set
09:45 horizontal. Well, I really would to sit down and talk to somebody
09:50 go sit on one just to find what it's like, but,
09:53 that's got to be a difficult task get a log, uh, all
09:56 way down a well board that's Uh, as far as I
10:01 they don't have wheels yet. I asking people that work on them,
10:04 of you guys work on them. I can't ask you. But,
10:08 , but I, I really wanna how, how, how much time
10:11 takes because it's pretty hard in this . You can see uh that I
10:16 blown up yet. Um Still a bit small but, you know,
10:23 part of the, the pipe assembly it's actually behind the drilling assembly.
10:27 have the, um, the you actually have the drilling tool and
10:32 things are more flexible now. And there are these little things just behind
10:37 that are like skids that probably help it guided and uh the logging tools
10:42 gonna be back in here. You see it's going to uh the potential
10:47 different tools that could be sap onto drilling assembly and it's, it's just
10:52 spinning around. And, um, so there's a, there's a lot
10:58 electronics in there to, to maintain in these uh in these tools too
11:03 that they know exactly uh whether it's , south, east or west,
11:08 or down left or right, that of thing. Um Yeah. And
11:18 uh a lot of them are doing through uh through the drill stream
11:22 Um And what I understand, uh of the multi pulse telemetry that they
11:29 actually where they're, uh they're sending signals sometimes has a wider band
11:34 than, you know, but then in the pipe, but it seems
11:37 me the pipe would be sufficient. uh again, I've never had a
11:42 to sit down with, with with a logging team and ask them
11:45 those kinds of details because when I riggs, that's the first thing I
11:48 do was try to figure out what didn't know. And, uh,
11:52 that's a good way to go with . And uh it's better than boy
11:58 camp and uh, lots always going in those bricks. Ok. So
12:03 , um, the purpose of, these logging tools, of course,
12:08 to evaluate uh the properties to for most of the length of the
12:13 , normally we don't do the whole . Uh whenever uh a petroleum geologist
12:18 engineer wants a log, he's gonna , he definitely wants an interval around
12:23 he thinks the target is. if you're in a new area,
12:26 gonna want to have a lot more that. Just so you can correlate
12:29 top to bottom and uh kind of everything lined up and make sure,
12:33 you know what the Strat gray really in unconventional wells quite often. They
12:43 , they don't always do kick And so they broke up quite
12:46 Some of the first wells they will a pilot and then they'll do pick
12:56 somewhere like this in the. And of the things that, that helps
13:00 is to, here's the here tools this. So if you come down
13:15 like your or your data and anything , you know, just on the
13:22 , uh you can get a really layers like perfectly, you know,
13:28 in here, this is my sweet , smell like that. And uh
13:36 know, you might get sort of good idea, but that strategy,
13:42 , then you can compare that to the later one will be going up
13:47 down, see responses to all these together. Uh which again makes a
13:54 bit difficult. But yeah, that's . And um they do have uh
14:05 often kind of, it's still not it's not a simple name and uh
14:12 it's trying to an awful lot of . And uh so in some,
14:18 some, some places where the uh have very uh discrete layers, uh
14:24 a lot easier, but if you , have something where it's just sands
14:27 sequences, it's kind of hard to out exactly which one you're looking
14:32 Uh when you, when you're just at it through multiple formations instead of
14:37 out into one formation or, or bit. OK. So um
14:44 it's a good tool but it's still quite complicated. But again, getting
14:48 pilot well, in there to help see what, what you're supposed to
14:51 into, uh, really ends up a lot too. Ok.
14:56 and these are the things, that we look for. We're looking
15:02 , um, ferocity. We're looking permeability. Uh, we're looking for
15:07 mythology of the rocks. It's the of the rocks too. Can obviously
15:13 to, uh, the actions where might have re, what do you
15:18 would be a victim? You think be, um, mhm.
