| 00:01 | Alright, I guess we'll get Um If you don't know, I |
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| 00:05 | watched the clock to see when it exactly 9:00. So um Today, |
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| 00:09 | we're gonna do, we're gonna talk the cell and we're gonna walk through |
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| 00:12 | the different pieces, parts of the . This is akin to us opening |
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| 00:16 | the hood of a car, looking all the parts of the engine and |
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| 00:19 | this is what this is what this called, and this is what it |
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| 00:21 | , this is what this is and this is what does we do |
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| 00:24 | over and over again. If you like cars, look at the inside |
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| 00:26 | a computer, the same sort of . Alright. The easiest way to |
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| 00:30 | the parts of the cell is to a picture of the cell, not |
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| 00:33 | you see here, which is pretty artistic. You can draw like I |
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| 00:37 | , which is a circle that looks another circle on the inside. And |
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| 00:40 | I start scribbling little things in there all you gotta do is just label |
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| 00:44 | and say this is what it is this is what it does, you |
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| 00:47 | that, you put it all on page and you can basically have everything |
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| 00:50 | need to know about the cell. . You guys do this in biology |
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| 00:54 | when you're in 10th grade, you where they made you look through a |
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| 00:58 | and drew a picture they gave you picture of a cell. You looked |
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| 01:00 | a cell and you're like, I see any of the things that are |
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| 01:02 | to be in this picture, but gonna pretend to draw that anyway. |
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| 01:06 | kind of what we're doing. All . The reason you couldn't see the |
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| 01:09 | is because you don't have a strong microscope and they also probably had just |
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| 01:13 | single stain. So you couldn't see the different parts to it. |
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| 01:16 | But every cell that we're gonna look in the body has all these parts |
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| 01:20 | it. And how they use these allow the cells to do the things |
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| 01:24 | they do. And as we've or kind of hinted at is there |
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| 01:28 | different cells in the body that look and act differently and do unique |
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| 01:32 | But each of these things that they allowed them to do those unique |
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| 01:36 | So, these are kind of the things that all cells have. All |
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| 01:40 | now, we can break it down say that all cells have three basic |
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| 01:43 | . It has a plasma membrane, the boundary, or the outside the |
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| 01:47 | , that makes up the cell Now, it's not called a cell |
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| 01:51 | . Plants have cell walls. Mammalian do not have cell walls. |
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| 01:55 | you can think of it as a , that thing that contains the stuff |
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| 01:58 | the inside of cell versus the stuff the outside of the cell. The |
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| 02:02 | on the inside of the cell is a cytoplasm. Alright, So that |
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| 02:05 | the water and all the stuff that's the water that goes with it. |
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| 02:09 | includes as well the organelles which we'll about in just a moment. |
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| 02:14 | So you can just think about It's everything else. And then inside |
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| 02:19 | we have this larger structure that sits the middle or kind of off to |
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| 02:22 | side a little bit. It's a structure called the nucleus. The nucleus |
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| 02:26 | the control center. This is where D. N. A. Of |
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| 02:29 | cell is located, with one little of the mitochondria. So all the |
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| 02:34 | for that cell and what it needs do are contained within the nucleus. |
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| 02:39 | you have kind of the outside the , you have that that liquid fluid |
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| 02:45 | on the inside with all their little organelles and inclusions and other things which |
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| 02:49 | going to go through and we have nucleus. And so what we're gonna |
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| 02:52 | is we're just gonna kind of walk the parts. Truthfully, we're gonna |
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| 02:56 | with the nucleus and we're gonna go the side of plaza and deal with |
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| 02:58 | the organelles. And then we're gonna back to the plasma membrane. Um |
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| 03:03 | you ever are able, if you a biology major, um you would |
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| 03:07 | a class called cell biology where you into great detail about what these things |
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| 03:13 | . We could spend three full lectures on the plasma membrane and still not |
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| 03:18 | everything. Alright, because there's some interesting stuff going on here. But |
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| 03:23 | level course freshman level stuff. So let's start off with our good |
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| 03:29 | nucleus. Let's start off with our old. There we go. Our |
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| 03:34 | . Oh, that's not our nucleus . Guess we're starting with the |
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| 03:40 | Alright, so the cytoplasm is our cartoon here is all this yellow stuff |
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| 03:46 | all the stuff that's on the inside to the nucleus. So if the |
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| 03:50 | is this light ladies of that the lavender, help me lilac. |
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| 03:57 | you. Okay, see guys know colors, Right? Yeah, |
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| 04:03 | Yes, Roy G. Biv you know about 40 colors by |
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| 04:06 | We can all identify about 1.4 million up to 14 million colors but nomenclature |
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| 04:14 | . So Alright, lilac that we . So the lilac here is the |
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| 04:19 | but this darker, purplish color. magenta. Okay, see I thought |
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| 04:26 | was more of in the red But all right. Anyway, that |
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| 04:31 | looking thing is part of the organelles are found in the cytoplasm. |
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| 04:36 | so what you can see in this that there is stuff there and that |
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| 04:40 | is the side is all which is confused with the cytoplasm side is all |
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| 04:46 | the water plus the micro molecules that find in that water. So it's |
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| 04:52 | of gooey, It's viscous. And what we say is there's gonna |
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| 04:56 | some free proteins in there. There'll sugars, there's lots of solute solute |
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| 05:01 | the general term of things that are in water. Alright. So it |
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| 05:05 | be salt as well. And so kind of what's sitting. That's what |
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| 05:09 | yellowish color is supposed to represent. all the stuff that's dissolved in the |
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| 05:15 | and we call it side is all right. So, if you were |
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| 05:18 | poke a sell that stuff would be stuff that oozed out the organelles. |
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| 05:23 | these structures that you see here kind labeled, that serve as the metabolic |
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| 05:30 | for the cell. They are the where unique chemical reactions are taking |
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| 05:35 | All right. So in other it's like that description we gave |
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| 05:39 | you know, an apartment or something we have a kitchen and a bathroom |
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| 05:42 | a bedroom and a living room. are certain things you do in those |
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| 05:46 | . That's what those organelles are. areas set apart for unique types of |
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| 05:51 | . Chemical reactions where unique type of that's taking place in the cell. |
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| 05:57 | lastly, and not every cell has but many cells do. They're called |
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| 06:03 | and they would be floating around in side is all But they're not organelles |
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| 06:07 | they're not small enough to be Their much larger structures. So, |
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| 06:11 | see things like glycogen crystals or glycogen . You'll see lipid droplets. If |
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| 06:18 | look at a flower, you know flowers are pretty, just nod your |
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| 06:21 | . So, of course you have are pretty right. They have unique |
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| 06:25 | . Those colors are dependent upon these called pigment vacuum als So, they're |
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| 06:30 | compartments that have a whole bunch of jammed into them that give that sell |
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| 06:34 | unique color. All right. these are different things. There's even |
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| 06:38 | that some cells will hold up and actually hold onto crystals inside there. |
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| 06:44 | uh cytoplasm not all cells will have , but for example, your muscles |
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| 06:49 | have glycogen stored up and way inside cells. So, that has a |
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| 06:55 | resource to grab energy from. Just an example. Now, the organelles |
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| 07:03 | into two categories. We have the bound organelles. And then some |
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| 07:08 | incorrectly called the other type, the membrane bound. They're not called that |
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| 07:13 | called biomolecular complexes. These are the that lack membranes. So, if |
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| 07:17 | ever come across a thing where it about the non membrane bound organelles, |
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| 07:21 | know that the author doesn't know what talking about and has used poor judgment |
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| 07:27 | how they are offering their textbook. right. And why do I say |
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| 07:31 | ? Because there are a lot of that have this. Alright, |
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| 07:35 | membrane bounds are very, very They have the same material. |
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| 07:38 | we're gonna talk about the plasma membrane just a moment. They are made |
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| 07:42 | or they have a boundary that excludes on the side is all from what's |
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| 07:46 | the inside that organ L. And use that same material, that membrane |
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| 07:52 | which are fossil lipids to separate them inside from the outside. All |
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| 07:58 | This compartmentalization just like we're describing allows cell or that that compartment to do |
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| 08:05 | things. Alright, so the examples these the nucleus is considered an organ |
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| 08:11 | . We talk about it separately because so unique in the fact that it's |
