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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - 2301_lecture17_1028
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00:00 Yeah. All right, good morning , Welcome to another fun filled day
00:04 anatomy and physiology and other sciences and fun stuff you get to do later
00:09 this class, which I don't care . Right. Yeah. What do
00:14 have next to next thursday test? in case you didn't know really?
00:23 do like fight a bear or something . That's always have a good story
00:29 go with something that's broken, twisted or whatever, skateboarding, skateboarding behind
00:36 bus. That there you go. , that would be awesome.
00:43 but awesome. All right. Um just so you know, because I've
00:47 a couple of people asked me this Uh in many syllables, you're going
00:51 see that the last day to drop class is November four because that's the
00:55 it was when we actually created our . But sometime within the last,
01:00 don't know because After classes started, changed the date to November 17.
01:06 don't feel compelled to take the immediately drop the class. You can
01:09 think about it for like a week so, really two weeks. But
01:14 anyway, I want to put that there because if you're panicking right now
01:17 what you need to do, remember your way through the third exam and
01:20 make some decisions there if you need and honestly come and talk to me
01:24 you're if you're afraid or freaking out grades or anything like that. I'm
01:28 to talk, talk you out of , although directly after class after one
01:31 Central stores to pick up a I've heard of this a four a.
01:36 and the triple A's. And a is going to get a four
01:39 Which is like paper thin, but gonna see if they have one.
01:43 right. Today is Major Anatomy All right. We're gonna be going
01:50 a lot of structure. All Which is both scary and fun depending
01:55 how you want to look at So, what we're gonna do is
01:57 gonna first jump into the peripheral nervous for a moment because we've been talking
02:01 the central nervous system. We were the spinal cord and I want to
02:04 on the spinal nerves and their And then after we go through that
02:09 , which can be complex and Alright. And then we're gonna jump
02:13 into the central nervous system. We're to see the major organization of the
02:18 of the brain. Okay. And how we're gonna end. And we're
02:22 gonna dive deep into some of these structures within the brain stem.
02:27 So, it's gonna be a lot this is this this is this this
02:31 this type stuff. So, I for that, but that's what this
02:35 . All right. So, when talk about the spinal nerves, spinal
02:39 can be kind of scary because they have this kind of organization that goes
02:44 it. All right. So, you're looking at this picture here,
02:47 can see the spinal cord right out here where it says left and
02:51 those are the spinal nerves. All . There's one day left is one
02:55 the right. And so you can that from the spinal cord. There
02:59 two structures that converge to form the nerve. All right. And we've
03:04 kind of talked about this when we about the reflex arc, we said
03:07 have an indoor and we have an . Alright. And that indoor that
03:11 one is dorsal one is ventral or post area, whichever where do you
03:15 to use? But we typically stick dorsal and ventral. The dorsal portion
03:20 where since your information comes into the cord, the ventral portion is the
03:26 where motor material. Somatic material comes . All right. So, we
03:32 a name for those two little tiny . Those are called roots. All
03:36 . And really, if you look at an actual structure set of a
03:40 , you're gonna see the roots are with by little tiny structures called
03:44 Let's so, if you were thinking it, the spinal cord becomes
03:48 Let's root. Let's become roots. become the spinal nerve. Okay,
03:53 far with me. All right. , if you look at the spinal
03:58 , or sorry, the roots, see that there's a kind of weird
04:01 that sits on the dorsal root. right. And there is no over
04:05 on the ventral side. That bull where you're gonna see the cell bodies
04:09 the sensory nerves traveling into the spinal . Now, if you recall way
04:16 when we were talking about structures of , remember that long time ago,
04:21 of sort of we had unit We had multi polar. Remember all
04:25 stuff. Kind of vaguely. There's that slides like, oh yeah,
04:29 was a slide way back here. don't remember that anymore. All
04:32 That's the thing about biology. It's like math. It just builds on
04:36 over and over again. If you use it, you're going to lose
04:38 all right. And so we're coming and we're using it again.
04:41 we're gonna be pulling this out. , what we have here with regard
04:45 sensory nerves, sensory nerves are, know, polar. Or what we
04:49 pseudo unit polar. So, that they have these really long axons that
04:53 in and then their cell body sits to the side and that axiom continues
04:59 and goes into the spinal cord and going to terminate on one of those
05:03 neurons that were found up here in dorsal horn, which we talked about
05:08 Tuesday, right? So, you see we have that bulge that bulge
05:14 called the dorsal root ganglion. Easy identify. So it helps you understand
05:18 way you're looking at. So, you see the bulge, I'm on
05:20 dorsal side. That's the dorsal root . That's where the sensory nerves are
05:24 . Ventral route. This is where motor neurons are exiting. And so
05:28 moving on and joining up with the root and forming that spinal nerve and
05:34 is on either side. So, again, if I start with my
05:38 cord, not on the slide, if I start on the spinal
05:42 the little tiny accidents that are leaving route, let's they converge. They
05:46 roots, which is what we're seeing . And then the routes converge again
05:51 form the nerves. All right, , that's where our starting point
05:57 And remembering this cadence over and over is going to help you as we
06:01 on. All right. So, spinal nerves are going to uh travel
06:10 a very, very short distance and they split into three different branches.
06:15 right, these branches are called So, if you are again starting
06:19 the front, you'd be a spinal to route let's root. Let's to
06:22 route to nerve nerve to Ray My , Now, there are three different
06:29 of Raymond. Two of them we're to focus on today. One of
06:33 . We're going to leave for another further down the road, but I'm
06:36 it out now so that we can back to go Yeah, now,
06:39 , I remember this. I think going to be in the next
06:42 All right. So, we have dorsal ramos. We have a eventual
06:47 ramos which sits out in the middle really kind of goes out forward.