15:32 knowing that the Gulf of Mexico is to class, kind of discriminate to
15:45 war. No war. Would you to have the, what,
15:49 what, which one of these, , you know, you're looking for
15:53 kinds of things. Uh, and really what you want, but in
15:57 of a mythology, think, think a, a press engineer. This
16:04 a real simple understanding of graphics. want something that they gonna be totally
16:13 sandwich. That's not, and that's of got him in the, for
16:21 long time and that he has uh, things that happen to it
16:28 , when there's oil there. So errors in sp you run with
16:34 uh, some of the differences in analog tell you that this is just
16:40 . And so that's kind of an thing to me too. I
16:44 I never, I still don't understand , but a lot of uh petro
16:50 said you can't run SP with but there's no reason in the world
16:54 I could think of why one signal interfere with the other. But when
16:58 worked for Mobile, that's all we did. We would run gamma and
17:01 at the same time. And um of it there's an oil effect on
17:06 , uh, on your uh SP . And, uh, and that's
17:11 really good, good thing to have there. You know, if
17:13 it's, it's just like um uh waves and P waves, you know
17:18 difference between a shear wave and a wave since one can see fluids and
17:22 other one can't tells you an awful . And uh and any, any
17:27 that gives you any little hint is is really critical. Now, most
17:32 these things run on algorithms that have calculated. Uh And uh I'm guessing
17:38 probably do this in a, in field area sometimes. But most of
17:42 time they have algorithms that, you , are sort of general algorithms that
17:47 for limestones here with a certain mixture plastics and limestones there with a different
17:53 of plastics with exactly the same But you can see different responses and
17:58 can be confusing responses from uh a one absolute type of rock to
18:04 completely different type of rock that are to be giving you the same
18:08 You know, there's there's, there be problems with, with automation.
18:12 uh normally when you work in an , you wanna, you wanna look
18:15 a lot of blog suites from that and see what that particular lithograph and
18:20 the responses are to that lithia in of gamma resistivity and all those other
18:26 . OK. So um these are lot of things that we're looking for
18:33 um yeah, there's fire, fire , drilling, fire line after drilling
18:41 on the material string. Uh There's these tools that are for a well
18:46 tool. We have temperature tools. There are ones that look at induced
18:51 and intrinsic properties. In other sometimes you put energy in there to
18:56 what the response is and sometimes you're , you're passive and you're looking at
19:01 what comes out of that particular Yeah. But um this is uh
19:09 your book and, and I like keep it to this good. I
19:16 it's really sort of um fundamental and basic uh that some of these
19:26 are primarily designed to help you tell from mythology and you set it right
19:32 . You set a analog, that's of the rock mythology. And uh
19:37 one is CS P Law. Uh there's logs that are primarily ferocity and
19:44 and there's other ones that are mainly help you identify the fluids. But
19:49 heard me say something about ST line you identify fluids too. So there's
19:54 absolute uh definition of what any of things are. And of course,
20:01 can do these things in combination and sort out other things like uh
20:06 certain uh resistivity. Uh One of particular tool is, is gonna um
20:17 say a fluid identification tool uh is help me with some of the density
20:23 could also uh gain help uh from of the rock mythology tools. So
20:28 a lot of integrated interpretation that goes as well. But uh as a
20:35 test question, what are the three types of, of uh uh logging
20:45 , rock mythology, porosity, and fluid identification and and there'll be
21:00 to that. But uh so we're start out with the rock tools.
