| 00:03 | Let me go ahead and uh obviously um I think I'll be doing this |
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| 00:10 | anytime soon. Uh Obviously did this the pandemic. So, uh |
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| 00:14 | but here we are. Um let go ahead. Yeah, as I |
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| 00:20 | uh promised, uh I did uh thought I was gonna get a |
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| 00:24 | Thanks. Thanks for the compliments, couple of compliments. Um uh |
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| 00:29 | so let's um uh start uh with , let me share the screen so |
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| 00:35 | can get this going. Ok? uh let me uh to this. |
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| 00:48 | we go. Ok? And uh here. Ok. So, um |
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| 01:02 | you already can see the screen. let's um ok. So thanks. |
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| 01:07 | sent an email uh earlier. Uh got exam later this week. Um |
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| 01:14 | we're gonna start you at 3 21 . It's relatively, there's only two |
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| 01:19 | . So it's not like we're talking two complete chapters here. So it's |
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| 01:21 | couple of sections in each one all . Uh We did the, this |
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| 01:26 | . Um I know you got an as well. You can just, |
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| 01:29 | mean, the list is relatively You can just do that on, |
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| 01:32 | Monday. Um uh, but obviously you put it into however you |
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| 01:37 | do it, but the smart work due for another couple of weeks. |
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| 01:41 | , um, so what we're gonna is, uh, today is |
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| 01:49 | Um, so again, just, to reiterate that you've only got a |
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| 01:54 | of sections covering not a lot of , right? So we're gonna go |
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| 01:58 | a couple of things. One um, just touching on a little |
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| 02:02 | on a couple of aspects of, guess you say microbial ecology. Uh |
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| 02:07 | being the water cycle, but mostly in the context of two things, |
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| 02:11 | wastewater treatment and two the um kind the, the flow of water and |
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| 02:19 | organic material is, is carried this and you can have some kind of |
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| 02:24 | effects with that. Uh The other of this is kind of focusing on |
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| 02:28 | nitrogen cycle which you talk about a of times already. Uh But then |
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| 02:33 | of just uh I'm gonna let you out a little bit more uh talking |
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| 02:39 | nitro fixation a little bit. uh you know, basically getting a |
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| 02:43 | uh the complete story on that. . So we've talked about it bits |
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| 02:46 | pieces throughout, but kind of just the whole story with, with |
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| 02:50 | OK. So we do have uh , we can use the, |
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| 02:56 | the, the Clicker app, the . So, um but, but |
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| 03:01 | attendance, I'm I'm kind of I mean attendance is not, is |
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| 03:06 | on figures, but I'm not gonna use that for today because some people |
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| 03:10 | not, may not feel like even because of what's been going on and |
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| 03:14 | to touch briefly on that. I actually don't know much more about |
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| 03:18 | than I'm sorry you went on. muted again, sir. Ok, |
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| 03:47 | about that. Ok. So, , so you know, people write |
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| 03:52 | to these kinds of things. So you feel you need help there in |
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| 03:55 | syllabus, is this section on Ok. So do if you feel |
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| 04:01 | need help are available, you can them, information's in the syllabus and |
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| 04:06 | sure you already been reached out by by the Provost and other U H |
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| 04:12 | anyway. So and I, and don't know yet. Uh if we're |
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| 04:16 | still be in the same mode on , but you know, for now |
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| 04:21 | to show up and fast Thursday. but that's as much as I |
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| 04:25 | Ok. So uh so let's go , so the hydro hydrologic or water |
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| 04:34 | . Um I think we're all aware the basics of this really. I |
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| 04:38 | , you know, uh how does water get around the globe? |
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| 04:42 | Well, uh by water, water , right? Um forming uh clouds |
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| 04:50 | precipitation, rain, flowing down precipitation and then of course, water |
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| 04:55 | earth. Um it also goes through , ok. Uh imagine any kind |
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| 05:01 | a deluge rain you have here in , right? Everything is flowing, |
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| 05:05 | , going in through uh uh uh through uh grain gutters and this and |
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| 05:12 | uh basically, you know, out bodies of water and of course, |
