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BIOL 2321_17742_Microbiology for Science Majors - 03_10_22_Lecture
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00:09 Okay folks. Welcome. So the we get started the sooner can
00:15 Okay. So we've only got a bit to do. So we'll have
00:20 be here until about three ish. . And so remember uh so
00:30 So that's gonna open after class You have This is the one quiz
00:36 of the spring break next week. not gonna be due until the
00:40 Okay. Alright. So that's a from sunday. But The dates for
00:46 work are going to stay the All right. So 13 is chapter
00:50 assignments due sunday 14 is due a from sunday. Okay. Um,
00:57 they're gonna finish up unit too. when we come back on the
01:02 Yes it is. Um that will unit three. Okay. None of
01:07 obviously is on the exam. Uh Unit three stuff is all available.
01:15 if you are so inclined to start at it, you can.
01:20 um, what else? Ah I that is as far as administrative
01:32 Um any questions or anything? Mm . Alright. So let's wrap this
01:41 . So we're gonna talk about um trophy. Okay, so it's a
01:48 of um, it's all perspective So we started this unit, what
01:53 talk about the virus is, let's just keep it to 13
01:57 So we looked at um metabolism, ? Hetero hetero tropes how we get
02:03 attitude right. Hetero tropes um eating complex organic molecules rex. Here's a
02:11 of hunky heart hunky mix. So these are my these are my
02:16 of Oh, beautiful, beautiful, . All of it. Right.
02:28 not very dry. Alright, mm . All right. So,
02:39 too much of the whole process, , I'll relax yourself. We we
02:47 at black horses celebration um Krebs but generally the electron generates energy molecules
02:58 T P A T H E H accumulating these different points along the
03:06 And it's not a contract for Right? So peanut nut I just
03:11 . Right. We're broken down eventually down to individual molecules. So I'm
03:17 take those in off the diet. those electrons And then remember the empty
03:25 A. D. Produced a th are the guys that can interact with
03:30 transport chain. You have the And then we talked about the last
03:34 of times last play through zero M. On the electron transport
03:39 Right. Readouts potential the opponents in electron flow is so important. Uh
03:46 from electron transfer is so important to that proton grating because we're gonna call
03:52 year https right, Protest one Down . Great toward a positive charge that
04:00 motive force produce https So reparations. we found that obviously um there's aerobic
04:08 . Of course there's anaerobic respiration different it can be used uh in the
04:14 raising capacity. Uh fermentation, Talk about fermentation as well. Doesn't
04:20 in these components. Right? Um on a substrate help foster relations.
04:25 so, um and then we shift focus to what's what is the donor
04:34 the system? What's electronic donor we at in 13. Right capitalism.
04:39 like glucose fats proteins is really Organic molecules can be donors.
04:46 But interviewing Alright hydrogen gas iron. . You can do things that serve
04:55 role as a donor to there. then I think I covered all of
05:06 so far. Now we come to photos. Okay. So the
05:13 The concept of uh electron transport chain proton ready to be maintained and formed
05:22 maintained. Okay. Um and then obviously the driving force is not consuming
05:31 organic molecules and rating now the driving liked. Right? So it created
05:36 light to um energy and very light into chemical energy https any D.
05:44 . H. Okay. And so what we're focused on here in this
05:48 section. Your familiarity. I'm sure learned it in intro bio and before
05:56 I'm sure high school probably in junior . Um the way that plants allergy
06:07 one group of bacteria, the santa um photosynthesize the Z skiing were required
06:15 call that oxy genic photosynthesis because it water. Um uh It uses water
06:25 electron source. All right. And uh user of electrons pushing it through
06:31 systems. Right? And so the you're probably likely have most familiarity with
06:36 . Okay. So we're gonna look . Of course that But then in
06:41 a couple of systems that are strictly bacterial. Okay. Um that involved
06:48 having one or the other closed Okay, remembering In the top one
06:55 that we're using two photo systems to energy. Okay, in the bacterial
07:03 other than santa activities, other modes either one or the other. Not
07:08 together. Okay. Now all these this one. Okay. Remember you
07:15 photo autotrophs. Okay. And you have photo hetero tropes. Okay.