21:05 so um one of the uh the one of course is is the Gama
21:12 and the gamma log measures the natural that comes out of a um out
21:17 uh rocks. And it mostly comes uh these elements, Uranium potassium and
21:25 . It comes from these elements because oh some of these uh elements get
21:33 in uh rocks of a certain For example, the one that uh
21:37 of us focus on and consider is uranium signal. And um hot shales
21:45 often uh ideal source products. Why the shales hot? Uh because uh
21:52 have these organics and uh and they a lot of the uh the grains
21:58 that's in the system. And when we have a really intense enriched
22:08 for organic rich sediments in the So we're gonna get a really high
22:14 and one of the most concentrated layers you can imagine if you have a
22:18 that's uh 200 ft thick uh with same amount of organic material. That's
22:26 that's only listed 100 versus this. called the, the, one of
22:33 are um sort of like breaks and . So if you can, uh
22:44 you have concentrated organics in this for long period of time, the butter
22:49 all you're getting in this particular setting gonna be uh organic rich sediments accumulated
22:55 a long period of time. Those be really high. So gamma spikes
23:02 quite often become when you get the very sharp, it's gonna be,
23:19 not all you can be. Anybody heard of the three, the
23:30 main services, we're gonna talk about . I'm kind of obsessed with you
23:42 to see what. Um So uh sequence we're gonna have, we're gonna
23:50 a erosional surface which is usually what call a sequence in the typical third
23:56 sequence. Then um uh as sea recovers, there's trans of surface where
24:03 starts to serious. So dress up then uh when that transgression reaches its
24:27 , there will be a service called maximum and that's gonna be this area
24:32 uh you, wherever you are in sequence because you're out the deep
24:37 it's in maximum water all the So they kind of coalesce with
24:42 but if you're up on the uh you'll see a very rich and
24:48 organic that indicates the uh the uh flooding surface. And, and
24:55 it's because that's sort of the the water is gonna get on that
24:59 at any point in time over that . And there's flooding surfaces associated in
25:08 stratigraphy. And we'll talk about that in the future. But just for
25:11 , I want you to know that gamma lots are really uh important for
25:16 for these spices and on top of helping us find sands. So um
25:24 the shall have something to do with organic material, uh what do you
25:28 is gonna be the response to she the same will the shall be higher
25:37 be high. Excuse me, the gonna be I it's gonna have more
25:47 . These ones that are concentrated are be so, so um yeah,
25:57 of goes against my sense of things you know, we like to do
26:02 things. So in a lot of that you see uh you get um
26:08 , she also center a then you're have something coming like this in shale
26:17 no one goes to go out and maybe you, so you have kind
26:26 a shell on both, sort of that, that a little,
26:37 but in, um, saying this gonna be low. This, I
26:48 to see this one. Yeah, have to pay attention to. So
26:57 is, this is high game game if you get a planning surface,
27:03 gonna have something that kind of go , uh, sometimes it's more romantic
27:15 , not here. You have a and, uh you also, uh
27:24 you look at a lot, you'll a lot of smaller place, you
27:31 see something like that. So I helps you with photography a lot and
27:36 course, it discriminates between sands and . And uh if there's a little
27:43 of shale in your sand, we something like this. What do you
27:53 that would be? What kind of to that family? The scale and
28:06 amount of scale has something to Yeah. Fire, give a
28:14 Does this, have you got more kill you? Exactly. So this
28:25 , yeah, it could be, , and uh where it could be
28:31 clean here. And uh one of famous ones for uh do something like
28:46 and uh that what sort of a of this? This would be the
28:50 about you talk to somebody the first you're in the middle of the channel
29:16 in, it might look like But uh when you get off,
29:26 up on those little patterns I'm showing what we call. OK. So
29:39 it's something to uh to keep in . Now, all of these different
29:44 relate to. Uh I, I I quickly showed you something where we
29:49 distinguishing between uh Semon sources in the and sea. And uh we were
29:55 at the ratios of these to figure uh what source rocks were coming from
30:01 and I don't mean source rocks, mean source of sediments, not,
30:05 source rocks in the sense of but what where were the, were
30:09 sediments based on these ratios? Uh ones were coming from uh the Ancient
30:17 River, the VB up river and and uh the other river on
30:25 And this is quite a complicated And uh and he actually used different
30:32 ways of coming up with these ratios figure it out because some very different
30:37 concentrations of these French uranium, of , being the most significant. And
30:44 nevertheless, uh we normally look at the total, which is the
30:48 which include all of this that and is this is uh a Gama log
31:00 . And um hm so, and don't know why I blew it up
31:09 that. This is a typical And one of the things that you
31:14 here is that there's a, a of uh a lot of de definition
31:20 response. Uh The Gama uh responds quickly to uh changes in gamma le
31:27 . It's really high resolution depends on fast you pull it up, but
31:32 something more inches and stuff like that of uh big sections of rock
31:38 to sort of figure it out. Because this is pulling out, you
31:43 , something that's uh that's pretty bright terms of natural occurring uh gamma radiation
31:51 , and uh so that helps and at this log makes it is a
31:56 better than looking at my drawings. But you can see here, uh
32:01 may be something here that's like a surface or something in this area that's
32:06 flooding surface. And uh and uh over here, you can see there's
32:11 of these really high spikes, this course, is sand. Oh Getting
32:18 in my friend. Uh This is uh you can see this is interpolated
32:25 and shales and uh it's pretty you know, the tool response is
32:29 fast. You know, you're going a shell to sandhill to sand.