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| 05:16 | can be processed through wastewater treatment Ok. So, you know, |
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| 05:22 | hitting earth, of course, will up and pick up and carry whatever |
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| 05:25 | on top of the ground or ground , through the soil. And uh |
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| 05:29 | course, organic material uh is picked as a result. OK. And |
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| 05:35 | really what the focus here is gonna . It's about this parameter called B |
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| 05:41 | D biochemical oxygen demand. OK. so um B O D relates to |
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| 05:52 | content, the quantity of organic material in a body of water. |
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| 05:59 | And that can have different detrimental effects many cases as we'll see as we |
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| 06:05 | through this. OK. And that's what wastewater treatment is about is about |
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| 06:13 | the levels of organic materials, reducing O D. Um And so that's |
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| 06:20 | of what the first part of this is about. It centers on |
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| 06:23 | OK. And so, and it absolutely goes back to the concept we |
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| 06:29 | about in unit two, right Um And, and uh uh aerobic |
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| 06:37 | respiration, those things will come up as we go through this. |
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| 06:42 | So, um so here's a question C uh is, and this is |
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| 06:50 | B O D. OK. So have four water samples subjected to B |
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| 06:55 | D. OK. Um Analysis, O D analysis, which sample has |
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| 07:02 | lowest or had the lowest B O ABC or D OK. The lowest |
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| 07:08 | O D. So remember the B D correlates to the content of organic |
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| 07:14 | in, in the um water. ? And so this absolutely correlates to |
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| 07:24 | respiration you, OK. Let's uh gonna go ahead and I'm gonna go |
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| 07:43 | and uh start the timer. yeah, and again, the, |
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| 08:00 | points for these are, are, is just more or less just for |
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| 08:05 | um what I call it fun, ? So, uh these aren't gonna |
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| 08:09 | posted, All right. 5 3, 2 1. OK. |
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| 08:23 | , uh I figured it would be be between A and B. So |
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| 08:26 | actually going to be uh OK. um d uh has really no |
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| 08:36 | right? There's no reduction in So when you have organic material, |
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| 08:40 | of respiration, right? Aerobic what's happening as you eat something you're |
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| 08:46 | oxygen? OK. And so if nothing there to organic material there to |
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| 08:52 | , then you're not gonna consume any because you're not respiring. So D |
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| 08:55 | represent the lowest level of B F , right? The highest would be |
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| 09:00 | , right? Because it's going what are, one is respiring uh on |
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| 09:04 | organic material A has the most and goes away and you utilize oxygen very |
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| 09:10 | because of the amount of organic material . OK. And so in, |
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| 09:15 | a way for a treatment, you're to really get B O D down |
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| 09:20 | zero or as low as you OK. So, and that's um |
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| 09:25 | , all correlates to respiration. So, uh so, and this |
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| 09:33 | , this up up here shows so one of the, one |
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| 09:37 | one of the, one of my I wore when I was, uh |
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| 09:42 | , when I was in the biotech was actually working with a business that |
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| 09:46 | some of this wastewater treatment and B D analysis. And uh what you |
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| 09:50 | up the upper left is typical. those, all those bottles are different |
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| 09:54 | samples that uh are being subjected to O D testing and who, |
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| 09:59 | who gets these kind of tests What waste uh wastewater treatment plants |
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| 10:03 | And so um and environmental samples and like that, these are, are |
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| 10:09 | are measuring B O D and the black um uh pro or instrument |
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| 10:16 | see here, right? That's uh a B O D, that's a |
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| 10:21 | a oxygen Pro, right? So the amount of oxygen present. |
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| 10:25 | And so you see how, what the rate is of the, |
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| 10:29 | , the uptake of oxygen and that to the B O D levels. |
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| 10:34 | . And so sewage, OK. As a, as you might guess |
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| 10:40 | super high in organic content as it a very high B O D. |
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| 10:43 | this is kind of a typical value see for something like raw sewage. |