06:50 then we have these other things called Raymond Community Conte's ordering my communications,
06:56 collectively um are the third branch. right. Now, I'm just going
07:02 mention this now just to get it of the way. The way my
07:04 counties is where the autonomic nervous system its think, Alright, kind of
07:09 aside. So, what you're doing you're branching and saying the nerves that
07:13 as part of the autonomic nervous system going to enter into its own little
07:18 thing. And we're not going to about it for right now. But
07:21 what the remote communications are. The communities counties. All right. That's
07:26 those are. And you can see kind of sitting down right there and
07:30 those two things right there, the and they're going down to their own
07:33 thing. All right. So, I want to do is I want
07:35 focus on the first two. And first to the first one is
07:39 The dorsal ramus. Alright, is nerve that splits off and basically innovates
07:44 deep muscles of the skin in the . All right. So, it
07:48 matter where you are skin in the when you're thinking about the muscles of
07:51 back. Those are innovated by the ramen. All right, so
07:56 so good. That's easy. And we have the venture ramos. The
08:04 ramos is what splits into all these branches and creates the complex networks that
08:10 going to look at in just a called the plexus. Alright, so
08:15 job is to innovate the ventral and lateral portions of your truck trunk and
08:20 upper and lower lens. So dorsal and the muscles and the skin of
08:26 back, ventral is basically everything Lori. My communications. That's autonomic
08:32 system. Not gonna worry about it so far so good. So we
08:37 off spinal cord routes to roots, to nerve nerve splits. We have
08:46 ventral Remy communications, radio communications is nervous system, dorsal is back in
08:51 , ventral is the scary thing that about to look at. Okay,
08:59 thought there was gonna be a question here. Question. No question.
09:03 . You know, I'm thinking about all this time. Oh yes.
09:06 , go ahead. Mhm. The is, can I explain what the
09:11 are. Roots are simply in the simply is is basically a bundle of
09:17 fibers or axons traveling together for the of convenience. Okay, so that's
09:22 general definition of a nerve. The nerve are both motor neurons going out
09:27 sensory neurons coming into the central nervous . Alright, but what they're doing
09:32 they're splitting into an indoor, that be the dorsal root. It's basically
09:36 sensory neurons traveling into the spinal Whereas the eventual route are the motor
09:42 leaving the spinal cord to join up , then travel to wherever they're going
09:46 go. That makes sense. All . They're just the same thing,
09:52 they're smaller structure. So basically, can think about this like, we're
09:55 getting these big giant honking things are little tiny. Itsy bitsy things that
09:59 and for bigger things. Alright. why they don't show them. Um
10:04 these pictures. I mean, if were to look at a I'm sure
10:07 don't have a good picture. Let's . Uh none of the artists have
10:12 a good job. So, we'll about it. All right. Just
10:18 you see that term roulette, don't . I've never heard of this
10:23 That's why I do this. All . Now, I saw a paper
10:28 actually not a paper. I saw article basically discussing a bunch of papers
10:33 about trigger warnings. All right. you hear me say this all the
10:37 . You know, it's like the thing is kind of scary, which
10:39 kind of a trigger warning, It's to warn you that something big
10:43 coming up and you should kind of attention to it. And what this
10:46 basically said is that trigger warnings actually more harm than good. And so
10:51 thinking about not telling you what's scary . Is that okay? All
10:56 because it kind of puts that trauma there and says now I've got a
10:59 about this. And my point is don't want you to panic about
11:02 I want you to be alerted that got to kind of slow down and
11:04 about this structure. All right. I'm gonna try to stay away from
11:09 this is difficult and scary now. right. So first off, and
11:15 mentioned this is that the nervous system highly organized and what we have is
11:20 have a topographical organization of the body really what this is telling you is
11:26 where you're going to find. The nerves is basically organized in such a
11:30 that they're going to go to a that makes sense. Alright, so
11:34 limbs are going to be innovated in very specific way. So you can
11:37 kind of see depending upon the position that nerve, it's going to enter
11:42 a particular region or portion of the cord. In other words, the
11:49 aren't just randomly going places. All . There is incredible amount of
11:53 All right. So you're going to the upper limbs entering at the cervical
11:58 at the area that's called the cervical , which we talked about on Tuesday
12:02 least mentioned on Tuesday the lower limbs going to enter in at the lumbar
12:07 specifically at the lumbar enlargement. And when you look at a spinal
12:11 I'm not gonna say it's an but you can see it kind of
12:15 of being straight, it kind of out and then comes back in and
12:18 bulges out again. Those are those indicating where the sensory neurons and the
12:24 neurons are originating, where the sensory come in and the motor neurons originating
12:29 innovate those limbs. And then as nerves travel down, you can see
12:33 they're going to a very specific So what that means is if you
12:39 to, you can map the you can follow a nerve and say
12:41 does this nerve go? Where does innovate? And what we have is
12:45 have two different types of maps. have something that's called a derma tone
12:48 something that's called a Maya tone. derma tone basically shows you where the
12:53 information for each of those spinal nerves going to be located. Right?
12:57 , if you wanted to figure okay, I can feel here where
13:00 that nerve go? You can look a derma tone like this and
13:03 aha, it goes to this particular , good news. I'm not going
13:07 make you memorize the derma tones. right, You don't have to do
13:10 . All right. But it shows that it doesn't matter who you're looking
13:14 . That's where that structure is coming or that's where the sensory input comes
13:20 the similar, it's also true for Maya tomahto basically shows you where those
13:25 nerves are innovating to cause movement in muscle or movement in the body.
13:30 basically those motor pathways. All So, when we're thinking about these
13:37 and we're looking at these structures, what we're doing is we're identifying the
13:42 from which into which this information is to from the central nervous system or
13:48 the central nervous system. Either or kind of makes sense. Right,
13:56 . From the eventual ramos, we're to form one of two things.
14:00 going to form a plexus or we're to form an intercostal nerve. All
14:05 , A plexus is basically where the nerves exit out. This is the
14:12 ramos. And then what they do they start crisscrossing okay? And they
14:17 interweaving and what they're going to do they're going to form the name nerves
14:20 the body. Now, the question might be thinking, well, why
14:23 they just go out and make my easy? All right. And I
14:27 you to think about how you got the university today, Is it the
14:30 path you took yesterday and the day that and the day before that?