32:33 going a little bit crazy. Uh , here's something where, you
32:37 there may have been a, a in the development of this sandstone and
32:42 got a little bit shale in Uh When I was talking about how
32:46 um measure net net and then for reason, you know, there's oil
32:53 here, um these little incursions um There's often no really clever way
33:05 , to measure this uh with, a computer. But by the
33:09 you can look at this and say is so many feet or so many
33:13 , I'm gonna, I'm gonna reduce net uh ferocity system by that little
33:20 right there. Maybe, maybe say would be five. I don't know
33:23 the scale is on here. there it is. 2002 50.
33:30 10 ft. So here, here have 10 ft. There's something
33:34 uh, you know, maybe 2 would be missing there, maybe take
33:38 foot off there. Uh, it's a, it's not so precise but
33:45 at a deadly and, uh, , uh, you know,
33:51 you kind of make an estimate because you call all of this, this
33:55 all be, you know, it's where it fell. It's, it's
33:58 little bit over 50 ft of Well, close to just a little
34:02 over 50 ft of sand here. , uh, 250 ft of
34:07 I'm sorry. And, uh, , but within that 250 ft of
34:14 scale off. Ok. Uh, this is, um, so it's
34:23 ft each one. So this one gonna be way more than 2
34:27 So this is, uh, sometimes I get to the board, I
34:31 , things just look strange to me I start explaining them all upside
34:35 But, uh, here, here 50 ft each increment. So this
34:38 over 10 ft of a break in . And, uh, and
34:42 and it adds up a little bit a time and you, and you
34:45 your, uh, your net uh uh with that. And of
34:51 if you were to say this was solid 250 ft of sand, you'd
34:55 wrong because these incursions are telling you there's, there's beds in there that
35:01 shale and they're probably not just from to here. They're, they,
35:05 , they're all the way into the and, you know, it's uh
35:08 think it's, I'm not sure how explain this to you, but all
35:13 these little incursions to the right more shale and less sand. Every
35:18 one of them, there was uh sand here than anywhere. There's more
35:24 here, next the most and these are the most, this kind
35:28 falls up this you can see as finding upward sequence. And so uh
35:32 kind of get the, the picture . I think it helps for me
35:36 like point at things and tell you you're seeing. Uh So you can
35:40 of get a better idea of it you've never worked with them before.
35:44 um here is something that kind of off scale and uh and uh these
35:51 really black shells. So it might a condensed center, but you can
35:54 here, this would be something like flooding surface and maybe even a maximum
35:58 surface. Here's a clean sand. uh and this is the spectral GAMA
36:05 you could see um uh the elements down over here and they're in different
36:11 is percent of uh of, of combination of things. This is in
36:17 per billion, this is parts per . So um you're actually looking at
36:23 things, so your ratios are kind different when you try to,
36:26 to use them to discriminate different, , different, uh, sources
36:32 of saying. Yeah, yeah, logging the logging speed there is 300
36:41 . Ok. So not sure what standoff is. But, uh,
36:55 other than that, um, that's of what a really good one looks
37:00 . And, um, the other tool is a spontaneous potential and,
37:07 , it too is a pass up and it's just looking at,
37:12 um, the, uh, sort the battery credential of a, they
37:21 a lot with the saltwater in uh, with fresh water. It
37:26 work, work that well. one of the guys, but that's
37:34 physics for us do. A diagram at this doesn't. And in parts
37:45 here's a 08 to 15,000 and, , do a diagram like this.