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| 10:49 | . And so uh and that thing the, on the left over |
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| 10:53 | that's an example of like an, in line B O D system where |
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| 10:58 | is consuming, flows in and you're like a real time B O D |
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| 11:03 | . Um And so what's, what are levels that are dangerous? |
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| 11:07 | , we, we have low levels oxygen. Where is it when uh |
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| 11:12 | life can be affected? Ok. And these are uh levels that you |
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| 11:17 | here. So air is saturated eight mg liter. So remember, |
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| 11:21 | don't dissolve great in liquids. Uh that's the ability of of oxygen if |
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| 11:27 | water saturated with it. Ok. it becomes da a danger for aquatic |
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| 11:33 | when it begins to be like 54 of, of oxygen. That's when |
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| 11:40 | they're threatened. OK. And so , there's um and so there are |
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| 11:46 | if you dump in high B O material into bodies of water, um |
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| 11:54 | actually ends up depleting oxygen because you this activity that feeds on it and |
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| 11:59 | uses oxygen from the water and it it. And that's when you get |
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| 12:03 | like fish kills and things like OK. And so uh so what |
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| 12:09 | see here is just such, such thing as I've been talking about. |
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| 12:14 | , you have, um, dead zones can occur, zones of |
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| 12:19 | , right. These are areas that , that are, uh, the |
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| 12:23 | of, not, not necessarily down zero, but certainly low levels of |
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| 12:29 | , where fish and other types that in these waters can't, can't at |
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| 12:33 | levels and they have to go elsewhere they can't. And, uh, |
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| 12:38 | so, um, and so what these kind of things? So an |
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| 12:42 | , an influx of nutrients into these of water, um knowingly or |
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| 12:49 | right? It could be an oil , that's lots of organic material. |
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| 12:52 | so there are uh bacteria that can this material and in doing so, |
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| 12:58 | respiration, right? They're gonna eat material and then as they do, |
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| 13:02 | use oxygen and the oxygen comes from water which depletes it and then affects |
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| 13:08 | lives. That's, that's in the . And so, uh so this |
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| 13:12 | we've been talking about time and again even two heterotrophic aerobic restoration, what |
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| 13:18 | do, right? And so, and so there's other other factors should |
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| 13:25 | to this as well. Ok. So if you look here, particularly |
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| 13:32 | this area here, lower Mississippi right, which goes into the Gulf |
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| 13:38 | Mexico all along, all along the River here, right? Heavy, |
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| 13:45 | even going all the way up in , northern northern part of the |
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| 13:48 | all along the river, especially down , uh heavy agricultural areas using, |
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| 13:54 | fertilizers further up or lots of, , of different types of manufacturing plants |
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| 14:00 | along the river dumping out, you , uh waste and things. And |
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| 14:06 | this is all organic material or, things like nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizer |
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| 14:13 | gets dumped out from, from water . Those are, are nutrients that |
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| 14:18 | , that are critical to, to things like algae and plants and it |
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| 14:23 | cause bad effects. OK. So is kind of how these things |
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| 14:27 | right? Influx obese organic materials that to these effects. And so here |
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| 14:31 | one here. This question coming up relates to that process of provocation. |
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| 14:39 | . So take a look at this this relates to what we've been talking |
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| 14:44 | is kind of a um cascade All right, first one thing happens |
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| 14:51 | that triggers the next thing and that the next thing and, and so |
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| 14:54 | and the end result is back. ? In different ways. Let me |
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| 15:02 | a look at that. Sure. . Yeah. Try a, let's |
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| 16:01 | the timer here. OK. Let's down from 98. OK. |
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| 16:38 | d seems to be the consensus. Yeah, that is actually true. |
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| 16:48 | . And so, so um is . So the way to kind of |
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| 16:56 | this is uh in this is a aquatic, we're talking about an |
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| 17:03 | Uh And so ultimately, what happens oxygen gets depleted from the water. |