14:35 now, why? Okay, So what you have to do?
14:41 , let's go. So you you yourself to go be a different
14:46 So, what you're telling me is from your home, there's more than
14:50 way to get here. Would you from your home, there's more than
14:54 way to get to the university. . Are some ways more convenient than
14:59 ? Certainly. All right, that's an analogy that I want you
15:04 think about when you're thinking about All right now, that's not what
15:08 is trying to do. But it's to what it's trying to do basically
15:12 the body has done is basically created routes for information to get from one
15:19 to the other. And this is hub where that information crisscrosses. All
15:25 , So for example, and this is the explanation. It's not
15:30 best explanation in the world, but kind of how you can think of
15:33 a plexus? All right. I've information I need to get from my
15:36 pinky right, that information travels up nerve arrives in that plexus, but
15:41 nerve is made up of different neurons have originated in one of these different
15:49 . Okay. And so the idea that if I sever one of those
15:54 in that plexus, there's still a for that information to get down from
15:58 pinky back up to my central nervous or vice versa. All right.
16:03 , if I want to send motor downward is a way for it to
16:07 there now, is it gonna be ? No. Is it gonna do
16:09 exact work? It's supposed to No, because I'm not getting all
16:12 information to and from because of the that I've done up in here,
16:17 at least I'm getting some of it that's the premise behind the plexus is
16:21 be able to have multiple pathways to information to get to and from a
16:26 location. All right, now we're here is we're going you can see
16:32 name C one C two, C C four. Those represent the spinal
16:37 and then down on the other that's where the name nerve is.
16:40 after all the criss crossing a that's where you're going to see the
16:43 nerve right now there are four of early there's four big ones that we're
16:49 to look at all right, and gonna look at it in such a
16:53 , kind of like when we look a map of the subway, of
16:55 new york, new york city or japanese subway or what the Tokyo,
17:00 , whatever it's I think it's easier comprehend that rather than looking at a
17:04 of crisscrossing things going, I don't what I'm looking at, but this
17:08 kind of what it looks like depending where you are. There's a lot
17:10 crisscrossing and you've got to kind of out what it is that you're trying
17:14 look at now? I said there's different things we have the plexus which
17:19 this alright or we have the intercostal . Intercostal nerves are easy. So
17:27 we're having here is that that anterior or ventral ramos basically continues to extend
17:36 from the thoracic region and basically goes between the ribs. And it innovates
17:41 skin and the muscles of the Or if you're further down of the
17:47 , the abdomen. All right. basically everything that's in here is being
17:52 by an intercostal nerve. All So it just kind of breaks it
17:56 here. T. two is where first one is. So that's the
18:00 a and the medial surface of the . What's your excellent armpit? That's
18:05 ticklish portion, Right? And then . Three to T. Six.
18:09 gonna be the chest walls. And as you work down you can see
18:12 abdominal muscles. So basically this region intercostal and so what that helps us
18:18 understand is that the ray my are primarily for the limbs, both upper
18:26 lower. Okay, so starting from , we start with the spinal cord
18:32 cord, you get the root let's the root. The root forms of
18:36 nerve spinal nerve goes to ramos dorsal the back community. Contest to the
18:43 nervous system and then we're now in ventral root and eventual roots are
18:48 the ventral Remy are going to form are called the plexus is okay and
18:54 gonna be a combination of different spinal , Different ventral ray might that are
18:59 to do these. There we All right. How to look at
19:07 little maps rather than sit there and to dissect this picture right here.
19:13 , this one and that one are exact same thing. The dots.
19:19 , the dots represent that ventral ramos that spinal nerve. Okay, that's
19:26 you got to think about. And the lines represent those criss crossings that
19:30 taking place and they're not trying to you the criss crossing is going in
19:34 particular direction. All they're trying to is showing you where criss cross has
19:38 or combination has occurred to form a nerve. All right. So,
19:43 not saying over on this side, are happening over on that side is
19:46 . It's just the way that the has said, oh, it's easier
19:50 me to draw this in one direction the other direction. So I can
19:53 it out and it's easier to look . Okay, That's all. This
19:58 all right. So the first plexus cervical plexus and it's the back of
20:04 neck and it's primarily C1 through Although you can see that C5 is
20:08 of it as well. All What we're looking at here is we're
20:12 at the superficial neck. All So we're looking at mussels that attached
20:16 hyoid. Where's the hyoid you guys ? I see these guys are
20:21 The surface of the neck and the portions of your head. All
20:25 So, basically the neck region, in here? All right.
20:31 we have two branches that we need understand. There's a cutaneous branch and
20:35 have the muscular brand. When you cutaneous, you need to think
20:39 All right, muscular is going to deeper. So, the nerves that
20:44 need to be familiar with are these nerves right here. All right.
20:48 I'm not going to sit there and you a picture and say tell me
20:52 this is. All right. Because not gonna give you that. That's
20:56 what the body looks like. And not looking at the picture. So
21:01 what I'm interested in is do you what associations have? Which plexus is
21:07 located in? And kind of what it doing? All right. I'm
21:11 going to be less. So, to say what are the combinations.
21:15 right. I don't think I've ever a question of from which is this
21:19 . All right. So, the is the occipital nerve. Occipital nerve
21:23 with the occipital scalp. Alright, surface of the skin are regular.
21:28 can look at the name here. is the oracle. All right.
21:33 , it's basically around the oracle in auditory Meet us. That's the hole
21:37 goes into your head. All That's your ear canal. Cervical nerve
21:41 the anterior portion of the neck. then we have the sucre above the
21:46 . So, that's the skin of shoulder region. So, do you
21:49 what we're innovating here with regard to cervical plexus, basically all this stuff
21:54 here. All right. And then regard to the muscles. And you
21:58 see again in the map here is regular. They're acceptable. Occipital.
22:03 me. The cervical uh super uh clavicle is shown here showing the formation
22:09 these two. Uh the C. and C. Four for example.
