| 00:00 | Hit record and they review it after . I'm not, I'm not |
|
| 00:06 | we don't have less time to talk . But um when you get your |
|
| 00:12 | , if you want to come in talk to me about it, one |
|
| 00:14 | one, I'd be happy to, think it's more effective that way is |
|
| 00:19 | you know, if they do it the whole class you go oh |
|
| 00:21 | I got that one. You it's pretty much like sharing your results |
|
| 00:25 | everybody. So um so that's, , that's kind of the main reason |
|
| 00:30 | do do it that way, but , I think you'll get more out |
|
| 00:33 | it if you come, come and me. Oh, boys doing |
|
| 00:41 | Ok. So I've lost my cursor I have to do that to get |
|
| 00:47 | back if I need it. That I gotta keep everybody away. |
|
| 01:10 | , I wanna go over the ex real quick on the exercises. We |
|
| 01:15 | um, three of them are already . There's some confusion on the deadlines |
|
| 01:20 | just get them done as soon as can. Um That one was due |
|
| 01:29 | this week like they create the the law and correlation. That's |
|
| 01:38 | Ok. Yeah, I, I know what it is but I have |
|
| 01:41 | logs in the logging one and everybody that's two exercises but it's one exercise |
|
| 01:46 | two logs. The write up is exercise and then the correlation exercise is |
|
| 01:51 | exercise. And, um, there was a, there was confusion |
|
| 01:58 | , I think I had a typo it and, uh, there were |
|
| 02:01 | dates on the assignment. Number one of them had the right |
|
| 02:06 | I think it was, I think was when I set it up, |
|
| 02:09 | somehow I had the wrong date on paper. And, um, |
|
| 02:16 | uh, but, you know, talked about it in class. So |
|
| 02:19 | we get to the volumetric exercise, mapping slash volumetric exercise, I'm gonna |
|
| 02:26 | you when it's due and try you know, get your little |
|
| 02:29 | your, your exercise notebook out and down it's due on that day. |
|
| 02:35 | . And, um, I'm actually, I'm gonna make it to |
|
| 02:39 | Friday after your exam so that you have more time to study your exam |
|
| 02:45 | being worried about the mapping exercise and won't have a class next weekend. |
|
| 02:50 | that right? Pretty sure there's no next week. Yeah. So |
|
| 02:59 | I could stretch this out longer, I don't want to, I wanna |
|
| 03:01 | it done by, by that Ok. When, when we teach |
|
| 03:08 | , this program overseas, we deliver lectures all in four weeks. I |
|
| 03:12 | , excuse me in five days and we, uh, which is the |
|
| 03:16 | 42 hours or whatever. And then have, um, the rest of |
|
| 03:22 | rest of the month is left open doing the exercises and we try to |
|
| 03:27 | all that done and then a final when the next instructor would come |
|
| 03:30 | So, it's so, I think is a little bit better. We |
|
| 03:33 | it out a lot more. The and that kind of thing. But |
|
| 03:38 | the summer most of them are gonna three weeks long just because the summers |
|
| 03:42 | down. But, but that's also I've given you guys a couple of |
|
| 03:46 | breaks because it's also the summer and might want a break. This is |
|
| 03:53 | . The final is Wednesday. Right. Yeah. Yeah. The |
|
| 04:00 | , the next 12 weeks from now gonna be sequence photography have next weekend |
|
| 04:10 | . So, first, yeah, sorry. Hey, I've been doing |
|
| 04:24 | for years and I get confused. . And I don't know if I |
|
| 04:32 | this with you but the, oh, the second instructor found out |
|
| 04:39 | night before that, that, there was a medical issue with his |
|
| 04:42 | and he couldn't come. And so had, like, 12 hours to |
|
| 04:48 | up with someone to teach in this because the students all came from Brazil |
|
| 04:52 | they're all here. And, fortunately we had, uh, Fred |
|
| 04:56 | and he's gonna be one of your coming up, uh, was able |
|
| 05:00 | jump in and help because he's in . Did, did he, did |
|
| 05:04 | act like a high school kid the time? Doctor Hillerman? Yeah. |
|
| 05:14 | . That means he's still doing. . Ok. We, uh, |
|
| 05:18 | left off here. 11 thing I point out with this is, |
|
| 05:27 | this is a timescale over here. a and I don't, I don't |
|
| 05:32 | , I don't know how to easily this to you. But do you |
|
| 05:36 | how they're showing the slopes and they're topography? There's no topography in the |
|
| 05:43 | . So it's kind of a, a misleading diagram of someone else. |
|
| 05:47 | I think if you look at right , the times make sense. But |
|
| 05:51 | you go and look at this, trying to show you base and to |
|
| 05:55 | , which is not part of the , this, this would essentially be |
|
| 05:59 | Wheeler diagram. And all of these need to go out straight because they're |
|
| 06:04 | within a certain period to come. can't, you can't be in time |
|
| 06:13 | I hope that makes sense to you you, everybody looks confused. |
|
| 06:19 | but, um, what, what trying to show you here in the |
|
| 06:23 | though is that, uh, these sands that are out here were based |
|
| 06:27 | four pans which you can see in here is the, uh, when |
|
| 06:33 | gonna ask you another question. I everybody to answer it. Um We |
|
| 06:37 | two sediment sources coming into the space this is uh obviously a cannon. |
|
| 06:46 | been an incision. You know, base fans happen, you know a |
|
| 06:52 | and when sea level goes down, have a shell, it explode. |
|
| 06:58 | , the size value is kind of down and just imagine all of this |
|
| 07:04 | soft sediment in here. And uh just been exposed and there's a lot |
|
| 07:09 | uh there's a storm rain, whatever gonna erode straight down into that much |
|
| 07:15 | water rich uh mud, mining clay sand, um or Silk Play Silton |
|
| 07:23 | and it's just gonna dump it down . So you have two sources of |
|
| 07:27 | into this basin. These are basin fans. That's kind of what they're |
|
| 07:31 | to show you here is that they're for fans, but again, time |
|
| 07:36 | work and it's, it's on at . Uh everything should be straight out |
|
| 07:42 | books uh in terms of the Times a Wheeler diagram and this is a |
|
| 07:50 | , I think it confuses students and and sometimes I think some other experienced |
|
| 07:57 | are still confused. Uh when when they draw pictures like this, |
|
| 08:01 | trying to tell you more than you're to tell them this kind of |
|
| 08:05 | You, if you wanna do a gra charm like this, you need |
|
| 08:09 | time has to be uh, not , uh, the roller over |
|
| 08:13 | It has to be. Yeah. . Ok. So, um, |
|
| 08:22 | , and it's Shelf Martin based in too. So it's not all the |
|
| 08:25 | out of it. It's, it's on, it's, it's coming |
|
| 08:30 | into the show. Uh So one I wanna ask you relative to this |
|
| 08:39 | 0.1 here where it says settlement input this is all the way out at |
|
| 08:44 | toe of these bands. Yeah, two. So 0.2 0.1. Which |
|
| 08:52 | ? Yes. Far this down in position again. Number one and number |
|
| 09:04 | you say to? OK. It's . I'm saying there's a point here |
|
| 09:15 | this at this time when this happened there's a point out here which one |
|
| 09:20 | down depositional two or one? Everybody that. Yeah. See that because |
|
| 09:32 | semester joker uh no one knows what . I wanna make sure you understand |
|
| 09:41 | because they seem simple and more. other words, when you draw a |
|
| 09:49 | section, if you, if you a cross section like this, I'm |
|
| 09:54 | down depositional dip and that's what they're to show you here on a wheel |
|
| 09:58 | here, which doesn't make any OK? They're not falling in a |
|
| 10:02 | or diagram, but this is but this is time on this |
|
| 10:06 | It's gotta be a wheel. So one of these Strat graphic charts mixed |
|
| 10:12 | a uh next with the timescape and the other thing. Uh So, |
|
| 10:23 | these uh channels right here in size , they're down, dip the river |
|
| 10:31 | , right? Ok. And then a little slug onto the, onto |
|
| 10:36 | shelf. And so you have a four fan, it says right here |
|
| 10:40 | shelf margin, basin four fans. it really doesn't get all the way |
|
| 10:44 | to the Epistle plane like you normally with the, with the space |
|
| 10:47 | and remember the shelf Martin and I you guys got this the answer |
|
| 10:52 | One question, but the shelf marking correct is um I just wanted to |
|
| 11:00 | all the type to so they all uh sequence, third order sequence that'll |
|
| 11:10 | in your next class too. So, uh we didn't talk about |
|
| 11:17 | , right? So when we're in of exploration, one of the things |
|
| 11:25 | you need to do is get is get acreage and um a lot of |
|
| 11:32 | will be given a period of time uh to actually do spec seismic, |
|
| 11:39 | do gravity Magnetics, do some of things that we talk about. Uh |
|
| 11:46 | by and large, um if it's and it's with a coun with almost |
|
| 11:51 | country in the world, they will license rounds and they'll tell you when |
|
| 11:55 | have to put in a bit and , they may announce this thing coming |
|
| 11:59 | and you may have up to two , three years to do it. |
|
| 12:04 | a lot of the work gets done the last two weeks. Uh, |
|
| 12:07 | I was in Norway we worked um, we got up at about |
|
| 12:11 | 30 in the morning because it was . They always did it in the |
|
| 12:16 | . It's already sunny at 2 30 the morning. And we worked until |
|
| 12:19 | 11 o'clock and we went home and stuff for a couple of hours and |
|
| 12:26 | , uh, but, you you normally don't want to do |
|
| 12:28 | You, when you get a lot the work done. But if you |
|
| 12:30 | license rounds, uh, you have kind of a little bit of a |
|
| 12:35 | that sometimes when it's onshore plan just up open. You know, there's |
|
| 12:39 | rounds and then it's, it's it's available in the week and you |
|
| 12:43 | the, try to buy it before else buys it. One of the |
|
| 12:48 | that's really important in either case is get there before the competition. |
|
| 12:54 | uh, and the thing that's you know, good is that if |
|
| 12:57 | get there before somebody else, the bonuses and the royalties are gonna be |
|
| 13:02 | lot less people will be negotiating for example, when we went to |
|
| 13:06 | C Wilson at Petra, went um, so look at this stuff |
|
| 13:13 | Southeast Texas with the Eagle Ford. was able to buy any Acors for |
|
| 13:19 | an acre. He sold it for and made $12 billion after her |
|
| 13:28 | Anyway, paid 12 points, they 12 point something and I think the |
|
| 13:32 | something. Uh So that's, that's pretty. And uh it's the kind |
|
| 13:38 | thing where um you have to make decisions before you have all the |
|
| 13:45 | One of the students in this uh uh with, did this uh with |
|
| 13:51 | acreage up in Dallas. And um he, uh he was able |
|
| 13:58 | uh in his caps on project show there was a and he had data |
|
| 14:01 | his company showed that there was a of value in this acreage, but |
|
| 14:05 | were able to buy it cheaper because else was looking at it. Uh |
|
| 14:10 | two or three years later, they it uh for billions of dollars of |
|
| 14:16 | . So again, getting there before competition is important. Another thing that's |
|
| 14:21 | is if you have some kind of technology or Magnetics technology, uh CS |
|
| 14:29 | type technology, any, anything that help you um uh evaluate it quicker |
|
| 14:37 | better than somebody else and help you out. Well, this is a |
|
| 14:41 | good one. What happens is a of times is there'll be multiple um |
|
| 14:46 | open. Some of them may have biggest, most obvious structures. People |
|
| 14:51 | gonna jump in on those things, . Uh Somebody that other company might |
|
| 14:58 | there's no way we can get There's no migration path, there's, |
|
| 15:02 | know, something's wrong with it. then off to the side, one |
|
| 15:05 | these blocks where it looks like the system is there and available at the |
|
| 15:10 | , uh, that the reservoirs and trap for, uh, they start |
|
| 15:14 | on that and nobody else is bidding it. So they know that they |
|
| 15:18 | have to leave a lot of money the table. They can do a |
|
| 15:20 | bit. So there's all sorts of like that when you're doing frontier |
|
| 15:27 | OK. So um eventually, when bid comes up, you're under a |
|
| 15:32 | of pressure to commit. And uh know, you have to go tell |
|
| 15:37 | directors or somebody high up, but is how much we're willing to pay |
|
| 15:41 | it. Um This is what we're do based on the technology we |
|
| 15:48 | And uh we're gonna offer to drill many wells into so many formations. |
|
| 15:54 | a lot of this stuff comes up in terms of the terms of, |
|
| 15:58 | your uh lease, when you try uh to win a lease in a |
|
| 16:04 | and uh some companies uh a, have um really uh really good applied |
|
| 16:13 | a stray tools to help us see especially underperform and false that other people |
|
| 16:20 | see. And so uh we were sort of a bit more grounds, |
|
| 16:27 | were high priority and in their mind they knew that we were evaluating the |
|
| 16:32 | to the other companies did have, this can be really important. And |
|
| 16:38 | so anyway, the, um, know, everybody, every oil company |
|
| 16:42 | got money, I think, you , if you got out there and |
|
| 16:46 | $2 billion for something and it's only a billion dollars, you could throw |
|
| 16:50 | money away. And all of this is kept highly secret. And uh |
|
| 16:57 | thing you never want to do is somebody from another company, which I'll |
|
| 17:02 | come in and get $3 over. may win. Now, a country |
|
| 17:07 | Norway again, I keep bringing up because their focus was always on these |
|
| 17:12 | things. They just assumed everybody had of money. They would actually give |
|
| 17:17 | lower bidder an award if they thought two things were better deals. Uh |
|
| 17:23 | would drilling be important? Why do think it's really good? You're gonna |
|
| 17:35 | and you're gonna lease out someone in a state lease out some land? |
|
| 17:40 | would the drilling, the drilling bit important? Yeah, it is. |
|
| 17:49 | a X with somebody that says we're build 10 wells is making a big |
|
| 17:55 | and dr in just one week, , there's a couple of reasons for |
|
| 18:00 | one is if it's your country or state, they're gonna send money to |
|
| 18:05 | state, they're gonna hire people in state or your country. So there's |
|
| 18:09 | financial reason for them doing this. reason is you're really serious about |
|
| 18:14 | if you're gonna build 10, as opposed to two, it must |
|
| 18:17 | , you see some that nobody else you're gonna go, just gonna go |
|
| 18:22 | there and, and try really And there is, there is a |
|
| 18:25 | important fact in all that it's called . Um, sometimes statistically people have |
|
| 18:33 | out that it, it, in big areas it can build exactly |
|
| 18:38 | same number of wells you find, of you may not find it economically |
|
| 18:42 | you might find it. And, , and, and of course, |
|
| 18:48 | me that's kind of a, a exactly because, you know, I |
|
| 18:59 | 60 wells and in one field you know, there's lots of wind |
|
| 19:04 | basal. Well, you're doing production to spread that all over the |
|
| 19:08 | but still find this 11 of those and those other ones, you |
|
| 19:11 | that's a little bit of, it's really how we produce it, but |
|
| 19:16 | , the more you drill it quite , the more you're gonna find. |
|
| 19:20 | , uh, the technical bit I think that's simple. I remember |
|
| 19:24 | I worked at Mobile, we had bright spec uh bright spot technology that |
|
| 19:29 | one else has figured out yet for Gulf of Mexico. And we, |
|
| 19:35 | , we went in and for we're gonna talk about farming and farms |
|
| 19:38 | in a minute, but we farmed uh a bit of acreage. They |
|
| 19:43 | two wells that were dusters uh when , when September 53 when I |
|
| 19:48 | when I proposed the wells, first wells, uh we hit the uh |
|
| 19:53 | water contact that they never found and hit it in the middle of the |
|
| 19:59 | . By the way, the, we were within 5 ft of the |
|
| 20:03 | water complex. And that's because we really good, uh you know, |
|
| 20:08 | bright spec, the bright spot technology had back then worked really well in |
|
| 20:13 | fluid and um rock type scenarios. , and in this one, it |
|
| 20:19 | really well. And as it turns Exxon had drilled uh in a sad |
|
| 20:25 | 22 wells in a saddle of a and we drilled in the, in |
|
| 20:30 | um peak in the apex of the . OK. Here's another thing |
|
| 20:37 | that I like to point out. And here's the North Sea, uh |
|
| 20:43 | , which again is I spent a of time there but working on projects |
|
| 20:49 | the North Sea. But, but still, um when I was in |
|
| 20:54 | school, we had this thing called reader. And um, actually had |
|
| 21:00 | a uh article about how they use uh trigonometry to figure out where this |
|
| 21:09 | was. This is the border between property or Great Britain's property, except |
|
| 21:18 | say Great Britain has got Scotland's part it here. And uh in the |
|
| 21:24 | versus Germany versus Denmark versus Norway, One of the things that always strikes |
|
| 21:30 | . It almost feels like this is punishment for Germany for World War One |
|
| 21:35 | World War Two because they have this sliver out here. But in |
|
| 21:39 | if you look at the amount of they have there, it's nothing compared |
|
| 21:45 | this other little tiny country, the and it was all based on how |
|
| 21:53 | miles of, of hostage. um, even if you're, you |
|
| 21:58 | , if your coastline is straight that kind of messed you up. |
|
| 22:02 | uh for example, if you had coastline over on that side, this |
|
| 22:06 | would have gotten pushed over a little . Uh, as it turns |
|
| 22:11 | this line right here marks the boundary all the big oil fields in |
|
| 22:17 | All the big ones in Norway right . Uh Some of the ones in |
|
| 22:22 | right here, there's one well in that we found with, uh that |
|
| 22:27 | helped uh work on 60 million barrels oil finally became economic, but |
|
| 22:33 | um, this line had moved, know, 10 fif 10 to 20 |
|
| 22:39 | in this direction. A lot of oil that Norway ended up with uh |
|
| 22:43 | have been, uh he, he have loved that. So that's one |
|
| 22:49 | and they, and these blocks are based on latitude and longitude and they |
|
| 22:52 | out with, with the Latin launch there in terms of defining how they |
|
| 22:57 | up their, um, their But then if you, um, |
|
| 23:05 | here and look at, uh, UK and, um, uh, |
|
| 23:15 | you look on this side, you see that they break up their, |
|
| 23:19 | , their big blocks, their big law blocks in the smaller blocks. |
|
| 23:24 | I think, you know, in lot of ways, one of the |
|
| 23:28 | why Great Britain produced a lot of was because they actually forced the system |
|
| 23:33 | make people drill more. Well, had to drill at least one, |
|
| 23:36 | , for every one of these blocks opposed to, uh, when you |
|
| 23:40 | into Norway. Um, if I get my cursor over there, |
|
| 23:47 | if you go in, in you can see over here they kept |
|
| 23:51 | lot of the blocks almost the whole . Eventually they broke them down, |
|
| 23:56 | , into, uh, what you have like 12 blocks with these, |
|
| 24:01 | , both of the la long blocks actually, um, are still bigger |
|
| 24:07 | those little blocks in the UK. the wealth commitment would have been less |
|
| 24:12 | each, each area. And so people drill less wells. And of |
|
| 24:16 | , uh, the luck thing is important because, um, when they |
|
| 24:21 | growing here, just the process, was a Jurassic. Well, they |
|
| 24:25 | trying to drill, uh, with stands in here and they hit all |
|
| 24:28 | chalks and that it was all pure . And, uh, but once |
|
| 24:32 | found one or two they realized it a, it was a, |
|
| 24:35 | a huge, uh, and then lot of the other ones up up |
|
| 24:41 | , I gonna be like two minutes some, some are young. Excuse |
|
| 24:53 | . Um, the red line would be, you know, the places |
|
| 24:57 | leasing out. Uh, I think sedimentary wedge disappears over here. And |
|
| 25:04 | , uh, the, the possibility we're gonna do anything in there is |
|
| 25:08 | limited here is up in, going up to the Norwegian Sea in |
|
| 25:16 | , let's see if I can figure out here here is, um, |
|
| 25:21 | is the central Robin coming up through and this is the South Viking, |
|
| 25:25 | biking Robin and the outer goes off way into the UK. Ok. |
|
| 25:37 | , um, here you're kind of in, um, uh, it's |
|
| 25:42 | another thing to show you what I trying to tell you. You |
|
| 25:46 | you can see there's all these little fields in here. There's lots of |
|
| 25:49 | ones on this and of course, big ones weren't bad to get. |
|
| 25:54 | I think initially there was a lot , um, discovery and production over |
|
| 25:59 | because people were building a lot It's just sort of a side effect |
|
| 26:05 | something that you do. Now uh, the United States, we |
|
| 26:08 | these three by three blocks and, , they're not all, exactly three |
|
| 26:15 | three but close. And here's South 1 28. I just happened to |
|
| 26:19 | out, um, this this is the richest three square miles. |
|
| 26:29 | three by three is nine square miles , uh, of, uh, |
|
| 26:34 | in, in the entire Gulf of , there are bigger fields but |
|
| 26:37 | the bigger fields like, uh, , where is it? 33, |
|
| 26:52 | 30 is down a little bit farther here. But at 3 30 there |
|
| 26:55 | , uh, like four or actually was about six blocks that made up |
|