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| 17:13 | . Now, um very common uh commonly what initiates this is, let's |
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| 17:22 | look at the diagram here here. . Very common scenario is what you |
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| 17:27 | here where you have a pond, stream or river. OK. And |
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| 17:32 | have uh adjoining land of courses. uh we have water runoff of say |
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| 17:38 | . OK. And that uh and fertilizer of course, is high in |
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| 17:45 | which can be converted to nitrate nitrates we'll see, right? Of |
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| 17:50 | all I'm gonna say is phosphate. so these elements are limiting in |
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| 17:57 | OK? And so if there happens be an influx of this like a |
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| 18:02 | excess of this, that will greatly the growth of photosynthetic types, photo |
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| 18:10 | . OK? Particularly your algae sano . Um They because you know, |
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| 18:17 | these are photosynthetic, right? They CO2, they need light um and |
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| 18:22 | need these minerals and so uh where can fix CO2 and they can um |
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| 18:28 | um convert light to energy. Uh can't make nitrogen phosphorus, they have |
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| 18:34 | get that from the environment. So need that obviously. And so when |
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| 18:38 | have an excess of it, their just explodes. OK? And you'll |
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| 18:45 | what are called me uh a a Al Al bloom because they're really like |
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| 18:50 | and growing to high levels. And so, and you will see |
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| 18:54 | as a green mat on top of body of water in many cases, |
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| 18:58 | , where this doesn't happen. And what happens is then of course, |
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| 19:03 | these nitrogen and phosphorus elements are, used up at some point, even |
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| 19:08 | they're in excess are gonna be used . And then the, the algae |
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| 19:11 | san here and others will grow, then there's no more phosphorus to sustain |
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| 19:18 | . And so that blue then will . Ok. And so that, |
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| 19:26 | this now will serve as the food for the next, the next |
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| 19:31 | OK. So I will bloom. they die, falls to the bottom |
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| 19:38 | then the sediments will be bacteria. . So here is where um now |
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| 19:44 | have your heterotrophic aerobic respiration occurring. ? And so they'll feed on a |
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| 19:51 | algae and that's organic material. And as they feed on it, |
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| 19:57 | taking oxygen out of the water. ? And of course, there's, |
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| 20:02 | fish and other aquatic life in this body of water besides bacteria, et |
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| 20:08 | . So, um and it takes , they take a lot of lowering |
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| 20:13 | oxygen in the water to begin to this life fish and whatnot. And |
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| 20:18 | , um uh so that's how these occur. Um The uh off the |
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| 20:24 | of Galveston, you've, we've had uh um uh red tide, you |
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| 20:30 | have heard uh these, these types allergy that all these toxins uh that |
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| 20:37 | , and they, and they, blown up in terms of their growth |
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| 20:40 | a very similar manner, an influx nutrients has caused them to, to |
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| 20:44 | . And uh in some cases, , can be these types of allergy |
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| 20:48 | produce these toxins. And so, so this is, this happens time |
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| 20:52 | again, are, are around the where you have these, you |
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| 20:56 | whether it's fertilizer runoff or, or in or excess of other types |
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| 21:01 | nutrients that, you know, pollutant things that get dumped into, into |
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| 21:07 | of water. Ok. So it's , let me just go over to |
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| 21:13 | and see any questions at this Ok. Um It, it's really |
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| 21:21 | boils down to kind of really the content we've been talking about in, |
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| 21:27 | his previous, in the previous And so, uh you know, |
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| 21:31 | all about, you know, nutrients then can they will just eat them |
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| 21:35 | what can be the effects of And so it's, it's really what |
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| 21:37 | boils down to. Ok. So then see what, how do you |
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| 21:45 | um counteract this? Ok. These , what can you do? So |
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| 21:50 | where uh wastewater treatment comes in. so, you know, if, |
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| 21:56 | you drive around your, if you to where the folks are, you |
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| 21:59 | around the subdivision, whatever you'll, , if you keep your eyes |