22:13 , not ask you to memorize. just showing you. And then we
22:15 the muscular branch. These are the of your throat and the frantic nerve
22:19 the really important one because if you have that one, you're not
22:23 Okay? This is what allows you go. All right. So innovates
22:28 diaphragm. There's your friend of nerve there. It's what it represented.
22:33 right. This one free Is the 1. I almost said something
22:42 All right. This is the first Cervical Plexus. We have two up
22:46 we have to down below 2nd The break your plexus. All
22:51 It's a little bit more complex. right. And the reason is more
22:55 . That has different levels of All right. So here we're going
23:00 have Remy Remy are going to converge trunks and then trunks are gonna
23:05 They're gonna form divisions. So here kind of doing this kind of up
23:08 down thing. All right. And , we're located superior of the
23:13 But what we're going to see is we're going to be innovating structures that
23:17 down the arms. Okay, So your spinal nerve, right? The
23:25 represent the trunks, so there's the trunk, middle trunk and then the
23:33 trunk. And then these trunks divide an anterior and posterior division. All
23:40 . So basically what they're doing is deciding which direction or where we're going
23:45 be sending particular branches of these The divisions form chords. All
23:57 Now, the way these chords All right. It's gonna try to
24:01 is you think about where the axillary is? And I know we didn't
24:05 about that. But if you're looking a structure, if you think of
24:08 axillary artery, which is that If you put your hand right
24:11 you can feel it beating. The actual area goes down the middle
24:16 then you can imagine this is a around the axillary artery. So that's
24:20 these chords are named. So we a posterior one that's going to be
24:24 the back. So, remember this the anatomical position and then you have
24:27 medial and the lateral one. So would be medial to, that would
24:30 lateral to And that's that triangle only already goes in between. All
24:36 So again, that's what these triangles is trying to show you again how
24:41 crisscross concurs. All right. So the cords, are they going to
24:47 the five of the major nerves of army? Yes, sir. Where
24:51 them others? Uh That was trying do anterior versus posterior. Uh Sorry
24:57 that. So once again we start with the ram ram. Start off
25:02 the rain. My the rain might trunks. That's a circle.
25:07 Sorry? The circles of trunks. ? And then you're gonna divide So
25:12 have a post here branch. they're supposed to where there's the anterior
25:17 . All right. And again, is an anatomical position based on the
25:21 being on the table and people dissecting it. That's where they got all
25:25 stuff which is why we don't look the original picture. What?
25:30 the triangles are the chords court. we go courts. Just just think
25:36 it as it. So basically what's is put it into english for you
25:40 is Remy you're getting the criss Things are coming together forming trunks.
25:46 ? So you end up with three then you divide that you end up
25:48 six and then you converge again you three. So basically it's crisscrossing
25:55 All right. Yes. Well, did I tell you? Oh
26:01 Right. It's basically it's not the . It's not the same nerves that
26:06 the same. Acts on that's going and forth. You might get acts
26:10 that goes all the way across. . So the idea here is you're
26:16 to mix and match fibers so that go to very specific regions of the
26:21 . All right. Now, make life easy. There's only five nerves
26:25 going to have to know in this . All right. The axillary nerve
26:32 nerve innovates what? Yeah, actually . Right? So, basically the
26:38 lateral portion of the arm. if you're not picturing what that
26:44 that's right here. Okay. Deltoid , muscular cutaneous. Alright. Very
26:51 name. Right. It innovates skin muscle is what it says. And
26:55 basically the lateral forearm. Alright. the anterior muscles of the arm,
27:00 nerve, medial nerve, or median . And the ulnar nerve basically tells
27:04 which direction they go. Radio is to be over. Which bone,
27:08 along which bone? Radius? The nerve is gonna be a long.
27:12 bone ona and the median must be the two. All right.
27:18 what we're looking at here? All . Have you guys ever fallen asleep
27:22 your arm and you wake up in arms asleep? Have you noticed that
27:26 only like half your fingers are numb you can sit there and go like
27:31 ? All right. And you can't anything but these fingers you can feel
27:36 ? Alright, That's because of what actually doing. So, the real
27:39 is the lateral three digits. The nerve is the medial two digits.
27:43 this has 1.5 medium plays a little in there. All right.
27:48 the medium deals with the dorsal tips the lateral ones. All right.
27:53 , the idea here is I'm innovating portions of the arm and you can
27:59 , you can just think radio is here, owners over here and then
28:04 dealing with the palmer side versus the is what the medium does. All
28:11 . Actually, I just discovered a thing. Anyone here like to ride
28:15 a lot. Right, Okay. I have a friend who has
28:19 I think he said it's he's up his fourth Iron Man. He attempted
28:23 fifth, but he's my age, means he's ancient, Right? But
28:28 he's doing Ironman is just it's still . But he did He was doing
28:32 Ironman up in wake of this last and he had to quit the race
28:36 he couldn't feel his hands anymore. there's something called cyclists. Uh palsy
28:46 the word I'm thinking of and basically it is, it's crushing the radio
28:50 . So, he can't feel anything this side because of the way you're
28:55 your wrists the entire race. he has to figure out how to
28:58 that. So he can still do . You know what an Iron man
29:02 , Right? No, it's a . Except it's not like these wimpy
29:07 that most people really struggle through because not gonna pretend like I could even
29:11 to do one of those right? near the water. I'd probably drown
29:16 . I could do running a kill with a heart attack and I'd be
29:20 slow at it. But so an Man is the marathon, two mile
29:28 And 116 mile 120 Mile Bike 120. Yeah. So there you
29:35 go team. All right. we're going to move downwards. So
29:45 have the cervical plexus and we have break. He'll plexus, brachial plexus
29:48 the arms cervical is the neck moving to the legs. We have a
29:54 plexus and a lumbar plexus. And , what we're gonna do is we're
29:57 to divide it up to the front the body, in the back of
30:00 body. All right, So the plexus primarily deals with the posterior aspect
30:07 the body. So, basically think down on the back side of my
30:11 . All right now again, it's . But what we're going to have
30:17 is basically an anterior and posterior And you can see them kind of
30:22 here, here's a big these two tracks right here are representing these two
30:27 together. These two divisions are going form one very large nerve that then
30:33 and goes down and forms these particular which are going to be the common
30:37 nerve and the tibial nerve. All . So, You can see it's
30:43 the sacral nerves that are primary playing role in all this stuff. But
30:47 also a little bit of L. and L. five in there as
30:49 . All right, so what are doing posterior aspects of the limbs?