| 27:00 | , you know, so it was bigger field, but, uh, |
|
| 27:02 | a lot more and again, I'm it up like this, you |
|
| 27:08 | one company, usually several companies might on one of these blocks and then |
|
| 27:12 | will bid on that one. I tell you there's blocks around here that |
|
| 27:18 | never been drilled and I'm about 99% there's a lot of oil out |
|
| 27:23 | But, uh, you know, , everybody went deep water and they |
|
| 27:28 | all that stuff behind. So it's leave it up to some companies like |
|
| 27:33 | Corp that like to go after people , after the crowd, the herds |
|
| 27:37 | . They like to go in and the oil that everybody's left behind. |
|
| 27:41 | one of the good things about that you have a lot of geological data |
|
| 27:45 | uh it's really good for uh geologists to get involved in uh in those |
|
| 27:49 | of uh companies. Ok. Um they have these things called farmings and |
|
| 27:57 | outs. So um, say Stephanie that block right there at the table |
|
| 28:08 | Hayden sees something about that that he Stephanie doesn't know is there. And |
|
| 28:17 | is pretty sure that they've wasted all money they can possibly waste on that |
|
| 28:22 | . And, uh, and she that up for sale. So, |
|
| 28:25 | is she doing? Is she farming or farming in? She'd be farming |
|
| 28:35 | and then you would be farming Ok. And we already know there's |
|
| 28:40 | oil there. So, hey, really waste a lot of money. |
|
| 28:46 | , but anyway, um, so really all the differences between that. |
|
| 28:52 | like to bring this up because, , when, um, when I |
|
| 29:01 | at Norway, we had, we three brothers, um, strategies, |
|
| 29:06 | was developing fields. We had another was lea rounds and another one |
|
| 29:17 | and, and so I had to to a few farm and farm out |
|
| 29:21 | and you go in there and data revealed to you. I'm not exactly |
|
| 29:25 | how they would do it. it may be the same way because |
|
| 29:29 | , if anybody gives you digital you can do a lot with |
|
| 29:33 | In the past. We used to see paper data. So you have |
|
| 29:36 | go in with a good notebook and notes and uh write down everything. |
|
| 29:41 | people, I think you might have leave your cell phones outside now. |
|
| 29:45 | back then, no one had a phone with a camera on it. |
|
| 29:49 | people would sneak small, small cameras to take pictures of things and stuff |
|
| 29:54 | farming and farm out. So it a little, little bit like being |
|
| 29:58 | spy. And, uh, um, and I got involved in |
|
| 30:02 | few of these, uh, in Bohai Basin too where it was really |
|
| 30:07 | sometimes, uh, you know, , to do with politics, internal |
|
| 30:20 | must be on the class in your weekend at home. We worked on |
|
| 30:39 | in the Bohai Basin. This was action. They didn't want to farm |
|
| 30:49 | out because they knew it was not . We won't go to the |
|
| 30:58 | Make a long story short. They of were dealing with president instead of |
|
| 31:06 | . They all around this place with or four manager of the doctor who |
|
| 31:12 | in trouble because they didn't find anyone in there, not with, knew |
|
| 31:19 | where it goes and we knew exactly it is and we're pretty sure they |
|
| 31:26 | it was there. They knew why said that they couldn't convince management. |
|
| 31:31 | was nobody in management to stick their out and five hole in an area |
|
| 31:36 | everybody didn't know what it did, like that can OK. It just |
|
| 31:47 | the whole job um interesting. uh early on when we went through |
|
| 31:53 | um value chain, very quickly, pointed out, we, we, |
|
| 32:01 | discussed and mentioned and every now and everybody looked up uh that when we're |
|
| 32:06 | frontier exploration, what is one of first things we look for? It's |
|
| 32:13 | this slide. I just like to you guys involved a little bit. |
|
| 32:19 | we're, we, we, one the first things we want to know |
|
| 32:22 | there is a source rock. If no source rock, there's, there's |
|
| 32:28 | concern of um migration pathway. There's concern about migrational timing. There's no |
|
| 32:37 | about a trap. There's no concern it because there's nothing to seal or |
|
| 32:42 | . So you have to have a rock. So it's sort of |
|
| 32:45 | you know, the primary thing is have a source rock. Then the |
|
| 32:49 | thing is if we do have a rock, something that could be a |
|
| 32:52 | rock has been buried deep and to generating oil and gas, what's the |
|
| 32:58 | way to know oil and gas is uh produced or having has been matured |
|
| 33:05 | is migrating in a basin? We , we look for hydrocarbon indicators, |
|
| 33:18 | ? And a and a lot of in a place where we haven't drilled |
|
| 33:21 | wells is gonna be, um, gonna be different types of seats. |
|
| 33:27 | These are the things in here, if I can get to this |
|
| 33:42 | Um It's not what I want. There we go. Ok. Um |
|
| 34:04 | know, the easiest thing for us see are seeps and thing associated with |
|
| 34:08 | is mud volcanoes. How many of have ever seen a mud volcano? |
|
| 34:14 | . The other thing would be gas mounds. These are gonna be on |
|
| 34:18 | ocean floor. Sometimes they're on the , sometimes they're right underneath the surface |
|
| 34:24 | they often create bottom simulating reflectors. We've mentioned gas chimneys. Uh and |
|
| 34:33 | gas chimneys of course, would be . Uh The seismic would be disrupted |
|
| 34:42 | gas rising up like this. Uh things would be structural flattening or |
|
| 34:49 | Why would it be flattened? Because if there's gas in the, the |
|
| 34:54 | in the sediments above the structure, gonna slow the velocity down. And |
|
| 34:59 | the travel time will be longer. the travel time is longer, the |
|
| 35:03 | will be calculated as longer, which push down that structure. Ok. |
|
| 35:09 | things like high amplitude events and then course, all these other multi component |
|
| 35:13 | a bo and things like that come . But to begin with, we're |
|
| 35:16 | at these kinds of things up And so we already kind of talked |
|
| 35:24 | this um seeps up and have uh it uh our evidence of overpressure in |
|
| 35:32 | system somewhere. Kepler or seal rup . And it's of course, it's |
|
| 35:38 | migration. And of course, when gets up here, there can be |
|
| 35:41 | . So you can see slicks and sort of thing. And uh this |
|
| 35:46 | just showing you um how different types uh seats can come out of uh |
|
| 35:52 | sub surface and, and uh how they reach the surface, uh they |
|
| 35:58 | uh create these widespread pervasive sees or focused seeps. And here is, |
|
| 36:05 | very, very uh localized. And latter of which is what one of |
|
| 36:13 | is, here's a mud volcano. uh this one is in Azerbaijan. |
|
| 36:22 | uh basically, before they started drilling Azerbaijan, they knew these things were |
|
| 36:26 | over the place. Uh I I think there was a biblical location |
|
| 36:31 | for the burning bush. And uh you light one of these things, |
|
| 36:36 | typically will, will stay lit for a while. Uh Some, some |
|
| 36:41 | until the wind blows really strongly, kind of knock the flame off off |
|
| 36:46 | source of the gas and, and the gas. Uh so that the |
|
| 36:51 | is separated from the um the but methane comes up with these |
|
| 36:55 | that's what's bubbling up is the And part of what happens is as |
|
| 37:01 | remember we, we looked at the uh model of the Mississippi Delta |
|
| 37:05 | you have these pro delta in But if you get farther offshore, |
|
| 37:13 | almost nothing but clay. So the are building up offshore and as the |
|
| 37:17 | prograde the sand masses prograde over top , and they start to sink in |
|
| 37:22 | mud and start pushing down on the and they start to displace it as |
|
| 37:26 | it was salt. And it'll start up in diapers. Uh, and |
|
| 37:30 | what this is. These are diapers are popping up, uh, full |
|
| 37:34 | mud. Now, when I uh, was in graduate school and |
|
| 37:38 | , heard about mud lumps. I a mud lump was something about this |
|
| 37:45 | . They got mud on the It's a big deal. But the |
|
| 37:49 | lumps are these big ridges that started up and this is just part of |
|
| 37:55 | , the whole area that he's standing has uplifted SMD has just pushed itself |
|
| 38:00 | and some of these things can get big. Um Here's one that's actually |
|
| 38:08 | a volcano. There's, there's a bump underneath it or a mud ridge |
|
| 38:11 | it. And you can see here , it's, it's pretty large and |
|
| 38:15 | is must be an antiquated helicopter with kind of wheel. But uh uh |
|
| 38:22 | one where methane is coming out, mud is coming up and it's spreading |
|
| 38:26 | just like a, um almost like little volcano. Uh When a lot |
|
| 38:30 | the mud comes out and a lot liquid comes out, it spreads out |
|
| 38:33 | a volcanic flow. And here are of the areas uh where it's very |
|
| 38:44 | . You have these, the uh the pro the delta front sands |
|
| 38:50 | the uh and the uh pro delta and clays are coming out here. |
|
| 38:56 | so you have back in here, would have sand sitting on top of |
|
| 39:00 | clays. So some of the structure this channel, this uh is, |
|
| 39:07 | related to mud lumps that have actually up. And here's, here's a |
|
| 39:11 | of, of one right here just give you an idea of the scale |
|
| 39:15 | these things. In other words, almost as though the front of the |
|
| 39:19 | is popping up. And uh uh I was there on a helicopter in |
|
| 39:24 | North in um, I think it's South Pass where, yeah, I |
|
| 39:33 | on South Pass here and we, were looking, we were looking out |
|
| 39:37 | this direction and, uh, you see something, the size is what |
|
| 39:43 | the size of what he's standing. This guy is standing on, |
|
| 39:46 | who must have been about 500 yards just sticking up out of nowhere. |
|
| 39:53 | , uh, a lot of times stratified, you know, it |
|
| 39:56 | it lifts up. It's like it's , it's the, um, felt |
|
| 40:01 | sands just popping up with, with pushing them up from underneath. |
|
| 40:06 | in South Marsala 1 28. It a, it wasn't a salt |
|
| 40:10 | There was a mud diaper. They this major fault where all those sands |
|
| 40:14 | pinching out in forming. Um, from the, uh, uh, |
|
| 40:20 | op all the way up to the D uh sands had uh trapped gas |
|
| 40:27 | that shale, that shale ridge. . Here's what some of the gas |
|
| 40:33 | mounds look like. And, some of them actually, uh, |
|
| 40:37 | the, the bottom of the the Gulf of Mexico and other places |
|
| 40:43 | you have, uh, uh, kind of seeds and basically the, |
|
| 40:49 | gasses, um, it's coming up the subsurface. It's re reaching the |
|
| 40:53 | pressures and temperatures to start forming And it's, uh, it's like |
|
| 41:00 | ice flows, uh, building but it's, uh, it's, |
|
| 41:04 | call them gas clathrate. And, , and, uh, they start |
|
| 41:08 | mounds like this sometimes. Uh, been buried for a while and, |
|
| 41:16 | , you'll see something like this uh, it's a bottom simulating reflector |
|
| 41:23 | , uh, has multiples and, it does this kind of thing. |
|
| 41:25 | sort of ringing. Uh, you , um, see here it's actually |
|
| 41:31 | all this. But, uh, you can see it's, it's dropping |
|
| 41:36 | , uh, which means there's probably in here too. Uh, and |
|
| 41:40 | , that in itself is an indicator there's gotta be a source rock under |
|
| 41:45 | acreage. And again, at frontier , that might be, uh, |
|
| 41:50 | , the lay the, um, of what you're looking at. I |
|
| 41:54 | I showed you this before. and here's a gas chimney. So |
|
| 41:58 | you can see this, all um, the coherency of the lines |
|
| 42:01 | gone because the, the gas is with the, uh, with |
|
| 42:07 | uh, the velocity that now you a velocity model and this is, |
|
| 42:14 | is making things, uh, and probably some uh lack of coherency just |
|
| 42:19 | of gas pushing up through it. it also affects the velocity in |
|
| 42:24 | And you have a, a good model working over here. You have |
|
| 42:28 | good one working over here. But that model is such that uh it |
|
| 42:33 | down the velocity. If you slow down, it makes it image so |
|
| 42:37 | it looks like it's deeper because that's we figure out depth is by the |
|
| 42:42 | you and uh and it flattens us . And back when the, the |
|
| 42:49 | that that came from was discovered, probably what they were using to uh |
|
| 42:55 | figure out there had to be oil gas. Then it was kind of |
|
| 42:58 | lack of a structure that uh that him, gave it away. And |
|
| 43:04 | what it is uh after you um the velocity. And I can say |
|
| 43:08 | you had um multi component and you're at shear waves, you could have |
|
| 43:13 | this too and sometimes looking at the uh what you get from the P |
|
| 43:20 | versus what you get from the And the S waves is gonna be |
|
| 43:23 | different that uh you can tell there's hydrocarbons here. Uh When I |
|
| 43:29 | , they didn't have all that And here is uh just an A |
|
| 43:36 | anomaly. Sometimes these can be nothing quite often in certain places are very |
|
| 43:43 | and uh very carefully, you might able to pick a little better content |
|
| 43:50 | here somewhere and, and then drill , you end up finding it almost |
|
| 43:55 | 5 ft is uh what we were , this is in the, uh |
|
| 44:01 | uh some older uh gas fields, which would add to the volume between |
|
| 44:08 | opposed to oil. And uh oftentimes we were using these bright spot |
|
| 44:13 | we, we definitely had some, gas associated. Usually the gas caps |
|
| 44:17 | the reservoirs. Thanks for that. , what is the, like? |
|
| 44:33 | the height is the red. It . But uh usually, uh usually |
|
| 44:40 | think the, uh the black is gonna be the high and the red |
|
| 44:45 | the low, but it could have completely different. So. Well, |
|
| 44:52 | , here's, here's the, you're gonna see if you see a |
|
| 44:57 | , you're gonna see a low, ? And, ok, so, |
|
| 45:02 | they, uh there's nothing here, nothing here, there's nothing here is |
|
| 45:08 | structure and there's something, ok, is this, er, this whole |
|
| 45:12 | together. Um I know polarity is important but as a geologist, I |
|
| 45:18 | don't, when I, when I something like that, I know. |
|
| 45:22 | know. Yeah, you're not, know, when you want to get |
|
| 45:27 | , look at, look at the fine details, then it becomes extremely |
|
| 45:32 | uh most of your business would get at me for saying that you're, |
|
| 45:37 | you? And uh, and you correct this too. Right. |
|
| 45:47 | I've, I've been looking at, a bunch of textbooks trying to figure |
|
| 45:51 | why they, they change it, sometimes they actually change. But um |
|
| 45:56 | uh looking at this uh but I it's critical is you get this, |
|
| 46:00 | get this high amplitude event I am and uh it's, it's right here |
|
| 46:07 | it's not right here. So you're these, you know, this, |
|
| 46:13 | , this is, this is uh a good break across here. So |
|
| 46:17 | getting good stratification in here. So layers are um definitely the ones underneath |
|
| 46:24 | are more compact, the ones on of it. And uh it's probably |
|
| 46:29 | slow sedimentation um with, with compassion across these boundaries, which is, |
|
| 46:37 | here you have nothing like that. all of a sudden you have a |
|
| 46:40 | coherent and high amplitude advantage and it be in a lot of things. |
|
| 46:56 | . So, uh also another thing becomes very important is sedimentary basins. |
|
| 47:01 | we talked about this upfront and we about structure, why it was |
|
| 47:06 | But again, um we have these types of sedimentary basins and they, |
|
| 47:13 | show up uh with different types of of the reservoir rocks and and the |
|
| 47:22 | uh that can help develop traps and that might be lined with seals. |
|
| 47:30 | would have been a question in the actually notice some people got it |
|
| 47:35 | Some didn't. But here we can see um different types of uh |
|
| 47:44 | And um here's a Portland basin for . Here's some uh these are compression |
|
| 47:50 | , here's a trench uh with some wedge in there and a courage and |
|
| 47:56 | you'll get uh we pointed this out , you get some extension in |
|
| 47:59 | you get some extension type features like and uh and then there's a basin |
|
| 48:04 | this forming and then it was like sheet coming over the top of it |
|
| 48:11 | on. And uh here we have things that were basically the basement falls |
|
| 48:16 | and fills in. And of these are the ones that I like |
|
| 48:19 | most of these extension on the passive business. And so when we're doing |
|
| 48:26 | , we're kind of really focusing next um what type of basin are we |
|
| 48:32 | targeting. Because if, if you if you don't know which one of |
|
| 48:37 | types of basins you're in, you're be looking for all the wrong |
|
| 48:46 | OK. And uh this is just some of the basins formed by extensional |
|
| 48:50 | motion. And uh some of the ones are gonna be the uh in |
|
| 48:56 | sags, uh rift basins and it passive margins. And we saw those |
|
| 49:01 | here, here's a rift basin, Here's, there's an intra carton |
|
| 49:10 | Um seems like most of the ones I've learned about that were like this |
|
| 49:19 | the end of the day end up , yes, the people weren't aware |
|
| 49:24 | what they might be like a really , uh, like the Michigan Basin |
|
| 49:29 | . They have actually has an old underneath them. And, uh, |
|
| 49:34 | the Bohai Basin certainly had, was, uh, sort of something |
|
| 49:41 | to, uh, to this going . And, uh, and they |
|
| 49:46 | those were in intercontinental riffs up for especially if you get into the Cretaceous |
|
| 49:50 | that area just north of the Bohai . OK. So these are the |
|
| 49:58 | of things you're looking for. But but an intra tonic sag is gonna |
|
| 50:01 | a different configuration of sediment sources and basin infill from the rip basin and |
|
| 50:08 | the passive margins. And uh some these uh some of the basins relate |
|
| 50:18 | this. Um Here's uh North the Mississippi River, uh there's a |
|
| 50:24 | rift going up there. Um Here's the Newark Rift, there's what, |
|
| 50:31 | this diagram doesn't even show you. is Mississippi, this is the, |
|
| 50:36 | Georgia, there's something going on here was a Triassic threat uh that |
|
| 50:42 | that uh actually is the um driver source of one of one of the |
|
| 50:48 | earthquakes in all of North America which in Charleston and uh in the late |
|
| 50:55 | hundreds or 19th century. And uh was uh well into well above uh |
|
| 51:04 | on the Richter scale. It's one the most intense earthquakes and it's in |
|
| 51:08 | area where people don't think of but there, there's where these things |
|
| 51:14 | , there's ancient uh weaknesses in the . And uh even without people hyper |
|
| 51:19 | and drilling, there was motion along fault in the late 19th century and |
|
| 51:24 | could still happen today. Here is again how uh this is uh Lake |
|
| 51:35 | initial rifting showing you how you can uh basins in their, one's going |
|
| 51:44 | this way, one's going down that . And uh and you get these |
|
| 51:49 | um that are creating things like band into the lake. And uh those |
|
| 51:57 | be uh significant reservoirs in the early in ripping or the pre RPP uh |
|
| 52:04 | . And of course, the um there's a lot of fields in the |
|
| 52:08 | Sea that uh that fall into this in the Jurassic. And here's just |
|
| 52:14 | example uh from Lake Turkana of how things form. And um I'm not |
|
| 52:24 | if this was some of Miko's data somebody else's, but I think it |
|
| 52:27 | our data. We, we paid Duke Marine lab to, to go |
|
| 52:31 | and do this. But you can um uh on this side, you |
|
| 52:36 | get in uh that's kind of But what's happening here is you're getting |
|
| 52:41 | lot of uh rivers uh feeding into and uh building up sediments in this |
|
| 52:47 | , then you're getting this uh fat , a roll over here. Uh |
|
| 52:55 | if there's sands in here, it start to create Strat traps through the |
|
| 52:58 | . So as this thing uh continues , to uh sink and rotate, |
|
| 53:04 | gonna get more and more infill over . And eventually you may get uh |
|
| 53:10 | uh big debris flow type things coming here because on this side, we |
|
| 53:14 | be uplifted and there'd be a mountain that started up and then things like |
|
| 53:21 | fans or pan deltas into that which eventually would, could become an |
|
| 53:26 | . And this is, this is what Lake Turkana is showing is sort |
|
| 53:31 | a structural model of what was happening in the Sentman when the, when |
|
| 53:36 | rifting was going on between Africa and uh South America. OK. |
|
| 53:46 | uh and this again is, is a cartoon kind of showing the same |
|
| 53:52 | of thing. I was just trying show you uh you can get these |
|
| 53:55 | alphas on the side where it's lifted . This is actually just the opposite |
|
| 54:04 | this diagram. The left on this versus the right on this diagram |
|
| 54:11 | is reversed in this cartoon. So we have it's going down in this |
|
| 54:20 | . And here we have um this like the gray sands forming here in |
|
| 54:26 | Jurassic in the North Sea. And these are uh deltas and sometimes fan |
|
| 54:32 | into, into the, the lower side of the, of the |
|
| 54:44 | And here again is uh kind of we saw in uh uh offshore Angola |
|
| 54:51 | here we're getting salt motion to actually uh some post rift. Here's the |
|
| 54:59 | rift here uh where you would see model. Like I just showed you |