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| 22:03 | you might see one of these, ? Every each one of on a |
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| 22:07 | scale, one of these little plants maybe serve 100 and 50 homes or |
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| 22:13 | like that. Uh, but they're typically be hidden behind, they're |
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| 22:17 | of hidden. So, um, , but they do the job |
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| 22:22 | of, um, cleaning up the and, and to make, not |
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| 22:28 | all cases, not in all cases this, is this process about providing |
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| 22:32 | drinking water. Certainly that's, it be. But the other thing point |
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| 22:36 | make here is that, uh, , you know, waste water treatment |
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| 22:40 | residential homes is one thing, but are so many uh other wastewater treatment |
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| 22:46 | that are used by al, probably almost every manufacturing uh has some |
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| 22:55 | of wastewater treatment associated with their business they produce things that you can't just |
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| 23:02 | into the water. And so very these are around, uh they, |
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| 23:07 | , they, they um treat them then put them in bodies of |
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| 23:10 | but they're treated to a level that's toxic. OK? And that was |
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| 23:14 | of the stuff I was involved in I was working in this field |
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| 23:18 | um, especially things like uh Georgia , a paper and cardboard box making |
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| 23:23 | , uh produces tons of this kind waste and they have their own waste |
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| 23:26 | treatment systems to handle this stuff. so, but it's all kind of |
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| 23:30 | on the same concept. OK. about, um, uh and so |
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| 23:35 | can see here in this tank, right, right there that you see |
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| 23:41 | structure here and that will rotate And that's meant to create turbulence. |
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| 23:48 | like taking a shake class of media shake it. Right. It's the |
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| 23:51 | idea you're creating turbulence to promote aerobic , right? Because that's if you |
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| 23:57 | promote Baros of those types to knock the organic content, the B O |
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| 24:03 | OK. Uh Up here on this is kind of just a top down |
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| 24:08 | . You can see it's a bit , here are the tanks here. |
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| 24:13 | That's what we call secondary um treatments for the microbes are doing their |
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| 24:19 | Uh But you know, you get , there's something happens before you get |
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| 24:22 | that point. But really the, , the, the emphasis of the |
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| 24:27 | system are, are those tanks and growth of microbes. OK. And |
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| 24:34 | and in a air radiate the elastic we're ready to get lots of aerobic |
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| 24:41 | to knock down that organic um OK? And you know, it's |
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| 24:48 | just about bacteria either. It's also also very important in the process as |
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| 24:53 | . OK. So in which for you're gonna have again, if I |
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| 24:59 | to boil this down, maybe uh things, it's about obviously promoting microbial |
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| 25:06 | because that's there. Those are the that are gonna knock down the organic |
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| 25:10 | E O D. That's one, is to um promote settling. |
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| 25:21 | So it's one thing to have the growing and, and they're, and |
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| 25:24 | chewing up their organic content. Um then they're gonna, you wanna |
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| 25:29 | you wanna have water coming out that relatively clean, OK? Not a |
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| 25:39 | mass of stuff still in there. settling, settling up particles is |
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| 25:44 | a big part of this. Um And then of course, uh |
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| 25:50 | may, if it's a, if is for to supply drinking water chlorination |
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| 25:54 | to knock down uh uh pathogens that be in there. So, um |
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| 26:01 | really the promoting growth of microbes to down the B O D and settling |
|
| 26:05 | really the two, the two big here, ok. But of |
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| 26:09 | as stuff comes into a wastewater treatment and you'd be surprised when that comes |
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| 26:15 | one of these things, um everything animal car dead on animal carcasses |
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| 26:19 | to, to tires and you can . And so you have what's called |
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| 26:25 | preliminary treatment. It kind of was to weed out this kind of larger |
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| 26:30 | . Ok. Uh Primary treatment then as what then then comes through, |
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| 26:36 | is more like a mesh screens to of remove more inside of particles. |