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| 08:15 | primarily where the hereditary material is. it is an organ L technically speaking |
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| 08:20 | it is a membrane bound but we like the end of plasma articulate, |
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| 08:24 | Golgi the mitochondria, the paroxysms Um These are examples of these membrane |
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| 08:30 | organized and we'll walk through each of and what they do through the course |
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| 08:34 | the class. The other group are biomolecular complexes and what we have here |
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| 08:40 | basically proteins and other other biomolecules that come together to create this larger |
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| 08:48 | All right. So, they kind built something and then that big thing |
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| 08:51 | they've built has some sort of unique function that allows the cell to do |
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| 08:56 | they do. The three that we're focus on are gonna be the side |
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| 08:59 | skeleton. The ribosomes in the Now, we've already told you biologists |
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| 09:03 | things for what they do it for they look like. So, when |
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| 09:05 | see the word side of skeleton, do you imagine the side of skeleton |
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| 09:10 | for the cell structure? There you . See it serves kind of like |
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| 09:14 | skeleton. So, already if you of look at these things are going |
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| 09:18 | , okay, if I can visualize a skeleton decided body does, I |
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| 09:21 | kind of visualize what a side of does right now. These other things |
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| 09:25 | have good names for anything. But see what we do at what they |
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| 09:29 | as we go along. All So this big giant eye of sauron |
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| 09:34 | our nucleus. Alright. Um It considered the control center of the |
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| 09:40 | So I'm gonna use a lot of here. Alright. It is like |
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| 09:44 | brain of the cell. It is a brain but it is like a |
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| 09:49 | . Alright. So all the information cell needs in order to be |
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| 09:53 | In other words, all the genes are there are gonna be found inside |
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| 09:59 | nucleus. The one exception to this is D. N. A. |
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| 10:03 | found in the mitochondria. When we to the mitochondria, I'll talk about |
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| 10:06 | specifically. But as far as you're you can just say nucleus has |
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| 10:10 | And that's good enough. And everyone nod their heads and agree with you |
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| 10:14 | if they heard that statement. All , this is where the D. |
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| 10:17 | . A. Is there. So the cells divide that's where DNA replication |
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| 10:21 | place. So one of the things cells do is when they replicate they |
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| 10:24 | to copy all that D. A. And so that's where that |
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| 10:27 | place. All right. There are primary structures that are accorded the |
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| 10:33 | This is the nuclear list right That's one part. You see the |
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| 10:37 | part here. It's like the plasma of the cell. It's the nuclear |
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| 10:41 | . All right. And lastly, these darker colors in here is just |
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| 10:46 | is not artistic choice. And lighter in here is not artistic choice. |
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| 10:50 | are drawn there on purpose. Those things together are chroma tin. All |
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| 10:56 | . So these three things are what find in nuclear in the nuclear. |
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| 11:00 | so this whole thing is a This is kind of coming in different |
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| 11:05 | . And what they're doing is they're , all right, let's take a |
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| 11:08 | through it and see what a nucleus of looks like. All right. |
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| 11:11 | so what you can see here is the membrane is actually two layers. |
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| 11:16 | not just a bi layer. we're gonna talk about by layers |
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| 11:19 | It's one by layer plus another by . And this other by layer. |
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| 11:24 | outer by layer is continuous with the organ l called the endo plasma |
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| 11:29 | Um Alright, so we have an membrane and we have an outer membrane |
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| 11:34 | membrane on the inside surface. Has crisscross the latticework. It's all a |
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| 11:40 | of protein the purpose of which is organize the DNA inside the cell or |
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| 11:46 | the nucleus. So the cell knows to find the genes it's looking for |
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| 11:51 | . I'll be the first one to you here that biologists don't know |
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| 11:55 | Alright. And when I say I mean that for real we probably |
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| 11:59 | about this much of all the things the world that we need to know |
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| 12:03 | how things work. All right. one of the things we don't know |
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| 12:06 | how do cells organize their D. . A. We know that they |
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| 12:10 | things to organize it. But how it know of the 33,000 genes where |
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| 12:14 | and every one of those 33,000 genes located and when to turn them on |
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| 12:18 | when to turn them off. We're . We're trying to figure that stuff |
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| 12:23 | . But this is one of the that they use is like okay if |
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| 12:27 | organize the D. N. In such a way I can know |
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| 12:30 | certain genes are and I can turn genes on and off as I need |
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| 12:33 | . Kind of cool. All right , what we're going to see a |
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| 12:37 | bit later is how we go about proteins. This is going to be |
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| 12:41 | of the second half of the And remember what we talked about. |
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| 12:44 | very a very small manner yesterday as said, look we have D. |
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| 12:50 | . A. D. N. . Is used to make copies of |
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| 12:53 | in the small transcripts called RNA. RNA is in red and to be |
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| 12:57 | into protein. And if you remember picture vaguely, we had a picture |
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| 13:01 | a nucleus with the DNA and the . And the RNA was shown to |
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| 13:04 | outside of the nucleus and out into cytoplasm And there that's where the protein |
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| 13:09 | made. So how does it get ? Well there's these things called nuclear |
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| 13:16 | and these nuclear pores serve as the or the gateways to to allow what |
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| 13:22 | in and what goes out of the . So things can't just wander into |
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| 13:26 | nucleus just because it feels like it things can't leave the nucleus just because |
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| 13:30 | like it feels like it. There other proteins that sit there and go |
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| 13:33 | need to check your I. Please. And I mean that literally |
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| 13:37 | every cell has some sort of marker determines where it's supposed to go |
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| 13:44 | And so molecules like RNA can leave other molecules for example, transcription factors |
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| 13:52 | move in because there's a way to so. And because there's proteins that |
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| 13:56 | and see what's allowed to come in out so far. You with |
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| 14:03 | Yeah. In yeah that's the lamb a I mean again this is artistic |
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| 14:10 | you know it could be it's not best artist and this blue stuff over |
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| 14:15 | . That's the chroma tim that's the N. A plus stuff which we're |
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| 14:19 | to get to in just sec. right. And so what they're trying |
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| 14:22 | show you like oh look see it's on top of the laminate. All |
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| 14:27 | now the little eyeball looking thing inside our entire large nucleus is called the |
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| 14:33 | . This right here is an electron showing that. And you can see |
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| 14:37 | there would be the plasma membrane a green stuff over here on the side |
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| 14:40 | ectoplasmic articulate. And what you can this darker and the lighter stuff. |
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| 14:45 | are two different types of chroma It's not like empty space. There |
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| 14:49 | chroma tin that's tight and there's chroma that's loose. But you can see |
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| 14:54 | inside we have this round structure. called the nucleus. This is where |
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| 14:59 | specific type of RNA is made called . RNA zonal RNA is important for |
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| 15:06 | process of making proteins. And when get to that we'll talk about ribosomes |
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| 15:11 | and we'll talk about ribosomes right That's not all that's taking place inside |
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| 15:16 | nucleus. Again we don't completely understand going on in there but there's some |
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| 15:21 | processes that appear to be regulated inside structure inside this larger structure. So |
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| 15:28 | not just a unique feature. Things made for purposes just because we don't |
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| 15:34 | what they are. Doesn't mean that not purposeful if that makes sense. |
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| 15:43 | start with the nucleus to membranes. inner membrane and the outer membrane. |
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| 15:47 | outer membrane continues and forms our next . L. Alright this outer membrane |
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| 15:54 | inter membrane are made of phosphor Its outer membrane forms a group of |
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| 15:59 | and sister knee. That's what these terms. R is basically these spaces |
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| 16:04 | form the endo plasvic reticulated. There two different types of ectoplasmic articular. |
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| 16:10 | rough into plasma, articulate and smooth a plasma critical. Um Again named |
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| 16:14 | when we looked into a microscope we and saw, oh look one has |
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| 16:18 | lot of bumps on it and the one doesn't. And you could see |
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| 16:22 | in a microscope. All right. why does this one have bumps? |
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| 16:28 | why does this one not? the rough ectoplasmic particular. Um It |
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| 16:34 | determined that those bumps are these things ribosomes. This is an example of |
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| 16:38 | here, ribosomes play an important role making proteins with this little picture right |