|
| 55:05 | this being the high side, this the low side. But then at |
|
| 55:09 | same time or after actually, a later, uh we've got a salt |
|
| 55:14 | that's allowing some of this to slide almost like it's a rip A R |
|
| 55:19 | and it's rotating and creating these same of structures. And of course, |
|
| 55:24 | you might have a high feature where can get sediment infill here and, |
|
| 55:28 | that sort of thing. And of , in this case, there were |
|
| 55:31 | lot of sands that sat on top it. Uh And there's salt uh |
|
| 55:35 | here, that's what this should be here. Things that it's hard to |
|
| 55:49 | with the American you like. Um Here, this, this fault |
|
| 56:16 | here actually looks like a growth fault , in this. Uh If you |
|
| 56:19 | at this as, as this is uh slipping down, you're getting this |
|
| 56:32 | lap of these things coming off, fan deltas come up here and the |
|
| 56:36 | are coming and being dispersed in this off that. So there's definitely definite |
|
| 56:42 | like this about which one is more , more important. Uh The growth |
|
| 57:02 | , the growth vault itself is uh what's uh creating, it's part of |
|
| 57:07 | rift system. But I would. but the thing is is that we |
|
| 57:14 | this is kind of isolated all around world. We have different kinds of |
|
| 57:17 | faults. Uh And uh some of are related to salt diapers, some |
|
| 57:24 | related to mud ridges, some are to, to this sin rift |
|
| 57:30 | And uh and so this is a of a grid, but these are |
|
| 57:36 | components of a rift system. But one of the things that's uh and |
|
| 57:42 | sometimes in the early stages, this or may may not have a lake |
|
| 57:47 | that's gonna provide the source run. if you get a good open marine |
|
| 57:53 | growth vault off a salt dome or uh shale diaper, uh you're gonna |
|
| 57:59 | that petroleum system already there in the system and uh you may or may |
|
| 58:04 | have it here. You, you , you could have um you can |
|
| 58:10 | these rift systems where the, even there was a lake here, it's |
|
| 58:13 | wrong hydro chemistry and you're not gonna a build up of, of uh |
|
| 58:20 | . So, um if I were rank them, I would say growth |
|
| 58:22 | first and then it would say rift second. And the um you |
|
| 58:30 | I don't know if you've noticed It's just a cartoon, but it's |
|
| 58:33 | of diagrammatic of the um in the . When we get these things, |
|
| 58:38 | sands are really hard to find, know, they're, they're not always |
|
| 58:42 | and, and uh, you uh as this spills out then you're |
|
| 58:48 | have sediment fill in rivers or maybe some point a delta, uh, |
|
| 58:53 | kind of like on the other And so it gets a little bit |
|
| 58:56 | here. It's showing you that you uh a channel and this, |
|
| 59:02 | well, this is all you And we all know these are relatively |
|
| 59:09 | discontinuous. Of course, if you hit these uh ban deltas and it's |
|
| 59:14 | into a marine system, that's great the North Sea where the Braves were |
|
| 59:20 | , there was Kim Ridge, clay and uh they're, they're dumping right |
|
| 59:24 | on top of. Yeah, good . Exactly. Right. Sorry, |
|
| 59:39 | didn't know that happened on this one uh, no, we have default |
|
| 60:02 | here. So we got the hanging here. It's also, it's up |
|
| 60:06 | , it's up against the foot wall here. So you come across the |
|
| 60:10 | wall and then, then it would in the hanging. Yes. So |
|
| 60:15 | guess you're right there. And, , but over here, uh this |
|
| 60:23 | be a little bit different over here a little sad for this and sometimes |
|
| 60:29 | traps might be 10 shots over So it's not necessarily sitting on top |
|
| 60:36 | one or the other. Um I the issue, the issue is, |
|
| 60:43 | , for example, as this the pinch out may be here and |
|
| 60:50 | , do you understand that? Sorry this keeps rotating like this, |
|
| 61:01 | these things that are thinning out over , the pinch outs are gonna be |
|
| 61:05 | against, up against the hanging wall over here and here they're sitting right |
|
| 61:11 | top of the football block and they're against the football. Ok. So |
|
| 61:30 | , um, subsidence and uplift are sediment supply are important. The burial |
|
| 61:35 | , thermal history. This is a important thing. Um To sort out |
|
| 61:42 | you're first getting into a basin, you don't sort it out until you've |
|
| 61:48 | in a basin for a while. uh but uh one thing in |
|
| 61:54 | um it must have been probably in eighties sometime. Uh people went all |
|
| 62:07 | the world and looked at something like bases. Almost every major oil company |
|
| 62:14 | looked at a whole bunch of basins they were looking at um the subsidence |
|
| 62:19 | , of history. Uh What type sediment supply they add the uh end |
|
| 62:26 | of this would be the burial history as it gets very deeper and |
|
| 62:31 | uh if you have anything on heat , OK. Um The um subsidence |
|
| 62:49 | uplift aspect of it, uh There's things. Uh Some of some of |
|
| 62:55 | is related to tectonics, some is to thermal expansion and contraction and some |
|
| 63:01 | related to sediment load and ice. , this is often uh early on |
|
| 63:07 | biggest thing but in a rift uh this contraction becomes very important in |
|
| 63:13 | rift system. Uh In the very , there's expansion as the rift fades |
|
| 63:19 | the north seat uh stops spreading and magma started to pull underneath it, |
|
| 63:25 | had a lot of contraction. And so that's, this is, this |
|
| 63:29 | be some of the, the biggest impact on um on what happens to |
|
| 63:36 | the structural history of a basin. , and it's actually a reversal. |
|
| 63:40 | when this expansion is going on, may be looking at an uplift. |
|
| 63:46 | it starts to contract, you're gonna looking at something that's subsided. And |
|
| 63:53 | in the North Sea again is another example of this uh where you can |
|
| 63:57 | , um based on the sub you can see the older stuff in |
|
| 64:05 | center. Uh It was eroded but starts to sag and fill in with |
|
| 64:12 | . But uh because the oldest stuff in the center and that's obviously in |
|
| 64:34 | middle and do stuff this way, any type type in this case, |
|
| 64:42 | was done. And as you go , uh the sub cropping around, |
|
| 64:48 | gonna be younger and younger, but it started to cool. This is |
|
| 64:53 | ripped, um Some of that surface eroded and then it started to sink |
|
| 65:01 | um, during the sin wrapped, course, it's gonna be very high |
|
| 65:09 | then it post rip when it stops , it's gonna cool and you're gonna |
|
| 65:13 | getting some silence. And um this kind of what uh this is another |
|
| 65:24 | from the North Sea and this is it looks like now. But prior |
|
| 65:30 | uh during when all of these rifts occurring here, 15, it was |
|
| 65:41 | this, the river basin was spawning here. And now, uh after |
|
| 65:55 | R it's sagged down like this and you get younger sediments building it |
|
| 66:00 | So you, you actually have a of this sort of thing. |
|
| 66:03 | you know, you would have right , it looks like things are flooding |
|
| 66:08 | here, but they actually could be deltas that were coming in off |
|
| 66:12 | the, the less steep side over uh that are, that are making |
|
| 66:17 | traps. So it's simple but complicated uh and then again, post the |
|
| 66:28 | that were up or down. And course, this model here is showing |
|
| 66:37 | kind of that uh sort of thing . Uh This was up in the |
|
| 66:42 | but it was offset also, which creating a basin in here at the |
|
| 66:46 | because of the big fault. In words, it wasn't a flat surface |
|
| 66:50 | was up here, it was a surface and it was filling in thin |
|
| 67:03 | . And um here you can see this is in the Viking Robin which |
|
| 67:39 | there's a drop in the and I feel like this all the here, |
|
| 67:47 | South biking, biking up here, rice sands were coming off the south |
|
| 67:55 | , Jurassic. It's all kind uh, there's this offset pulse that |
|
| 68:02 | showed you from lake and, and you had all these blocks like |
|
| 68:07 | pulling in on the edges. And is here, here might be |
|
| 68:11 | uh something like the brain comes pouring here and looking at this stuff |
|
| 68:16 | uh, just kind of looks like exactly what that is, but I |
|
| 68:19 | know for sure where the location But uh but here you can see |
|
| 68:24 | um these are the pre ripp strategy . All of this is, is |
|
| 68:31 | ripped. And then we start getting ripped and this is um this is |
|
| 68:36 | starting to sag and filling this in you can see that it, it |
|
| 68:40 | in this direction. This is sagging too and it's filling in there. |
|
| 68:45 | uh and then after a while, just starts to fill as the, |
|
| 68:48 | the uh thermal subside and slows you start to get these latter features |
|
| 68:53 | in. And uh here is uh some uh summer in pans pushing out |
|
| 69:00 | . Pan Phus out in here, fan Delta, I mean, basin |
|
| 69:04 | , I'm sorry. OK. in the Gulf of Mexico, we |
|
| 69:11 | it's a really thick sedimentary wedge. also know there's some Ecton going on |
|
| 69:16 | there's some rifting going on. I was uh early on was never a |
|
| 69:22 | uh item until we got more uh seismic. But this is kind of |
|
| 69:26 | everybody looked at it. The Gulf Mexico from here uh to about equivalent |
|
| 69:35 | the south end of Florida and uh or less in the middle of the |
|
| 69:41 | . Uh But um turns out it's lot more complicated than this. I |
|
| 69:47 | I may have shown with this picture too. Now, we know it |
|
| 69:53 | something like this with uh lots um, here's the Lilyan salt down |
|
| 70:02 | . So this is, that is , but we get uh salt. |
|
| 70:07 | if isn't like diapers like this, get through time, it gets |
|
| 70:12 | There's a Strat uh gap in here the salt filling in and then you |
|
| 70:18 | see here where there's sutures where it over and uh and there's a suture |
|
| 70:23 | top of it. So, um gets, it gets a whole lot |
|
| 70:27 | complicated. Uh The beauty of this versus this one. It's a simple |
|
| 70:38 | doesn't give you a lot of I mean, it does give you |
|
| 70:41 | everywhere. There's a, a there's a trap, but we used |
|
| 70:44 | see uh drill into a salt mass think that it was connected, that |
|
| 70:49 | was connected to uh the acinous But as, as it turns |
|
| 70:56 | some of this salt has been separated the original salt Venus and isolated with |
|
| 71:02 | , uh that's much younger uh than you see across this bit. |
|
| 71:10 | uh, so, uh, there's lot of traps, for example, |
|
| 71:13 | these kinds of salt masses as, , as well as these that we |
|
| 71:18 | here. This is, this is of a really big player. I |
|
| 71:23 | there has been recently, well, least in the 2000 tens. |
|
| 71:32 | So, um, the burial history a base can become very important. |
|
| 71:37 | , it's constructed with age and We uh we often do this thing |
|
| 71:42 | backs stripping and we now have computers help us do it. And depending |
|
| 71:46 | how much data you have on a , uh you can input that oftentimes |
|
| 71:51 | set at one spot uh like and uh and sort of figure out |
|
| 71:57 | happened through time. But the key what this is all about, there's |
|
| 72:03 | um so I get to exactly what called, but there's a module control |
|
| 72:08 | this based modeling like this. And has anybody in here had uh a |
|
| 72:17 | , you remember the, that's, , yeah, I guess so in |
|
| 72:27 | . And uh anyway, maybe you explain this to him. But the |
|
| 72:34 | but the key is is you're trying see that in this area, we've |
|
| 72:39 | a sedimentary wedge fill in a basin we wanna know how long it's been |
|
| 72:43 | and how deep it's been buried and the thermal pro is. Why do |
|
| 72:47 | want to know the, to make they could be mature. Now, |
|
| 72:54 | we look at the east coast, wedge doesn't get much over when you're |
|
| 72:59 | , it shorter, doesn't get more about 2007. And um, near |
|
| 73:06 | Carolina might get up to 3000, banks because you're kind of lost |
|
| 73:12 | And uh you get 3000 people, really way off. They did a |
|
| 73:15 | good big section. And I, showed you earlier on uh there were |
|
| 73:20 | sections offshore that uh that actually um some uh prospect to them. And |
|
| 73:31 | we look at exploration examples, I'll you some real details on that |
|
| 73:41 | ok, so one of the keys is is to look for the oil |
|
| 73:46 | and uh and it helps to know that sort of rock is. You |
|
| 73:50 | always know where it is. but one of the, one of |
|
| 73:53 | things about the East Coast was uh in the um I think as far |
|
| 73:58 | as in the sixties, they were exploratory wells and they couldn't find any |
|
| 74:02 | rocks and they couldn't find a section enough. Key thing was they couldn't |
|
| 74:08 | something. Uh One of the in next uh slide show, I'll show |
|
| 74:13 | some more detail on that. And the critical elements here are timing the |
|
| 74:21 | of wheel window and uh the types her. In other words, um |
|
| 74:31 | need to have PO CS that's quantity quality you have to have quality of |
|
| 74:38 | rocks and it depends on the type character and here's, here's one out |
|
| 74:50 | your textbook. And uh sometimes I this as a, as a test |
|
| 74:58 | , take notes. And um hey, can you tell people what |
|
| 75:08 | scales are on this? Yeah. , just so everybody understands what we're |
|
| 75:17 | at. Texas. OK. And , what this looks like a cross |
|
| 75:32 | but it's not a cross section, it? OK. So this is |
|
| 75:38 | single point in there, this is it is now, right? And |
|
| 75:44 | we go back in time, this where it was back in. |
|
| 75:52 | And that's, that's important to So for example, here is a |
|
| 75:58 | and horizon and based on the subsidence , they get a subsidence rate and |
|
| 76:05 | what this angle is, is a . What happens to subsidence right here |
|
| 76:11 | a higher rate or a low? how about backwards? How about how |
|
| 76:19 | from here to here? That's a rate of subsidence, right? So |
|
| 76:25 | that the quick pulse thermal thermal then it slows down. Remember I |
|
| 76:31 | you that during the drifting it's high , and subsides really quickly. |
|
| 76:38 | So, um so here's the heather . Why do you think they listed |
|
| 76:46 | heather formation? You put the And even more importantly, how about |
|
| 77:01 | Cambridge split? Why do you think worried about the Cambridge? That's hi |
|
| 77:16 | . Can be a seal and sometimes play is a world class sort of |
|
| 77:20 | . It's one of the best resources the world and there's a Kian aged |
|
| 77:26 | source rock on almost every continent. a lot going on in terms of |
|
| 77:32 | productivity that so, and here these obviously sandstones. What would these |
|
| 77:39 | Remember? I talk about the bray the time. Mhm. Those are |
|
| 77:43 | re so, um just looking at , we're probably, well, it |
|
| 77:54 | right about the gray, the gray are being dumped into that piece really |
|
| 78:04 | . Ok. So here we have top of the break, which is |
|
| 78:11 | reservoir rock. Here is the top the very top of the upper |
|
| 78:15 | Here is uh top of the Cambridge which is a source box and here's |
|
| 78:21 | other thing that's a shale. Why you think they're looking at this because |
|
| 78:25 | something that's a uh an additional. so if you're looking at that chart |
|
| 78:33 | I were to tell you that this this is just a guess that's probably |
|
| 78:38 | about right. Say this is the window right here. When would the |
|
| 78:46 | formation have been? Um Yeah, . Looking at this curve, remember |
|
| 78:58 | here now, right now, it's between 100 and 60 100 and 70 |
|
| 79:08 | . It, but in the it was up here, I speak |
|
| 79:16 | him in the past at this point time it's, it's gone to, |
|
| 79:25 | , 40 2030 40 50 67 So, it, so it was |
|
| 79:33 | million years ago and it's close to . Right. Yeah. And here's |
|
| 79:50 | 1 30 does that can again at and 30 it has. So, |
|
| 80:05 | this formation of heather was mature, around 100 and 50 somewhere around 100 |
|
| 80:14 | 50 million or something like that. I, if I asked you on |
|
| 80:18 | test question to pick the closest 50 that they had started to, to |
|
| 80:32 | , come on, this is really . You guys get in there and |
|
| 80:35 | say it, here is 1 50 . But see if I bring this |
|
| 80:43 | up like this, how much somebody to have a stick with this, |
|
| 81:16 | extreme got into the oil window about and 50 and behind it is our |
|
| 81:32 | of our world. What makes, will decide whether 100 co window or |
|
| 81:39 | other numbers that start off with Ok. So, um when was |
|
| 81:53 | top of the, when was the clay? When does it cross that |
|
| 82:04 | ? There's 100 nineties, 100 rights somewhere around 25 right? And um |
|
| 82:48 | would it be out of the Maybe 1 30? Was he didn't |
|
| 82:53 | time but still in a break? . So it's still generating what? |
|
| 83:14 | . And here, here's the kind thing that people would do. They |
|
| 83:17 | these montages with Strat graphic sections like and uh they're trying to show you |
|
| 83:23 | changes through uh geographically. Um They're to keep it all straight because this |
|
| 83:30 | just a time scale. Uh They're trying to put um Strat graphic architecture |
|
| 83:37 | bits or more or uh te morphology , in, in an essence. |
|
| 83:44 | uh but they're showing you their spaces at the same point in time as |
|
| 83:47 | , as you go from east to or west to east, whatever this |
|
| 83:51 | , we're north of the south and and uh and see the result in |
|
| 83:56 | . But here they pointed out uh they had source rocks and sometimes they'll |
|
| 84:03 | out where the reservoir rocks are just like that diagram that I showed |
|
| 84:08 | on the uh surname and Guyana um . Here's uh is this, does |
|
| 84:17 | look a little bit uh archaic to or do they do it about like |
|
| 84:22 | now? Oh That's what I And uh I'm sure some people have |
|
| 84:28 | graphics and because I've seen better but uh but this is kind of |
|
| 84:33 | you um what's going on. Maybe can tell you with the dark |
|
| 84:40 | the light green and the yellow, sort of the maturation profile, |
|
| 84:51 | And so we're getting very at, depth. What is this gonna |
|
| 84:59 | be laid oil, anything in there gonna be the main oil window and |
|
| 85:09 | so your best source rocks might be here, right. But you could |
|
| 85:16 | source rocks in here for oil below . What are you gonna get? |
|
| 85:27 | or yeah. Ok. Lake would . What was the, what was |
|
| 85:38 | question again? Is, oh, . Um No. In, in |
|
| 85:51 | sense we were doing residual oil, oil was more producing it and you |
|
| 85:56 | something behind, but we haven't talked this, have we? And we'll |
|
| 86:01 | to that tomorrow. Yeah. the residual will relates to uh what's |
|
| 86:07 | left behind when you produce. And residual is there's a lot of stuff |
|
| 86:13 | leave behind. Residual is one bypassed oil is another type, but |
|
| 86:18 | go through all the types uh tomorrow we, we may get it |
|
| 86:22 | into it today later on today. I, I don't think so. |
|
| 86:27 | , so you're kind of getting the and again, you know, the |
|
| 86:31 | is um volumes, the type of , its quality and, and I'll |
|
| 86:42 | you what I mean by quality. then of course, we do these |
|
| 86:44 | pots so that we can kind of like if we look at cutting |
|
| 86:48 | well, we're gonna, we're gonna looking at the most ones in |
|
| 86:57 | but we haven't penetrated the one for uh until we get there just like |
|
| 87:04 | tops and faucets. So you're trying look at, look at the most |
|
| 87:09 | ones in a given sample. There be some that are really worth. |
|
| 87:13 | the main thing you're trying to get is is get past um the caving |
|
| 87:20 | will be done in the section and . So you're trying to look for |
|
| 87:25 | hottest stuff and you get to see sometimes, uh you can tell might |
|
| 87:30 | been uh mixed and reworking. Of , when it reworks, sometimes there |
|
| 87:34 | be some oxidation that this Ron reflect a percentage of mirror reflectivity. And |
|
| 87:42 | when you use a uh very high expensive. So, and he um |
|
| 87:49 | actually have tools to measure it used be the brightest that figured out with |
|
| 87:52 | eye. But now they have tools kind of measure it. Uh There's |
|
| 87:57 | uh spo pollen coloration uh which also dino uh chest or sort of the |
|
| 88:09 | part of the um of the motile cells of me. Uh and |
|
| 88:17 | these things, these things are made of out of Carro uh something that |
|
| 88:22 | kero, but they're, they're not in acid. So it's left behind |
|
| 88:28 | we, when we, when we maceration on the sediments by dissolving everything |
|
| 88:37 | and uh and, and you see behind and the color of these |
|
| 88:42 | they go from a light color when start out at par to a very |
|
| 88:48 | yellow, they get more yellow to uh sort of a light |
|
| 88:52 | the light brown to a dark brown then they start to get black as |
|
| 88:56 | get uh pass through a window, they go amorphous at that point. |
|
| 89:01 | um because these things can't be destroyed anything uh that we have. There's |
|
| 89:08 | two things that, that will Um the signs of the sword and |
|
| 89:16 | , things like the of your breakfast . And that is um oxygen will |
|