37:57 , oh, this is, solidity was going up this way and
38:02 said this is, you know, much my, uh, it's,
38:11 not always like that bigger relatively shallow outside the 1st 4000 ft. Uh
38:18 can have a and uh you have freshwater aquifer like this and then,
38:32 sometimes you have fresh water layers uh are interrelated with another thing that you
38:38 is sometimes, in other words, actual salinity and the salinity drops and
38:47 salinity drops, it reverses responses up . And uh the, the worst
38:52 in the world that you could work the butter because a lot of them
38:58 fresh water sometimes be fresh food, water so you can get it.
39:11 that was a difficult thing. And they're not so good in fresh
39:16 That's difficult. Another thing is, I told you they're saving um you
39:21 , like uh Santa and the sodium enriching of sodium condition. And because
39:29 that, it's, it's uh it's good pathway for organic stuff. But
39:34 though there's salinity in it, when US P log would act as though
39:39 fresh. And uh so that uh confused a lot of people working down
39:47 trying to um match their stuff up what people were doing in the Gulf
39:52 Mexico early on. Uh one of things that's uh yeah, it only
39:59 in open wells with conductive mud. It, it also doesn't like uh
40:05 work well with oil based muds and and that's, that's another problem with
40:10 the SP log, uh oil based are, are uh are bad.
40:16 , they're good for drilling but they're for all scientific or, or uh
40:21 measuring uh tools of any kind. , here's what the uh spontaneous potential
40:28 looks like. What's the first thing notice about this relative from the
40:53 OK. So, um as as you look at this,
40:58 these are the sands, right? so you wanna have low MS,
41:05 ? And here are the hind lily on this side, same as the
41:09 . It still, it still bothers going forward. I like, I
41:13 to see Jesus peaks and then I you're moving away from the zero.
41:20 anyway, uh but it's not really away from it at all. And
41:26 this uh this curve, one thing noticeable is, is there's not a
41:32 of character to it, you you don't see it going like
41:37 Uh It's, it's kind of smooth , but take a, take a
41:41 look at that. And what you here is they've drawn a couple of
41:45 on here. They've drawn a shale . Uh Gama logs tend to
41:51 but uh but they, you can draw a baseline with a gamma log
41:55 any particular interval, but over the log, it kind of drips and
41:59 can drip too. But, uh you know, in any particular place
42:05 you're looking like here or here, can draw a base, it's so
42:10 let it confuse you if you see on. And uh and so,
42:16 one of the things that you notice is this is the highest point two
42:21 to notice here, here's the highest on a sandstone. What do you
42:27 about that season? It's the big , right? So big. This
42:44 it's a slow responding tool, bent is important for sort of the,
42:50 mili bots to charge up and, respond. And so, uh because
42:55 that, just if you have a , like this, you're gonna look
43:00 your cleanest, your thickest sand, that's where you're gonna pick out.
43:04 you think is your static. Now, um if you uh come
43:14 , look at what's going on it's a nice clean sand says it's
43:19 clean sandstone. It's lower, it's as thick. It hasn't had enough
43:26 to get all the way the millig all the way up to here and
43:28 already breaking back down to uh lower bots when you get to the other
43:33 . And uh again, it's part the, the at which it's
43:37 So this is getting a real strong signal. This is getting a weaker
43:43 signal. Uh Right here, here's thinner bit, if you see the
43:48 bed and it looks just a little higher than that. Be. What
43:52 you think that might, that could that this one's a little bit cleaner
43:59 and in spite of its, because smaller, even if it was
44:04 uh, having a higher sp on one or a lower sp,
44:10 on this curve, uh, would , um, uh, suggest that
44:15 a cleaner sand than that. And one also has kind of like we
44:20 have all the things I'd like you see on this, but here you
44:23 see it real well. Here's a one, here's a shay one.