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| 16:44 | represents which will come back to. , this represents an RNA transcript. |
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| 16:50 | the ribosomes are the things reading the so that we can begin making a |
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| 16:57 | . And that's what this is trying represent. Is showing you how you're |
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| 17:00 | the protein and rough into plasma Um The ribosomes are attached to the |
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| 17:07 | . Like what you're seeing here, the surface of the indo plasma in |
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| 17:10 | . Um And it's making its protein inserting that protein either into the |
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| 17:15 | So it stays in the membrane or the cistern. E the space inside |
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| 17:23 | into plasma articulate. And now you a protein trapped inside a structure these |
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| 17:32 | then go on to be modified in next organ. L and then these |
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| 17:37 | that are trapped inside are then the that are gonna be either released by |
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| 17:42 | cell or are going to be stored other organelles down the line. All |
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| 17:49 | , so, the enterprise in particular is responsible for producing proteins that the |
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| 17:57 | uses internally inside vesicles or organelles or secrete ng out into the external environment |
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| 18:05 | the cell or inserting into the surface the cell. The smooth Indo plasma |
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| 18:13 | um has no um uh no It has different functionality primarily. Its |
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| 18:23 | is to make lipids and steroids. , again, it primarily deals with |
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| 18:27 | . So this one is dealing with . This one's dealing with fats. |
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| 18:31 | can play a role in detoxifying, basically can modify uh molecules that are |
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| 18:38 | are harmful to the cell. So kind of acts like the liver of |
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| 18:41 | cell. Alright, again, I'm analogies here. It can serve as |
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| 18:49 | place where I break down larger molecules glycogen and we're gonna see like in |
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| 18:54 | for example can serve as a place store up calcium which is important for |
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| 19:00 | because they need the calcium to actually contractions. So it has multiple |
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| 19:06 | And depending on which cell you're looking , it does different things. But |
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| 19:10 | key thing is it doesn't make proteins we see in the rough enter plasma |
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| 19:17 | very, very different appearance. nucleus contains Yes, ma'am. |
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| 19:31 | Yes. Yes. So, so idea here is what we're gonna see |
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| 19:39 | we go forward and we're gonna come to this. I don't know why |
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| 19:42 | have the slide so far. And I always review the slides before I |
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| 19:46 | I come in and we have this called the indo membrane system and and |
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| 19:51 | probably not introducing it now because I to kind of go through the whole |
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| 19:53 | and then go back and say, , all those things we just learned |
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| 19:56 | this is this. And so, we're really seeing is that the membrane |
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| 19:59 | actually being created between the plasma, the rough er and that outer membrane |
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| 20:05 | the nucleus there because they're continuous. you're doing is you're making that membrane |
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| 20:10 | the next rough er then you're gonna portions of the rough er split |
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| 20:15 | And what they're gonna do is they're those proteins that you just made Plus |
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| 20:19 | membrane that you've just torn off and go to the next structure single G |
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| 20:26 | right. And that's what they're You see that little circle right there |
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| 20:28 | came from the rough er and what doing is it's going and it's joining |
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| 20:32 | with this next organ al which is up of the same membrane. |
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| 20:36 | So is it making membrane yes and membrane will then go through this process |
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| 20:41 | then you pinch it off and then goes off someplace else. So you |
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| 20:44 | I'm gonna come back to it but a good I you're like wait a |
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| 20:48 | . Um I see you wrote something here and like I said these are |
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| 20:51 | to remind me of what to talk and I forgot you can do that |
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| 20:59 | to go for Goldie. Okay, the Golgi apparatus is kind of like |
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| 21:05 | post office. Alright, so if rough and applies in particular is making |
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| 21:10 | , that protein is either gonna be on the surface, It's gonna be |
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| 21:14 | secreted out into the external environment or on the surface. Or it could |
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| 21:18 | stuck inside these vesicles and sent to organelles. Then you need to know |
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| 21:22 | that needs to go. And so happens is we get those vesicles pinched |
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| 21:28 | so they'll pinch off of this rough and then they'll start moving towards the |
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| 21:33 | and then they'll merge with this larger . And even though this pancake looking |
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| 21:38 | looks very disorganized, apparently there are machinery inside the gold, he knows |
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| 21:44 | to read each of those proteins and where it needs to go. It's |
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| 21:48 | reading zip codes on an envelope and it begins sorting the proteins and it |
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| 21:53 | proteins and says, oh your protein to go here. You're a protein |
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| 21:56 | needs to go there and it sends things and stores them and packages them |
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| 22:00 | into different vesicles. And then those then pinch off and then travel to |
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| 22:05 | they need to go. So, a sorting machine. We refer to |
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| 22:12 | side that's receiving vesicles as the cysts of the Golgi. The side that |
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| 22:19 | is called the trans face. So to trans. All right. So |
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| 22:28 | is going to be modified tagged or inside the Golgi and it knows where |
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| 22:32 | go because the Golgi knows how to the protein. And if you ask |
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| 22:37 | , how does it? I don't . Magic black box. one of |
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| 22:43 | places that these vesicles can go is something called Excuse me. A license |
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| 22:51 | . A license um is like the of a cell. It's not a |
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| 22:56 | . It's like a stomach. All . And so what ELISA's OEM is |
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| 23:00 | a membrane bound organelles. Alright, it does or says this is a |
|
| 23:06 | . Here's your license. Um All . Inside that license zone have been |
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| 23:11 | lots and lots of enzymes and lots lots of protons and the purpose of |
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| 23:18 | in all the protons is to drop ph inside there. Now. I |
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| 23:22 | you a couple of days ago we or not coupled yesterday talked about ph |
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| 23:26 | proteins. Right. He said that proteins work at certain phs, Certain |
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| 23:31 | work at certain phs. Your stomach example has enzymes that break down proteins |
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| 23:36 | work at a ph of two. , your mouth has enzymes that work |
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| 23:40 | a ph of roughly seven. So here these lice ISMs contain very |
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| 23:48 | low ph and they have enzymes in and all they're looking for is something |
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| 23:53 | digest. So here we have a . This particular cell is probably a |
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| 23:59 | in the cartoon. And we know because it's hunted down a bacteria and |
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| 24:04 | , aha, you're not supposed to in the body. I'm gonna go |
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| 24:06 | and grab you and I'm gonna put inside a vesicles. In other |
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| 24:10 | I'm gonna pinch off a portion of membrane and I'm gonna sequester you. |
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| 24:15 | then what I'm gonna do is I'm merge this vesicles with that license. |
|
| 24:20 | Now we call this particular vehicle of . Um So don't be panicky when |
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| 24:23 | see that word. Alright, this um merges with the faga zone and |
|
| 24:28 | all those enzymes in that really really ph environment are active and it breaks |
|
| 24:34 | that little tiny bacterium that it Think of the bacterium like a |
|
| 24:39 | You put your cheeseburger in your swallow and stick it down into your |
|
| 24:43 | track. Do you break down the . Mhm. Because you have enzymes |
|
| 24:48 | recognize carbohydrates. You have enzymes that proteins. You have enzymes that recognize |
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| 24:54 | acids and you have enzymes that recognize . That was the last one left |
|
| 24:59 | . Right, right. And so enzymes inside the license zone are they're |
|
| 25:05 | of recognizing all the different parts that needs to do and it chops up |
|
| 25:08 | breaks down whatever happens to be in bag a zone and turns it into |
|
| 25:14 | little tiny pieces parts the amino acids nucleic acids and so on that the |
|
| 25:22 | can then use for its own That's our question. Um Not |
|
| 25:32 | So again, it depends on what are located there. Right. And |
|
| 25:35 | I'm kind of using a generic There might be very specific licenses that |
|
| 25:39 | very specific enzymes in this particular Because we're looking at a specific cell |
|
| 25:45 | you know uniquely hunts down bacteria. and that's what a macrophage does. |
|
| 25:50 | means big pages eat. So it's big eater cell. And so its |
|
| 25:55 | is literally is there a bacteria in body that needs to die? And |
|
| 26:00 | what it does. It hunts those . So different cells will have different |
|
| 26:06 | inside their license zones that are responsible for destroying bacteria, but say destroying |
|
| 26:11 | else that that it internalizes all right because these enzymes in here are non |
|
| 26:21 | in the sense that they recognize just or just lipids or carbohydrates, whatever |
|
| 26:28 | don't recognize. Oh, proteins from . Right. They don't recognize proteins |
|
| 26:35 | or lipids from something else. Because doesn't matter where the lipid or the |
|
| 26:38 | or whatever comes from. If you that license zone, that enzyme then |
|
| 26:43 | finds the enzymes. Just find whatever supposed to break down. And so |
|
| 26:49 | can happen is is if you break license, um you can start eating |
|
| 26:52 | things inside the cell and when that , that's bad, right? |
|
| 26:59 | Can you imagine your your own enzymes into your body going look meat, |
|
| 27:05 | ? It would start breaking you We refer to that as atoll |
|
| 27:09 | All right. Weird things about the you see here, right? Is |
|
| 27:14 | mean you look after you want to auto license like automobile instead of a |
|
| 27:19 | . I couldn't even do it if tried I a to mobile to |
|
| 27:25 | So atoll icis. So you gotta like you're british in some of these |
|
| 27:28 | uh atoll icis. Alright. But you say it wrong, I'm |
|
| 27:32 | no one's gonna make fun of Well, at least your face. |
|
| 27:36 | Yeah. Say again. We'll So remember when you dilute out that |
|
| 27:45 | . H. That you're gonna be and less effective but you're still capable |
|
| 27:47 | recognizing. Is that what you're Yeah. Yeah. So. So |