| 89:22 | it and therefore you lose the and uh the other thing is uh something |
|
| 89:34 | , OK. And uh hopefully it'll it into the uh get out of |
|
| 89:44 | and phosphorous and then gets darker and . Um the spor and pollen stuff |
|
| 89:52 | of goes black on you. When get to the end of the oil |
|
| 89:56 | , it becomes amorphous and you can't out what's going on with it after |
|
| 90:00 | . But if you get into older uh that have nuts in them, |
|
| 90:07 | But uh in some of the things mostly gas, it can give you |
|
| 90:14 | idea of what's going on in the uh again, they start out um |
|
| 90:21 | a, from a go to a within the gas and then there's also |
|
| 90:28 | oils for doing uh resort to reserve . I did. Uh It's the |
|
| 90:34 | way you talk about that in you about. So a lot of this |
|
| 90:44 | for your benefits, although I'm not they're falling along really. Maybe I'm |
|
| 90:52 | explaining it for me. OK. uh here, here are some of |
|
| 90:58 | , uh this is just an example when they're doing a gas chromatograph or |
|
| 91:07 | or they're, they're claiming the uh hydrocarbons and uh these numbers, of |
|
| 91:12 | , I think I've shown this to of these charts here before and uh |
|
| 91:17 | C is one of the uh so is some works of the, |
|
| 91:23 | we have a uh 30 carbon atoms the molecule. Here's 33 atoms in |
|
| 91:29 | carbon molecule, but they have different and that's why they have ABC. |
|
| 91:35 | here's, here's another A for 29 in here. And uh and that |
|
| 91:40 | of thing, but sometimes they can through a lot of uh research, |
|
| 91:45 | been able to figure out what these actually are uh in, in the |
|
| 91:52 | in the carris and the, and and you, and you get these |
|
| 92:04 | I'm dragging my dad, you can a fingerprint. This is sort of |
|
| 92:09 | , a compositional fingerprint. You see , this one's high in 27 B |
|
| 92:14 | 29 B. That one's high in . So these are, these are |
|
| 92:18 | uh different compounds are coming out of particular carriage. And um and |
|
| 92:30 | as, as we, and this what you do when you, when |
|
| 92:33 | looking at something in a, in uh an oil sample and here is |
|
| 92:39 | the progressive stages of transformation of organic . Of course, you have this |
|
| 92:45 | this thing that's not dissolvable in So, uh it starts out with |
|
| 92:50 | diogenes. It gets to a point it's a Cato Genesis where you start |
|
| 92:54 | liquids and uh then you get the genesis where it's, uh it's going |
|
| 92:59 | advance and here's the Dutch person's uh Kremlin plot. And uh this is |
|
| 93:12 | you uh different types of vinite. of course, if we're looking for |
|
| 93:17 | , we often, um, we like to say the lino nights are |
|
| 93:21 | best since type one. Type two what we find in a lot of |
|
| 93:26 | systems. Uh particularly because we, have source rocks that are, that |
|
| 93:30 | close to the shelf or on the . And type two is gonna be |
|
| 93:35 | more like woody structured stuff that we in swamps and bone deposits. |
|
| 93:40 | uh, and then the merch is more like, uh like a |
|
| 93:46 | stuff that we would see with, uh harder to break down in |
|
| 93:53 | And, uh, this is where , we have the window in time |
|
| 93:58 | each one of these type. Here's oil window for this one, these |
|
| 94:03 | right in here. So here you see, uh, we can tie |
|
| 94:06 | to, um, to um, and another type of chart. But |
|
| 94:10 | is looking at the hydrogen index and , of course, hydrogen is, |
|
| 94:17 | sort of the fuel of the fuels we get out of oil, crude |
|
| 94:22 | . And so um, basically this is, uh, Lipton is |
|
| 94:29 | oil rich turns to gas at a temperature. This is the Exxon, |
|
| 94:33 | got a smaller, uh, window here we have, uh, the |
|
| 94:39 | which doesn't produce any oil and doesn't produce any oil. It all |
|
| 94:44 | goes to go ahead. I may know how to answer it. |
|
| 94:52 | so like on the gas, the , you said that it's based off |
|
| 94:59 | the oil itself, it's like, like, so like the reason I |
|
| 95:03 | a question because like, at for instance, like we clean the |
|
| 95:06 | out of the rock and then we like the paralysis on it. |
|
| 95:11 | like, what's the difference between, , directly testing? Well, |
|
| 95:14 | you're looking at the carriages but uh , but the, um, the |
|
| 95:19 | you're taking oil out because you might oil based muds and so you have |
|
| 95:24 | get that out of the cuttings. , I'm curious, but I'm trying |
|
| 95:28 | , like, bring things together. , with, with, when, |
|
| 95:32 | we work with, with cores or or anything, you know, we |
|
| 95:36 | to get, we have to get of our contaminants out of it. |
|
| 95:40 | that's probably what they're, what they're to do. If, if |
|
| 95:44 | um, if you drill a well water based muds, you don't have |
|
| 95:48 | worry about that problem as much. if you have oil based muds, |
|
| 95:51 | have to get that all of that and Hayden would be able to answer |
|
| 95:59 | question even better. Yeah. So thought it was hard. Um, |
|
| 96:08 | gas are things. Yeah. Well, doing the gas is one |
|
| 96:15 | , but 11 thing you cook it you try to generate the hydrocarbons from |
|
| 96:20 | rock and that's what you're trying to . So, you're trying to, |
|
| 96:26 | trying to get the, what's in rock to, to figure out what |
|
| 96:28 | compounds are. But, but you can do this with oils if |
|
| 96:32 | if you can isolate the oils from contaminants. OK. Here is showing |
|
| 96:45 | the vinite reflection and um in this , they're showing an oil window between |
|
| 96:53 | 3000 86 and something like 9000 And uh and here's the reflect and |
|
| 97:04 | you're getting, you're getting it in . You can also, um if |
|
| 97:08 | , if you have uh the bottom temperatures at different times, you can |
|
| 97:14 | it out on a thermal profile and what is often done. The, |
|
| 97:18 | stuff that you work with, you had a thermal profile, didn't |
|
| 97:23 | When, when you were doing petro , didn't you usually have uh temperature |
|
| 97:27 | in the wells? And um if were looking at the other things, |
|
| 97:38 | like the spores in pollen, they , they would start to get yellow |
|
| 97:43 | in here and they would start turning and get darker and darker and brown |
|
| 97:47 | this and then the condos would start about here in the gray and go |
|
| 97:52 | them uh very black, but you'd to have the right stray, |
|
| 98:02 | And this is just showing you um looking at uh it's being very |
|
| 98:14 | you're growing mature whales for well So products and uh this is kind |
|
| 98:19 | showing you uh they've calculated uh what reflect should be, the temperature pro |
|
| 98:26 | should be here. So here we've a pretty good oil window between and |
|
| 98:31 | is even better than what I was you on the other one. But |
|
| 98:34 | between about 100 and about 100 and through the year. And this is |
|
| 98:42 | two. So you can see it at about 100 but it goes on |
|
| 98:47 | a while and I think it's important notice that, that you can have |
|
| 98:56 | gas up here, which sometimes has lot to do. I think |
|
| 99:00 | uh with uh some of the early that you might see in younger sections |
|
| 99:09 | you've got a lot of hydrocarbons and is, here is one, this |
|
| 99:17 | three and you can see we've got gas heater and uh you're producing gas |
|
| 99:25 | and uh it really uh comes um, come, comes into its |
|
| 99:30 | when you get down here and uh you start well below 100 before you |
|
| 99:36 | getting a good generation of gas. this this would be, um, |
|
| 99:42 | type three, um, that's gonna primarily structured carriages. And, |
|
| 99:57 | I guess it would have helped if had a type one or type one |
|
| 99:59 | start oil generation a little bit sooner you would have, uh, you |
|
| 100:04 | have less gas. Ok. um, this is also, you |
|
| 100:10 | , getting this profile, the subsidence helps figure out a lot of other |
|
| 100:18 | . Uh One thing is as uh temperature goes up in the subsidence |
|
| 100:24 | you know, you can put depth . But what this is trying to |
|
| 100:27 | you is subsidence um relative to temperature time in the basin. And when |
|
| 100:34 | get about the same rate, about same period where you start getting real |
|
| 100:39 | , you also get for cementation, ? And what has to happen, |
|
| 100:49 | has to start happening here. What to happen here before you get |
|
| 101:02 | I think they leave out the support you start. Yeah, solutes to |
|
| 101:10 | cements, you have to get something create. So, so the first |
|
| 101:18 | , the first thing that's happening here you're getting disillusion, you have to |
|
| 101:23 | dissolution of the courts. Um And depending on which chart you have, |
|
| 101:30 | see if we go back to this , see if I can put it |
|
| 101:34 | your depth a bit. Yeah. . So here we're kind of getting |
|
| 101:47 | an oil window over here. We no idea what the profile is, |
|
| 101:50 | let's just say it's close to 100 getting about 3000 ft. Ok. |
|
| 102:04 | this might be, uh, 3000 or it might be 5000 ft. |
|
| 102:10 | what happens to Diatoms when you get close to 5000 ft? You ever |
|
| 102:21 | of people talking about diet? It only happened if they'd been replaced |
|
| 102:29 | pyro. But what happens is that , of course, um, that |
|
| 102:35 | up diatoms and other biogenic courses. They start to go in solution right |
|
| 102:41 | this point in time too. And , so the diatoms to not only |
|
| 102:46 | a more safe, just completely, haven't been replaced by something else |
|
| 102:53 | all right, it won't be in . So, um so what, |
|
| 102:59 | happens here is you're getting sea meditation you're getting this solution and you get |
|
| 103:04 | solution, you can get concentration, get concentration, you get, you |
|
| 103:09 | to have, you have to have in the fluid system. So if |
|
| 103:15 | don't get that this solution, so heat that starts. So as we |
|
| 103:19 | it deeper, it goes into solution then as it gets concentrated, uh |
|
| 103:24 | will start to cement, form And so, um, here's something |
|
| 103:35 | burial history and uh this is kind like the, remember the oil window |
|
| 103:40 | showed you, I said it could somewhere around 3000 ft. Here's my |
|
| 103:48 | and of course, it can go than this but this is when you |
|
| 103:51 | to uh start to put uh biogenic into the, into the, the |
|
| 103:58 | fluid system. And therefore you can to create some in with it. |
|
| 104:05 | um this is just showing you some the other things this is like diogenes |
|
| 104:09 | here. Um Here you can do I start uh coming out |
|
| 104:16 | we get the oil generation and this showing kind of a depth curve and |
|
| 104:21 | gas generation and again, this moves and down also depending on what the |
|
| 104:29 | terrorism. Ok. So why might be important relative to this? Someone |
|
| 104:48 | explains to you how it works. might not understand why it's well, |
|
| 104:57 | know, it'll be, there'll be indicators. However, the thing that |
|
| 105:00 | trying to figure out here is we to have an oil to migrate into |
|
| 105:06 | and this could describe this could just process. Um What else? There's |
|
| 105:16 | else really that's temperature related. um right here, this is the |
|
| 105:24 | of the oil window where you want oil to migrate to get there. |
|
| 105:30 | it's gotta be a little bit You usually see the um velocity um |
|
| 105:36 | above the oil. So it's gonna a little bit younger. But what |
|
| 105:40 | hoping for is gonna be a little like uh your reservoir may be up |
|
| 105:45 | and your oil is down here in same, so critical moment of like |
|
| 105:52 | starts, you want to have that box open. And that's, and |
|
| 105:59 | in here in the chalk fields in North Sea, you have this, |
|
| 106:05 | open velocity for the uh calcium carbonate waters. And uh with all the |
|
| 106:12 | or its and uh some of them uh charge before you lose the ferocity |
|
| 106:22 | either of these kinds of things. then afterwards, the ferocity becomes fracture |
|
| 106:29 | it wasn't in place. You you don't have, there may be |
|
| 106:34 | that, that it was in then it froze up a little bit |
|
| 106:37 | then the fracturing might have helped release . But for the most part, |
|
| 106:41 | in those chalk fields, there's like critical period of time when you had |
|
| 106:46 | have in placement to get the open . And uh and then after |
|
| 106:50 | it's all gonna be fracture process or process if that happens. But the |
|
| 106:59 | are, it's not OK. So we're looking at uh frontier exploration, |
|
| 107:05 | key elements of course are the, the source, the basin type relates |
|
| 107:10 | um input reservoir, uh the reservoir , it relates to thermal history, |
|
| 107:18 | history, types of traps and of , eventual seals. And uh and |
|
| 107:26 | photography kind of gives you um you , the in one type of base |
|
| 107:32 | gonna look very different from the next . You know, and I'm going |
|
| 107:35 | and forth with all these different they keep showing you the same thing |
|
| 107:38 | I worked with a lot of And of course, when we look |
|
| 107:41 | um um passive margins like the Gulf Mexico and East Coast and talk about |
|
| 107:47 | to see the same kinds of So they're all looking for the same |
|
| 107:50 | of targets in terms of um uh these uh reservoir rocks and how the |
|
| 107:58 | are gonna form even. Uh So stray and the structure become very important |
|
| 108:03 | . And the basin type controls a of that as well. All of |
|
| 108:12 | . So with that, we're gonna a break. Mhm Excuse me. |
|
| 109:16 | it's six. But if you have go, you can. Oh |
|
| 109:26 | but I love this one. you oh no, I understand my |
|
| 110:00 | , when my oldest daughter had something that happen, maybe we can talk |
|
| 110:06 | it another time. OK. Uh You know, we just talk |
|
| 110:41 | all of this stuff and now we're , I'm gonna show you some examples |
|
| 110:45 | each one of these examples there. Of course, this is one of |
|
| 110:52 | most important things is, is there source? And in these examples, |
|
| 110:56 | gonna point out some of these elements been really critical in the particular examples |
|
| 111:01 | looking at. They kind of want to focus on, on what those |
|
| 111:07 | as we're going through this. And I guess nobody ever got the book |
|
| 111:14 | ever get, you got the Have you read about the, |
|
| 111:19 | OK, that, um, I to present that one but it wasn't |
|
| 111:24 | interesting to me. So, and , uh, it was kind of |
|
| 111:30 | an example that, uh Lewis might looked at, you know, Lewis |
|
| 111:34 | Swarbrick are the two authors. uh, but, uh I knew |
|
| 111:39 | and, um, and a lot , a lot of what's in that |
|
| 111:42 | comes from his experiences too. And it, it was really looking at |
|
| 111:47 | prospect of one little tiny. and I, I, I'm, |
|
| 111:51 | gonna be showing you things that are , you know, um higher prospect |
|
| 111:55 | than say one Pale Zoic, somewhere in the UK. And |
|
| 112:03 | so these are the, these two the ones we're gonna look at, |
|
| 112:06 | gonna look at the South China We're gonna look at the east coast |
|
| 112:10 | the US and we're gonna look at water offshore Mexico. And um each |
|
| 112:20 | of these started with a lot of . Now, this one has made |
|
| 112:24 | to production stage. This one hasn't gotten off the great one. This |
|
| 112:31 | hasn't gotten off the ground either. one was about to take off when |
|
| 112:37 | happened, the oil spill, the oil blow the, well, the |
|
| 112:43 | blowout wasn't really a spill. It a blowout that left, left oil |
|
| 112:47 | over the, all over the Gulf Mexico. OK. So the luau |
|
| 112:57 | , see if I can do Well, I got it in a |
|
| 113:17 | spot anyway, for this one. we're kind of looking at 1982 |
|
| 113:23 | And, um, let me think in here is, was born |
|
| 113:29 | Right. Right. You, you're gonna believe this, but we used |
|
| 113:35 | look for oil back then. um, one of the, |
|
| 113:43 | you know, a lot of the haven't changed much either. Which is |
|
| 113:51 | . Do you did any of your go to whiteboards and stuff like |
|
| 113:59 | you know, whiteboards would be great of going to the chalkboard. |
|
| 114:03 | you know, when you have to around with these, these little buttons |
|
| 114:06 | stuff at the bottom of the it just eats up time anyway. |
|
| 114:12 | The major concerns in this 11 was migration over a long distance and that's |
|
| 114:17 | the number one thing that they were about. Uh nearby discoveries proved to |
|
| 114:23 | um uh proved uh long migration was , but here it was even longer |
|
| 114:32 | , than some of those. And of them, it wasn't really that |
|
| 114:35 | at all. The uh nothing they had a structural high. They |
|
| 114:41 | it might be a carbonate bank could been uh an igneous structural mass of |
|
| 114:48 | kind and not sedimentary cover. Uh therefore, the question of the reservoir |
|
| 114:54 | really big. Um It was drilled , it was, the acreage was |
|
| 114:59 | and drilled primarily on the size of structure they found. And uh the |
|
| 115:04 | was Willis Tyrell who was a um walking encyclopedia book geologist. And Harry |
|
| 115:12 | was uh one of the first people start working with uh 3d seismic at |
|
| 115:16 | at a and uh he was really . Um These two guys came across |
|
| 115:22 | and all I can tell you is show you the information they had |
|
| 115:26 | to start doing this. And of , the information got better once they |
|
| 115:31 | drilling wells and once they got uh 3d seismic going on over the over |
|
| 115:36 | acreage. But I, I think of the most remarkable things about this |
|
| 115:43 | is that I'm pretty sure everybody in room me included would have been afraid |
|
| 115:50 | risk a lot of money on this play based on what they |
|
| 115:56 | But they had the insight and they the experience and in spite of the |
|
| 116:00 | of information, they were able to a model and I played a |
|
| 116:05 | I think, a small role, they thought it was a good |
|
| 116:08 | but I played a, a small in it. We tried to explain |
|
| 116:12 | them that, you know, if these reservoir rocks are there, |
|
| 116:16 | being charged by lacustrine oils. If being charged by lacustrine oils, excuse |
|
| 116:22 | , lacustrine source rocks, there could a lot of oil mainly because they |
|
| 116:27 | they have high too CS and the formation, the third Sahai formation |
|
| 116:33 | there was the uh obvious and predictable source rock which they've seen all up |
|
| 116:40 | down from Bohai Basin all the way the eastern side of China, the |
|
| 116:45 | China Sea, uh you know, Taiwan and all that, uh |
|
| 116:49 | this basin was very extensive. And we were able to explain that, |
|
| 116:54 | know, the, it's, it's world class source rock if it was |
|
| 116:59 | to migrate. And uh that's an part. But again, I think |
|
| 117:06 | it was a small part compared to uh what they had to really |
|
| 117:10 | So here is Guangzhou which used to can Canton, the, I'll just |
|
| 117:16 | out the English transliteration of Japan of and Japanese cities is pretty weak. |
|
| 117:22 | uh Beijing, you know, Beijing easy to say, but they had |
|
| 117:30 | say Peking, you know, I , I don't know what the, |
|
| 117:33 | the deal was but uh but Canton to Canton is like, OK, |
|
| 117:40 | . Yeah. Are you sure that's or just, you're just gonna make |
|
| 117:47 | a word? That sounds good. . So anyway, they um here |
|
| 117:51 | our contract area. It was a good uh area. The discovery well |
|
| 117:55 | the uh 1 11, 1 A , I think it's va because they |
|
| 117:59 | to uh sidetrack a little bit because some uh oh hang ups and |
|
| 118:08 | I don't remember if it was a a pipe issue, a drilling pipe |
|
| 118:13 | or a uh uh a bit or or even some casing issue, but |
|
| 118:18 | had to do a sidetrack. And that's sort of where it is uh |
|
| 118:24 | to all of China. And uh is a scale down here 200 |
|
| 118:30 | And so you can, this is a pretty good size uh bit of |
|
| 118:36 | . And uh here is where the and the discovery were within that, |
|
| 118:42 | that big uh area. Here's, that block that was highlighted. X |
|
| 118:48 | is uh something that looks structural here here. I'm gonna show you some |
|
| 118:54 | of some of these wells that were some of there are wells in this |
|
| 119:00 | . Some were very close to the rock. Some were farther away from |
|
| 119:04 | source rock. This was actually even away from the source rock than any |
|
| 119:08 | those. And uh and none of were uh deemed significant enough to |
|
| 119:15 | So, when, when they came here, there wasn't any production, |
|
| 119:18 | wasn't a good model. There wasn't good play concept except that they knew |
|
| 119:22 | of them. Uh some of the were occurring in limestones um uh during |
|
| 119:31 | relative low stands where there was exposure a of a high stand carbonate uh |
|
| 119:38 | get some buggy porosity. So the wells were in 80 clients above the |
|
| 119:45 | kitchens. Uh Some of them were little bit off luau structure did not |
|
| 119:51 | a source kitchen area. Um Oftentimes was limited degradation of the dis |
|
| 119:58 | Uh the oils and limited migration. term migration uh in general tends to |
|
| 120:09 | volatile, making the oil thicker. normally when you see something like in |