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| 26:42 | then um and then finally you get secondary treatment, that's where, that's |
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| 26:48 | you get your microbial growth going, aerobic respiration um knocking down the organic |
|
| 26:56 | in the water. Ok. systems vary but all systems will pretty |
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| 27:03 | have, have have that primary uh , primary treatment, secondary treatment. |
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| 27:08 | may have material that they also, addition, have anaerobic respiration going |
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| 27:14 | It's kind of, I think what's on over here, but it's |
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| 27:19 | not, not always a part of system. Uh, it, |
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| 27:23 | it can be, uh, but , we're gonna be focusing on, |
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| 27:27 | this right here, right? ultimately, you're trying to discharge |
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| 27:33 | uh, if it's not for drinking , you're trying to, you |
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| 27:35 | discharge this into a body of water . And of course, you don't |
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| 27:40 | kill the things that are in So you want, you're, you're |
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| 27:43 | to knock down your organic content, and, and make it safe so |
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| 27:48 | you can, you can discharge OK. And so, um and |
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| 27:53 | tertiary treatment, this is where you kind of chlorination is very common |
|
| 27:58 | to eliminate pathogens. There may be other kind of chemicals you can use |
|
| 28:01 | well for that. OK. Um , uh so here again, it's |
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| 28:07 | of a flow chart if you will process uh differentiating the primary, the |
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| 28:15 | and uh the tertiary. OK. so, again, clarification, this |
|
| 28:20 | where we're materials settling out, So you have um high B O |
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| 28:26 | coming in. Uh obviously you want B O D coming out. |
|
| 28:30 | And so here is kind of in primary, preliminary and primary, they're |
|
| 28:35 | rid of the larger kind of insight . OK. And so um the |
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| 28:43 | is kind of just a, just a mass of that kind of really |
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| 28:47 | material which can actually be used for or you may be able to digest |
|
| 28:52 | further anaerobically. Uh But, but remainder then uh goes through into here |
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| 28:59 | aeration. So this is what we're to uh have some mechanism to create |
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| 29:05 | in the water, right? Um it up, right? Get air |
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| 29:09 | in and that's gonna promote growth. ? Of the types that will be |
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| 29:13 | to then chew on that organic material uh lower the B O D, |
|
| 29:19 | ? And so of course, um , you want to have AAA kind |
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| 29:23 | a clear uh super if you will out, right? So that's what |
|
| 29:30 | clarification tank is about, right? so uh so cells and things will |
|
| 29:35 | right in the sludge. So they it activated sludge because that represents the |
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| 29:40 | portion of the bacteria that are doing work of breaking this material down. |
|
| 29:45 | ? But also has, has does protozoans in there too and they have |
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| 29:48 | role in the process as well. so this can this, this is |
|
| 29:54 | , as you know, cleaner, water comes out of the clear fire |
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| 30:00 | then the the cells that were used break down B O D can be |
|
| 30:06 | . OK? And we can keep it going. OK? And |
|
| 30:11 | if tertiary treatment is part of the is where you can introduce disinfection, |
|
| 30:16 | common things like chlorine, uh even light, OK. And then |
|
| 30:21 | what you're getting at the end is low B O D uh water |
|
| 30:25 | fairly clean, OK? And, , and not, and, and |
|
| 30:28 | , clear, OK. And um and so healthy sludge and so |
|
| 30:34 | throughout this process, this is uh those that are in this business |
|
| 30:40 | and, and monitor these things. they can look and smell, look |
|
| 30:46 | the microscope and, and kind of the state of the system uh because |
|
| 30:50 | system doesn't always, these things run 7, but they don't um always |
|
| 30:55 | , you know, there's times when , when they, when they don't |
|
| 30:58 | optimally, right? And that's the of business we were in that I |
|
| 31:01 | I work for, we would add bacteria or things when systems did kind |
|
| 31:06 | because things can, can come in types of toxins and stuff may be |
|
| 31:10 | there that aren't being monitored and they just knock out your system. |
|
| 31:15 | you kind of have to restart And it's literally like just re seeing |
|
| 31:18 | with, with, with microbes. so it's even uh not an uncommon |
|
| 31:24 | to go to because you was for treatment plants are, you know, |
|
| 31:27 | not, they're in proximity to each . So one may be kind of |
|
| 31:32 | and the, the you may go to the next treatment plant that's close |
|
| 31:37 | and get some of their activated sludge use that to inoculate your system. |
|
| 31:42 | you can do those things. And kind of like just having a, |
|
| 31:45 | big culture if you will, that can use to inoculate. And |
|
| 31:50 | uh of course, who are in business of providing uh bacteria as well |
|
| 31:53 | the, for this kind of um . But um in any case, |
|
| 31:58 | it's a waste water treatment and the involved, there's a whole other universe |
|
| 32:04 | I that I discovered. So it's uh it is interesting, but it's |
|
| 32:09 | definitely a um a uh uh unlike anything I've, I've experienced |
|
| 32:17 | but nonetheless, obviously very critical And so, um so, Sara |
|
| 32:23 | the types, they know that feed the matter, that's kind of a |
|
| 32:26 | thing. Um But, you you can't ignore the protozoan in there |
|
| 32:32 | , you know, you can look a system and you can kind of |