30:54 think of your abdomen a little There's some abdominal stuff, there's some
30:59 stuff going on, but primarily the and you're going to see why this
31:04 kind of easy to remember. psychotic nerve. Guys know your kayak
31:10 , this is the fun one when stretch it. Like it actually feels
31:13 good, someone gets that elbow right the middle of your buttock. You
31:16 actually kind of rub it. It's uh no, oh, it's
31:23 It's the one that you can stretch that leg, go down, touch
31:27 toes and you can just feel that the back of your muscles, back
31:31 your legs, through the hams, nerve. Oh, and by the
31:36 , if bad things happen, if hurt that side of the nave,
31:39 never going to forgive yourself. All . It's just awful, awful stuff
31:44 . Um just want to point out is where my wallet is, it's
31:47 here notice I don't carry one in back pocket because what I found,
31:52 know, I used to have a Costanza wallet which was like you put
31:56 in the wallet get thicker and thicker so it compress against or press up
32:00 that side of the earth and I be tilted all the time but also
32:04 sitting down. Became painful because you're up against that nerve. All
32:09 This is the longest and largest nerve the body. Think about the size
32:12 your thumb, it's about how thick thing is. All right. It
32:16 has these two divisions that kind of converged or bound up together with the
32:22 sort of connective tissue and then they out one of the tibial nerve.
32:25 is the common fibula nerve? Tibial is the anterior division. This is
32:29 posterior division. So when we said two divisions, that's what they
32:34 So you can think of this innovates posterior thigh and leg as well as
32:38 plant your foot muscles where you plant foot muscles on the top on the
32:42 bottom. So can you see what doing here? We're going down the
32:46 and we're doing the bottom of the . All right. So this is
32:49 allows you to flex your toes up down. Is the tibial nerve
32:54 Allows you to hip extensions thigh abduction on and so on. Foot flexion
32:58 flexion. Alright. The common fibula the other hand innovates the knee muscles
33:03 the anterior and lateral leg muscles. right. So there's also some uh
33:09 stuff that's going to be on the anterior inferior part of the foot.
33:14 really the idea here is I'm dealing with the back of the legs Ready
33:19 the last one lumbar, lumbar. we are lumbar, you can see
33:28 higher up. And what we're gonna doing is we're gonna be doing the
33:32 portion of the legs as well as pelvic region. All right. And
33:37 , what we have here are two nerves that come out of it.
33:40 femoral nerve and the operator. All . So, they're showing you the
33:45 down here, and the femoral nerve being shown there on the diagram.
33:50 right. So, again, we two divisions. We have a posterior
33:54 and anterior division. And so these the largest portions of that.
34:00 what we're doing is the anterior portion the legs. So this allows flexion
34:03 extension of the knee, and this the medial portions of the thigh,
34:09 right up in this region. And so those are the plexus is
34:14 again, I've tried to keep it . There's all sorts of stuff in
34:16 . I mean, you can even like looking at the names what what
34:20 does the genital ephemeral nerve innovate, pelvic region. Right in here.
34:26 , you can just see just looking elio inguinal, inguinal is going to
34:31 writing this in gunnels right in So, they're named for where they
34:35 . I just think it's easier just focus on the big portions. All
34:41 . So, with that? go ahead. I would basically just
34:48 what am I for? Right? , remember how I did this.
34:51 if we got spinal cord roots? roots, roots to nerves, nerves
34:56 . Ramos is right there in the then your plexus. What are the
35:00 plexus is? And then what are nerves that are formed or what are
35:05 divisions or branches as well before they the nerves? That's the easiest way
35:10 do it in my mind. is that helpful? Okay, can
35:17 repeat that again? Oh my It's so hard though. It's so
35:21 words. So, we got spinal roots to routes, routes to
35:28 Right, nerves. For the ramos alright, there's three different ram.
35:33 remind communications we're not gonna worry about that's how I am not a nervous
35:37 , dorsal is the back skin, and muscle ventral formed. The plexus
35:42 . And then with regard to the is there's gonna be different types of
35:46 depending on which plexus you're looking All right, two of them in
35:50 legs both have division and anterior posterior has no divisions. And then when
35:56 were looking at the break, your , we had trunks divisions and chords
36:02 we form the nerves. Okay, just have to kind of remember which
36:06 which central nervous system. I don't if you want to say that
36:21 The central nervous system is also All right. But remember most of
36:29 things here named because people are just around in somebody's head and they're just
36:33 to identify things that are clearly demarcated that you can talk to other people
36:39 it. Right. And so the thing we're gonna do is there's some
36:42 landmarks of the cerebral. All The cerebral has these elevated ridges we
36:47 them singular is the gyrus gyrus, never just rolls off the tongue.
36:51 just doesn't sound right. All We have the sulcus sulcus are the
36:56 . So each of these little tiny areas representative sulcus. And then if
37:00 have really, really deep depressions, deeper grooves called fissures. So,
37:04 example, there's the lateral fissure. the longitudinal fissure which you can actually
37:09 and kind of go down and see the brain is connected. All
37:13 So structurally these help in ademas kind create these areas of the brain that
37:20 they can then hopefully figure out The brain itself has four different
37:28 All right. You're gonna be sitting looking at these four colors and
37:33 yeah, okay, those are the regions of the brain because you think
37:35 the cerebral as the brain and that's , the cerebral is part of the
37:39 don't focus on the four colors just . All right. So, the
37:43 regions of the brain include this colorful area that's called the cerebral um
37:48 has an area that you can't see underneath the purple. That's called the
37:52 cephalon. All right. Then you the brain stem which then extends down
37:57 the spinal cord and sitting off to back is the cerebellum. All
38:03 So those are the four regions of brain. And if you look at
38:07 cerebral um you'll see that the this large thing actually has two
38:14 All right. To have. There's left and the right. So you
38:18 see here a little bit more clearly all you're doing is looking at the
38:22 in this particular case. All So this you can see here
38:27 That's not right. That would be left side. This would be the
38:30 side. So there's your left and your right hemisphere. Now, if
38:34 look at each of those hemispheres you're going to see that there are
38:37 regions. And this is where we to focus on the colors. All
38:42 . I said there's five regions, how many colors are up there?