44:27 uh for some reason, this one's it all the way almost to the
44:30 sp there's actually a correction factor. of the exercises we do standard static
44:44 . In other words, this is the SS, this was all
44:49 So we get up and do it we also assume that the sandstone at
44:55 bottom is more than the other It's not, well, it relates
45:03 permeability but, but the, the is collect, it's sort of collecting
45:08 charge and uh and it's, you , like with the gamble on it's
45:14 there or is it OK with It's gonna, you know, it
45:19 , it has to travel, the has to travel and it's uh a
45:24 control is fairly slow. And uh here you can see Santos, but
45:31 a, there's a bed correction. uh and in spite of what I
45:35 told you, uh any time this different from the Gana, you
45:40 like if if you get a nice blocky gama on this, that would
45:44 this perfectly. But if, for reason we had a, um,
45:49 log was big and blocky here, this dropped off. Another thing.
45:55 , another thing is, um, . Next, the, uh,
46:01 key group on this would be that have, um, what you call
46:09 , yeah. Has oil in it , uh, so you can get
46:15 of a, an idea of an response. In other words like this
46:18 too, if uh you had a , it came out like this and
46:23 went straight in there. I the mythology was very permeable but something
46:28 the fluid was affecting the loss. of course, if you use oil
46:33 mud, it kind of wipes the thing in OK. And here
46:46 um, basically what, what they're , they have a volt meter to
46:50 it. And, um, my twin brother was an electromagnetic guy
46:58 and uh, he did this kind stuff in uh in undergraduate in the
47:03 and, and did a, did whole lot of stuff uh with the
47:08 and sp logs. But uh this kind of shows you uh what you
47:14 , you have a volt meter that's uh calculating the, the uh
47:19 spontaneous potential that you get out of rocks over these intervals. Uh This
47:24 kind of showing you that basically, it acts as a membrane, you
47:30 the uh the sodium ions and the uh and, and uh and you
47:38 this, this current that goes like and of course, that current is
47:43 is gonna um help you see that that drop in it, the currents
47:48 , it pulls it off and across boundary, you see a jump,
47:52 jump when you see the sandstones. , um and part of the reason
47:57 works is because um the uh it, when, when you have
48:03 that's porous impermeable, uh the chlorine atoms can get through and of
48:11 um because they're smaller, if you at, I think it's important and
48:16 is what makes it work is the anion is smaller than the sodium
48:24 But in actual fact, but my you can see here that, that
48:31 , if it was cl it was a chlorine molecule or excuse me,
48:37 chlorine atom, uh it would be big, it would have that kind
48:42 a radius. Uh But it, , but what you're looking at is
48:47 chlorine anions and the anion is gonna smaller uh for the chlorine than it
48:52 for the sodium. And that's why uh when it's more porous and
48:57 you get more of a negative And when it's uh um uh when
49:04 less permeable and permeable, you get of the sodium response or the plus
49:12 . And um this is showing you happens? Um uh here's fresh water
49:19 here's saltwater and you can see it completely reverses it. And uh
49:24 I added this on here, alkalinity gonna do the same thing. If
49:28 , if the salt is an alkaline salt, sodium bicarbonate, instead of
49:33 chlorine, you're gonna see exactly the reversal of this. OK? And
49:39 is, and this is when the of the mud and, and the
49:42 are exactly the same. But uh , um, an Alk enrich Saline
49:50 will respond just like freshwater on an . OK. It's after five,
49:58 guys look really tired. And, , every time I get close to
50:05 board, I make a mistake. don't know what it is. I
50:09 , I'll tell you 11 of the things I ever did was,
50:15 I thought it would be clever to discuss polarity of water molecules to freshmen
50:21 . And, uh, you as long as I can remember it
50:24 H2O, right? But for some when I was drawing the molecule,
50:29 , it seemed like polarity would work if it was ho two. And