|
| 27:54 | happens is that that particular ph whatever's there, they're not denatured their their |
|
| 27:59 | their active state. But when they into a ph that's a different. |
|
| 28:02 | when they start not being as functional they do denature. Right? |
|
| 28:07 | you gotta remember ph determines or helps the shape doesn't necessarily mean that, |
|
| 28:14 | know, the ph over here, of two will be good for the |
|
| 28:17 | of the stomach, but not for enzymes of the small intestine. The |
|
| 28:20 | of the seven is good for the intestine, but not for the you |
|
| 28:24 | . So, it's you got to in terms of there's an ideal ph |
|
| 28:28 | every protein, ideal temperature for every . And once they fall out of |
|
| 28:34 | ideal range, that's when they kind fall apart, they will slowly break |
|
| 28:42 | down because of the low or the in ph or what they may happen |
|
| 28:46 | it may not the nature they may just become less functional. Alright. |
|
| 28:52 | yes, that is correct. But can imagine they're still functional and |
|
| 28:57 | they're going to recognize things. All . Now, one of the other |
|
| 29:02 | that you can use with a license is you can clean up the |
|
| 29:08 | All right. That's what this last is autopsy gee So, over the |
|
| 29:12 | of every lifespan of anything things damage time, you probably noticed that. |
|
| 29:17 | . Right. And so as organelles damaged, they're too big to to |
|
| 29:23 | um you know, kind of break or they're too they're too big to |
|
| 29:28 | with in a small way. You to deal with them in a big |
|
| 29:31 | is kind of what what we want get at. And so what happens |
|
| 29:34 | , let's say you have a large Al then what you're gonna do is |
|
| 29:37 | going to merge that organ Al with license zone and then license them breaks |
|
| 29:43 | down in a controlled manner. So that the materials that the organ |
|
| 29:48 | . Has or whatever it's supposed to , don't corrupt or or cause problems |
|
| 29:53 | the rest of the cell. a top Aji is a positive mechanism |
|
| 29:59 | managing damaged materials inside the cell. kind of makes sense. So, |
|
| 30:07 | would be I mean again, stupid , but imagine in your car that |
|
| 30:11 | have something that's called a license. and then your carburetor stops working |
|
| 30:15 | So you can pretend like your car how to build its own carburetor. |
|
| 30:19 | so what you do is you make new carburetor and then the license um |
|
| 30:22 | come in and destroy the bad carburetor then everything would be hunky dory |
|
| 30:29 | autopsy gee is one of the mechanisms cells use when they have malfunctioning and |
|
| 30:34 | considered cancerous and when autopsy fails then cancer cells keep going. Yeah. |
|
| 30:46 | so you can imagine the last of is dysfunctional. What happens. The |
|
| 30:50 | keeps misbehaving misbehaving misbehaving and it starts bad things now, you're asking me |
|
| 30:57 | bad things they do depends on the . All right, is the livestock |
|
| 31:05 | they? They're they're an organ l the plasma membrane alright. Or the |
|
| 31:11 | . And see here, if you closely you can see that it's |
|
| 31:14 | So, it's trying to show you it's a lipid bi layer. The |
|
| 31:18 | at least try to do that next L. Is the paroxysm? All |
|
| 31:27 | . So this is actually you can here is a lipid bi layer inside |
|
| 31:31 | . It actually has this crystalline They're made in very strange ways. |
|
| 31:35 | don't come through the Golgi instead. they do is they arise from the |
|
| 31:40 | ectoplasmic particular. Um And what you do is they kind of fuse together |
|
| 31:43 | is called vision and they create Alright. So they're not self rising |
|
| 31:50 | they don't go through the pathway we described are er Golgi and then you |
|
| 31:55 | paroxysm they go straight from the re informed. Now, what they do |
|
| 32:00 | again, they also have specific types enzymes, oxidation and catalysis. But |
|
| 32:05 | job is to deal with something that develop over the course of their lifespan |
|
| 32:12 | are called free radicals. And we're to take vitamin C. Yeah, |
|
| 32:17 | . What is another term for vitamins vitamin C. Have you ever um |
|
| 32:24 | gonna um And I said this now blanked on the name. So give |
|
| 32:28 | a second here. Probably take me 20 minutes now they're called the anti |
|
| 32:39 | . Alright. We take antioxidants because they do is they deal with the |
|
| 32:44 | of free radicals in the body. , if you don't know what a |
|
| 32:47 | radical is, that's okay, you really learn about them until much, |
|
| 32:50 | later in biology. But free radicals in essence a way that when you |
|
| 32:54 | a bond, what you do is create an unstable molecule and this molecule |
|
| 33:00 | so unstable, that is desperate to find something to make it stable. |
|
| 33:05 | when it does, it kind of this um micro explosion. That's the |
|
| 33:09 | I describe it. It's not an explosion, but it can create significant |
|
| 33:14 | to other molecules. And so, radicals caused damage upon damage upon damage |
|
| 33:20 | damage. All right. And so we have is we want we want |
|
| 33:24 | sell that say I don't want to in myself. So I need to |
|
| 33:28 | the presence of these free radicals. right, So, we take vitamins |
|
| 33:33 | vitamin C. Actually eating vegetables, a lot of antioxidants in it. |
|
| 33:37 | so those are natural antioxidants. when you eat vegetables, you're already |
|
| 33:40 | a good job and all that But what they do is they work |
|
| 33:44 | this way, basically, they take and they convert those free radicals which |
|
| 33:50 | larger molecules, they start adding stuff they start breaking them down and making |
|
| 33:54 | less and less unstable until you get to this really weird. Itsy bitsy |
|
| 33:59 | free radical called hydrogen peroxide. And that's what you that's what they're |
|
| 34:05 | the bottom. Alright. So, a stabilizing mechanism that ultimately ends up |
|
| 34:09 | a free radical. But it's the free radical to deal with. And |
|
| 34:13 | free radical hydrogen peroxide uses we use enzyme to convert that into water. |
|
| 34:21 | that's how we neutralize it all. , that's the whole job of the |
|
| 34:25 | zone. All right. So, , you can think of in terms |
|
| 34:28 | detoxification, neutralizing free radicals. And other thing that does is it plays |
|
| 34:32 | role in the beta oxidation of fatty . Don't know, beta oxidation fatty |
|
| 34:38 | . That's fine. We're not going deal with that. That's just you |
|
| 34:41 | , I usually have some upper level there. Okay. Okay. Now |
|
| 34:43 | know where that's taking place. All right. So paroxysms manage to |
|
| 34:51 | against free radical damage. This is coolest structure in the cell. And |
|
| 35:01 | reason it's the coolest structure in the is because it's an ancient structure that |
|
| 35:07 | swallowed up by another cell and stuck , basically, it's one cell that |
|
| 35:11 | another cell and instead of destroying the using license owns it. Said, |
|
| 35:15 | want you to hang out and I you to do stuff for me. |
|
| 35:17 | probably said, please don't eat I can do stuff for you. |
|
| 35:20 | so they created this uh this mutual . And so what you have here |
|
| 35:26 | basically what we call an organ. but really it's probably a foreign |
|
| 35:30 | but it's so ancient that it's stuck forever. It has its own |
|
| 35:36 | And its job is to produce a . P. You know what A |
|
| 35:40 | . P. Is? That's basically for the cell. Okay. This |
|
| 35:45 | the battery of the seller, the plant of the cell. You can |
|
| 35:48 | at a cell count up the number mitochondria and the mitochondria. See you |
|
| 35:52 | say this is a cell that uses energy. So basically they can actually |
|
| 35:57 | on their own use their own And divide and multiply and you can |
|
| 36:01 | more of them as needed. All . Um, so, we're not |
|
| 36:07 | walk through this process until we get muscles. If you took a biology |
|
| 36:12 | and learn about glucose metabolism. Did remember that start off with a glucose |
|
| 36:17 | and after a whole bunch of you end up with a T. |
|
| 36:20 | . At the end. And you memorized at one point I get 34 |
|
| 36:24 | 38 80 P molecules. And you're , okay, something like that. |
|
| 36:28 | you nodded your head and kind of lot of steps remember that? I've |
|
| 36:32 | . I'm seeing smiles going, okay, I remember that. |
|
| 36:34 | so, good news. We don't to memorize all the steps when you |
|
| 36:37 | biochemistry. You get to memorize all steps, right? And all the |
|
| 36:40 | involved. But that's all taking place . All right. So a little |
|
| 36:45 | of water. A little bit of dioxide are, sorry, basically. |
|
| 36:51 | mean, it's a little bit of and glucose. That's what you get |
|
| 36:54 | water and carbon dioxide to get your . T. P. Alright. |
|
| 37:00 | cool things about this. I should you You don't even know this for |
|
| 37:03 | test. All your mitochondria come from maternal side. Right. So guys |
|
| 37:10 | mitochondria belonged to your mom, which to your grandmother, which belonged to |
|
| 37:14 | great grandmother and so on and so and so on. All right. |
|
| 37:17 | the general dogma or the general rule we follow. Although there are some |
|
| 37:21 | to that rule which we won't go . But that's how it works when |
|
| 37:26 | fusion of the sperm and the egg together. The mitochondria of the sperm |
|
| 37:30 | excluded or destroyed. And the the mother is the of the ovum |
|
| 37:36 | what is is increased. So when go and do those 23 emmys, |
|
| 37:41 | what they're looking at. When they at mitochondrial DNA. They're looking at |
|
| 37:45 | maternal line and seeing how that's Okay, ribosomes. Are they membrane |
|
| 37:59 | or are they complexes? Do you remember what I said? Put them |
|
| 38:03 | the list complexes. That's right. . So that was the last of |
|
| 38:10 | membrane bound. Okay, So we nucleus in the plaza in particular. |
|
| 38:17 | two types Golgi lyricism, paroxysm and mitochondria. Those were all the membrane |
|
| 38:28 | organelles, robert zone. The ribosome where we make proteins. All |
|
| 38:37 | It is both RNA and a protein together to create this large structure. |
|
| 38:44 | actually two sub units here. But this structure right here is what is |
|
| 38:48 | the ribosomes you can see here is large structure. You'll sometimes if you |
|
| 38:54 | , we're not gonna talk about 50 and 30 S. But that's what |
|
| 38:56 | referred to as the 50 S. the large structure. The 30 S |
|
| 39:00 | the small structure. And what happens is that these two pieces come together |
|
| 39:07 | R. N. A. And you read along and it has binding |
|
| 39:13 | for this other type of RNA called . R. N. A. |
|
| 39:16 | brings amino acids in so that you add amino acid after amino acid to |
|
| 39:20 | those peptide bonds so that you get long peptide that grows which will eventually |
|
| 39:26 | your protein. So, this is structure that reads that transcript of |
|
| 39:32 | N. A. To make your . Alright, It consists of both |
|
| 39:37 | and RNA independent of these little things here. So, all that stuff |
|
| 39:41 | there. That is the ribosomes is up of RNA and protein itself. |
|
| 39:50 | is a picture. So, electron . And what you're looking at in |
|
| 39:54 | top picture right here, that little represents the R. N. |
|
| 39:59 | All right, Those big giant balls you see right there. Those would |
|
| 40:03 | the ribosomes. And this right here showing you the extended peptide that's growing |
|
| 40:09 | you add in amino acids. What shows you not only is the process |
|
| 40:15 | making protein here and what ribosomes are , but it shows you how many |
|
| 40:20 | are reading a transcript at any given . So remember that picture I showed |
|
| 40:26 | back here. This isn't showing you rib is um moving along and this |
|
| 40:32 | like A. B. C. . E. And while they show |
|
| 40:35 | like that, it's also you can here's a ribose um here's another |
|
| 40:42 | Um Here's another ribosomes. And as reading along, it's showing you how |
|
| 40:47 | whole thing is being made and each are at a different stage. And |
|
| 40:52 | one transcript can be read by multiple to create many many proteins. Just |
|
| 40:58 | that one transcript. Another way to at it. Did you guys ever |
|
| 41:03 | row your boating around? You know I'm talking about? What around is |
|
| 41:10 | starts row row, row your boat then goes gently down. So you're |
|
| 41:13 | at me like I know what you're about. But I don't want you |
|
| 41:15 | call me to do it and I'm gonna do that. I'm not gonna |
|
| 41:18 | you sing in the classroom, This a science classes in a music |
|
| 41:22 | But row row row your boat, and then the next person starts up |
|
| 41:27 | you go to the next verse. start row row row your boat. |
|
| 41:29 | then they get to the end of verse and they start the next verse |
|
| 41:32 | the next person comes in, That's called around. And so if |
|
| 41:36 | were to do that, we could , I don't know, there's 85 |
|
| 41:39 | us in here. We could literally 85 rounds of row row row your |
|
| 41:44 | . It would be really weird because all be sitting there waiting and waiting |
|
| 41:47 | then it's our turn to sing and wait and wait and wait for the |
|
| 41:50 | one to come along. But that's ribosomes work. It's like being singing |
|
| 41:55 | around This is the first one that and as it starts going, then |
|
| 41:58 | next one comes on and then it going and the next one comes |
|
| 42:01 | so on, and so on and on. And that's what it looks |
|
| 42:09 | . This town here is something we've talked about. That's the rough end |
|
| 42:14 | in particular. Again, electron You can see this part right |
|
| 42:21 | right? Those represent the cistern And then those big old dots are |
|
| 42:28 | ribosomes bound to the surface of the of plasma in particular. All |
|
| 42:34 | And so what you're doing here is have your rough into platform, particularly |
|
| 42:38 | the Robinsons are bound up to the . So what that tells us is |
|
| 42:42 | ribosomes exist in two states. We have ribosomes as we first describe bound |
|
| 42:49 | and what their job is is to proteins that are going to be secreted |
|
| 42:53 | inserted into the membrane or put into of those vesicles to make a organ |
|
| 42:59 | . Alright, That's # one. you can have ribosomes that are free |