|
| 32:35 | the health of the system by, know, are you seeing protozoic, |
|
| 32:38 | you seeing these bacteria that are, are that are eating up the organic |
|
| 32:43 | ? And this, are you seeing intact ecosystem? And if you |
|
| 32:47 | it's probably an indicator that the system operating like it's supposed to be |
|
| 32:51 | And typically it's protozoon that are gonna more sensitive to things that are coming |
|
| 32:57 | and maybe that can be toxic. so the first thing you'll see under |
|
| 33:00 | microscope is that you know, the zones are wiped out though, they're |
|
| 33:04 | present, that's an indicator that something's going on. So, |
|
| 33:10 | but any case, so as the, the thing you want to |
|
| 33:13 | is to. So here's some examples types of Pro and you see, |
|
| 33:18 | , what do you call are kind fixed in place? Uh, they |
|
| 33:22 | have that kind of these rotating mouse that bring in. That's how they |
|
| 33:27 | . Uh, you have types that along these, these types of. |
|
| 33:31 | it's a, it's a mixture of . Um And so here's kind |
|
| 33:36 | yeah, a question that kind um, gets to why, |
|
| 33:41 | why the pros are important. And so what you're trying to do |
|
| 33:48 | is to with a promote, you , these bacteria that will be able |
|
| 33:53 | aspire and, and eat up your material. That's one but two is |
|
| 33:59 | promote this kind of, this is beginning of how we form a |
|
| 34:05 | we're called flocks. OK? And are the particles that will form because |
|
| 34:11 | will settle out, ok by And so you're gonna get the, |
|
| 34:17 | enrichment of filamentous bacteria. Ok. filaments long, long strings is how |
|
| 34:24 | grow. And, uh, they'll things like P H B or starch |
|
| 34:29 | we talked about previously and these kind can help connect these filaments together, |
|
| 34:36 | . And so these will form and flunks are what will settle out, |
|
| 34:42 | ? And that's how you get a water in the process. So you |
|
| 34:46 | lower B O D and they settle and the water becomes clear clearer. |
|
| 34:53 | , what are the role of of the protozoans? Ok. So |
|
| 34:56 | you, you, you're gonna have that are these types, filamentous |
|
| 35:01 | right? They're the ones that promote flac, that's what we call |
|
| 35:05 | These, this kind of mesh network these filaments held together by these kinds |
|
| 35:10 | different um uh actual cellular material that's by the cells. And then you |
|
| 35:18 | have these types. We talked about in, in the context of |
|
| 35:21 | right? So you have the, swimmers and the stickers, right? |
|
| 35:24 | these will be swimming kind of cells that's what protozoans feed on, |
|
| 35:29 | So they feed on uh these OK. And in doing so because |
|
| 35:36 | these planktonic types, you're trying to stuff to settle out, OK? |
|
| 35:41 | the planktonic types aren't the type that do that. They're kind of just |
|
| 35:46 | in the water growing and swimming around eating. Ok. So protozoans eat |
|
| 35:53 | guys, OK. And they contribute getting a, a clearer water, |
|
| 35:59 | ? Uh A clarification of the OK? Because on their own, |
|
| 36:03 | things won't settle out. Ok. But as protozoans growing up and grow |
|
| 36:08 | eat them, they'll, they But um so that's kind of what's |
|
| 36:13 | on here is to get a, um Hey, hey, next filamentous |
|
| 36:20 | that will come together, settle out in these planktonic types that will then |
|
| 36:26 | lead to clarifying the water we call and you know, altogether producing uh |
|
| 36:34 | effluent water that comes out of the . That's, that's clearing and |
|
| 36:38 | Ok. OK. With low B B obviously. And so, so |
|
| 36:43 | , that's what this is about is forming, this is forming together, |
|
| 36:48 | of these networks of filamentous bacteria that see here, right? You cardia |
|
| 36:54 | another type and they have this kind filamentous branching forms and then they'll come |
|
| 37:01 | and settle out and of course, proto that are, that are eating |
|
| 37:05 | the planktonic type. So in then just kind of what you're trying |
|
| 37:10 | do here is to promote, you , uh a balance of these |
|
| 37:14 | which promotes good fluctuation and good then they eat, which leads to |
|
| 37:19 | clear effluence. Ok. So it's kind of works together, right? |
|
| 37:24 | this is just this is just to kind of test, there's lots of |
|
| 37:29 | , one does when they're monitoring their treatment system and this is one of |
|
| 37:34 | basically just a settling test. And you do is you scoop out some |
|
| 37:38 | , pour it in a um graduated and then you just hit a stop |
|
| 37:43 | and you just see, well, long is it taking for settling? |
|
| 37:48 | we see, you know, a um clearing the water and the material |
|
| 37:54 | settling out down here. You can it's kind of very dark down here |
|
| 37:58 | the bottom and you just see, how fast is this happening. This |
|
| 38:02 | of, you know how well your working. It looks like this one |
|
| 38:05 | the right seems to be settling You see how it's more clear compared |
|
| 38:11 | that side. So yeah, it's one of the parameters you look |
|
| 38:15 | to see. Are you getting are you getting settling good if you |
|
| 38:18 | and how fast this is occurring? . And there's different things you can |
|
| 38:22 | . Uh, you can even increase turbulence, you get more, more |
|
| 38:28 | and, um, uh, uh can add different chemicals and things to |
|
| 38:33 | of help it out. So it's uh even you can even add |
|
| 38:36 | if you wanted to, to kind balance the growth. So there's different |
|
| 38:39 | you can do while one it's monitoring things, we don't need to go |
|
| 38:42 | all that. But, um, , but it, it's basically, |
|
| 38:46 | a continuous system. Obviously, it flowing 24 7, right, going |
|
| 38:50 | flowing. Um And of course, can be upsets and of course you |
|
| 38:54 | to, you know, there are kinds of mechanical adjustments you can |
|
| 38:58 | uh you can manipulate flow rates, fast stuff is flowing through. And |
|
| 39:02 | are different adjustments you can make to of optimize your system OK. Um |
|
| 39:08 | obviously you worry about that. But it, it's, you know, |
|
| 39:12 | , it's a, it's a, involves many parts and, and |
|
| 39:16 | you know, everything working together to promote again the basics here, |
|
| 39:20 | ? Uh microbial growth, uh aerobic , right? Uh knocking down B |
|
| 39:26 | D settling out of material and producing clear with low B O D. |
|
| 39:33 | basically the bottom line here. So let me just switch back um if |
|
| 39:40 | any questions, OK. Uh Oops , um if you do, you |
|