|
| 120:15 | , there's long migrational pathways. So lot of the oil in Venezuela is |
|
| 120:22 | and biodegraded by bacteria. Normally that gradation eats up the the lights, |
|
| 120:27 | lights hydrocarbons before it heats up the heavier hydrocarbons. Did I already explain |
|
| 120:32 | to you? It seems like I a little bit. I don't |
|
| 120:39 | Anyway, um anyway, the, problem, the problem with me teaching |
|
| 120:43 | course is kind of exposure to the and I then I show you this |
|
| 120:47 | in detail, but I know all bits and pieces all the way along |
|
| 120:50 | path and sometimes I bring them bring up examples too quickly. So |
|
| 120:54 | , this uh this is what you have expected. Uh Again, my |
|
| 121:02 | this would have been my contribution. were trying to show them how important |
|
| 121:07 | was the uh the Chinese interpretation that marine shail underneath this, this ig |
|
| 121:17 | . And they were having trouble figuring what the hydro chemistry was, but |
|
| 121:21 | were with otra gods. We, know exactly what it was. We |
|
| 121:25 | that this was non marine and it saline alkaline as, as opposed to |
|
| 121:32 | carbonate enrich and sodium chloride dominated marine . Uh you can get saving lakes |
|
| 121:39 | are like marine waters or the other pathway that's uh sodium bicarbonate enriched. |
|
| 121:47 | uh this is kind of the um . This was in the paper I |
|
| 121:52 | with uh in uh 1986. And this was the section and this, |
|
| 122:01 | was based on their interpretation. Um this came from, from the Chinese |
|
| 122:10 | , they call this normal continental this was transitional continental marine type. |
|
| 122:17 | they were kind of looking at it an estimate. But basically, there |
|
| 122:21 | an estuary down here in the uh the for Sahai. So they had |
|
| 122:27 | low to CS but up here in high to CS because the hydro |
|
| 122:32 | when the basin closed, you shut the marine hydro chemistry and the runoff |
|
| 122:37 | this uh sodium by carbon enriched uh chemistry. And uh this has shown |
|
| 122:49 | um some of the uh the structural and um this is a messy, |
|
| 122:59 | is a messy, but these are structural loads, these are where the |
|
| 123:03 | were. And here is the So we have this long distance to |
|
| 123:08 | to it. In fact, this had to kind of like that. |
|
| 123:11 | kind of was uh just if you at the stray and the structure, |
|
| 123:15 | the migrational pathway was extremely long. here um this was a one time |
|
| 123:25 | um a continental SAG on the But uh I think nowadays it's interpreted |
|
| 123:35 | part of a rift, a failed system similar to the North Sea. |
|
| 123:42 | you can kind of see the it looks like that. And you |
|
| 123:46 | , um, this is near the of the tertiary, getting close to |
|
| 123:51 | . Uh Here we have some helio . Anybody know what uh what units |
|
| 123:57 | in the paleogene. See, this all so important. Well, what |
|
| 124:08 | , what are the, the major ? I won't even tell you uh |
|
| 124:12 | or errors or anything like that. The gene is part of the |
|
| 124:21 | It's the bottom part of it. it usually includes the Iliac scene, |
|
| 124:30 | Eocene and the Paleocene. We used call it the lower church, but |
|
| 124:37 | gotten rid of that sort. And then above that is the |
|
| 124:42 | the myo will be in the OK. So here's the top of |
|
| 124:47 | maya scene and this, it's unlabeled , but this is, and the |
|
| 124:55 | and then these are, and what do you think the little dots |
|
| 125:23 | ? But if we go back to , there's a paling jean source |
|
| 125:32 | Here's a jean source rock. So saw rocks probably here. This is |
|
| 125:43 | legacy conglomerate. Where do you think Iliac conglomerate came from? So it's |
|
| 126:05 | to the uh collision of uh India uh Asia, the Himalaya Mountains. |
|
| 126:14 | um yeah, there are, there a lot of stc structural geologists here |
|
| 126:18 | weren't aware of this conglomerate, but that kind of changed their ideas uh |
|
| 126:24 | it. Uh When I was, I explained some of this to some |
|
| 126:27 | our faculty uh when I first got . But nevertheless, uh this is |
|
| 126:33 | , this is the, the symbol often used for. So OK. |
|
| 126:40 | here is um here they had shows the upper legacy and then, and |
|
| 126:49 | these shows were saying, you there's oil in this conglomerate and that |
|
| 126:55 | have been the uh the Conduit to to some of these other things. |
|
| 127:02 | . We had a source rock here a well that d drilled down into |
|
| 127:05 | source rock. Uh They didn't have shows uh up in here. And |
|
| 127:11 | and you know, you didn't really any good show, but the shows |
|
| 127:14 | actually uh in the kitchen. So here, uh they found something that |
|
| 127:20 | like um the Conduit, it might able to produce some of these |
|
| 127:31 | In other words, you get generation oils hits in here and, but |
|
| 127:37 | structure there wasn't right to capture OK. So here is uh |
|
| 127:47 | the luau structure and um here's the the mass right here. Here's that |
|
| 128:03 | . Yeah. And then just above , uh you're gonna have some uh |
|
| 128:07 | a, on a bank. Um was that s a, in |
|
| 128:17 | in the background where the source rock and uh you know, it looked |
|
| 128:21 | it would be really close to get e but it actually had to, |
|
| 128:25 | way the structure is, it had flow this way in a conglomerate could |
|
| 128:29 | up this way uh to get to reservoir of. And here, here's |
|
| 128:39 | showing you exactly what it looked Here's the, this is it, |
|
| 128:47 | someone to give source rocks and off the like uh sag here's the |
|
| 128:58 | and it's coming from pitching way over and it's coming round and then back |
|
| 129:03 | here, it's charging the limestone bang through here. And this was the |
|
| 129:11 | that we thought was best because it exposed. Some of these uh lime |
|
| 129:16 | here may not have uh rosy but this was at the peak of it |
|
| 129:22 | uh freshwater rain fell on it and buggy process from the cross section. |
|
| 129:30 | can't really tell that. But if understand some of these models that form |
|
| 129:35 | , uh then you can kind of that that's what would have happened and |
|
| 129:40 | it could have happened and that's what did. And uh this is a |
|
| 129:45 | up of the, of the Uh Here we have some limestones, |
|
| 129:51 | very top of it, the top those uh carbon and paint deposits had |
|
| 129:57 | porosity in them. And uh and uh what the reservoir rock ended up |
|
| 130:05 | . What's the brown stuff in Aren't limestones usually white. Come |
|
| 130:19 | guys. Why do you think this looks sort of brownish? Yes, |
|
| 130:29 | , it's so, yeah, it's got some oil in it. |
|
| 130:34 | And, um, here's a piece limestone and piece of limestone you can |
|
| 130:40 | here there's like bugs in here. there's all this and here's a, |
|
| 130:53 | , this is a fire buggy But, uh, here you can |
|
| 130:56 | in the blue is the fro in , in the rock and uh get |
|
| 130:59 | close up of it and see the granular um ferocity here. And uh |
|
| 131:09 | it also had uh intra granular, know, frosty within some of the |
|
| 131:13 | . Like there'd be a limestone fragment had frost in it and uh had |
|
| 131:19 | to 33% ferocity and up to 7000 . So if you're looking at a |
|
| 131:27 | oil that's 7000 milli dacy is a thing to have. This is kind |
|
| 131:36 | uh what it might have looked like it was exposed. But obviously, |
|
| 131:42 | level would have been a lot lower you might have had these limestones that |
|
| 131:45 | being exposed to uh freshwater rain. . This is what I think is |
|
| 131:56 | when they uh purchase this. They two D size. They, and |
|
| 132:02 | they found this structure, they used Ma and Rab to realize that uh |
|
| 132:08 | was a sediment tree veneer on top it. It wasn't all igneous. |
|
| 132:13 | uh and then they saw this, , I am potato when they |
|
| 132:26 | And, uh, you can see kind of like here. You have |
|
| 132:30 | , um, backs stepping carbonate You know, there was one |
|
| 132:35 | then the sea level rose came up and then another one here and then |
|
| 132:41 | one there. So for anybody that be watching this on tape, it's |
|
| 132:51 | that easy to see the back stepping . But if you, if you |
|
| 132:55 | up to here to this one, you're looking with us, or you |
|
| 132:57 | see uh the back stepping here then there's another back step and another |
|
| 133:04 | step and the pay is up This is the highest one that got |
|
| 133:09 | the most and uh had the greatest and the conglomerates underneath it, which |
|
| 133:17 | the migrational pathway. I can't do down here. So how many of |
|
| 133:24 | would propose drilling a well based on ? Who would have the courage these |
|
| 133:33 | had experience? And they, they that this was, this was too |
|
| 133:37 | to not, there was this gigantic . There wasn't another structure like this |
|
| 133:41 | those other ones as if you noticed some of them were like buried hill |
|
| 133:47 | oh Paleozoic things, but they weren't uh but they were just these uh |
|
| 133:54 | of pinnacle remnants of sedimentary rocks sitting top of igneous rocks. And uh |
|
| 134:01 | they, they didn't have uh this broad and widespread thing. I think |
|
| 134:08 | called it a whale is what they it somewhere up here. I don't |
|
| 134:13 | . Yeah, it's one of these save the whale. But here it |
|
| 134:16 | again, here is, um here's uh basically the conduit, here, |
|
| 134:26 | some limestones in here and there's the limestones and it migrated up through |
|
| 134:33 | brought up this fault and perhaps some the other faults from the other direction |
|
| 134:38 | uh build this uh charge this reservoir uh in between those two parts. |
|
| 134:47 | here's what it looked like the structure on the top of the carbonate. |
|
| 134:52 | you had um you know, you something that's kind of like an and |
|
| 134:58 | and it's got froy, it was a build-up carbonates sitting on top of |
|
| 135:05 | mass with uh lots of well developed . This is the Isaac map uh |
|
| 135:13 | on Isaac map. Um basically looking the uh the full thickness of the |
|
| 135:21 | limestones and uh trying to subtract a uh uh component to, in other |
|
| 135:30 | , if you have, you had ferocity and you have that much of |
|
| 135:35 | limestone that's within the oil water This is how much we would have |
|
| 135:39 | it was all porous. But as turns out, it wasn't after we |
|
| 135:43 | some 3d seismic and I think even multi components uh seismic, uh they |
|
| 135:49 | able to differentiate between low porosity and porosity. So they knew they needed |
|
| 135:54 | get straws in these high porosity units produce as much as they possibly |
|
| 136:06 | And uh as they got uh 24 wells and more uh seismic data, |
|
| 136:12 | were able to break down does uh and low porosity zones that they were |
|
| 136:18 | to do earlier into uh to um more foursomes uh that could be |
|
| 136:31 | So, uh as it turns there's a couple of neat things about |
|
| 136:39 | . Remember I told you this um was very long, right? Normally |
|
| 136:47 | bacteria um breaks down the, the hydrocarbons and, and uh feeds off |
|
| 136:54 | light hydrocarbons first. In this the bacteria that was uh actually did |
|
| 137:01 | opposite. They broke down a lot the, uh the heavy hydrocarbon compounds |
|
| 137:06 | the smaller hydrocarbon compounds. And even was uh 19 degree oil. |
|
| 137:13 | it, uh it had a uh poor temperature of 55 degrees, |
|
| 137:18 | is a pretty, pretty, pretty temperature for a, um for a |
|
| 137:23 | viscous oil. And so the viscosity the oil actually was degraded so that |
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| 137:30 | had lower viscosity because it was breaking some of the larger hydrocarbon chains. |
|
| 137:36 | that's something they, they, uh , they couldn't predict, but that |
|
| 137:39 | a bonus. So, how big you think this field was, there's |
|
| 137:53 | 2 billion barrel field and uh there's another thing that I can give |
|
| 138:00 | and this is frontier exploration, what could go wrong. Um, they |
|
| 138:08 | figuring out the cross probability zones and figuring out ways to focus on |
|
| 138:17 | you know, like right in here that, and then that don't work |
|
| 138:22 | or just in there and perp in tighter stuff, you might pull in |
|
| 138:26 | water oddly enough. But that's the it works. And, uh, |
|
| 138:31 | , they, while they were drilling , uh, 24 development wells, |
|
| 138:36 | actually were uh figuring out a better to lift the oil. And |
|
| 138:41 | as the cost of lifting the oil down, the Chinese government kept raising |
|
| 138:47 | um lifting taxes. So, like they could do it for um, |
|
| 138:53 | $15 a barrel and they got it to 10, China would add $5 |
|
| 138:59 | barrel on the taxes. And so just kind of gave up on it |
|
| 139:05 | sold us. They farmed it But uh, but they did do |
|
| 139:11 | , uh they, they pulled up F BS O or something like that |
|
| 139:14 | just a tanker that was there for while and they did a million |
|
| 139:18 | they did a million barrel um, flow test and uh they were able |
|
| 139:25 | produce a million barrels and they shipped right away to Japan when they, |
|
| 139:29 | when they filled up the tanker. um, is that a million |
|
| 139:34 | I think it was 100 might It was a, it was a |
|
| 139:36 | barrels and they, uh, shipped to Japan and they were able to |
|
| 139:40 | for a lot of the drilling and with, with the, with the |
|
| 139:43 | from that. And China didn't charge the lifting fee for, for just |
|
| 139:47 | a test. So they ran a long test. So, I guess |
|
| 139:51 | thought, well, you know, they're gonna play games with us, |
|
| 139:53 | try to play games back. uh, these kind of things can |
|
| 139:57 | in any country. Ok. Uh here's the next one we're gonna look |
|
| 140:03 | and this one is, um, gonna be um, the east coast |
|
| 140:12 | doing great for time. So, , uh these were 10 oil and |
|
| 140:19 | lease sales between 1976 and 1983 and leased all these blocks. Um, |
|
| 140:28 | nobody drilled anything. Uh They drilled exploration and five cross wells. These |
|
| 140:33 | like no outer shelf test will or like that. It was kind of |
|
| 140:40 | research paid in part by the in part by the oil companies. |
|
| 140:46 | uh, they're pretty good wells. uh, so they had all these |
|
| 140:51 | drilled in these uh these planning So they had all this data but |
|
| 140:56 | they hadn't done much work with it they weren't able to really get |
|
| 141:00 | uh to a point that they thought would have a source for as, |
|
| 141:04 | , as I was mentioning earlier, know, the, the comes to |
|
| 141:11 | right here actually. And you've got the mountains are in here. But |
|
| 141:20 | , the founder of the Piedmont comes like this. And uh and so |
|
| 141:27 | have sedimentary cover in here, probably close to 3000 ft here. It's |
|
| 141:32 | than that over here in South Uh Is that just ends up going |
|
| 141:37 | this name in Alabama where the Bucks up this way? And so you |
|
| 141:43 | have something that's easy, easy to . A lot of the really wells |
|
| 141:48 | drilled on the outer banks because they getting far offshore without going offshore, |
|
| 141:53 | to speak. And, uh, had a lot of data and, |
|
| 141:58 | , five wells discovered some hydrocarbons um, this got shut down in |
|
| 142:08 | . Yeah, because they hadn't been to prove anything was there. And |
|
| 142:14 | before the BP oil spill in the Obama administration said they were gonna |
|
| 142:20 | this up in 2011, I think what, what would it be that |
|
| 142:25 | coming up here in a minute? . And, um, by the |
|
| 142:34 | , I grew up right here, Beach. Great place. We used |
|
| 142:39 | , um, load up our surfboards our scuba tanks and we'd come down |
|
| 142:44 | here and we could go off, could swim offshore and find, |
|
| 142:48 | shipwrecks. If the water was If the water wasn't clear, we |
|
| 142:52 | , uh, when it was we could surf So we have great |
|
| 142:56 | until we all almost got killed in current. But, uh that was |
|
| 143:00 | got, we all got through it . Uh, here you can see |
|
| 143:04 | is kind of, uh, you're off shore in this direction, this |
|
| 143:08 | getting opened up, uh for lease . Um If, if the BP |
|
| 143:15 | spill hadn't happened and that opened I'd probably be living in Virginia Beach |
|
| 143:18 | now and have my own oil company uh because I knew I know uh |
|
| 143:24 | dissertation was on the stratigraphy of this . And then when I worked in |
|
| 143:31 | , that would be the younger And then the older sediments are similar |
|
| 143:34 | what I saw in the North And so here here is uh some |
|
| 143:41 | what came out of all those wells I showed and listed the numbers of |
|
| 143:46 | and uh fair art comes in here uh Cape Fair right here, Cape |
|
| 143:58 | , like read about it. The Carolina, North Carolina, here's the |
|
| 144:02 | Georgia and Damon. I don't have section there, but it gets, |
|
| 144:05 | gets thicker even down there. I have liked to have seen any something |
|
| 144:09 | here here. You can see that they're looking, they're trying, they |
|
| 144:14 | gonna have some drilling going on somewhere this area and uh and here are |
|
| 144:22 | cross sections and uh you can see , what kind of uh what does |
|
| 144:28 | look like after all, we've been about what is this? Excuse |
|
| 144:38 | Well, there's growth faults in But what is, what is, |
|
| 144:41 | is this part right here look What did you say? OK. |
|
| 144:54 | does look like a rip basin. what part of the rip would, |
|
| 144:58 | it, is it prepped rift or this right in here is all, |
|
| 145:10 | other words, this is rifting and in with sediment. OK? And |
|
| 145:15 | was, this was part of the . This is the east coast or |
|
| 145:19 | side of the rift that formed that of the Atlantic Ocean. OK. |
|
| 145:27 | uh here you can see some carbonate and here, here's one of the |
|
| 145:31 | that drilled. Um Here they actually some salt. OK. What does |
|
| 145:44 | mean? That means it's similar to we see in South South America |
|
| 145:52 | Um Here's some igne igneous stuff on , but you get off the top |
|
| 145:55 | you go out here and you're looking a thicker wedge of sediment. So |
|
| 145:59 | on the coast, you can see what the sedimentary wedges is really |
|
| 146:03 | Here's the sedimentary wedge here. And this would be this kind of, |
|
| 146:09 | get down here in the southern We start seeing uh some things farther |
|
| 146:15 | uh that get deeper and deeper. here, I'm gonna show you uh |
|
| 146:23 | the cost one ge well and uh then a few other wells off here |
|
| 146:32 | this is um this is near the this one is, there's the Southeast |
|
| 146:41 | which is goes out on the lake and you get some really thick sediments |
|
| 146:45 | here and here is here, is particular, well, and uh you |
|
| 146:57 | anything on here that looks, looks to you on this. So you |
|
| 147:05 | don't know your uh sometimes the first you should do is memorize all of |
|
| 147:12 | stages. So you understand what some these plays are. But uh here's |
|
| 147:18 | ball and uh does anybody know approximately area that's in? This is |
|
| 147:34 | age is, age is gonna be to a building at this stage. |
|
| 147:39 | from here, this like I already as well. Oh, well, |
|
| 147:54 | a guess. So it's actually a thank you for for. But uh |
|
| 148:03 | would be the lower quotations. The the salt uh offshore of Brazil are |
|
| 148:11 | this just happened. OK. And this is the, this is the |
|
| 148:18 | tertiary boundary and the precious boundary. uh right there, the um it's |
|
| 148:26 | spelled wrong, but it's the This is the way Americans used to |
|
| 148:30 | it. And here's the uh a here. So this represents the end |
|
| 148:37 | the ancient dinosaurs, beginning of the mammals. And uh and here is |
|
| 148:44 | upper upper part to be the face the cur almost um big chunks of |
|
| 148:52 | are missing, but all of the pota sitting in here, sitting on |
|
| 148:57 | , but uh in places where you more sedimentary cover, you actually get |
|
| 149:02 | to um uh the Asian and then get down to something that could be |
|
| 149:12 | a and the, just below the the, is the, is that |
|
| 149:22 | ? It's the world class, marine shale all over the, all |
|
| 149:28 | the world actually. Stuff of that . So, here's, here's a |
|
| 149:33 | of the wells and they've just shown they're only getting down to the |
|
| 149:36 | You only get down to the You're only getting to uh where is |
|
| 149:43 | ? It's not even here. it's, well, it's missing. |
|
| 149:47 | , you can see here. Um is the section and you can see |
|
| 149:52 | Semans missing here. So they have little bit of Tyron uh in |
|
| 149:56 | well, and there it is right and then there's an un con and |
|
| 150:00 | that's the Ge one. And then Devonian and here's the cost. You |
|
| 150:05 | the cost has stuff that's older than Sentman. And um and of |
|
| 150:13 | , because GE had stuff all the down to the val. Uh But |
|
| 150:20 | part of the section you're show, showing, you just shows you that |
|
| 150:23 | breakdown. Here we go. Um here to the cost and look at |
|
| 150:29 | one here. You can see, just told you here's the Aribbean Bainian |