07:24 so in that group there red I you can have your clothes from one
07:28 two. Um but it's a um there's all chlorophyll based. Okay,
07:36 everything here, it's Kordell basis. , the one that's not is this
07:43 ? Okay, this is probably the ancient type of photosynthetic system.
07:49 It's my comparison is it's the Okay, so it doesn't use chlorophyll
07:55 molecules. It uses raw adoption. , that's the first that's the first
07:59 we'll talk about. But it's a driven pump, basically. And so
08:05 have some differences. Again, very compared to the other the other
08:10 Okay, so let's just kind of what's comin among um photo trophic
08:19 Okay, so as I just it's all about something like Okay,
08:23 then converting that to energy. Now what is common to all
08:29 And there are three things. All , photo excitation. Right. The
08:34 of light that excites the molecules by meeting it drives an electronic electrons.
08:41 holding to a higher energy state. . That's the photo excitation part absorption
08:46 photons of light to do that. . He's mentioning the coral based which
08:53 the most common. Okay. But is also a type that's this reduction
08:59 . Okay. Um again, membranes important here. Alright. Because membranes
09:05 fold up. We can stuff the photosynthetic pigments into them. Okay.
09:13 we can the membrane allows us to the grading right? Cause we already
09:16 a proton gradient forming as well as result. And so um and so
09:24 reception linked to energy capture. So of in A. D.
09:31 H. And these things we are going to go into it here in
09:37 section. But These are then typically for co two fixation. Okay.
09:47 most of these not all but most them are photo albums when they fix
09:52 . Two. The exception is the trucks, right? They don't mix
09:58 to fix the 02 it takes a a lot of energy. So um
10:03 where the A. T. And A D. N.
10:05 D. P. H. Come . Okay. And so these three
10:09 common to all, although not not of them necessarily fix co two.
10:14 . But the process of light reception energy capture is just the just the
10:19 here that's gone. And so for reactions. So these are not applicable
10:26 all. You don't see for tosses in this form of photosynthesis.
10:34 In that reduction based type you don't in the systems that have um that's
10:42 supplies the electrons. Okay. So eat water to a plant.
10:49 Life uh hits chlorophyll sites it and chlorophyll itself strips electrons from the donor
10:57 this tape. Water. The other as well as we'll see. Okay
11:01 something electron source supplying. That's what light reactions were about. The lights
11:07 been driving energy too promote people um least are electrons to feed electron transport
11:15 . Okay. Um Okay so let's first at the adoption system. Uh
11:25 bacteria adoption premier adoption. So these uh you probably heard this in the
11:35 of vision. Right? Your rods and combs. Alright so you
11:41 uh adoption or option? I think is. I used to teach that
11:46 time ago um the uh manganese pigment in your eye that you know allows
11:54 light absorption. And so it's it's analogous to these um this structure
11:59 So very common in Hello? Hello . Right. Remember this is the
12:07 of archaea that are salt love. that's where this was first discovered
12:12 Okay. Since that time we've also in bacteria. And so we call
12:19 bacteria adoption is what they call the found in halo Archaea. Okay.
12:24 adoptions deformed found in bacteria very similar the same way. But both both
12:31 pro periods have the capability. And so the the molecule so direct
12:39 . So adoption is a protein right . Because the molecule inside linked to
12:46 right now is the life absorbing That's just what a photo excitation
12:50 Okay. And so the protein if now it changes shape so does
12:59 Okay. And so light absorption occurs that double bond in right now.