|
| 43:03 | out in the side is all. what they'll do is they'll find transcripts |
|
| 43:08 | R. N. A. And use those transcripts to make proteins that |
|
| 43:12 | work inside the side is all inside cytoplasm. All right. So their |
|
| 43:19 | is to make proteins that are functional the cell, but not inside an |
|
| 43:24 | L or out on the surface or the cell. All right, ribosomes |
|
| 43:34 | go anywhere they want. They can go inside the mitochondria and do stuff |
|
| 43:37 | the mitochondria. Alright, once they their job, they're free to roam |
|
| 43:42 | wherever they need to be. All . So, they combined up. |
|
| 43:46 | can go inside the mitochondria, they sit inside the side is all You're |
|
| 43:51 | destined for a single destination. It's of like being an intern at an |
|
| 43:56 | , you're working with this person Okay, now, I want you |
|
| 43:59 | go work over there and you just wherever the work is needed. Robin |
|
| 44:06 | make sense. The easy thing to . Help make proteins. Yeah. |
|
| 44:18 | So, I would say that I in the way that you're describing |
|
| 44:21 | Yes. The question was is it proteins production is based on chance? |
|
| 44:26 | answer is yes, but nothing in cell is done by chance. Everything |
|
| 44:32 | incredibly organized, Everything knows exactly where needs to be. We just don't |
|
| 44:37 | how or why. I mean it things happen you know. So as |
|
| 44:45 | are made, you know RNA or ribosomes are there ready to to bind |
|
| 44:50 | up? So most of the regulation done on the production side. On |
|
| 44:55 | on the making the transcript side, on the once I have this |
|
| 44:59 | what do I do now? There regulation there. And when we talk |
|
| 45:03 | that, which after our break today gonna talk a little bit about how |
|
| 45:06 | we go about making a protein? I'm gonna give a lot of detail |
|
| 45:09 | , much of which is not important the exam, but it kind of |
|
| 45:13 | a picture so that you can understand going on. And one of the |
|
| 45:16 | I'm gonna show you is how do regulate the lifespan of a transcript? |
|
| 45:21 | . I mean if I make a , if it's there, I can |
|
| 45:23 | make copies and copies and copies and till the end of time. So |
|
| 45:27 | do I know when to stop and mechanisms in place that allow that the |
|
| 45:39 | bio membrane complex or biomolecular complex Scuse is the side of skeleton. You |
|
| 45:44 | think of these as skeletons or muscles upon what that side of skeleton happens |
|
| 45:48 | be doing at the time. so really what this is is a |
|
| 45:52 | of very, very long proteins that these fibers that are gonna be found |
|
| 45:56 | the entire cytoplasm. All right. so, what you can see here |
|
| 46:00 | little green things represent micro tubules. another other green things, these large |
|
| 46:07 | ones. These are all different types filaments that are doing unique things inside |
|
| 46:12 | cell. So, you've got these long chains and and this is kind |
|
| 46:17 | the big list. Alright. You support and maintain the shape. Look |
|
| 46:21 | like a skeleton, right? It movement, acts like a muscle |
|
| 46:26 | Or the muscle of the self. puts the organelles to where they need |
|
| 46:30 | be. That's one of the ways we can say where things are. |
|
| 46:36 | support motor proteins. Alright. You're I think the video that I |
|
| 46:43 | you know the life of the I think it comes open today. |
|
| 46:46 | you have already watched it, go it just I mean, you're not |
|
| 46:50 | be tested on it, but just watch it so that you can kind |
|
| 46:52 | have a visual representation because the static are are aren't any interesting. One |
|
| 46:57 | the things you'll see in there is motor proteins. When you watch that |
|
| 46:59 | , you're gonna say this was invented Disney. Not that's not the video |
|
| 47:03 | the actual molecule because it looks like cartoon character carrying a big old thing |
|
| 47:08 | too big for itself and it's walking this. You know, that's what |
|
| 47:13 | does. I mean, the motor are basically the things that move the |
|
| 47:16 | around. And these side of sculptural , particularly the micro tubules, are |
|
| 47:21 | highways on which motor proteins run. right. And the other thing, |
|
| 47:26 | helps to hold other structures external to cell, the extra cellular structures in |
|
| 47:31 | . So cells are attached to each because of the side of skeletal |
|
| 47:35 | All right. Have you ever anyone ? Uh, older sibling, are |
|
| 47:41 | an older sibling? Do you Do you have? All right. |
|
| 47:44 | to your younger sibling, did you give him an indian burn? You |
|
| 47:48 | what? Indian burn is Younger siblings received an indian burn. If you |
|
| 47:52 | know what that is, you you what it is. Alright for those |
|
| 47:55 | you don't know what it is. know, when you grab somebody's arm |
|
| 47:58 | then you twist the skin in opposite . It's kind of like, I |
|
| 48:02 | , you know, there's pink you know, pink belly is |
|
| 48:07 | they quit hitting yourself the wet willy then there's here's the fun one if |
|
| 48:12 | the older one. Not funny. you're younger one, you pin them |
|
| 48:15 | and get that. Lucky. I the girls didn't do this. This |
|
| 48:19 | what the guys did. And then and see how hot far. We |
|
| 48:22 | drip it down before we land and like screaming and and get ready for |
|
| 48:33 | . Just telling you this is how have fun. We torture one |
|
| 48:37 | All right. The reason your skin go off your body during that indian |
|
| 48:43 | is because of the side skeletal elements things in place. All right. |
|
| 48:48 | going to see this. So there's different types of fibers. And when |
|
| 48:53 | take a picture of a cell, do not get colors like this. |
|
| 48:57 | just gonna point that out. This a magic trick that we do because |
|
| 49:01 | we have tools that we that light at different um uh spectrums. And |
|
| 49:08 | when we take a picture, we the tool part portion that allows us |
|
| 49:13 | stain. So this is not the colors. This is not even the |
|
| 49:17 | color of the tool. It's just lights up at a different wavelength so |
|
| 49:21 | we can assign a color to So, the first one is the |
|
| 49:25 | filament. It's red. And so the red spots that you see in |
|
| 49:29 | represent these micro filaments. All And so what you can see the |
|
| 49:34 | filament has these two rods and they're twisted together. And the reality is |
|
| 49:38 | that there's these are individual parts that paired up that have created these long |
|
| 49:43 | . But we're just going to go and just use this this helix |
|
| 49:47 | Alright, so it's acting. You've heard the word acting before. If |
|
| 49:51 | ever taken any class that deals with , you're like oh yeah, acting |
|
| 49:54 | part of how muscles contract. That's a micro filament is. Its job |
|
| 50:00 | to bear tension. So when I on a micro filament it doesn't pull |
|
| 50:05 | stretch, it just kind of stays , it helps to determine the shape |
|
| 50:12 | a cell. So you can see the cell has anchored itself and so |
|
| 50:15 | micro filament is there serving as that to where the anchor is. It |
|
| 50:21 | a role in movement. As I , it usually partnered up in muscles |
|
| 50:24 | another um another molecule called and myosin act and work with each other to |
|
| 50:32 | contractions. All right, because acting stretchable. What you do is you |
|
| 50:37 | pull against the the act and the and basically pulls itself along the |
|
| 50:42 | All right. Also plays a role psychokinesis. That's a fancy word for |
|
| 50:47 | for saying sell walking cell movement. now you're not gonna see a lot |
|
| 50:54 | this but most cells are stationary but are some cells that are not so |
|
| 50:59 | cells in the bloodstream that need to fight infection. What they'll do is |
|
| 51:03 | are they find a spot where they're to exit the blood blood. They |
|
| 51:08 | themselves out and then they move in cells That would be psychokinesis. Yeah |
|
| 51:15 | yellow as you're trying to do is intermediate filament. There are lots of |
|
| 51:19 | kinds. They all are members of keratin family keratin. If you don't |
|
| 51:23 | if you sit there and look at fingernails that's made of keratin. Your |
|
| 51:27 | has keratin fibers, your skin has fibers in it. Alright so you |
|
| 51:32 | see are your nails hard? Is hair more or less soft? Your |
|
| 51:38 | feels soft but it's actually pretty I mean you can sit there and |
|
| 51:41 | at it and it doesn't go So keratin is kind of a protein |
|
| 51:45 | kind of a hard protein. All . And so these fibers proteins basically |
|
| 51:50 | wrapped into this tight rope. It's little bit bigger than this. That's |
|
| 51:53 | this one's called the micro filament. one's called the intermediate meaning it's the |
|
| 51:57 | sized one. Alright. And so job is to stabilize cell structure. |
|
| 52:02 | can see here how it's all It also resists tension and it's more |
|
| 52:07 | meaning that once you make it it sticks around and creates its network as |
|
| 52:12 | kind of seeing here in this particular . What do you imagine in that |
|
| 52:16 | dot right there nucleus. Yeah. the nucleus in this one? |
|
| 52:23 | And what they've done is they've used marker that stains D. N. |
|
| 52:28 | . And so that's why they're able market blue. The green here in |
|
| 52:34 | picture is also intermediate filament. So just trying to show you in contrast |
|
| 52:41 | red, here's the micro green is intermediate filament I guess I'm wrong. |
|
| 52:47 | using it here. Okay so take back, ignore what I just |
|
| 52:53 | Um What we have here is the tubules. That's what the green |
|
| 52:57 | There's the intermediate filament fine. Alright the micro tubules, the fun one |
|
| 53:01 | got these dime ear's and what they is they add to each other just |
|
| 53:05 | of like the acting does. But cool about the micro tubules that you |
|
| 53:08 | build it and break it down as . And it creates these two black |
|
| 53:12 | is the biggest one. And so don't know if you can tell but |
|
| 53:16 | is a tube that you could actually through. All right now this micro |
|
| 53:24 | can be used for a whole bunch things. It can create the |
|
| 53:26 | That's that's not compressible. So you press on the cell and it doesn't |
|
| 53:31 | . It just basically stays the Um And again helps us determine |
|
| 53:36 | It serves where the motor proteins walk what we're going to see a little |
|
| 53:39 | later is that they're part of the and the flag ela play a role |
|
| 53:44 | are things on which you you can or use the cilia. So these |
|
| 53:48 | found in tai inside Cillian flag ela you don't know what a flagellum is |
|
| 53:53 | you don't know what silly is their extensions from the cell which we'll get |
|
| 53:57 | in just a moment that allow for moving the materials around. In terms |
|
| 54:02 | flagellate allows you to swim. All . This is also what is used |
|
| 54:08 | the cell during cellular division to pull apart. So when each cell is |
|
| 54:12 | its D. N. A. how you do that, you pull |
|
| 54:15 | the parts. So again these are permanent. You build and destroy them |
|
| 54:20 | you go along. So the micro originate from a structure called a central |
|
| 54:26 | . Central zone has within it the old. Alright, so it's easy |
|
| 54:29 | confuse those two things. The center is both of these essentials are the |
|
| 54:35 | . And so you can see here you have 123 tubes that kind of |
|
| 54:40 | . And you have basically um it's nine plus two. So there's gonna |
|
| 54:44 | nine here and then there's gonna be that come in the middle. And |
|
| 54:47 | is where the micro tubules come And so while you can see in |
|
| 54:50 | picture like right here where it's kind like everything kind of originates. That's |
|
| 54:55 | the central is probably located center or central zone is there there's a central |
|
| 55:00 | over here centuries. Um And so where the micro tubules are coming |
|
| 55:06 | Um The century old go by another in some places you'll see them called |
|
| 55:11 | bodies. That's kind of an old term. Um I think that's really |
|
| 55:16 | you need to know their compression And so that's when all the |
|
| 55:19 | If you like pushed on the micro , all that forces come here and |
|
| 55:23 | be extended back out through the Three more slides. And we're gonna |
|
| 55:29 | a break here. I just want introduce you to the plasma membrane and |
|
| 55:33 | we have a good stopping point. the plasma membrane is the barrier between |
|
| 55:41 | inside and the outside of the Alright, if you look at the |
|
| 55:45 | membrane, what you're gonna see is made up of those fossil lipids. |
|
| 55:48 | a lipid bi layer. So here the phosphor lipid. There's a phosphor |
|
| 55:52 | . You can see they've arranged themselves we described. The hydrophobic tails are |
|
| 55:56 | towards each other. The heads are towards water. Heads would be pointing |
|
| 56:00 | water inside the cell whenever you see picture like this, this is inside |
|
| 56:03 | cell that's outside the cell. All , so, fossil lipids are not |
|
| 56:11 | only lipid found inside the plasma Alright, so, you'll see um |
|
| 56:20 | . So, you can see here little yellow thing there's cholesterol, there's |
|
| 56:24 | . There's other types of of lipids we're not gonna go into called finger |
|
| 56:29 | . Um We have glycol lipids which did mention, remember. That's where |
|
| 56:32 | take one of these fossil lipids. you put sugar on the on |
|
| 56:35 | You'll find the glycol lipids are always out from the cell. They never |
|
| 56:40 | into the cell. And again, because the cells use those as identify |
|
| 56:47 | . In addition, you'll have proteins are part of the plaza memory and |
|
| 56:52 | where all the purple things represent the are. These proteins can be |
|
| 56:57 | meaning they're put into the membrane, integrated into the membrane or they can |
|
| 57:03 | peripheral, which means that they are loosely associated to the surface or just |
|
| 57:09 | pushed in. So you can imagine this would be easy to get |
|
| 57:15 | This is a lot harder to And so there's different types of proteins |
|
| 57:19 | we'll get into in another lecture. the idea is for example, proteins |
|
| 57:23 | be used to pass materials back and across. It allows for things on |
|
| 57:27 | outside to communicate messages to the inside so on because that's a barrier. |