|
| 150:39 | the North Sea. Almost all the missing by the way and, and |
|
| 150:43 | over there knew it to explain But uh here's the, um, |
|
| 150:48 | bar, just the lower part of upper of the lower part of the |
|
| 150:52 | Cretaceous. This right here is the Jurassic boundary. This is the tip |
|
| 150:59 | then right underneath that should be the uh uh in parts of the |
|
| 151:04 | , the Kim region comes up into tith and there's a different stage on |
|
| 151:09 | of that in, in the boreal . And uh this is a bit |
|
| 151:13 | a complication, but nevertheless, uh getting really close, close in |
|
| 151:18 | well, you're getting very close to source. I think that's the thing |
|
| 151:23 | you need to do. So they put a lot of other wells |
|
| 151:29 | in this uh in this collection that was showing you and they didn't |
|
| 151:35 | they, all they've had is this , this was like in 2008, |
|
| 151:39 | started working with this company uh just I was able to help them understand |
|
| 151:45 | of the stray they were looking And um all they had was two |
|
| 151:51 | seismic, but they had software package you could load two D seismic and |
|
| 151:56 | and create a uh 3D grid uh on the two D seismic. |
|
| 152:04 | it's like fence diagrams and you connect fence diagrams and uh here's some of |
|
| 152:11 | representations they got out of it and with all the well data and the |
|
| 152:17 | data, they have, they were to tie um top of the Jurassic |
|
| 152:23 | this, I presume this would be Jurassic down here uh because they didn't |
|
| 152:28 | a well that penetrated it, but were able to uh pretty much uh |
|
| 152:32 | out where these horizons were in the . And here against the top of |
|
| 152:37 | Jurassic, get to the mid Gim play is only so, uh |
|
| 152:43 | other words, the sedimentary wedge there , has to include some Cambridge plan |
|
| 152:49 | similar to what we see in the Sea and also between um Iceland and |
|
| 152:56 | and Greenland and uh in Canada. , uh again, these are |
|
| 153:07 | the key horizons and, and I a big uh feel about this and |
|
| 153:14 | , this was a little feather edge the tim in that one. |
|
| 153:19 | and uh skim ridge clay, the that was farther offshore actually saw sedimentary |
|
| 153:27 | uh that were deeper than the. , um given that, how are |
|
| 153:37 | doing for time? Are you OK. You need to take a |
|
| 153:43 | . OK. We'll keep going. um here's that, that point. |
|
| 153:52 | um here is uh the M MS this in 2008, November 2008, |
|
| 154:02 | sale 2 20 to be I was about that 2011. Uh Then, |
|
| 154:11 | they decided uh from 2012. But in 2010, the Madonna well blew |
|
| 154:20 | and in May, uh, you , two weeks later or three weeks |
|
| 154:25 | they shut it down. I didn't . But, um, so |
|
| 154:31 | this is an area that's, that's the east coast. And, |
|
| 154:39 | for example, if, if we able to, um, you |
|
| 154:43 | there, there have been a lot chemical, uh, plants in this |
|
| 154:48 | . There's also a huge population just of this, um, Denver, |
|
| 154:53 | is right there and you get up up here, you get to, |
|
| 154:56 | , Manhattan, Long Island and, , um, New Jersey. Anybody |
|
| 155:05 | New Jersey. Yeah, I I have relatives and, and that |
|
| 155:12 | in New Jersey but they, they up in and, uh, |
|
| 155:17 | it is a pretty straight in a of places. But, uh, |
|
| 155:19 | I used to drive up here as kid, it was not like, |
|
| 155:25 | one of the things I'm trying to out is there's a population that needs |
|
| 155:29 | little bit. They win the There's a, there's a chemical facilities |
|
| 155:36 | that can be updated and turned into through on acres and want to build |
|
| 155:42 | on that. They might be able get permits. Um, like a |
|
| 155:47 | story short, the amount of pipeline need to get this stuff. If |
|
| 155:50 | , if you were able to produce would be here too. So, |
|
| 155:53 | of the bright spots in this as as nobody would want something, |
|
| 155:57 | no one would want an oil spill , but they definitely wouldn't want one |
|
| 156:01 | here on the east coast. But they were able to uh start drilling |
|
| 156:05 | and producing oil and gas, the costs would be a lot less than |
|
| 156:09 | would be somewhere else. Uh including Gulf of Mexico. And you |
|
| 156:14 | the way the Gulf of Mexico is , they have millions of miles of |
|
| 156:18 | , but it still costs a lot money to transport the material in those |
|
| 156:23 | . Uh Here, the transport transportation Boston, maintenance of these uh any |
|
| 156:29 | coming on shore would be very uh know, it'd be short and it |
|
| 156:33 | get, it would get the, would get the product in the market |
|
| 156:37 | quickly. So that's some of the things about them ever doing in terms |
|
| 156:42 | an environmental hazard. They're all Uh Some people think it's OK to |
|
| 156:47 | oil in the Gulf of Mexico, most people who live there don't think |
|
| 156:51 | . And uh and so it, the kind of thing that we uh |
|
| 156:54 | continue to uh try to avoid. uh so the key to this one |
|
| 157:03 | really the geologic section here that we quite get into uh the Cambridge |
|
| 157:11 | But with this seismic and looking at high the horizons a little bit farther |
|
| 157:16 | of our drilling, we're able to that there's probably a good sedimentary wedge |
|
| 157:20 | there. It supports a uh uh source rock is a world class source |
|
| 157:28 | and has been buried deep enough to generating hydrocarbons. I don't know if |
|
| 157:34 | noticed the depths while I was going this. But here you can see |
|
| 157:38 | 15,000 ft section like one of So you're gonna have, uh you're |
|
| 157:43 | have things uh in the oil some will be in the gas. |
|
| 157:53 | uh, so that's so the, key here is, is uh there |
|
| 158:00 | a potential source before people started looking it with, with these simulated 3d |
|
| 158:06 | sections farther out in the uh data . Yes, it could be a |
|
| 158:14 | shot. The closeness to the market a, is a very good |
|
| 158:20 | And um and then there's also is example of environmental concerns which are justified |
|
| 158:28 | times uh can have an impact on uh the rate at which you |
|
| 158:33 | this. Now, if uh if have uh continued short shortages for a |
|
| 158:38 | time, it's always possible that this come back on the market. Uh |
|
| 158:42 | we can't build up the energy from uh alternates that we're hoping for. |
|
| 158:51 | . Uh The last example that we're go into is is the Gulf of |
|
| 158:56 | . And uh this is um a seismic line that uh Andrew Hartwig uh |
|
| 159:07 | on. Um this was his Capstone and James, I don't know if |
|
| 159:14 | know Jim Pindell or James Pindell, a famous um uh tectonics and uh |
|
| 159:22 | guy uh does a lot of stuff the Gulf of Mexico. And uh |
|
| 159:27 | helped uh work with this interpretation. then we had another uh geophysicist, |
|
| 159:32 | processing geophysicist from the University of Texas helped us. And then, uh |
|
| 159:38 | uh worked for Ion Geophysical and I , I think they've, uh they've |
|
| 159:43 | down finally, but uh hopefully they'll back soon and he'll be back uh |
|
| 159:48 | that. And uh this was back 2012. This is kind of the |
|
| 159:55 | of the seismic and you guys see lot of interpretation there. It's kind |
|
| 160:02 | hard to see anything. Well, did a, he did a little |
|
| 160:06 | more work on it and we used M and the first time migration and |
|
| 160:15 | he was able to come up with horizons. And uh what do you |
|
| 160:21 | this is right here? Is he , a little bit of spreading out |
|
| 160:35 | uh of the Gulf of Mexico? um he, I don't have the |
|
| 160:43 | ages on here. So, but get to him. But uh but |
|
| 160:46 | think the most important thing was UT this data for um I think close |
|
| 160:55 | 20 years, these regional lines. uh Andrew was able to get a |
|
| 161:00 | of it and, and uh re reprocess it and reinterpret it. He |
|
| 161:05 | several different uh processing methods and I the R RT M uh turned out |
|
| 161:10 | be the best one. And so went there, but every, every |
|
| 161:14 | of these sections was uh done um different uh migration and techniques to try |
|
| 161:24 | come up with something that gave us most coherent image. And of |
|
| 161:29 | uh Bengal was really excited about this to be a, a unique uh |
|
| 161:35 | basin margin. It, it's hard uh to uh justify on any other |
|
| 161:44 | on an margin, pushing margin. uh and some people argue about |
|
| 161:49 | but you can see here the, amplitude of the um reflectors and that |
|
| 162:00 | kind of scrunched down. You have stretch this out to get it to |
|
| 162:03 | reasonable. But a lot was going in that part of the section just |
|
| 162:07 | our um where we get it higher changes in this particular starts to look |
|
| 162:15 | little bit weird, but we're really on, on all the way across |
|
| 162:18 | Gulf of Mexico. He also did these other lines that aren't highlighted up |
|
| 162:24 | . Um They go almost all the to Florida when I think this goes |
|
| 162:28 | to Tulsa, Oklahoma, some of regional pipelines and uh they're sorting out |
|
| 162:35 | lot of different issues. But the thing for cap was to see if |
|
| 162:39 | was any prospect toity out here where had drilled. And of course, |
|
| 162:46 | here's uh we're down in the Here's the, we've got some salt |
|
| 162:52 | here, but we've got some so above it and uh and hear a |
|
| 163:00 | uh uh reservoirs. Here's, here's rest of the uh things to find |
|
| 163:14 | . So the world has seen. somewhere here is the earliest and about |
|
| 163:22 | the uh Jackson and then uh there's and then on top of it. |
|
| 163:32 | so, uh we were looking at of these other things that might hear |
|
| 163:37 | so related full of turbo sands Um There's some deep cretaceous professional effects |
|
| 163:46 | you can hear. Here's a folded sands adjacent to and, and this |
|
| 163:54 | sort of uh underneath the outboard salt it was a big part of the |
|
| 163:59 | water play for a while. And and then there's uh some rusted lights |
|
| 164:05 | here that could create traps. But again, here's the Jurassic source |
|
| 164:14 | oh, probably hemorrhaging in age or little bit younger. And here is |
|
| 164:21 | uh related Botox deposits. And uh here, they don't look so spectacular |
|
| 164:30 | . But if you get these these are my favorite ones and Tuscaloosa |
|
| 164:46 | in the upper creations here uh that kind of uh these things and some |
|
| 164:53 | them might even be ripped. But uh and the Wilcox there are these |
|
| 164:59 | that look like turbo deposits and these massive fields and you're getting this high |
|
| 165:04 | in your tube, which is The same thing with these, the |
|
| 165:09 | problem with, there's a, there's big problem with this and I don't |
|
| 165:12 | if people are looking at it um, uh, this is |
|
| 165:17 | uh, this is plot. I don't know that, that time |
|
| 165:24 | think it's, but here, um, the, uh, some |
|
| 165:35 | the main things but, uh, thing that's important here. Uh |
|
| 165:41 | this is kind of a summary of whole thing. But, so what |
|
| 165:44 | seeing in this one is there's a of stuff offshore in the Gulf of |
|
| 165:51 | . Some of these are deeper. But the the water depth here I |
|
| 165:55 | is in some places like 6000 to , maybe 10,000. So water depth |
|
| 166:01 | be too hard for them to I don't know if they'll ever get |
|
| 166:05 | . But uh this thing uh is interesting and uh when I um teach |
|
| 166:15 | biography, I tie this into the of dump that base dumps out into |
|
| 166:22 | area right here. And this is the same time that some of those |
|
| 166:27 | were going in a kind of big . So it's, it's like an |
|
| 166:30 | of the fans from there. But are a billion barrel size fields if |
|
| 166:35 | they are, in fact. So this one is uh interpretation was a |
|
| 166:42 | now that we can see some of horizons and there's a lot of potential |
|
| 166:47 | uh that could be drilled uh uh look like they could be very |
|
| 166:53 | And that's basically what it was identified we know there's a source, |
|
| 166:57 | So one of the things that's missing though this technology in the technology. |
|
| 167:03 | so, uh again, uh if , if we start running out of |
|
| 167:08 | where we're already planning it, there's places to go. And so to |
|
| 167:19 | up this whole this whole lecture, you know, you need sediment, |
|
| 167:27 | sediment accumulation. Now, remember the rock and the luau structure was a |
|
| 167:33 | veneer, but it had sediments on of it. So uh they were |
|
| 167:38 | to essentially seal it. There were shells on top of it, they |
|
| 167:42 | able to seal it. Um So of the source to the seal and |
|
| 167:47 | trap and um you know, looking the subsidence curves, we didn't have |
|
| 167:54 | subsidence curve on some of these but showing you the full section and |
|
| 167:58 | thickness of that section suggests that uh had a long period of burial and |
|
| 168:04 | and in fairly deep sections in, all of this area, the Gulf |
|
| 168:08 | Mexico, there was no problem uh in uh the east coast where that |
|
| 168:13 | always the problem. Uh You could that you got farther off shore where |
|
| 168:18 | seismic extended. Uh there definitely was a picking up section of the temperature |
|
| 168:24 | rocks. OK? And of timing is part of all of |
|
| 168:29 | Uh when you look at some of uh very faint things, faint seismic |
|
| 168:37 | data sets that actually have high amplitude sometimes. Uh that's a really good |
|
| 168:43 | that there is something there that's a . And um I think I've told |
|
| 168:48 | this before, one of the ways to actually just to distinguish between some |
|
| 168:58 | these would actually be to xerox it and over again. And every time |
|
| 169:01 | xerox it, you increase the contrast that contrast helps you see some of |
|
| 169:06 | things that the differences may be But uh this and this may jump |
|
| 169:14 | against some of these other things uh we're seeing over here. And uh |
|
| 169:19 | of course, some of his uh did that anyway. OK. |
|
| 169:30 | um this, this is sort of if you're gonna get tested on |
|
| 169:36 | I might ask you this, what some of the obvious concerns of either |
|
| 169:40 | of these three examples? Do you think you could explain any of them |
|
| 169:46 | me? Well, let me ask this, what was the biggest issue |
|
| 169:52 | the luau structure beyond that? What the one thing that seemed to be |
|
| 170:00 | difficult to justify? OK. The pathway? OK. What, what |
|
| 170:10 | , what's the problem with the Virginia sale? Verifying that we had section |
|
| 170:25 | source rock, you know, it like we do but we didn't have |
|
| 170:29 | well in it, did we? . What about the Deepwater Gulf of |
|
| 170:33 | . What's the biggest problem with that to drill in the, in the |
|
| 170:39 | ? A lot of the, a of the plays that we're on the |
|
| 170:41 | we already know about, but that of those Deepwater ones, uh, |
|
| 170:47 | really significant and, uh, I , it's like if you could drill |
|
| 170:51 | deep, we'd probably be able to it. Ok? With that, |
|
| 170:59 | will take a break and nobody told to record, OK, we've been |
|
| 171:32 | mentioning all these things, but uh we're gonna, now we're gonna be |
|
| 171:44 | at ex exploration slash exploitation and it's the results of this that help |
|
| 171:52 | sort of move into that. And I'm gonna get through a list |
|
| 171:57 | kind of go through this. but, you know, for |
|
| 172:01 | we're really focusing on basin wide right? And that's sort of the |
|
| 172:07 | of the prospective area. Whereas like con unconventional, as you're in the |
|
| 172:11 | of the prospective area, working your out to see how far it extends |
|
| 172:16 | . You already know where you're Uh you already know where it's good |
|
| 172:19 | that's you go where the oil was . Uh But here, here we |
|
| 172:26 | we're kind of focusing on things more the scale of um what we |
|
| 172:33 | I'm gonna wait until I get there say it. But, but we're |
|
| 172:36 | to look at these elements in, closer detail for specific things that, |
|
| 172:41 | help us um come up with with a good thing uh that really |
|
| 172:48 | on the seal and the trap uh . And uh at this point, |
|
| 172:56 | kind of think we have something that's charge it, but that still can |
|
| 172:59 | a risk factor. But the, , but the trap in the reservoir |
|
| 173:03 | the most important thing. When we into exploration more or less, you |
|
| 173:08 | , you can never get rid of um source rock, but it becomes |
|
| 173:13 | of the focus of, of what gonna do. OK. Um Exploration |
|
| 173:23 | begins with the successful, yeah, reservoir and a trap model. And |
|
| 173:36 | and that's something that's really important. uh to get it into the concept |
|
| 173:42 | something we're gonna do with exploitation, have to take it from uh what |
|
| 173:46 | call um playing in a flake fairway you're gonna be talking about near the |
|
| 173:52 | of this session. Um So we know a lot's going on by |
|
| 173:57 | time we get to this, at we think we do, we've risked |
|
| 174:00 | a bit of good uh good Um Other words, when they started |
|
| 174:05 | the second wells and, or looking that basin to see if there was |
|
| 174:10 | else like it for exploitation. Um know, they already had a pretty |
|
| 174:15 | idea. Again, ultimately, the and the trap and that seal on |
|
| 174:22 | trap is gonna become the more critical . And here is uh sort |
|
| 174:30 | I, I brought this up when were running through everything at one |
|
| 174:34 | But so this trap right here, this is an oil water contact or |
|
| 174:39 | here forecast petroleum water contact, then would be um sort of the geometry |
|
| 174:46 | our trap. The seal had there to be a seal above it. |
|
| 174:50 | know there's a fault seal here. know there's a fault seal there, |
|
| 174:55 | we know we need to have some of top seal here as well. |
|
| 175:01 | , every time we look at this over here called the Prospect, we |
|
| 175:07 | to uh really focus on this and in the trap. So, uh |
|
| 175:14 | topics in here, we're gonna look some, some unique things about seals |
|
| 175:18 | this uh closer level. Uh You just had uh Steve Nas class. |
|
| 175:26 | have some of his slides in so I won't talk about him too |
|
| 175:29 | , but it kind of relates to seal issue. And uh did he |
|
| 175:33 | about membrane seals at all? Is , I don't think he still believes |
|
| 175:46 | , but it's, there's a whole of petroleum geologists that don't quite get |
|
| 175:51 | . Um But we, but uh probably been 13 years now. Exxonmobil |
|
| 175:57 | a lot of research on it and some of the other uh big oil |
|
| 176:02 | have done it and it's obvious one the reason we have gas clouds is |
|
| 176:08 | not because we've got lots of um seals, but because we have a |
|
| 176:14 | of things called membrane seals. So gonna be looking at that, we're |
|
| 176:17 | look at some of the different uh configurations. In other words, we're |
|
| 176:21 | look at some depositional environments and some the, some of the models that |
|
| 176:27 | related to that, that have been in a lot of the oil and |
|
| 176:31 | production over the years in many different areas of the world. Uh We're |
|
| 176:37 | mention a little bit about source and , uh maturation of migration. We're |
|
| 176:43 | really talk about another, another detail this. Uh I think we kind |
|
| 176:49 | , I kind of let some of story out as we go along, |
|
| 176:54 | uh we're gonna clarify some things for uh maturation migration. Uh We're gonna |
|
| 177:00 | looking at the trap envelope and what means to recognize that trap, the |
|
| 177:07 | is part of that trap. And the um quite often the trap has |
|
| 177:15 | top ceiling also has a ceiling. so um it has sort of a |
|
| 177:23 | feature and it also has a sediment . And then we're gonna look at |
|
| 177:28 | concepts which I've been wanting to say whole time. And I've probably said |
|
| 177:32 | few times is what a play and play fairway is. I think at |
|
| 177:35 | point in time I told you, uh a play is, is what |
|
| 177:42 | chasing when we're doing frontier and kind , uh, taking advantage of what |
|
| 177:48 | is and looking for it throughout a fair way is kind of what exploitation |
|
| 177:54 | . And then, uh, it's important to have an idea what the |
|
| 177:57 | of a lead and a prospect. you want somebody to drill a |
|
| 178:02 | if he's got no guts, you to make sure you have a |
|
| 178:05 | If they have, if they have lot of uh tolerance to risk, |
|
| 178:09 | might actually drill well with just a , uh, particularly if they're trying |
|
| 178:15 | , uh, to, uh, something early on. In other words |
|
| 178:21 | they're well out in, um, the structure like to me was a |
|
| 178:27 | . Anything they drill on the Atlantic is gonna be a lead till they |
|
| 178:31 | find something. It'll be a lead that. Uh They're gonna be able |
|
| 178:37 | better to find what a prospect is of there, but they'll also come |
|
| 178:40 | with the thing to keep all in . In other words, how do |
|
| 178:44 | know, uh exactly what section to for and what, what types of |
|
| 178:50 | to look for? The, the really comes in when you move to |