13:06 . And photons of light is That sex the electrons in that bond
13:11 that they go to a higher energy and then twist they um go from
13:19 trans. They changed their confirmation. the word. Change the confirmation around
13:24 bond. And because it's linked to protein, the protein slightly changes
13:30 But that all that shape changes about a proton is pumped out as a
13:36 of that. Okay, protons inside cell or pumped out as lights absorbed
13:46 now changes shape. I'll go to proton. Okay. And then it
13:51 back down energy uh comes back down ground state and then it goes back
13:56 the original confirmation. So it switches citizen transistors, transistors, light's absorbed
14:02 that energy goes back down. So thing is there's no this reaction
14:08 There's no donor molecule electrons occurring Okay, It's just that the electrons
14:16 the bonds are excited as it absorbs . Right? So it's not really
14:20 really being going anywhere. Alright. staying within the molecule which is that
14:25 excited and come back down the ground . But that accept any excitation is
14:29 the twisting around that bomb occurs just train. So it's not like a
14:35 we're gonna see here next where electrons feeding it and then we're going down
14:40 . Okay. So this is why very different from that. But the
14:45 is here, we're creating a proton uh here. So that is the
14:52 as these other systems. And so will be an https as a parliament
14:59 . Photons go down to a A Gps for Okay, so the
15:04 absorbed by these. So so these when there in their environment where they're
15:13 , it'll show up as a purplish in the water. Okay. Very
15:20 color. And that's due to these um bacteria adoption molecules molecules there's a
15:29 light. Remember that the color you of anything is the light being
15:37 Okay, so green we answer green closed its door. Blue and
15:42 Okay, these little green light. . And they reflect reflect the blue
15:47 red and blue and red coming It looks purple. Okay, so
15:54 so the membrane so for lack of in general um it doesn't occur in
16:00 little compartment or box. Okay, best light absorption requires having a big
16:07 of light absorbing molecules just stretch Okay, and so they will have
16:14 these things purple patches because it's full these pigment molecules. And so um
16:23 Uh huh. So number one, main thing here also is these are
16:29 hetero trips. Okay. They're not ceo to Alright, so this is
16:34 way to to complement their metabolism. energy by absorbing light through this labyrinth
16:41 pump is basically what it is. ? And but they do eat organic
16:47 and they're not they're our heritage. , so again it's fairly simple when
16:54 were going to look at Okay, don't know what's going on there.
17:04 we go. All right. So the yeah uh powerful based systems we're
17:13 to see. It's much more more thick parts involved different components and
17:19 . So this is really just this it right? Protein plus direct now
17:25 into the memories. That's pretty much absorbs light. So you got um
17:34 . Many questions about that. Yeah. You need to bacteria the
17:47 their adoption. It is common to . Okay. Not to all bacteria
17:53 but certain archaea and certain bacteria will that adoption system. It's just it's
17:59 slightly different in each type. So turned the one that's in archaea the
18:06 adoption. I know it sounds weird but that's what they call it.
18:11 one found in bacterial types. It's program reduction. That's jurisdiction works.
18:16 same features everything but it's slightly different protein sequences. Okay. Yeah.
18:25 . Okay. Alright. Um So best for the tropics. So you're
18:35 with this system of course and this how plants good senator bacteria Algae.
18:40 counts for most of the fixation of on the planet protecting the older and
18:48 and um all along the equator for maximum sun hitting the earth.
18:55 And so um chlorophyll is of course light absorbing pigment. It's called
19:01 B. Which differs slightly in one the chemical groups. Um they call
19:07 the light that was over in part the molecule to chroma four.
19:11 And it will have a portion that's to be non polar. Right?
19:18 this thing's gonna fit into a membrane ? So it has to be able
19:22 do that by having a non polar of the monitoring. And so um
19:29 fields are arranged in with the proteins these complexes. Okay, antenna complexes
19:37 are black harvesting complexes. That's what L. H. Standards florida.
19:42 so the middle represents the reaction So light will hit. So basically
19:48 like a kind of a big satellite . Okay. Or photons of light
19:53 hit and then be transferred from complex complex until find following too the reaction
20:03 so let energy absorb, transferred from to component and then finally getting the
20:11 centers where electrons are being held and excited. Okay. And then that
20:16 handed off to different components of the . Okay so uh so in in
20:24 bacteria and they have these chlorophyll based they they'll have they'll they'll take their
20:32 membrane and fold it up. But highly com believe it highly voted packed
20:39 of these photosynthetic pigments. Okay. so they call these the Thailand
20:43 Okay. So but they're they're not class, right? Because pro carriers
20:47 have organelles like that but it just a highly folded convoluted structure of the
20:54 . That stuff for these things. . Um Now the the light absorption
21:05 the spectrum. Okay. Looking at different wavelengths and versus absorb it's Okay
21:13 core fields that we see an allergy and bacteria and it was just the
21:18 . Okay. Remember cyanobacteria way Right. They were the Formed into
21:27 core class, right? There was answer to the the endosymbiont theory.