|
| 57:32 | need to have a way to be to have crosstalk between those two |
|
| 57:37 | And that's one of the things that can do. There's also such things |
|
| 57:41 | glycoprotein that's similar to the glycol It's putting sugars on the outside so |
|
| 57:46 | you can use them primarily for identification also for interacting with the environment. |
|
| 57:55 | this little picture you can see down , the little pink things that represents |
|
| 58:00 | of skeleton. Now none of these that you see in here are stuck |
|
| 58:08 | . Alright, so this fossil lipid not attached to that fossil lipid and |
|
| 58:13 | not attached to none of those things attached to each other. They're just |
|
| 58:16 | arrangement with each other because they have same properties. Remember they all want |
|
| 58:21 | hide their tails from the water. they accumulate and congregate with each |
|
| 58:26 | So what we have is a structure doesn't have a lot of stability, |
|
| 58:32 | similarly still has a lot of stability because of the chemical nature of these |
|
| 58:37 | . And so if you were to at the plasma membrane and again, |
|
| 58:40 | video will show you, it kind looks like a waterbed. I mean |
|
| 58:44 | things are kind of moving all the like this. And these fossil lipids |
|
| 58:47 | stuck in position that you can like one and you can watch it just |
|
| 58:50 | of move through. It will stay one side, just fine. It |
|
| 58:54 | kind of wander all over the place these proteins move around unless they're attached |
|
| 58:58 | something like the the side of So everything is movable and has ability |
|
| 59:05 | move around. What they really can't is flip to the other side. |
|
| 59:10 | , if you have a foster flipping here, it's really hard for it |
|
| 59:12 | flip over there. It costs a of energy. So you need an |
|
| 59:16 | to help do that. And usually that happens it's a sign of stress |
|
| 59:19 | distress and sell that's one of the that people can actually identify bad |
|
| 59:25 | All right. So molecules can go they go based on need. That's |
|
| 59:29 | of a neat thing. And just an example of this, the lab |
|
| 59:33 | I trained next door was a lab worked on these types of surface proteins |
|
| 59:38 | there called Integrated. And they bind other things and they would try to |
|
| 59:43 | what do cells do at zero They had a contract with a grant |
|
| 59:48 | Nasa. So they put them on . And so cells normally sit down |
|
| 59:52 | sit on plates. But these are type of cells that like to move |
|
| 59:55 | . And so what they do is put them at zero G. And |
|
| 59:58 | , well how well do they move ? And they would video And they |
|
| 60:00 | these uh dies that you could watch they're attached to and see where the |
|
| 60:05 | move. And it was like watching treads, you could see the protein |
|
| 60:09 | attached and they would get to the of the cell and be like, |
|
| 60:12 | I need to get to the front zip around the other side, go |
|
| 60:15 | and then sit there and then it's gonna be stuck in it. Do |
|
| 60:18 | all over again. So it just of exemplifies this mobility of these proteins |
|
| 60:24 | these foster lipids to move within the . So one of the ways that |
|
| 60:32 | fluidity. So you it's fluid because remember those fossil lipid tails temperature causes |
|
| 60:40 | to bounce around and move around a . Right? And so the higher |
|
| 60:44 | temperature, the more frequency of molecules and that creates a more liquid |
|
| 60:49 | Whereas as temperature drops, there's less , some molecules tend to kind of |
|
| 60:53 | in and get kind of stiff and they get closer together and create more |
|
| 60:56 | a solid. Now you've lived in long enough to understand that it gets |
|
| 61:01 | darn hot here. And you can if my every one of my cells |
|
| 61:05 | into liquid that doesn't bode well for . And the purpose of cholesterol is |
|
| 61:10 | stabilize that cell. Remember I said is important. So if you have |
|
| 61:18 | we talked about those saturated lipids where have the straight tails, they can |
|
| 61:21 | together and create a solid. But don't. We have those tales that |
|
| 61:24 | of kink out off to the side that creates that space that kind of |
|
| 61:28 | that fluid environment to begin with. what cholesterol does it inserts itself into |
|
| 61:33 | spaces. So instead of having a environment, what we do is we |
|
| 61:38 | up with something that's a little bit stabilized. So at higher temperatures as |
|
| 61:43 | becomes less and less stable and more more liquid that cholesterol inserts itself further |
|
| 61:48 | further. And so it creates a solid state, even though the cell |
|
| 61:53 | membrane should become liquid similarly at cold . Remember what he says? We |
|
| 61:59 | those those lipids to kind of get and closer together. Right. They |
|
| 62:05 | naturally just kind of like all But the cholesterol jammed it's way on |
|
| 62:08 | inside and so it doesn't allow those leopards to get together. So, |
|
| 62:13 | membrane, which is kind of loosey never solidifies, which is one of |
|
| 62:18 | reasons why humans are so ubiquitous. can be anywhere because cold temperatures don't |
|
| 62:26 | with us ourselves quite as much as should, and higher temperatures don't interfere |
|
| 62:31 | ourselves as much as it should. is true for lots of organisms. |
|
| 62:35 | just the purpose of cholesterol. But it helps effect how stable our |
|
| 62:43 | is the last thing. And then go and take a break and say |
|
| 62:48 | God. He's gonna shut up. right. I know. I would |
|
| 62:53 | in the same place going, when he gonna let him go go to |
|
| 62:54 | bathroom. Alright. The Black oak is just a fancy word for saying |
|
| 62:59 | the proteins and lipids on the surface have sugars attached to it. |
|
| 63:04 | it's just basically everything that you see there and as I mentioned, those |
|
| 63:10 | can be unique. So unique that identical twins don't have the same glycol |
|
| 63:15 | . All right, this is like Calix is what allows this set one |
|
| 63:19 | the ways that the cell can communicate the external environment. The plasma membrane |
|
| 63:25 | remember, it's a lipid bi there's two layers of lipid lipid |
|
| 63:28 | one lipid layer two. And what does. It serves as a physical |
|
| 63:33 | to things from the inside and So, if I have something floating |
|
| 63:36 | here in the water that's water it's gonna come to this membrane and |
|
| 63:41 | can't penetrate through the membrane. It's trying to pass through a wall. |
|
| 63:45 | doesn't allow you to do so. what that means is that it excludes |
|
| 63:49 | on the external side to the internal and vice versa. It's literally a |
|
| 63:55 | so that the cell can then be to allow what comes in and what |
|
| 63:58 | out now. What it allows have in this place. So you can |
|
| 64:05 | things like ions to come in or can select which nutrients you want so |
|
| 64:09 | and so forth. The other thing it does and this is where it |
|
| 64:13 | invaluable for our knowledge is that it because of the differences of those |
|
| 64:19 | Remember we talked about those ions I didn't ask you to memorize |
|
| 64:23 | I just said there's there's differences. differences of arms on the insides and |
|
| 64:27 | outsides creates electrical differences. And those differences can then be used by the |
|
| 64:33 | by allowing which ions to pass back forth so that the cell can then |
|
| 64:39 | current. That's how your neurons and muscles work. And lastly we're going |
|
| 64:45 | have these receptors so that when there things out here they combined to that |
|
| 64:49 | then communicate two things on the inside make the cells do stuff. So |
|
| 64:58 | membrane isn't just in the way it's a very dynamic structure that allows the |
|
| 65:06 | to communicate and regulate its own communicate with the external environment and regulate |
|
| 65:13 | going on inside and outside. And not gonna go into the level of |
|
| 65:17 | . That would be exciting and interesting least to me to help you understand |
|
| 65:21 | that. But we're going to be at this over and over and over |
|
| 65:24 | . So what we're gonna do we're take about a five minute break. |
|
| 65:27 | what time is it? It's 10 1005. Alright. Take about a |
|
| 65:31 | minute break and then we'll come back we're gonna wrap up everything. It |
|
| 65:36 | be pretty quick. Um I slowed a little bit there. Oh sorry |
|
| 65:49 | to the lab whatever it is that gotta do. So we've already seen |
|
| 65:54 | picture and I'm throwing it up here a starting point to help us understand |
|
| 65:58 | of the major functions of cells which to make their machinery. Okay. |
|
| 66:04 | so the central dogma of genetics. you ever take genetics this is what |
|
| 66:08 | gonna kind of run up against. thing is we start off with DNA |
|
| 66:12 | the nucleus. D. N. is going to be made. You're |
|
| 66:14 | make a transcript. That transcript is M R N. A. M |
|
| 66:18 | N. A is then going to the cell and then it's going to |
|
| 66:22 | a ribosome. Whether it's gonna be to an end applied in particular um |
|
| 66:25 | free in the side is all that will then read it. And from |
|
| 66:30 | sequence of RNA you will read out proper sequence for the protein that you're |
|
| 66:35 | to make proteins are the things that the work of the self. So |
|
| 66:39 | is central and really what you just to know for this class. |
|
| 66:44 | But I want you to understand this . All right. It's it's significant |
|
| 66:51 | that I want to kind of run some of these steps here. |
|
| 66:54 | And I just want to make sure recording everything. All right. So |
|
| 66:58 | off, let's let's kind of look what DNA and RNA is. All |
|
| 67:01 | . So D. N. Is the hereditary material, right? |
|
| 67:06 | refer to it as the genome. every gene in your body is collectively |
|
| 67:09 | to as the genome. Each gene an instruction set for a specific protein |
|
| 67:16 | the body. Alright. And if you look at a gene, |
|
| 67:21 | see that it actually contains regions that are useful for actually making the protein |
|
| 67:26 | then regions that are not useful for the protein are directly important. There's |
|
| 67:32 | such thing as junk DNA. You'll that word junk DNA. This is |
|
| 67:36 | there's no such thing as that. we say is that we have coding |
|
| 67:39 | which gives rise to the protein sequence we have non coding sequence that does |
|
| 67:44 | give rise to that. So the is exon and intron. So Exxon's |
|
| 67:48 | the parts that we use entrance of part that we exclude. Then in |
|
| 67:53 | to our N. A. There many different types of RNA. The |
|
| 67:58 | that are important for us are listed here. We've already seen this the |
|
| 68:02 | . RNA. That is the transcript has the instructions for the protein. |
|
| 68:07 | there's also transfer RNA transfer RNA binds to a single amino acid. There's |
|
| 68:13 | T. RNA. Each one binds to to a specific amino acid and |
|
| 68:17 | job is to bring that amino acid the growing peptide. And then we |
|
| 68:22 | the ribosomes RNA which is part of rhizome. And remember that's part of |
|
| 68:26 | structure that helps read the M. . N. A. Now if |
|
| 68:31 | plan on going into the future and the biology track, you're gonna learn |
|
| 68:34 | there's other types of RNA and it is a very very complex network of |
|
| 68:39 | molecules. But for the making of protein you just need to know that |
|
| 68:43 | three things exist. Now. When talk about the chroma tin, we |
|
| 68:48 | , oh look there's chroma to inside cell. And typically you'll see a |
|
| 68:52 | like here's a chromosome. That's not D. N. A. Usually |
|
| 68:55 | in a cell. D. A. Looks more like this in |
|
| 68:58 | cell. It's only when you get that DNA organizes itself into its chromosomes |
|
| 69:04 | that you can duplicate them or replicate and split them apart. So most |
|
| 69:08 | the time your DNA exists in this of chroma tin. So if you |
|
| 69:12 | at the chrome a tin, what gonna find is that it consists of |
|
| 69:15 | . N. A. Alright, fine. Great. But it's only |
|
| 69:18 | d. n. a. Is made up of proteins. The proteins |
|
| 69:23 | called his stones. And what you is you wrap D. N. |
|
| 69:26 | around the his stones. And that's of the ways that you organize it |
|
| 69:29 | keep track of it and store it in a compact way. Think about |
|
| 69:33 | you pack a suitcase, right? you're like me, you take all |
|
| 69:37 | clothes and you just throw them in suitcase and then you sit there and |
|
| 69:39 | to figure out ways to jam and up that suitcase up. But if |
|
| 69:43 | a smart person, what you do you take each individual piece of clothing |
|
| 69:46 | you fold it up nice and neat then you wrap it up nice and |
|
| 69:49 | and you put it in there and you have lots of room in your |
|
| 69:51 | for other important things. Right? that's kind of what chromatic is. |
|
| 69:55 | an organized way of keeping track of the D. N. A. |
|
| 69:59 | . You use the his stones too sequester up and hide up and organize |
|
| 70:05 | stuff that you're not using. And you take off the his stones for |
|
| 70:08 | stuff or unravel the his stones so you have regions that you can then |
|
| 70:14 | . Alright. And then there's some that's attached to it as well. |
|
| 70:18 | the chromatic exists in two states. U. Chroma tin is where the |
|
| 70:22 | of R. N. A. . All right. So in other |
|
| 70:25 | that's the stuff where the genes are that cell needs. And so that's |
|
| 70:29 | you have less histone. And you're to read through the D. |
|
| 70:32 | A. And make all those transcripts you need. The stuff that that |
|
| 70:36 | doesn't need is called hetero chromatic. that's the stuff that's kind of jammed |
|
| 70:39 | to the side. It's more dense and kind of stored up. |
|
| 70:45 | then as I mentioned before cell that's how you get those chromosomes. |
|
| 70:50 | what we're looking at here when we about these jeans we need to be |
|
| 70:55 | of the U. Chroma tin. the hetero chroma tin. So what |
|
| 70:59 | done is we've kind of unraveled the . N. A. And made |
|
| 71:01 | available. And so what we're saying like in this region over here we |
|
| 71:05 | something that we want to read that's gene the genes are the instructions for |
|
| 71:10 | actual protein. Now remember DNA exists that uh that helix. Right? |
|