|
| 178:55 | faster play in the play, fair , usually relate to the rest of |
|
| 179:01 | world, relate to the seal, reservoir and the source, the lead |
|
| 179:06 | the prospect are actually when you add a trap, you know, why |
|
| 179:13 | Americans cannot separate these two. But book was written by some folks from |
|
| 179:19 | UK and I think they give you good reasons for separating those two |
|
| 179:27 | Ok. So, um, first all, there's, there's additional |
|
| 179:32 | But uh the ones that I want to understand is, is these things |
|
| 179:35 | membrane seals. Because uh these have lot to do. I think with |
|
| 179:40 | we have, um, a lot seeps while we have chimneys. And |
|
| 179:47 | think they also relate to the um ce sc boundary super hot period called |
|
| 179:57 | pe TM. But in the ma think it's because of membrane seals, |
|
| 180:04 | were opened up when the uh uh of Mexico had a dropdown due to |
|
| 180:11 | to closure of the opening of of the Gulf of Mexico. And |
|
| 180:15 | a significant evaporation rate, it was quick. But when it, when |
|
| 180:19 | reduced the um the overburden of the of Mexico from the reservoirs that had |
|
| 180:28 | seals, it changed the class of from something that was holding the oil |
|
| 180:33 | to something that was letting it leak . And, and so a lot |
|
| 180:37 | the reservoirs um previous to this, if, if you're alive during the |
|
| 180:44 | , you can control them. Uh the, when the Gulf of Mexico |
|
| 180:48 | had had a big effort in the seal starting to heat and |
|
| 180:53 | they leaked a lot of hydrocarbons put lot of CO2 and methane in the |
|
| 180:58 | , some of it caught fire and there's lots of evidence of uh of |
|
| 181:04 | in, in many places at the tm. I think it has a |
|
| 181:08 | to do with why that happened on , on a larger than looking for |
|
| 181:14 | scale. Ok. So good traits a good seal are highly impermeable, |
|
| 181:23 | core size, usually fine grain high activity. I think I showed |
|
| 181:27 | this slide before already fixed Strat unit extensive. Uh The key is |
|
| 181:36 | In other words, uh pressure can put on it, but it doesn't |
|
| 181:40 | , you know, con down like balloon. Uh Some of the maximum |
|
| 181:45 | surfaces actually are no more than a of feet thick and in some |
|
| 181:49 | even less, but they're highly ductible therefore they, they don't break the |
|
| 181:53 | doesn't break you push on it. just kind of, it's like a |
|
| 181:57 | . The elasticity of um of the shale in the Scott field between the |
|
| 182:06 | major Scott field re reservoirs was just and it explains why uh they had |
|
| 182:13 | , the oil water contact above the sand, even though it looks like |
|
| 182:17 | were charging from the same system dip down structural dip uh and laterally |
|
| 182:26 | . What, what have you been all, all uh uh what have |
|
| 182:30 | imagining been imagining? I know that has been working on his correlation |
|
| 182:36 | But what was, what, what the focus on that correlation exercise in |
|
| 182:40 | of what to do first look at shales shell resistivity markers. And so |
|
| 182:56 | are laterally extensive, which is another why they make good seals. In |
|
| 183:00 | words, they cover the whole they'll go all the way from the |
|
| 183:03 | of the structure, all the way to the bottom of the structure and |
|
| 183:07 | that to the conduit to uh sometimes help uh channelize the migration in charge |
|
| 183:15 | a of a reservoir. OK. here is uh did um did Steve |
|
| 183:25 | you this tire because this is out your book. So even back in |
|
| 183:34 | 2004 people in Europe actually understood something this. And I know uh when |
|
| 183:42 | was lecturing on this and 2000 55 get really pissed off at because they |
|
| 183:49 | couldn't believe this word. But here have um a seal. Yeah, |
|
| 183:56 | we move this way and the chart is going up as we go this |
|
| 184:02 | . It's yeah. So when depth goes up and this right here you |
|
| 184:09 | a pressure gradient because it's a line you know that that's great. The |
|
| 184:16 | pressure is going up with depth, a great and this is also a |
|
| 184:24 | , OK. The shallower it is we go from death depression, the |
|
| 184:36 | is going up, it's a higher . In other words, they have |
|
| 184:41 | higher rate of change like this, I do like that. This is |
|
| 184:47 | low rate of kidney and that's important remember that the line here is a |
|
| 184:55 | change. That's a low rate of because it doesn't change very much over |
|
| 185:01 | distance. The same, same unit , a lot changes from here to |
|
| 185:07 | . This one just goes from from here to uh you know, |
|
| 185:16 | that, that much the rate of is very slow. OK. This |
|
| 185:23 | um the buoyancy of of the fluid the oil water, this is the |
|
| 185:30 | , petroleum grain in the petroleum grade here. Um In any, in |
|
| 185:35 | any case, if this is oil gas, you're gonna have something that |
|
| 185:39 | like this, you know, like if you have oil and gas, |
|
| 185:42 | might be like this and gas might like that. Ok. So let's |
|
| 185:51 | assume right here that this is, they're saying this is a free water |
|
| 185:56 | , this is an oil gradient right . And if we have this differential |
|
| 186:08 | the pressure from these, in other , this is what hydrostatic pressure |
|
| 186:14 | which is what it is over But over here, we have this |
|
| 186:18 | pressure that's pushing it over here. we have that force against the membrane |
|
| 186:24 | here. It's trying to push through break through the membrane ship, not |
|
| 186:30 | , it work its way through. capers are not necessarily kept but the |
|
| 186:39 | and the poor throats. But but it is like capillary pressure. |
|
| 186:45 | . Here is, here is the for that. And um I just |
|
| 186:50 | down here, that row is this little thing here and that just means |
|
| 186:58 | . Uh This, don't you guys mathematical formula? The thing about them |
|
| 187:05 | you have to know what all the are and um that's regular in |
|
| 187:14 | this funny pee is, it's gonna what it's gonna be. And uh |
|
| 187:22 | so that in itself is a But anyway, the, um the |
|
| 187:27 | of buoyancy is equal to the density the water, the density of this |
|
| 187:33 | it gives you the differential pressure in also. Um You can't see it |
|
| 187:39 | here's an H over here, got thing. Uh I'm having a hard |
|
| 188:05 | doing anything in this mode. I can't even find my cursor even |
|
| 188:11 | it's see, I, I can't it on my screen, but I |
|
| 188:19 | if I did this, I, just have to look at the screen |
|
| 188:26 | normally when I look at the screen get lost because it's like, where |
|
| 188:31 | I? Um That's why I can you, you know, here's a |
|
| 188:38 | line that I'm close up. OK. I know. Um I |
|
| 188:46 | I'm getting old but it's, that's the problem. It's all about |
|
| 188:52 | OK. So anyway, here's the . And so, so obviously the |
|
| 188:56 | is a is a problem. And I know a lot of people talk |
|
| 189:01 | this. But one of the, of the amazing things when I first |
|
| 189:05 | read this book was it. I always knew people were doing things |
|
| 189:12 | . But a lot of times exploration I was a production geologist and I |
|
| 189:17 | knew that the water column, I , the oil column was never very |
|
| 189:20 | on a, on a reservoir. this is why, because the greater |
|
| 189:25 | height, the more the differential on seal is gonna be and sometimes that |
|
| 189:32 | is enough to fracture the rock in case of a hydraulic seal. But |
|
| 189:36 | often it's, it's able to leak what we call a membrane seal. |
|
| 189:52 | . So now it's, now it's being the problem. Ok. Let |
|
| 190:07 | see if I can go back. . Well, anyway, um, |
|
| 190:15 | lot of uh a lot, a of what has to happen with, |
|
| 190:19 | the tension, the certain tension And uh it really bothers me that |
|
| 190:24 | uh later this is, this is , but this, this is supposed |
|
| 190:28 | be water here. This is supposed be oil, right? And they |
|
| 190:32 | the arrow, the arrow goes like into the oil, but this is |
|
| 190:36 | to be water. Um It was mistake in 2004 and it's popped up |
|
| 190:42 | 2 21. And uh what can do? All I can tell you |
|
| 190:48 | I could give you a lecture that . But uh obviously, as this |
|
| 190:55 | gets bigger, it makes it easier anything to get through. So the |
|
| 190:58 | throat is really the confining thing on these membrane seals. And uh |
|
| 191:05 | of course, the greater the uh difference between the, the water gradient |
|
| 191:17 | the uh oil right here is that buoyancy pressure on it. That's, |
|
| 191:24 | a um nothing I do is OK. Here, here's just another |
|
| 191:38 | uh from another book, explaining it a little bit more detail. And |
|
| 191:43 | course, uh this angle and the here has something in surface tension. |
|
| 191:48 | has something to do with how much course it takes the driving force to |
|
| 191:53 | the oil through that port. And happens even in porous rocks. So |
|
| 192:01 | it's not just, it's not just less porous or low uh um low |
|
| 192:10 | rocks, but even even in permeable , no, these forces are taking |
|
| 192:17 | . But when you get to something less permeable and acting as a |
|
| 192:21 | if you increase that, that uh pressure by making the height hut greater |
|
| 192:29 | greater and greater, you end up more force on it. And prior |
|
| 192:34 | , to me seeing this, I knew that this was a problem |
|
| 192:37 | reservoirs but explorations that didn't do developmental didn't often ever, they handed the |
|
| 192:45 | off on somebody's grill. Then I to the but uh they quite often |
|
| 192:54 | uh in these things called Bob I think this thing is good. |
|
| 192:58 | they would, you know, say was a false here, there, |
|
| 193:02 | , they might do something like this a possible contact. So they would |
|
| 193:13 | , you know, here my it's average uh 200. Sometimes it |
|
| 193:20 | like, but a lot of times doesn't. But, um, you |
|
| 193:26 | , you know, 3d side if working really well, if you have |
|
| 193:29 | right energy. So you might not able to see that when you saw |
|
| 193:35 | . And uh this uh this might 1000 ft, you understand, that |
|
| 193:47 | like, you know, I think gonna be and until I, until |
|
| 193:52 | saw this book, um and then stuff from Exxon Mama, you |
|
| 193:57 | I, I kind of knew this , was kind of real unrealistic, |
|
| 194:00 | then it was hard to uh to it because I, I never uh |
|
| 194:05 | saw it in a textbook or And II, I work with geologists |
|
| 194:10 | last week that have no idea what membrane seal is still. So I |
|
| 194:13 | , I don't. So I think important that, you know what these |
|
| 194:16 | and uh this is uh looking at um the um but the pressure is |
|
| 194:24 | you have to overcome and of um as that radius gets larger, |
|
| 194:31 | bigger number, it's dividing it. it takes less pressure. Uh you |
|
| 194:36 | , you don't have to memorize I think what's important is that obviously |
|
| 194:40 | , the bigger the core throat, less pressure it's gonna end up |
|
| 194:44 | I mean, it's, you it doesn't really take math to understand |
|
| 194:48 | . And, uh, but math you understand it a little bit more |
|
| 194:52 | . So I put that in there , um, the hydraulics seal |
|
| 194:58 | uh, it requires such a uh, entry pressure. In other |
|
| 195:08 | , maybe the pores are really small there's no boys at all. |
|
| 195:13 | Like like a really well cemented lifestyle gonna have gonna have to break it |
|
| 195:18 | . And so it's gonna take a uh pressure to actually cause that. |
|
| 195:24 | if you have a, um you , a real thick bed of highly |
|
| 195:27 | limestone as your seal, that could really good. But the other thing |
|
| 195:32 | anything that's brittle can fracture. um it's, it's only a seal |
|
| 195:38 | it hasn't fracture. Ok. as such, um I'm gonna show |
|
| 195:51 | several classes of seal and this really to do with the holding capacity |
|
| 195:57 | of the, of the seal. other words, if um the quest |
|
| 196:08 | seal when a trap reaches a structural like this, and I, I |
|
| 196:19 | , I think, rather than read out loud or explain it to |
|
| 196:22 | Um First, I'm gonna uh show this diagram which was from our |
|
| 196:27 | I don't like the idea that. , it's clear and gas it's |
|
| 196:33 | Um So I got this is out an original article which isn't beautiful |
|
| 196:39 | But uh here you can see the stuff is fluttered, the dark stuff |
|
| 196:47 | well and the light stuff is So that, that I think this |
|
| 196:50 | visually a better uh example. And that's, that's where a lot of |
|
| 196:55 | comes from is the sales started in . So people were doing this before |
|
| 197:00 | 2004. And, and uh this , this is class one. And |
|
| 197:13 | is this? What is this trap ? Let's look at that. One |
|
| 197:24 | those traps has excess excessive seal The other ones have less seal capacity |
|
| 197:37 | even less seal capacity. And it has to do with graphic too. |
|
| 197:48 | , this is kind of based on I have a residue that's continuously being |
|
| 197:53 | , what's gonna happen? Why is no oil in here? OK. |
|
| 198:07 | just said this one has excessive traffic . It's still the best. This |
|
| 198:14 | has less seal capacity. This has seal capacity. A couple of |
|
| 198:20 | You know, there's, there's a between the seal and the trap. |
|
| 198:24 | this I think might help people understand . The seal has a strength. |
|
| 198:29 | seal has so much strength part of is because the hydrocarbon column is |
|
| 198:35 | But uh you could have a higher column and still have this this |
|
| 198:40 | But what happens if you have constant of too face, you wanna get |
|
| 198:49 | the one on the left. Why it only got to, let's just |
|
| 199:01 | this is full of water and and it starts to chart and oil |
|
| 199:05 | gas comes in here, you're gonna filling up a gas gap, filling |
|
| 199:09 | a gas gap, filling up a gap, filling up a gas |
|
| 199:12 | And, uh, eventually it's the tap and the period and this oil |
|
| 199:18 | so gravity is playing a little you know, it's like an upside |
|
| 199:22 | cup. Instead of falling down it goes up a little disappointed. |
|
| 199:28 | oil is more buoyant and uh, more dense. It can't displace |
|
| 199:34 | You ever see, uh, you , this disaster movie when people have |
|
| 199:41 | underwater and that as long as all water, of course, how does |
|
| 199:50 | start to Co2 Co2 72? So start to lose your, uh, |
|
| 199:56 | oxygen, then you can breath. , but anyway, this, this |
|
| 200:00 | , this has enough seal that you , you can, it won't break |
|
| 200:05 | it's not gonna get past the So here's the close. Now, |
|
| 200:11 | this thing had excessive, if this a class one traffic with that |
|
| 200:16 | In other words, we had a nice, no gas would be coming |
|
| 200:19 | of here, but this still would up with gas and eventually spill over |
|
| 200:23 | . Be all gas. Ok. the difference is this doesn't leak |
|
| 200:33 | So it builds up your gas. one leaks only gas. So it's |
|
| 200:39 | fill up with gas and wood. ? Because the gas is leaking. |
|
| 200:46 | isn't gonna do this. It's not do this. It's not gonna fill |
|
| 200:51 | all up. If, if for reason the seal was tighter, this |
|
| 200:57 | eventually do exactly what this did. the difference between class one, two |
|
| 201:03 | three is this will, the easiest to leave is gas. This doesn't |
|
| 201:09 | leave things. This one only leaks , this one leaks. Why did |
|
| 201:15 | put a question mark there. You a question mark there because it depends |
|
| 201:27 | to a certain extent what the ratio gas escaping is to oil migrating |
|
| 201:34 | If you're getting more gas for eventually this will fill up your gas |
|
| 201:40 | though we're sleeping and then oil could get in there and there wasn't any |
|
| 201:46 | . So you might, you might up getting, you know, a |
|
| 201:49 | bit of oil down here pulling up here but leaking, leaking and |
|
| 201:54 | and the gasses dribbling out a little slower. So class one doesn't even |
|
| 202:03 | us, you know, gas gas is gonna, gas has that |
|
| 202:08 | and gas is also there's a higher permeability. So because it's because the |
|
| 202:20 | type is, uh, this is and uh here you're talking about gas |
|
| 202:31 | versus big oil leaking. Ok. um there's both a seal issue here |
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| 202:40 | a disco issue between this and so this can, this can only |
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| 202:47 | up with gas. This one only gas, this one can leak uh |
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| 202:52 | and oil and the gas, oil will depend on where this balance is |
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| 202:58 | . Ever. See that. And this is class one, class two |
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| 203:14 | class three. And I just showed the original diagram because it, I |
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| 203:19 | it the, the coloring the shading more sense. Hey, yeah, |
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| 203:31 | are membrane seals. Uh If, uh if this was a hydraulic |
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| 203:38 | this was a hydraulic deal, it break and just keep it, it |
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| 203:42 | hold anything. You, if you a hydraulic seal, it's him, |
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| 203:48 | was showing you a lot of It, it's either empty or |
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| 203:52 | It gets to a certain point and , it's in, OK. So |
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| 204:06 | is what it looks like. This a class one trap, not a |
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| 204:12 | of trap, but a class one because of the seal strength. |
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| 204:20 | a lot of times I like to these seals instead of traps, but |
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| 204:24 | is the glass one trap and here's seal string. Um that trap, |
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| 204:36 | got gas and then here's the gas . OK? And if, if |
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| 204:43 | plotted this like this, what's gonna ? Here's the spill point right |
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| 204:59 | here's the maximum gas gradient over See, here's the gas gradient that |
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| 205:05 | the, the car, the seal , the seal could build this up |
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| 205:10 | this level. Is that like? this is the spill point. So |
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| 205:18 | gonna be spilling gas, it's gonna gas and oil but nothing was. |
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| 205:26 | this is this column. In other , if the column smaller and |
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| 205:36 | in other words, if the spill up here, the seal strength would |
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| 205:40 | excessively. But if the spill went , remember, we're looking at this |
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| 205:46 | over here. If the spill point down, that spill point could go |
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| 205:51 | to here. Here's the gradient you're down, we could have a column |
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| 205:54 | thick. I knew the strength of . I would know that any map |
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| 206:00 | drew could have a spillway down to and hold the gas and that's, |
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| 206:08 | kind of what's critical. You can draw maps to meet the data. |
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| 206:12 | we like when we got um the on the, on the ice |
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| 206:16 | we could, we could actually figure what the hydrocarbon column could be for |
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| 206:20 | that particular one at the top of sand. Um I think it was |
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| 206:27 | Scot sand. The bottom one became Scot and the top one was the |
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| 206:31 | sand. The piper had a different but the Scot was on that. |
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| 206:34 | shall. OK. Here's another, is what, what I do skip |
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| 206:45 | the uh the very end. Let me do uh a type two |
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| 206:52 | I go do a type. I know why. I think I was |
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| 206:54 | to show you the, yeah, was trying to show you the range |
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| 206:59 | things. Here's the class three which the opposite end. It's leaking |
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| 207:05 | Why is it leaking everything? Because a gas contact here and there's an |