21:31 ? So so the sand bacteria are 400 of the core class evolved in
21:36 cells. So we're gonna have these have the same kind of core
21:40 Okay. And photosynthesize the same So um so blue and reds are
21:47 absorption. And so for that reason they look really as well for that
21:52 . Okay now bacterial chlorophylls a little different in terms of structure. Um
21:59 and and certainly that affects their absorption . They're gonna they actually absorb light
22:05 the higher end out here. So uh much to remember your
22:12 Right. So a longer wavelength if to less energy. All right,
22:18 wavelength high energy. All right. so and that and that has an
22:24 in terms of what they can use donors and things like that.
22:30 So um the uh but of course also other types of pigments that are
22:37 with the core feels to kind of the range and absorbs a little
22:41 Things like carotenoids. Ah Our party complexes uh uh plants and working on
22:50 like santo fills and and other types success repayments and expand the range of
22:56 that can be absorbed. Um Now thing was um the bacterial chlorophyll best
23:05 . Uh these are don't evolve right? It's only the the the
23:14 field based that we see in plants and cyanobacteria give up oxygen.
23:20 . And it has to do with donor that supplies the electrons to the
23:23 . Okay. So the other thing about, you know, hierarchy.
23:28 know um And save water. So cyanobacteria are analogy of course are
23:38 in marine ecosystems. Seawater. And that kind of hierarchy is cyanobacteria
23:47 Alright. The upper layers of the column. Okay, absorb maximum higher
23:52 of light. Okay. And then but you're gonna be on the higher
23:58 as they trickle down. Right? then you'll see the different bacterial types
24:04 aren't cyanobacteria, they have to make modified the lower depths. Because that
24:11 the lightly energy hitting them. Is lower wavelengths So that's what they
24:15 And they kind of hang out The ones appear there in santa,
24:20 and algae. Okay. That's kind how that works. Um So again
24:28 likely have seen this several times but this is the oxygen it photos
24:32 . So again plants algae and Okay, so photo system two.
24:38 both photo systems represent, you a collection of these antenna complexes right
24:45 funnel electronic to a reaction center. , absorb light and then funnel it
24:50 into electron to the reaction center. um so PS so goes the order
24:58 Water to PS two PS 1 to DP. Okay, it's the final
25:07 . And so um The first part the PS two system is the one
25:14 to a teepee formation as you see . And so uh the electrons are
25:20 . They're handed off to different electronic . You don't need to know the
25:24 of these things. Okay, But what this part represents here. The
25:30 transport chain. Okay. The electron the energy is used to pump protons
25:36 . Okay. And then it goes https to form a T.
25:42 Okay. And so um photo phosphor . Okay. And so here is
25:50 photo analysis reaction. So water, is the donor. Okay. And
25:56 when the first system tunes it was the electrons following light absorption that then
26:04 a powerful oxidizing, like it's lost that wants to get those back.
26:11 ? So by being a powerful oxidizing that granted it takes water and grabs
26:17 from from it. Okay. And that's what then feeds the system as
26:22 loses electrons city perhaps them from And so it keeps going that
26:26 Of course it's light energy driving Okay, eventually electrons end up Down
26:34 . The PS one. Right? so The donor for PS one are
26:40 the electrons coming from here. Um and then again, like like
26:47 by th one s electrons and here go again. Right. But the
26:52 product here this reduction of N A P two. N A D P
26:56 . Okay, so the two manager reform obviously here are 80 P in
27:03 . D. H that go to the fixation. Okay, so the
27:10 being the light reactions you've heard uh two fixation being the dark reactions.
27:18 . Um and so that's your oxygen . Both PS two and 1 are
27:25 of it. Okay, we'll see a second that the two back the
27:29 cyanobacteria of the non scented natural Have you just one or the other
27:35 these? Uh And so just next , just shows kind of the component
27:40 is the electron flow electrons are Okay, um now Z pak again
27:49 is same difference is showing the same . Right? But just showing the
27:55 components. So here we have ps like absorption. Uh So P 66
28:03 refers to the light absorbed wavelengths of absorbed 6 80. And so the
28:09 two system is associated with the T. P. Formation.