38:45 means there's one you can't see in picture, which is why I graded
38:49 . Okay, so they're named for bone under which they sit, which
38:55 it really, really easy. We have the frontal lobe. We
38:59 the parietal lobe, we have the lobe and then we have the temporal
39:02 and then inside deep in that lateral where you're going to see the
39:08 We'll get to that in just a . So we're gonna walk through the
39:11 and we're gonna walk walk through these really quickly so that you can see
39:16 what they're associated with. Ready for big time out. All right.
39:21 what I said? Um on Tuesday about 80% of your brain plays a
39:27 in visual processing. All right. you can imagine even though we're pointing
39:33 things, you can also say there's a visual processing take place but for
39:37 purposes of the exam, when I this is the area that does visual
39:43 . That's the answer for the Okay, so what I say here
39:48 what matters all right, Starting with frontal lobe. This is the anterior
39:54 . All right. You can see little dotted line right there. That's
39:57 demarcation that's called the central gyrus. sorry, the central sulcus that uh
40:06 that sits right there, That's what referred to as the pre central
40:10 the one right behind it is the central gyrus. So it's a simple
40:16 anatomical landmark to be able to divide brain into the frontal lobe and the
40:23 lobe. Now, what is the of the frontal lobe primarily? It
40:27 a role in voluntary motor activity. every time you move around, that's
40:32 place as a result of what happened the frontal lobe, but it's not
40:37 only thing. Your speech speech is kind of motor activity. What am
40:42 moving my mouth, right? And changing the shape of my tongue.
40:47 doing all these different things to create unique sounds that create speech. So
40:52 actually a motor activity. Your decision making and planning. I'll take
40:58 in the frontal lobe. All So movement and thinking is the frontal
41:07 that easy. Okay. The parietal is a load that sits right behind
41:13 frontal lobe and so again it's demarcated the central sulcus. Right? And
41:18 we have what is called the parietal sulcus. You can see right there
41:22 the dotted line that separates it from occipital lobe. And then what you
41:27 is you can also take the lateral here and just kind of extend it
41:33 the way to the parietal, occipital and then that basically demarcates the boundary
41:39 the parietal and the temporal lobe. it starts there. But you can
41:42 it doesn't continue all the way back to that line. All right
41:46 the primary role of the parietal lobe to process sensory input primarily somatosensory.
41:56 right. And so what you can about is the parietal lobe plays a
41:59 role in understanding the things I All right? So if I close
42:05 eyes and touch something fuzzy, I detect. Oh, that's fuzzy,
42:10 ? Or that slimy? Or this touching me in this particular place that's
42:15 this plays a role in. All , receiving and processing sensory input primarily
42:24 . The occipital lobe we've already said defined by that boundary of the parietal
42:29 sulcus. So here's your occipital, we say this primarily involved in visual
42:36 and visual memory. All right. processing Way I remember this even though
42:43 is 100% untrue is my eyes are and they project the back of my
42:49 . Okay, So that's receiving all information from the cameras. That's the
42:55 lobe temporal lobe sitting over here. right. It's demarcated by that lateral
43:02 I'm saying lateral sulcus here, but the lateral fissure now. All
43:06 Basically it's auditory processing as well as processing and a lot of visual
43:14 All right. But easy 1 to his auditory My temporal lobes next 20
43:22 . Right. And then lastly, one that we can't see unless we
43:25 that lateral fissure apart is deep. the insulin. All right. So
43:30 done we've now grab the ends and kind of spreading out. We're looking
43:34 down in the hole. Alright. plays a role in some levels of
43:39 , but it primarily has the gustatory . So it allows us to distinguish
43:45 that we taste. Okay, So lobes for named lobe named for the
43:54 above them. Then we have the which is insulated deep inside the brain
44:02 couple of lectures ago we looked at and gray matter. Remember that?
44:07 right. So, I want to here on the white matter for a
44:10 . And I think we're going to gray matter on a different date.
44:13 right. So, the white Well, let me just point you
44:15 we said in the brain the cerebral have gray matter on the outside.
44:20 , the white matter is deep to gray matter. Alright. That gray
44:24 here is referred to as the And we'll talk about cortex another
44:29 And so, the white matter represents bundles of fibers, the axons traveling
44:35 the cortex or to the cortex to other part of the brain or central
44:40 system. All right. So, have different types of tracks. Different
44:45 of pathways by which information is All right. We have commissioned real
44:50 . Commercial tracks are represented here by blue lines. And what is basically
44:55 is look, one area of gray on the other side is communicating to
44:58 gray matter. That's equivalent to it the other side of the brain.
45:03 , this would be the commissary We have association tracks. That's what's
45:07 on up here. Association tracks are within the same hemisphere. So,
45:12 could be working within the nearby gyrus Alright, so, that short track
45:17 nearby Garrison would be our cue. said. Gyros. Gyros RQ.
45:23 um uh fibers If you're traveling long , that would be um these uh
45:31 are called the longitude of physical All right. And so in
45:36 what you're doing is saying, for , if I'm doing visual processing,
45:40 might need to pull information and send to other areas that are further
45:47 but it's all happening within the same . So association tracks, same hemisphere
45:52 . All tracks are going back and across hemispheres. Last one of the
45:57 tracks that's represented by the green basically you're moving from the higher portions
46:02 the cns down to the lower parts vice versa. And so when you're
46:08 about information, it's traveling. When talking about white matter, we're going
46:17 move away from the cerebral um And going to dive deep into the brain
46:23 . And this is primarily where we're to finish up. Today's in the
46:27 stem. All right. Did you ever grow up watching pinky and the
46:33 ? Alright. Winner. Winner. . Did you know that there's a
46:36 to know all the parts of the sung by the brain. Okay.