| 71:16 | what we do is we usually represented a line and we say these are |
|
| 71:20 | things that we find in that So this right here is supposed to |
|
| 71:24 | a gene. Alright now the the average length of every gene of |
|
| 71:30 | genes are about 3000 nucleotides. There some that are very long. There |
|
| 71:34 | some that are very small but it's 3000 nucleotides there's a beginning which we |
|
| 71:40 | the promoter. And so this is the machinery of the cell that reads |
|
| 71:44 | make that RNA transcript comes along and down on that. And then that's |
|
| 71:49 | it starts moving and reading the N. A. To make that |
|
| 71:53 | of RNA. That we're going to use all right at the far end |
|
| 71:58 | have a terminator that tells you this where you stop reading. So we |
|
| 72:02 | a place to start. We have place to stop. So that's how |
|
| 72:05 | can identify where the gene actually And so when you come along you |
|
| 72:10 | see you unravel the D. A. And what you're doing is |
|
| 72:13 | can imagine there's molecules here that are along and they're reading along the length |
|
| 72:17 | that D. N. A. that you get a transcript that looks |
|
| 72:19 | lot like that D. N. . And that's where you get that |
|
| 72:23 | . R. N. A. the Mrna concludes everything between that promoter |
|
| 72:30 | in that terminated region. So it the exxons as well as the parts |
|
| 72:35 | you don't need. The entr And if you included the introns and |
|
| 72:39 | those exxons and you get some sort random gobbledygook that you could never read |
|
| 72:43 | understand. So you have to do processing and that's what happens with that |
|
| 72:48 | . It gets processed along the So here is an example of this |
|
| 72:53 | M. RNA. The thing that to be processed. You can see |
|
| 72:56 | they've done here. Said look here's intron exon, intron exon. So |
|
| 72:59 | so forth. All we want are and so what we're gonna do is |
|
| 73:03 | gonna do a couple of things. off we're gonna do some splicing. |
|
| 73:08 | basically says I want to get rid the stuff that we don't need. |
|
| 73:11 | so we're gonna get rid of the tron. Now when I was in |
|
| 73:14 | seats there was for every gene there only one way to read a |
|
| 73:19 | Since then we've learned that each gene actually be modified in different ways and |
|
| 73:24 | what this is trying to show you like oh look from that one |
|
| 73:28 | I can make this protein or I make that protein or I can make |
|
| 73:31 | protein, I can use different exxons different ways to create unique structures. |
|
| 73:39 | . So it's a little more complicated I first learned. All right. |
|
| 73:43 | of the things we also have to is RNA is an incredibly unstable |
|
| 73:47 | You don't want RNA sticking around because want to regulate. As we're |
|
| 73:51 | regulate how long you want to make protein. So they're already unstable. |
|
| 73:58 | lifespan of an unstable Ized M. . The half life is about five |
|
| 74:03 | . All right. And so you to stabilize that? Make it |
|
| 74:07 | So the first thing that does it and it caps it with with a |
|
| 74:11 | and the reverse orientation is called guanine . Alright, so that's gonna stabilize |
|
| 74:16 | molecule. And then what you're gonna is you're gonna get a whole bunch |
|
| 74:18 | adnan's and you're gonna add them along a big old chain at the very |
|
| 74:23 | . Now again, the way we this out, we make it look |
|
| 74:25 | a line. But that's not actually happens RNA takes that poly a tail |
|
| 74:30 | it wraps it around over here to cap. So you end up with |
|
| 74:32 | ring. Okay? And now what have is you have a much more |
|
| 74:37 | molecule. And what you can do after you've done the splicing and the |
|
| 74:42 | and the tailing is now you have ring that then you can then read |
|
| 74:47 | Exxon's in frame and once you read exxons that's how you can do the |
|
| 74:51 | . And since it's a ring you keep going around over and over and |
|
| 74:54 | and over and over again and eventually fall apart. And that's when you |
|
| 74:58 | the RNA. So how do I this thing? Well protein synthesis has |
|
| 75:05 | steps. We've already talked about them I'm just reiterating them. The first |
|
| 75:10 | . Remember is transcription that's taking the . Right? So here's my jean |
|
| 75:16 | I'm going to transcribe it into our . A. That's what this |
|
| 75:21 | Right I'm transcribing it to make the and then I go through that modification |
|
| 75:25 | then once I have the modification I that transcript out and I now have |
|
| 75:31 | translate it and it's that translation step is actual making of protein. |
|
| 75:39 | It's decoding the message. It's easy get them confused but just think about |
|
| 75:44 | I transcribed somebody when I cheated in math class I transcribed someone else's |
|
| 75:49 | Right? That's an easy one to I transcribed it right? When I |
|
| 75:53 | to spanish class and the teacher looks me after I said something and she |
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| 75:57 | in espanol it's like okay I have translate it. All right and that's |
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| 76:02 | you're doing. You're turning it in nucleotide language to amino acid language. |
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| 76:09 | modifies the oh there's all sorts of that we don't want to get into |
|
| 76:15 | take biochemistry. Yes ma'am. No let's see it was probably showing you |
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| 76:29 | it's a I have to go back look. It's alright it's way back |
|
| 76:34 | . But yeah. Um Let's see . What is it showing you? |
|
| 76:39 | . Yeah so those are probably just probably mitochondrial D. N. |
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| 76:43 | Because they're small snippets. They're not the big genome that we have. |
|
| 76:48 | It started off as a its own own organism. So we'll get there |
|
| 76:56 | right so to make a protein what we need to remember? I said |
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| 77:01 | need three are we need to copy M. R. N. |
|
| 77:05 | So that's the transcript. Right? has code ons which we'll get to |
|
| 77:10 | just a second that code for each amino acid. So it's the sequence |
|
| 77:14 | you see there is going to tell what things you need to put in |
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| 77:19 | . You need free amino acids. If I'm gonna build something with amino |
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| 77:23 | I gotta have those available. And I'm gonna do is I'm gonna take |
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| 77:26 | amino acids and I'm gonna bind them the T RNA is now the |
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| 77:29 | RNA. So here's your T. . N. A. S. |
|
| 77:33 | ? It has a sequence that recognizes in the Mrna it's carrying with it |
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| 77:42 | specific amino acid so whatever this is specific to a specific sequence and it's |
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| 77:49 | along a specific amino acid. Right all you gotta do now is you |
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| 77:54 | to translate what you're looking at. that's the purpose of the rebel |
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| 77:58 | The rib zone reads that RNA in and knows where to put things based |
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| 78:04 | that sequence and this is what it like. You do not need to |
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| 78:09 | this. Please don't memorize this. , but what this is, it |
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| 78:14 | you the code in. And how you read it you say? |
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| 78:16 | what is the first base if it A U C A R G, |
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| 78:19 | the second base? You see A G. What's the third base U |
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| 78:22 | A R G. And that tells what it is. And so you |
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| 78:25 | see for example I'm gonna start here the A U G. A. |
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| 78:28 | G. Is always always always under circumstance, you don't need to know |
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| 78:31 | for the exam. But always for own sake is always the very first |
|
| 78:35 | acid in your proteins. Because is start sequence four an MRNA transcript. |
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| 78:44 | um Athenian is absolutely 100% necessary to in your body in order to make |
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| 78:51 | . If you don't have martini can't a protein. Alright. And we |
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| 78:55 | our own right. But you can it's like oh if I want availing |
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| 78:59 | I just need to have that So here we go. Here we |
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| 79:02 | the Matthias nine. Here's the Right? So there's your au |
|
| 79:07 | So this is what you're reading the RNA comes in. It has the |
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| 79:11 | base pair to that and it brings it the amino acid and it sits |
|
| 79:16 | top of that coat on. And when it happens we're going to see |
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| 79:19 | the next step what occurs. So D. N. A. Has |
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| 79:23 | code that looks like this that you've a copy of. There's your copy |
|
| 79:27 | the R. N. A. then from that that's gonna be the |
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| 79:30 | of the proteins. All right? D. N. A. This |
|
| 79:36 | the important part. D. A. Is transcribed into RNA. |
|
| 79:41 | is translated into protein. When we're about the sequence we refer to the |
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| 79:46 | in the D. N. We refer refer to the code and |
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| 79:48 | RNA which gives rise to the amino . This is how it kind of |
|
| 79:54 | . So here we are reading here's ribs. Um We have different binding |
|
| 79:58 | and so you can see here this the one that's coming in. When |
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| 80:02 | comes in, it matches up and all sorts of different ones, |
|
| 80:06 | It matches up And then what it is this one gets attached to that |
|
| 80:11 | then this ribbon zone continues to So the thing that was here slips |
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| 80:15 | into this slot and it has this tail. And then as this slot |
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| 80:19 | over to there it's then released. so what you're doing is you're basically |
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| 80:23 | an amino acid to the end and the tail over and over and over |
|
| 80:28 | . And that's how you get a . So you can imagine here is |
|
| 80:33 | RNA here's the first rib zone. can see I'm starting to extend |
|
| 80:38 | There's that first amino acid I've moved ribbon zone along the way, I've |
|
| 80:42 | more amino acids. Then the next comes along adds its first amino acid |
|
| 80:45 | it just keeps reading along and Here's the picture we saw before this |
|
| 80:51 | right here is one of these pictures down here. We saw this picture |
|
| 80:56 | . This is how we do it regard to the end of plasma |
|
| 81:02 | The mechanism is the same. You that RNA you read it in frame |
|
| 81:09 | you bring in the amino acids to the right code. That's the |
|
| 81:16 | Now. Before before I answer the . The important thing to take away |
|
| 81:21 | these five slides because you're sitting there , what do I know for the |
|
| 81:24 | ? I know how you guys think I need to go for the |
|
| 81:27 | What you need to know for the . DNA becomes RNA. RNA becomes |
|
| 81:31 | , right does throw through a process transcription transcription. Taking DNA and pulling |
|
| 81:37 | that RNA message. What is translation that are in a reading it in |
|
| 81:42 | and putting the amino acids in the order so I can get the protein |
|
| 81:47 | the nutshell. Yes. No no curiosity is good. Go ahead. |
|
| 82:03 | uh so you're asking chicken egg question do not know the answer to. |
|
| 82:08 | . Um I suspect that there Um it probably goes back to a |
|
| 82:14 | long time ago. I can remember of the things we said. Cell |
|
| 82:16 | says all cells originated from other So something that had to have happened |
|
| 82:21 | allow that to occur so that when cell actually divide, just giving up |
|
| 82:25 | to be able to do that. you're asking when did that start? |
|
| 82:28 | I don't know the answer. I'm to say that. Yes ma'am. |
|
| 82:41 | . Mhm. Yes. So so right. So you can think about |
|
| 82:46 | like this is that at any given you have multiple proteins that need to |
|
| 82:51 | made. So you have multiple RNA are being made. Right? So |
|
| 82:56 | RNA that you need for any particular at any particular time is going to |
|
| 83:00 | multifold. So over here I'm making protein for digestion over here. I'm |
|
| 83:05 | the protein for cell recognition and And I'm making as much as I |
|
| 83:10 | because that lifespan of that are in exists for as long as I needed |
|
| 83:15 | is dependent upon how long the poly tail is and other stuff that we |
|
| 83:20 | go into. Right so the first of regulation is going to be at |
|
| 83:27 | I make the M RNA transcript. I turn on genes and turn off |
|
| 83:32 | to determine which proteins are going to made? Right and then how long |
|
| 83:37 | RNA sticks around determines how long I'm do the process. Okay that |
|
| 83:42 | Did I answer? It sort Yeah. Okay now proteins have shapes |
|
| 83:53 | they don't just get made magically get shapes. They need something to help |
|
| 83:56 | along the way. And so they these things called chaperone proteins and they |
|
| 84:00 | are what you see here. so you can see here's our rivals |
|
| 84:04 | here's our extending peptide. And then happens is the special proteins come along |
|
| 84:09 | what they do is they help fold correctly because remember we said that they |
|