28:14 Remember the full tosses reaction here. . And then the ph one system
28:21 is where electrons then traveled any dP it to any DPH. Okay,
28:28 the thing here, of course, the thorough systems proto system to write
28:34 pump, right? Protons pumped there in this component as well.
28:41 so that's that And again, that's with a teepee formation. The proton
28:46 , that mechanism were already familiar Right, go down the DPH performing
28:51 tps. Ok. Energy energy releasing energy required coupling those things together.
29:00 and so eight ep produced, three https for each oxygen molecule
29:11 Right, so again, we're oxidizing . All right. Oxidizing water in
29:19 process. Um and of course the and water were then reducing the photo
29:26 to receive those electrons? It was water. Something's being oxidized, giving
29:34 up The PS two. Okay, auction. Nothing auction is just the
29:40 . Okay, um again, what oxidized? Ps first to reduced.
29:48 , um Any questions about that? need to memorize all. Don't need
29:56 memorize these names. Okay, what it Only one name? Pastor
30:02 So well, FPs. Alright. . Y. T. B.
30:06 . Or just you know that? ahead. It's one. Yes.
30:18 process the same as thinking to think that as uh had that picture that
30:22 the reaction centers and then had the complexes and in fact that's what that
30:27 . Yeah. Any other. All right. So now we'll look
30:35 the two systems that what we call sulfur and purple non sulfur.
30:41 Green sulfur bacteria. So both those are going to be what we call
30:46 and oxygen IQ for the synthesis no is formed. That's why we call
30:51 that. Okay. So the green bacteria have very common that their donors
30:56 H. Two S. But they use these other ones as well hydrogen
31:03 . Um And so it's the one system is linked to PS one PS
31:09 is the N. A. P. H. Producing system if
31:13 will. Okay so electrons are So you see the in contrast to
31:19 previous, let me just Yeah 6 . So 6 80 nanometer light absorbed
31:26 the oxygen in photosynthesis. And you how low right age. 40.
31:32 , That's near infrared. Right? low energy compared to compared to the
31:37 system. So um but nonetheless, we form an A. D.
31:44 . H. In this system. again excitation of the reaction center electron
31:50 out and then down to the city's transport proteins finally into ADP connect forming
31:57 N. D. P. Now um on this side you see
32:02 schematic of the system. Um Now they have the green sulfur bacteria can
32:07 what looks like an organ. Although not right. There is it's kind
32:11 it's a protein. It's not a bi layer. Right? It's like
32:16 does have some fossil weapons around it proteins covering it. But we don't
32:21 it an organ. Al right. it is called the chlorate zone.
32:24 ? And this contains the chloroform. ? So it's basically a photon absorbing
32:31 . Right? Light hits it and basically funnels that photon energy to the
32:37 system here. Okay. And then what enables the whole excitation and then
32:44 transferred to N. A. P. Two for many DPH.
32:47 . Um now um Okay so a formation so you're Okay. Well how's
32:55 form https? Right. It doesn't PS two then. What's it
32:59 Okay. Well as a result of photo analysis. Right. It's oxidizing
33:05 . Two in this example. We do form protons as a
33:09 Okay. And so that will lead the formation of the proton Grady.
33:16 . So it's just not it's it's from the A. T.
33:19 S. Okay because it does fix . 02. It is an
33:24 Alright so we'll fix CO. It needs that DPH. And https
33:28 that. So but it just forms TPS By the the oxidation of the
33:35 source to the system. The byproduct protons. Okay. And that's then
33:41 be an https in the membrane as . So, it's it's just not
33:45 system that's like to a PS That's all. Okay. It's just
33:49 of its own playing. Okay. So the last let me questions about
33:55 one. Okay, so the main are it's an oxygen tank.
34:02 auction is not formed. It's linked PS one. That's the one that
34:07 in a DPH and it can form T. P. It just
34:10 So Without a PS two system. . You can still form protons of
34:16 manning threw that oxidation of that Um and it's not a program.