46:42 you don't know that, you can ahead and Youtube that bad boy after
46:46 and you can start getting that little warm in your brain. It's an
46:50 warm for sure because you'll start singing all day long. You pointed
46:59 All right. The brain stem is responsible for reducing autonomic responses. All
47:07 . So, we have three parts going to start from the bottom.
47:10 gonna work our way up. the blue thing right here, that's
47:13 blue. That's the medulla oblon Above that is the ponds and above
47:18 is the midbrain. All right. then sitting up there. Remember I
47:21 there's a giant step on this would the region. That's the dying
47:25 which we're not going to talk about now. All right. So the
47:29 is continuous spinal cord. So you kind of see the spinal cord just
47:33 on, primarily autonomic reflexes. All . So these are reflexes that occurring
47:40 response to the autonomic nervous system. also where you're going to see the
47:44 ventricle is Why have that? There should be behind the ponds.
47:50 ponds basically serves as a relay station the cerebellum and the cerebral and the
47:56 cord. So you can imagine there's lot of information crisscrossing between those three
48:00 . And finally, the midbrain plays major role in moving your head and
48:04 eyes in response to sounds right. you ever said he heard someone
48:09 hey across campus and you turn your ? Yeah, because your name is
48:14 , right. No, it's because heard a sound. And then you
48:19 , I want to see where that from. That's the head. The
48:21 or the fun ones watching a tennis at a tennis tournament. Mm.
48:29 a whole crowd of people doing All right. That's the midbrain
48:34 Head and eye movement, response to . Sounds all right. Okay.
48:46 . In the medulla we have a of structures that we should know.
48:51 right, anatomically. We have these that are kind of triangular on the
48:57 there called the pyramids. All The pyramids are the home to the
49:02 spinal tracts, which we're not talking today. All right. So,
49:06 are pathways that are traveling up and from the spinal cord to the
49:11 Hence the name cortical spinal. All . You'll see that these cortical spinal
49:18 typically cross within the pyramids. This called a de cassation. All
49:24 So, the pyramids are the home the tracks is what we're looking at
49:30 to the tracks is the olive. do not know why they call it
49:33 olive. I think it's because if cut it, you look at it
49:37 kind of elongate like an olive. looks like an olive that's been sliced
49:40 half. I don't know if that's . That's how I remember it.
49:47 . The olives are responsible for projecting appropriate deceptive information to the midbrain.
49:54 propio perceptive. It's your position of in space. This is how you
49:58 where your body is located at any time. So that for example if
50:03 close your eyes, you could touch nose. Right. Because you know
50:06 your nose is sort of. All . Now, we have some podunk
50:16 . Mhm. You hear the word uncle? All right. It's a
50:20 word to say. There's the inferior Bella proud uncle. And then we
50:24 up to the pond. We're going see that there's the middle and the
50:27 cerebellum, proud uncle. When you the word pad uncle, you can
50:31 . Of course. It's fun. what it means is basically the root
50:37 trunk to something. All right. so, if you're seeing cerebellum,
50:42 is basically the place where if you at the cerebellum, you'd see this
50:46 how it's kind of supporting itself and off the side. So, that's
50:51 this is. That little that bump there represents the tracks that are traveling
50:56 the cerebellum and basically helping to hold the cerebellum from the medulla. There's
51:04 whole bunch of autonomic nuclei alright that located in here, which are not
51:10 purposefully alright. But basically these little little spaces like this represent these autonomic
51:18 one that's important for you to understand it makes it will help you understand
51:23 coming when you're getting to the respiratory in A. And P. Two
51:27 that there is the megillah, the center that's responsible for regulating your title
51:34 , Your breathing rate. All So as you sit here and
51:38 It's the medulla that's basically serving. saying, okay contract that muscle now
51:45 contracting the muscle that you exhaling, the muscle that's inhaling and it's just
51:52 this over and over like a That would be the autonomic control.
51:57 right. It also is regulated by region in the pond which is called
52:02 thine respiratory sandwich. You don't need know about. All right. It
52:06 the bay's a motor center which plays role in regulating blood pressure. So
52:11 you kind of get this sense. is the medulla for? Its regulating
52:14 things? I don't have to think my blood pressure, my breathing
52:18 Also heart rate. All that stuff being regulated through the medulla. There's
52:23 centers in there for coughing, salivating, gagging, swallowing and
52:27 In other words, all these systems ensure you need two X. Or
52:33 rid of things out of your Right? In response to I don't
52:37 , dust in your nose or Not shown. Because this is not
52:43 correct section. It probably a little further down is the nucleus cuny artists
52:48 the nucleus priscilla's. I point these now because you're going to see them
52:54 . All right. What they are when you see the word nucleus.
52:58 this is where you're gonna see cell . So this is where processing is
53:01 place. They're going to be in kind of regions up here. All
53:05 . Where I just circled. All . And what they do is they
53:10 somatic information. In other words, that you're receiving from the surface of
53:15 body to the thalamus via this track here. There's two of them,
53:20 for each side called the medial And when we start talking about these
53:25 moving up and down, you're going see the nucleus priscilla's and the nucleus
53:31 and that medial meniscal pathway between them the lower parts of the body,
53:37 is why we bring it up All right. And then you can
53:41 that they've labeled all these different And this shows you where the last
53:46 of the cranial nerves originate. So cranial nerves are associated with the
53:50 They start with the the optic nerve the olfactory nerve right through the olfactory
53:56 . And then you work your way . You get down to these nerves
54:00 this is where they're located. That's the nuclei where information is being processed
54:05 that they can send those nerves out innovate the different regions of the head
54:10 well as the vagus nerve, which course is the body. That's the
54:16 medulla oblon gata. Sorry? The ponds is the middle portion.