50:35 what I, that's what I drew I'm like, they got back and
50:38 go what in God's name? And don't know what it is. Sometimes
50:43 it gets close to the board, like, and now I, Fred
50:47 is an incredible mathematician and he says he starts to write a formula on
50:51 board, he gets it wrong every . And, uh, so
50:57 uh, I had a few hiccups there but, uh, but I
51:00 , uh, we all got over and I'm glad you got to see
51:03 and, um, I will, , I'll be, uh, over
51:08 weekend. I hope I'll get, . Shouldn't take too long. But
51:10 gonna get the first exercise that relates a little, uh, write up
51:14 I want you to do on, , on uh the issues around uh
51:22 or not we have enough uh oil gas or energy whatnot. I
51:28 I have sort of three different questions can ask. I haven't decided which
51:33 I'm gonna ask you, but it's relate, relate to the 1st,
51:36 lecture I gave you the second lecture the, it's the first one after
51:40 introduction. But um based on um kind of, uh, I
51:48 you to look at some data and to project a few things about the
51:52 uh based on where we're going with renewables and production and all that kind
51:57 thing. And uh I promise it'll clearly defined because I, I'll be
52:02 down and it's, it's already been and edit it a, a couple
52:06 times. It's just, I have decide which one of the three I
52:08 send you and I may want to you a, a fourth one a
52:11 one, a different one because, , because the situation keeps changing and
52:16 , but I think it's really um, that, uh,
52:21 the situation we're in with, with change is that we really need to
52:26 things and we just don't have the of energy we need right now unless
52:30 go all nuclear and how many people here would prefer to go all
52:37 Nobody, you know, it's, isn't safe but it is safe but
52:41 isn't safe. Yeah. And, , and the problem with it,
52:47 , I, one of my uh, there's two sets of twins
52:49 my family, one of my other brothers, uh, used to,
52:54 , used to work in nuclear power and he glows at night but he
52:59 their so well. Yeah, of . Yeah. And I, I
53:09 the thing is, is that, , we have to think of
53:12 not as a dirty fuel, but a whole is over fuel. And
53:17 , if you go to plan that means you're a little bit
53:23 And, uh, and I think general public needs to realize how desperate
53:27 are and that's why I like to that lecture. So you understand
53:32 that, uh, you, you just, uh making the world a
53:36 place. You're, you're giving it energy that it has to have to
53:40 . It's a survival thing. It's a choice thing. And,
53:45 and So that tends to make uh, you know, I,
53:48 don't wanna be too dramatic but to , the men and women that are
53:52 on those oil rigs are on the line of our energy supply and they're
53:56 their lives every day to make sure we have energy. And,
54:00 and a lot of people don't look it that way, but that's how
54:03 see it. Well, I'll see guys next week and, uh,
54:09 you have any questions during the I'll, I'll, um, I'll
54:13 able to answer them and it's, if you want to ask questions about
54:16 Capstone project. Uh, uh, you ask me a question today,
54:21 answers are gonna be wrong and, , I'm really tired but the,
54:27 , but that's there. And and I wanna try to get,
54:31 , a midterm study guide to you we start classes next week. So
54:36 kind of help you focus on what want to pay attention to.
54:40 uh, sometimes I think I should it in my hand while I'm
54:44 But then that, that would get and I might skip ahead. I'm
54:52 . I just have to keep drinking today. Hm. You're welcome.
55:05 too. I wiped it down pretty , but it's not rented out Her
55:36 . Oh, ok. Yeah, fine. I just kind of took
55:39 over the trash can to nap yeah, that's all right.
55:43 I'll, I'll, I'll work on . Yeah. And all the grounds
55:46 out. Yeah, that's, that's that counts. Uh, now it's
55:54 this again. You get, just turn off to, is
56:12 yeah, you can go ahead and that. There we go.
56:24 how are you? I'll see you
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