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| 207:11 | contact down here. And so here's gradient at this, at this |
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| 207:19 | If it tries to go any it's got, it's got a |
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| 207:25 | And so this is the maximum possible column because if he goes beyond |
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| 207:34 | it's the pressure is greater than the . This is the maximum possible |
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| 207:43 | If it goes any deeper than you can't speak if this is a |
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| 207:48 | point. Uh What's controlling that from leak from uh from actually spilling |
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| 208:04 | It's not gonna, it's never it's never gonna reach the spill point |
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| 208:08 | because the way the structure is, , we've got a spill point that's |
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| 208:13 | than the gradient will allow us to . Ever see that. That's one |
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| 208:20 | the differences between um I go all way back here. This is never |
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| 208:34 | and spill because it's leaking, it reach spill because it's because it's already |
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| 208:40 | through if you try to fill it . So this has excessive spill, |
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| 208:45 | has excessive seal and this is in . Does everybody get it? But |
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| 208:54 | are things you've done. Um What is, this is kind of helping |
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| 209:04 | understand, like if you drill into reservoir and it's oil and gas, |
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| 209:08 | may be going on. But the thing is, is, is as |
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| 209:13 | , we try to make Isopack maps we try to make oil water |
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| 209:18 | So we try to guess where they're be before we drill it. And |
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| 209:22 | this is trying to, to show is that you can't make your oil |
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| 209:25 | too big, you make your oil you make your oil and gas column |
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| 209:29 | big. It's gonna leap. That's this is leaked. It hasn't even |
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| 209:34 | the spill point. Even though you a structure. Maybe I need to |
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| 209:44 | because this is a really important concept your match within geology. I have |
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| 209:50 | fault like this. Yeah. OK. I think I have a |
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| 210:29 | . Yes. So this, this the top of the structure minus 5000 |
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| 211:10 | minus 5100 and 50. OK. I, when I see this you |
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| 211:20 | have or anything, you don't see structure that looks like this maybe have |
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| 211:24 | size line or, and I can the concours are doing that, but |
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| 211:36 | is my point on that structure. . Oh oh For sure. If |
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| 211:56 | have something like this, you might this. That's just now that something |
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| 212:04 | was going on. Maybe I couldn't it early and I close it like |
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| 212:13 | , say I have this thing and figure out if the pressure will allow |
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| 212:16 | a certain height and, uh, height is only 200 ft and this |
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| 212:24 | this interruption. Each is only, only 200 ft and they'll start |
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| 212:31 | So they had a, based on , I knew something about, I |
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| 212:37 | know that I can't, you can't this and we can make it |
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| 212:44 | that I'm not gonna get a hydrocarbon . And, uh, also |
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| 212:51 | uh, if I get this hydrocarbon , this thing, it's gonna start |
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| 212:55 | in this case. As long as charging, it's gonna just keep |
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| 212:59 | but I'll have it, there's gonna a gas. So, um, |
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| 213:10 | , whenever you're uh growing a pleasure is really important and uh, |
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| 213:17 | you don't even have information, you kind of figure that someone when you |
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| 213:22 | your own that, you know, enough on there for you to figure |
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| 213:27 | what the closure is. You uh, volume, volumes can almost |
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| 213:33 | to compare this out. And, , something I don't put in there |
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| 213:39 | tell you what you see what's gonna . But I'm sure. But I'm |
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| 213:43 | gonna, nevertheless, um, closure really important. That's what this is |
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| 213:51 | about. And you may, you see something, it has this kind |
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| 213:57 | closure, but you're overlooking the fact the seal may already be leaking too |
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| 214:04 | and you'll never fill it up with . Other words, here's my |
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| 214:09 | We've never drilled here before. I the sand is gonna be up to |
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| 214:13 | ft thick. Not, and that's you need to know this. You |
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| 214:24 | to, in other words, your your closure needs to be uh the |
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| 214:31 | needs to be realistic. So, what might actually end up happening if |
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| 214:39 | have any data, if you have side show here and we're not gonna |
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| 214:50 | this in anyway, this would be because the seal was, instead of |
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| 215:00 | all the way down to that spill , this would be that spill point |
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| 215:04 | the edges over there. And that's it's important. And here's the one |
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| 215:13 | the middle where, um, just you filling it up. Um, |
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| 215:24 | spill, we see it's spilling. if you took, if you take |
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| 215:30 | gas off of it, see what feeling, spilling oil because, because |
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| 215:38 | gas is displacing the oil. But you took the gas out of |
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| 215:42 | you could bring this all the way here and it would still, it |
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| 215:47 | still work. Yeah, like I can't go on. Let me |
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| 215:59 | if I can. This is long that looks pretty close by. |
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| 216:17 | um, so sometimes on a test , I might give you a diagram |
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| 216:25 | asking you if it could leak Is it leaking or is it sick |
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| 216:31 | can you, can you add Can you add more? In other |
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| 216:35 | , this one you can add more to it if there was, if |
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| 216:39 | was no gas and the gas is and that's a, that's a class |
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| 216:48 | two where just gas leaks at the , oil spills at the bottom. |
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| 216:56 | . And I think most of I think all of you have seen |
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| 216:59 | . Uh And so here's, here's of uh um some of what uh |
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| 217:08 | Steve show you this diagram and what was trying to show you here is |
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| 217:18 | , you know, you have these where you're gonna reach the fractured gradient |
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| 217:23 | um depending on where you drill your , uh you're gonna have a week |
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| 217:33 | not a week and you're gonna have that look like they should be |
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| 217:37 | But they're not because they've exceeded the gradient. OK. Here is um |
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| 217:47 | another thing that happens and this is of showing you the same thing. |
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| 217:53 | um this however, is never displacing . So this has to be uh |
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| 218:01 | last two for class three because um there wouldn't be any oil in |
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| 218:07 | Yeah, but it was a class . So this is allowing the |
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| 218:12 | some oil to get in there, it's spilling out and it spills it |
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| 218:16 | here and it spills it up But, but uh one of the |
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| 218:20 | that this diagram is trying to show is uh if you have excessive seal |
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| 218:27 | , you're gonna have filling spill and this is gonna have yes, the |
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| 218:33 | oils, this is gonna have heavier oils and when that spills |
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| 218:37 | it's gonna be heavier oil still. that, that's one way we |
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| 218:46 | Um, and do that here here's an example of uh class one |
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| 218:54 | class three. And when you're drilling a gradient and you come up higher |
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| 219:00 | higher, uh you lose the the seal strength relative to the ambient |
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| 219:07 | and it starts to leak out. now um I don't have a lot |
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| 219:16 | , but I don't know if we any real information on anybody's done any |
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| 219:21 | , but I suppose somebody has. um but you know, fault faults |
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| 219:26 | dynamic can be dynamic and when they , there's only one, there's only |
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| 219:31 | thing that you can imagine could Uh They have to dilate a little |
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| 219:36 | so porosity opens up and uh and become conduits. But if they're not |
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| 219:42 | and they're not moving, yeah, they're, they're gonna be like a |
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| 219:48 | sea and they have to be And uh and sometimes uh if they |
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| 219:54 | up just a little bit, they be like membrane seals and then a |
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| 219:58 | fluid at one time. But usually happens is it dilates enough that you're |
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| 220:02 | get a lot of out of But uh one of the things that |
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| 220:06 | need to understand is that the juxtaposition a fault next to a reserve work |
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| 220:14 | another potential recipe and these cartoons look complicated, but they're also very |
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| 220:23 | And, um, here is what we have here? We do, |
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| 220:37 | what is, what is in terms seals and traps, what we have |
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| 220:42 | ? I've used expression but it's not here. This would be like a |
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| 220:47 | secret. Ok. And this is you that it's leaking something. |
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| 220:55 | um, whether or not it's built seal. Uh First of all, |
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| 221:03 | on whether or not the strength of keeps it to me. If it's |
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| 221:11 | , it will only stay build uh long as it's being charged. |
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| 221:17 | But uh so this, this particular pointing out that there's risk to a |
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| 221:23 | se this part of the diagram over , we have a fault here and |
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| 221:33 | doesn't necessarily need to be leaking But that little inflection right there is |
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| 221:37 | you that if you have a reservoir up against a fall, you have |
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| 221:44 | reservoir unit on the other side of , this false seal is at |
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| 221:50 | In other words, this is an of the risk of the whole |
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| 221:55 | This is an indication of the risk . However, if you put, |
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| 221:59 | you put the leak right here, would be um built built to the |
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| 222:07 | , there can be no leaking. is built to fault gouge if that |
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| 222:15 | gouge was there, but this could anywhere. And uh this is not |
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| 222:20 | to capacity. If there's no leak , this is built to structural |
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| 222:27 | As long as this doesn't start heating we fill this up higher and higher |
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| 222:32 | higher, we get to have a opportunity of that starting to be. |
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| 222:37 | , in this, you know, lot of the fault seals are associated |
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| 222:41 | , with structural rollover or something. you're always gonna have a top |
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| 222:45 | We're gonna be looking at these in in a minute, but here's the |
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| 222:50 | seal. Every, every, almost structural thing has a top seal and |
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| 222:55 | fault seat. Ok. Uh, it's just an anticline, let me |
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| 223:07 | say this is gonna be a Yeah, but what's the seal or |
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| 223:26 | the trap, the trap? We almost the same thing. Ok. |
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| 223:31 | this is 10. So there's a of risks here. Here's the spill |
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| 223:39 | . Here's the spill point. If charging this up and it's all |
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| 223:46 | it might fill up with oil, . It's got all the gas and |
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| 223:51 | and this is. Oh, And well, just completely solved. |
|
| 224:03 | one. Guess. Class two, gonna be. Yes, I'm |
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| 224:16 | Yes, it is so beautiful. three might have something like this. |
|
| 224:40 | . They never, they never they never reach because that's, |
|
| 224:52 | that's that if you put a one this not saying here, um, |
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| 225:05 | still always have seal is an Gonna be an issue over here if |
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| 225:13 | some kind of along this boundary and around the. So there's a lot |
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| 225:23 | geometry involved in this. This is you draw cross sections and maps. |
|
| 225:30 | . So one of the things that use to um to measure the strength |
|
| 225:38 | a fall and I'm not gonna go each one of these, but I |
|
| 225:44 | invite you all to look at But here's uh where we have multiple |
|
| 225:50 | and uh this is looking at a at a single point in the |
|
| 225:55 | And uh this is looking at the fault plain and just different ways that |
|
| 225:59 | can kind of figure this out if have multiple reservoirs and you know where |
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| 226:03 | are, um this is ways to up with uh here's the reservoir, |
|
| 226:09 | the clay, uh make a long short, the worst deal you have |
|
| 226:15 | there, the more likely you will it's looking at the OK. |
|
| 226:23 | here you're just looking at one sand a complete distance. If you have |
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| 226:27 | lot of shale in between it, a good chance the shale gals will |
|
| 226:31 | it and you won't get deep across like this. OK? This |
|
| 226:38 | you have intervals. So you have do the different intervals and the difference |
|
| 226:42 | them and between each one of how much difference is between here, |
|
| 226:48 | much difference is between this one and one and of course, it depends |
|
| 226:52 | exactly where it is. But uh, you're trying to figure out |
|
| 226:56 | shale gas to sand the tighter It's the same way over here. |
|
| 227:02 | here we're looking at the whole distance here's what is the seal at this |
|
| 227:09 | or this point, uh, in particular, um, uh, |
|
| 227:17 | Other words, do I have he over here or? And when the |
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| 227:21 | are so far separated, there's a chance there's, there's nothing gonna |
|
| 227:25 | Does everybody see that? And um , this uh you can look at |
|
| 227:33 | formulas and, you know, it's summing up, feel the thickest square |
|
| 227:39 | from the source. You know, all the same kind of thing. |
|
| 227:44 | , you know, I don't see point in memorizing. I think the |
|
| 227:47 | is, you know, if you isolated sands, it's probably a better |
|
| 227:52 | than if you don't, you have of sands across, you can get |
|
| 227:57 | leaking. And this is um, is something that's called a pressure or |
|
| 228:05 | seal that some people call a hydraulic because it's gonna get so strong that |
|
| 228:11 | have to fracture. But uh this kind of a rare thing where, |
|
| 228:17 | you get um overpressure on either side this thing and it's got shales in |
|
| 228:23 | like a little sandstone here that pressure pushing on the shale making that yesterday |
|
| 228:30 | . What time is it? my gosh, I'm sorry. |
|
| 228:34 | No, you're good. I said gonna stop. I don't want, |
|
| 228:38 | , no, no, he just going. Who is this guy? |
|
| 228:47 | ? This is kind of a, special one where you have, where |
|
| 228:51 | have an, an over pressured pushing on a scale into another sand |
|
| 228:55 | blood pressure. And uh, so it does is it takes all these |
|
| 229:01 | sediments and them and uh it makes a tighter seal. That's why it's |
|
| 229:06 | dynamic. Because if something changes in pressure balance, it, it could |
|
| 229:10 | fall apart. In other words, , if you start producing this, |
|
| 229:18 | pressure gradient is gonna get greater and gonna squeeze and squeeze, but it'll |
|
| 229:21 | fracture. And I, and I some of those were happening when I |
|
| 229:28 | working at Mobile. And uh because East Cameron 81 had a lot of |
|
| 229:35 | overpressure and so we had seals like . So I guess we need to |
|
| 229:44 | . I don't wanna kill you guys |
|