34:22 was the main things here. Uh the last one here is linked
34:30 photo system to what we call the non sulfur bacteria. Okay. And
34:38 absorb even lower energy wavelength, you , 8 70 is the value.
34:45 . And so that's definitely infrared And very, very low energy.
34:52 because of that low energy, you uh it doesn't have enough for them
34:58 oxidize a compound to allow it to it electrons to to low energy.
35:07 . So what it does to compensate that is the electrons it does have
35:11 it gets hit by light. It those onto these qanon molecules. We've
35:17 those before and then shuttle it This slide across component over here.
35:23 then it hands him back over. . So it's a cycle. It's
35:27 cyclical kind of a system. All because of this low energy it
35:34 . Right? You can't strip electrons something else. So it kind of
35:37 cycles them back and forth. But because it's linked to a proton
35:44 , right? Um it's it's the to that link to that. A
35:49 formations can form https this way. , so this group is uh actually
35:56 group that's very um versatile um metabolically . Okay. It can um it's
36:03 photo photo hetero growth first and Okay, so I can't fix you
36:09 . So it must use organic compounds them but it can supplement its metabolism
36:16 light making https. It's actually some the some of these members are also
36:23 can be a little appropriate as So you can kind of have a
36:27 called little photo hetero troughs. I a couple of things thrown in as
36:32 because they can they can do a of different types of metabolism.
36:37 so the key is with this our photo very little energy. No
36:43 cause is Um but he has two like to which means a teepee
36:50 Okay. Um and it's a cyclical of the low energy absorbed. It's
36:57 cyclical type of system. Okay, food of phosphor relation. That's what
37:03 trying to say. Try um so here I kind of just summarize
37:09 of it in this slide. So we have oxygen ecosystem. Um
37:16 bacteria. Centreback's plants, cyanobacteria Okay so two photo systems um
37:23 Two PS one. They're autotrophs. members are autotrophs in this group check
37:29 oxygen. Of course. Then we the green sulfur bacteria. Only one
37:36 one system. Okay that forms an . D. P. H.
37:39 are other posts as well. No oxygen formed. Okay um and
37:47 the purple non sulfur. Okay. autotrophs. Photo editor linked to PS
37:54 inform https. Okay. Um but cyclic so cyclic for the cross
38:01 Okay um and that wow that was little bit longer than we have one
38:11 before you go. So can question there any questions right now.
38:21 Mhm mm hmm. Yeah. Oh does it doesn't it doesn't want to
38:33 a DPH. Um It does just does show through other metabolic reactions but
38:38 can't produce a DPH. Yeah but associated with this, correct correct.
38:46 so let's look at our question Right? There should be a slam
38:51 slam dunk or Rooney. The following is true concerning photo trophy among
39:03 Archaea, cyanobacteria. Green sulfur bacteria purple non sulfur bacteria. Okay.
39:25 . Alright play ranch in this uh week. I know exam two is
39:33 up on the horizon but the chinese one day of fun next week there's
39:38 more. I'm back in one piece you're going out of town. Yes
39:46 do anything too crazy. Okay. . Make sure to read carefully.
40:16 hmm. Oh that reminds me. when you're looking at the when you
40:25 get to the point where you do unit quiz. Okay. You're gonna
40:30 what appear to be similar questions you've on previous quizzes. Don't be fooled
40:35 rush read through it carefully. All right. Mhm. Alright looks
40:51 2.04. We went down went up six. All right here we
40:56 4321. Yeah. And the Okay. All right, let me
41:11 sure you study this again before you the unique twist. Alright, so
41:17 archaea bacteria, kornafel based. Is true? No production like you said
41:26 uh santa bacteria and oxygen IQ. the synthesizers now they make their produce
41:35 so it's false. Okay. Purple sulfur bacteria. Light absorption via bacteria
41:42 linked to a pump. Mhm. it's chlorophyll. The chlorophyll based not
41:50 adoption based. Mhm. Great sulfur for the first possessing for system one
41:56 to N. A. D. . H. Formation. It could
42:00 A. D. H. As but Either one actually can do either
42:06 but that actually is a true So read up before the week
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