54:25 right now, your slide only says cerebellum paid uncle. All right.
54:32 you'll see there's a superior right There's the middle and then when we
54:36 to the next slide, you're gonna superior listed there. It's not
54:40 So you can cross that out. the middle of the superior associated with
54:44 ponds. And basically it's the branches are kind of holding the cerebellum
54:50 along with the inferior um, out making sure the cerebellum is in
54:55 I mentioned the pontin respiratory center. is gonna be located within the ponds
55:00 well. This is what allows you change your breathing rate. All
55:07 The superior L. A. Very helps you figure out which direction and
55:11 way to turn when it comes to location. All right. Even though
55:17 midbrain plays a major role in that also has a role. And then
55:22 a bunch of cranial nuclear again, through eight. We've already seen eight
55:26 12 in the Maduro eight, yeah, it's their their big
55:33 So, that's the idea. So right. I'm not going to try
55:37 scare you, but I'm going to you. I'm not trying to when
55:41 take your anatomy at the graduate basically taking these paper thin slices of
55:47 of the things and that's what you're is you're kind of seeing their
55:51 And so it's like, we're just at like one size. That's it's
55:56 randomly picked by the artist. So kind of the idea. All
56:02 The midbrain is going to seem a scary because there's a lot of things
56:05 here, but the good news is easily to identify. Right. And
56:10 what we have here is we have cerebral paid uncles. All right.
56:14 now we're not in the cerebellum. now saying this is where the brain
56:17 of sits and kind of holds on the brain stem. All right.
56:22 that's down here. We have this area that's called the Substantia nigra.
56:28 right. Which means the black They didn't know what it was.
56:31 just so when I took this license , it was darker than the other
56:35 . So this is the darker All right. It's where you have
56:39 lot of melon and that's where the comes from. And it's actually an
56:42 that produces a lot of dopamine in body. And dopamine is one of
56:46 neurotransmitter which plays a huge role in sorts of things in your in your
56:51 system. Now, the tech Well, I should say it's also
57:01 the cerebral basil nuclei, which will we talk about the basil nuclear,
57:05 basil ganglia. Later, you'll see plays a role in coordinating movements.
57:10 next region is from the substantia nigra to this darker region, which is
57:15 the cerebral or the peri peri aqueduct gray matter. So, this region
57:20 in here is the tag momentum. right. It plays a role in
57:23 you maintain posture. It has the nuclei. So there's one red
57:28 There's the other one because it's relatively speaking, that plays a role
57:34 motor coordination and then we have this of nebulous region in here that's referred
57:39 as the particular formation. This plays role in alertness. All right.
57:44 you falling asleep in class? Right. Have you ever tried to
57:52 awake in class and falling asleep in ? And you do that whole,
57:59 like looking around, Did anyone All right, right. That alertness
58:05 is part of the particular formation. right. And it's not just that
58:10 gonna see here in a moment, the particular formation basically is all these
58:15 fibers that go all over your All right. That are trying to
58:20 your brain to different things that are on. But that's kind of the
58:24 that's easy to remember is like, yeah, alertness and what type of
58:28 ? It's not like I'm walking through jungle trying to recognize stuff. It's
58:34 , you know, when things that's when I become alert to my
58:40 . Alright, so here we are , I'm just showing you these are
58:44 different cross sections to show you that things are conserved. But over time
58:49 converge or separate out. So the aqueduct gray matter is the gray matter
58:54 the cerebral aqueduct, hence the name next to aqueduct. And it's gray
58:59 . So this is information processing and processing primarily pain. We have the
59:06 to um is this last little region here, it has a couple of
59:09 , we have the superior the inferior . When we talked about that visual
59:13 auditory reflex of turning our heads. is what those are forces superiors.
59:18 inferiors, auditory. And here we're to see cranial nerves as well.
59:22 nerve number three and four are going be located within these regions. I
59:26 cranial nerve number four is like up someplace it's not being shown in the
59:32 . It's actually probably down. Excuse . Since this is three would have
59:35 be further down. All right. slide. And then we're done.
59:40 we're like really early again, This is why I don't like pointing
59:44 pictures. All right. Most textbooks a picture like this. Worst picture
59:51 . It's completely useless. It's just pointing at things. All right.
59:56 this right here is taken from just can see that on the net and
60:00 basically showing you the region that represents particular formation. All right. And
60:06 , you can imagine particular formation is this red stuff that's in here where
60:11 blue lines are kind of exiting And so really what this does is
60:16 it helps to maintain cortical alertness, ? It helps to en enhance its
60:23 . In other words, what it's . It's saying it's sending information outwards
60:27 this is something you need to pay to. All right. So,
60:32 can see that's what the little dots . A little purple lines are
60:36 Is the output where we're going and we're going everywhere. Totally useless.
60:43 right. So, what are we ? Respiratory cardiovascular function. So,
60:47 talking about heart rate and blood pressure at the level of the of the
60:52 . But you can see what am doing? I'm responding to things that
60:58 going on both in the cortex and my body digestion is going to be
61:03 in the particular formation. So, is where your violent center is.
61:07 duration center. Such functions are all to be found within the context of
61:11 particular formation. It helps activate the basically helps to play a role in
61:17 sleep patterns. So, the sleep cycles plays a role in moving your
61:21 and pain modulation you start seeing now we're dealing with here, basically everything
61:27 we just pointed to. Right. some motor functions. So, the
61:32 particular formation is simply the region that up and down through the brain
61:39 That plays all these roles of all different things that were kind of looking
61:44 . All right. So, you see here here's the ponds particular
61:48 All right. The particular formation um aspects that are going to be in
61:53 of those different areas. Alright, formation again up there. So,
62:00 sure the question is how do I this stuff. All right. Basically
62:04 draw a picture and you put where is as best you can. All
62:11 . I know. All right. we come back, more nervous
62:17 mm hmm. Mhm. But we to move away from the brain
62:25 What's that? Yes.
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