| 84:12 | to have the right shape to be to recognize other molecules if you have |
|
| 84:14 | wrong shape, it's totally useless. love this picture because this is an |
|
| 84:19 | protein and it looks like a cocktail . You know the cocktail shaker |
|
| 84:22 | So basically what you do is you the protein in there with the histone |
|
| 84:26 | the H. S. P. . Of the heat shock proteins is |
|
| 84:28 | family. And what you do is put the top on it and shake |
|
| 84:31 | up and magically comes the right I don't know how it works. |
|
| 84:34 | magic. We're just gonna leave it that for right now. All |
|
| 84:38 | But that's how it does it. creates their chaperone proteins that help give |
|
| 84:42 | the desired shape and every protein has different shape. So how does it |
|
| 84:46 | how to do that? I don't . Yes, magic. But what |
|
| 84:51 | say is when we deal with proteins they have different levels of organization. |
|
| 84:57 | . So in order for protein to , it has to have the right |
|
| 85:00 | . It has to have the right . And so we need to understand |
|
| 85:03 | those are. The first level of organization is called the primary structure. |
|
| 85:09 | structure is the easiest. It's just sequence of the amino acids. |
|
| 85:13 | So, think about how your name spelled if you took those letters and |
|
| 85:16 | them around, would it spell your anymore? No. So your name |
|
| 85:20 | a primary structure. It's just a of letters in a row and that's |
|
| 85:24 | this is. Is basically the sequences the amino acids. So, in |
|
| 85:27 | little region it's gonna be phenylalanine losing Sistine. If you don't know what |
|
| 85:32 | abbreviations are, that's fine. You need to know that for this |
|
| 85:37 | That sequence because remember we talked about side, those variable regions on the |
|
| 85:42 | acids those are gonna then affect how amino acids relate to each other. |
|
| 85:49 | . If you've ever been on a on Southwest or any airlines? Remember |
|
| 85:53 | airline seats used to be a lot and people used to be a lot |
|
| 85:57 | and you go sit in one of chairs gonna be very, very |
|
| 85:59 | But now you get on an airline you can have a seat that's too |
|
| 86:03 | for a normal human and then you have someone who's very large sit in |
|
| 86:06 | of these seats and they kind of over and then if you're next to |
|
| 86:08 | of those people and your large to me then you're kind of sitting like |
|
| 86:12 | , right, that person there has how I sit, those side chains |
|
| 86:18 | those amino acids do the exact same . They affect how the amino acids |
|
| 86:23 | to each other because they have mass them. And so it will happen |
|
| 86:27 | you'll end up with what are called secondary structures. Now, secondary structures |
|
| 86:31 | into basically two different categories. Um secondary structures are can be like an |
|
| 86:38 | helix. So basically you get these the amino acids just kind of turn |
|
| 86:42 | each other and they create this So this would be an example of |
|
| 86:45 | lot of alpha helix is in a . Another type of secondary structure is |
|
| 86:49 | a beta sheet and a beta sheet basically they create these sheets that go |
|
| 86:53 | and forth. And so they kind create these flat zones in the |
|
| 86:57 | Now again, you don't need to I mean, but you can kind |
|
| 86:59 | see look there's kind of this flat here and so you can see it |
|
| 87:02 | of has a unique interaction. It it could react uniquely than say this |
|
| 87:07 | over here. And so secondary structures like these combinations of secondary structures give |
|
| 87:15 | to larger three dimensional shapes. And what tertiary structures refer to this |
|
| 87:20 | Secondary structure are alpha helix and beta . So you can see a little |
|
| 87:23 | clear here's an alpha sheet or an helix. So the tertiary structure is |
|
| 87:29 | you take all those secondary structures and ask the question, what sort of |
|
| 87:33 | does it give the molecule? And you get all sorts of of unique |
|
| 87:37 | . So like right here that is tertiary structure. This is, most |
|
| 87:41 | are globular molecules. And so you see there's that glob. But if |
|
| 87:44 | go back and look at this, at how all these alpha sheets gave |
|
| 87:48 | protein a unique shape, right? remember shape determines function. Look at |
|
| 87:55 | one, it's a different shape, a different shape. This one has |
|
| 87:58 | sheets that create this unique interaction point to say, this one or even |
|
| 88:05 | that side. And so tertiary structure functional groups that allow that protein to |
|
| 88:14 | with other molecules. And it's maintained a whole bunch of different types of |
|
| 88:19 | interactions. I mean there's a whole of different types of bonds whether or |
|
| 88:24 | you have hydrophobic interactions. Remember how said you have these non polar regions |
|
| 88:28 | kind of get pushed inward, that's you get those tertiary structures and secondary |
|
| 88:35 | . These are just trying to show bonds that are kind of holding things |
|
| 88:37 | place. Now most proteins exist in tertiary structure but then other proteins exist |
|
| 88:47 | combination with other proteins and they create macro molecules. This is the most |
|
| 88:53 | macro molecule you'll see in a biology because we all use we all use |
|
| 88:57 | example. This right here is a of hemoglobin, Hemoglobin has four molecules |
|
| 89:05 | globe in 123, 4 it has it. These pigment molecules of heem |
|
| 89:12 | this molecule right here is responsible for oxygen in your blood alright, specifically |
|
| 89:17 | your red blood cells. All so the combination of those prosthetic groups |
|
| 89:23 | all those interactions of those independent proteins this larger macro molecule is referred to |
|
| 89:29 | a quaternary structure, That fourth level organization. And again, everything is |
|
| 89:34 | held in place by these chemical What I want to say here is |
|
| 89:44 | proteins, you know, and I've in the last slide, but I |
|
| 89:47 | want to reiterate it. So, just kind of summarizing summing up proteins |
|
| 89:52 | is going to be dependent upon what you have, which gives rise to |
|
| 89:56 | secondary structure which gives rise to its shape once you know, the overall |
|
| 90:01 | , you can kind of see or the type of interactions those molecules are |
|
| 90:06 | when you change the shape of a you're changing its activity or its |
|
| 90:11 | And that's why we're why we kind talked about these different shapes. We're |
|
| 90:18 | of sliding into home plate here. don't know how many slides do I |
|
| 90:21 | left. You know five C sliding home plate. I'm like watching the |
|
| 90:28 | time to run. And I've mentioned already. But if you didn't catch |
|
| 90:34 | along the way, what we have the cell is a series of organelles |
|
| 90:39 | work with each other that create a of a path or not a |
|
| 90:44 | But basically this network of structures that things. We refer to this as |
|
| 90:50 | indo membrane system. So here you your nucleus. Here's your into plaza |
|
| 90:54 | there's your gold G. Here's a . Um There's some vesicles and so |
|
| 90:58 | . And here's your plasma membrane. of these structures are interconnected with each |
|
| 91:05 | . Even though they're unique structures. do unique things. Right? We |
|
| 91:08 | them. We said the nucleus has hereditary material and apply particular makes protein |
|
| 91:13 | sorts it plasma membrane protects but also proteins in it. They're all interconnected |
|
| 91:18 | each other because one they're made with lipids and because what we're doing is |
|
| 91:25 | starting they're at that nucleus to make proteins that either going to be secreted |
|
| 91:31 | found on the surface of the cell go to those other organelles that do |
|
| 91:37 | work of the cell. All So, the big picture here is |
|
| 91:45 | and transport, metabolism, meaning I'm things or breaking things transport, meaning |
|
| 91:50 | moving things back and forth. So, protein census transport metabolism. |
|
| 91:58 | talked about detoxification. Those vesicles you'll see drawn like independent and sitting around |
|
| 92:06 | doing nothing. But they do There's something moving around. Nothing moves |
|
| 92:12 | of itself inside the cell. Everything a place to go and is being |
|
| 92:16 | purposefully inside a cell. And that's the motor proteins do here. |
|
| 92:21 | here's a vesicles. It's not just around going, how do I find |
|
| 92:24 | I need to go? Something is , I am tasked to move this |
|
| 92:28 | here to over there. And motor proteins are doing that job. |
|
| 92:33 | are different types of motor proteins, and dining. Of the two most |
|
| 92:36 | types or classes the movement. Because sort of movement requires energy is going |
|
| 92:42 | be a teepee dependent. That's what means. It requires energy and just |
|
| 92:47 | sure that Okay, I got this l full of proteins that need to |
|
| 92:50 | secreted. I'm gonna take those. gonna move them to the plasma |
|
| 92:54 | That's what motor protein does. It's cool in the video. If you |
|
| 93:00 | watch it, it's moving a No, actually take it back. |
|
| 93:03 | is moving a testicle mitochondria. Once vesicles gets to this is more complex |
|
| 93:10 | than you need to know down But once that vesicles gets to the |
|
| 93:13 | , it doesn't just gonna merge up the membrane. It needs to know |
|
| 93:17 | to go. So, there's this mechanism. These are called the |
|
| 93:21 | All right. Actually. This is easy one. I thought it was |
|
| 93:24 | more difficult. So, there's a that's found on the membrane. There's |
|
| 93:27 | snare that's found on the vesicles, two snares together when they attach each |
|
| 93:31 | . That means I'm at the right . And now what I can do |
|
| 93:34 | I can merge the two membranes together I can release the contents through a |
|
| 93:39 | called exocet doses, which we'll talk tomorrow. So the idea is that |
|
| 93:44 | not random. The vesicles is being to where it goes, it knows |
|
| 93:49 | to attach to and there's mechanisms for to attach these stairs and then it |
|
| 93:55 | open. But it's ready to open it gets a signal. And when |
|
| 93:59 | signal arrives, in other words, self tells it okay, time to |
|
| 94:02 | your materials then it does. So signals are usually calcium dependent. If |
|
| 94:08 | ever wondered why you have to drink milk, does your body good. |
|
| 94:12 | yeah, you're too young. See sucks. I get old and you |
|
| 94:15 | get younger. There used to be commercial milk. It does your body |
|
| 94:21 | calcium is what allows that's the signal says all right, you're there. |
|
| 94:25 | ahead and release your contents and that's you get the exhaust psychosis. This |
|
| 94:29 | the picture. You don't need to anything. But if you're interested in |
|
| 94:32 | at that stuff, go look at and you can kind of see here's |
|
| 94:35 | snares and then it shows you um calcium coming in. Yeah, there's |
|
| 94:40 | calcium right there and how you But you can see by docking |
|
| 94:44 | it's like taking a boat and moving to the dock. And everyone's |
|
| 94:46 | alright, wait until everything's tied We'll let you know when to exit |
|
| 94:50 | boat. And that's kind of what does. So, here's your gold |
|
| 94:57 | . This is the trans face. here. We have proteins that are |
|
| 95:03 | to be inside the vesicles which can that they can stay inside the life |
|
| 95:08 | or other vesicles structures or what we do is we can go and secrete |
|
| 95:15 | . Or if you're like a uh membrane protein, you're already inserted in |
|
| 95:20 | membrane. And so when this membrane through this process, then you're going |
|
| 95:25 | find yourself on the surface and now have a plasm protein that's capable of |
|
| 95:29 | with its environment. So that's really kind of the destination for these types |
|
| 95:33 | proteins. Again, this is just you the license. Um doing |
|
| 95:41 | All right. It's just a different . Here's your license. Um What |
|
| 95:46 | it do? I can take in particles, things that the self wants |
|
| 95:50 | destroy. Here's a damaged organ. remember that was the autopsy gee and |
|
| 95:56 | setting that sucker aside, right, have all those those enzymes sequestered |
|
| 96:04 | I've lowered the ph And what I now do is I can deal with |
|
| 96:08 | types of destruction in the cells, . Not everything is destroyed through |
|
| 96:17 | Um So here's another little fun L proto zone. You got a |
|
| 96:23 | protein protein you don't want hanging Remember? We said that we regulate |
|
| 96:27 | on the front end but you got regulate on the back end too. |
|
| 96:29 | what happens if you get a protein you no longer need? They basically |
|
| 96:33 | up lots of things are tagged, ? And so it basically says, |
|
| 96:37 | , you're allowed to go in the . You're allowed to not you're not |
|
| 96:39 | to go to nucleus. So there's markers on these things. So one |
|
| 96:43 | the markers that we use is something ubiquity. When you hear ubiquitous, |
|
| 96:47 | does that mean everywhere. That's where got its name. It's protein. |
|
| 96:52 | everywhere. I don't know what it but we're just gonna call it ubiquitous |
|
| 96:55 | . And truthfully that's how most things named in biology. Like I said |
|
| 96:59 | they see it's what it looks like what it does. So here we |
|
| 97:04 | ubiquity in it's bound up to the . But when you get that ubiquitous |
|
| 97:08 | up that's a signal to say send to the garbage disposal. That's what |
|
| 97:12 | ozone is. It's a garbage It takes individual proteins that are sitting |
|
| 97:16 | the side is all. And then it does, it breaks them down |
|
| 97:19 | makes amino acids. And once you amino acids you can use them over |
|
| 97:23 | over again. As many times you to make new proteins. That is |
|
| 97:30 | we need to know about the So if you draw the pictures, |
|
| 97:34 | kind of label everything out, you of see everything you're sitting there |
|
| 97:39 | I don't believe you are there What time is it? Probably we're |
|
| 97:46 | . But Oh good. See I just I told you you now have |
|
| 97:51 | minutes go get a coffee, sweat you walk over to STL. Any |
|
| 97:58 | ? No questions. All right, we come back we'll jump into the |
|
| 98:03 | section. Which is I can't even at this point oh how cells talk |
|
| 98:08 | each other? We're still doing cell . Have a great |
|