| 39:49 | always type, type it in if want, if you wish. |
|
| 39:53 | uh so the next part is going be on um nitrogen cycle. So |
|
| 40:04 | , let's look at these questions We've um gone through this. Um |
|
| 40:12 | gone through this uh More than right? We actually mentioned it in |
|
| 40:18 | Chapter one uh lecture. We mentioned the uh at different times in, |
|
| 40:25 | China, you know, too. , you know, we're kind of |
|
| 40:27 | of put it all together here. And so, of course, uh |
|
| 40:32 | think we, it was presented as triangle, right? Three sides. |
|
| 40:37 | so we have uh 11 side is conversion of night trait to uh N |
|
| 40:44 | , right? So there's a name that. I go ahead and start |
|
| 40:50 | time. There's, there's gonna be question that will pop up on the |
|
| 40:55 | slide. OK. Let's see Yeah, it is gentrification let's look |
|
| 41:27 | the next one here. Figured everybody get that one. All right, |
|
| 41:34 | . Ammonium ion would be the end of which process processes. Ok. |
|
| 41:50 | , let me open. Sorry. . Now you can, ok, |
|
| 42:13 | start the timer here. Ok. it is. Um, it certainly |
|
| 42:45 | nitrogen fixation and I figured everybody would that one. Uh, but the |
|
| 42:49 | we haven't talked about is a Ok. So that too produces |
|
| 42:56 | OK. So, modification is, uh I think that's how we, |
|
| 43:01 | we get our uh nitrogen. Uh really just breaking down of organic |
|
| 43:06 | So think of a protein and you down proteins, proteins have amine groups |
|
| 43:12 | it. And that's essentially ammonia. you, when you break it |
|
| 43:15 | it releases uh lots of ammonia. that's what the modification. So e |
|
| 43:20 | the correct answer here uh because it's um that fixation and the amun. |
|
| 43:29 | . So um so as we, know, talked about maybe a week |
|
| 43:34 | two ago. Uh well, prior spring break, we went through um |
|
| 43:40 | , the nitrogen molecule and its various , right? Oxidized, reduced |
|
| 43:45 | And um so remember that the reduced are used as energy sources by |
|
| 43:52 | right? They can assimilate this uh uh where more uh oxidized forms become |
|
| 43:59 | , this disy processes. Although we mention a a uh nitrogen uh nitrate |
|
| 44:09 | and actually can be assim toy. haven't, we haven't mentioned that |
|
| 44:13 | Um But in any case, the here is that, you know, |
|
| 44:16 | forms of nitrogen span the spectrum of used in different ways, right? |
|
| 44:20 | it's lito or respiration, uh what you, OK. And of |
|
| 44:25 | it's all based on so, media enzymes I would and, and organisms |
|
| 44:31 | different capabilities uh within this whole OK. So, um all |
|
| 44:39 | So obviously, I'm sure we all that the different um elements that are |
|
| 44:44 | our atmosphere, nitrogen is is In highest quantity right near the 80%. |
|
| 44:51 | uh Heber bach process is still in . Uh I think it was invented |
|
| 44:56 | the turn of the century or turn the 20th century um as a way |
|
| 45:02 | make uh ammonia for fertilizers and um uses nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas. |
|
| 45:11 | it uses it under conditions of extreme , extreme pressure, different types of |
|
| 45:18 | catalyst, I think. Um And , uh I, I think it |
|
| 45:23 | accounts for half of the nitrogen that's on earth. Uh The other half |
|
| 45:29 | course comes from bacterial activity. um and so as we've mentioned |
|
| 45:38 | right, we have this as a with the three sides and various forms |
|
| 45:43 | nitrogen are, are part of OK. So, atmospheric nitrogen |
|
| 45:49 | right? So they're three and symbiotic , right? So we'll look a |
|
| 45:54 | bit at Uh and that's your So, um of those two the |
|
| 46:01 | types have the greater contribution in terms amount of N2 fixed on Earth. |
|
| 46:08 | . These are in association with certain . OK. Uh there are free |
|
| 46:13 | types. Uh the free living types , are, are span the spectrum |
|
| 46:18 | different bacterial types. They're not just confined to one group. Um |
|
| 46:24 | that, that is evidence really that the uh metro fixation property itself |
|
| 46:32 | likely passed on through different mechanisms of transfer. We'll talk about that |
|
| 46:38 | in, in Chapter nine. but um in any case, so |
|
| 46:43 | types are ones that are have contributed more in terms of uh nitric fixation |
|
| 46:49 | li types uh in any case. , um so fixation provides ammonia and |
|
| 46:55 | various nitro fires utilize that. So are liu right? We'll oxidize that |
|
| 47:02 | things like nitrate, uh nitrate which then can be utilized for anaerobic |
|
| 47:08 | , right? Deification. OK. so, um and so am ification |
|
| 47:14 | mentioned previously. So uh cantab um like proteins will release ammonia and that's |
|
| 47:22 | uh ammonia can be utilized by OK. So we'll look at each |
|
| 47:27 | these three sides here um starting with fixation. OK. So um the |
|
| 47:38 | so the process of metric fixation is that's very sensitive to oxygen. |
|
| 47:45 | And so uh for that reason, kind of has to operate, you |
|
| 47:51 | where there's they are relatively no OK. Now, the other thing |
|
| 47:58 | it requires a lot of A T and a lot of N A E |
|
| 48:03 | or N AD P H depending on type um bond lines, a lot |
|
| 48:07 | energy to do this. OK. so, uh so remember that, |
|
| 48:12 | N two itself, right? That's bond, right? There's three bonds |
|
| 48:17 | those two N N atoms together, ? So you're gonna have to transform |
|
| 48:22 | into a pneumonia so that it's no it takes into is very stable. |
|
| 48:27 | it's no wonder it takes a lot energy to convert this into ammonia. |
|
| 48:31 | ? But nonetheless critical, right? that's how you know, you get |
|
| 48:35 | nitrogen into the environment. OK? converting it from nitrogen gas, so |
|
| 48:42 | critical. OK. So uh So you don't need to know these |
|
| 48:50 | uh gene genera Slamon. Uh You or may not know this, but |
|
| 48:57 | three types are very different from each . Klebs Y is a gram negative |
|
| 49:01 | is a gram positive and those four is a gram negative that's very different |
|
| 49:07 | Pepsi. So they're all the point is that you see this property |
|
| 49:11 | very different bacterial types. OK. All three of these are what we |
|
| 49:17 | free living types. And so Rizo a type that's, that's a symbiotic |
|
| 49:23 | fixer. OK? He has associations plants. So leguminous plants are things |
|
| 49:28 | um uh clover if you're affording um alfalfa, uh soybean, uh |
|
| 49:38 | plants. These are all in OK? And you can see the |
|
| 49:43 | up here, the soybean plant. the little, the little knobby |
|
| 49:47 | those are the nodules where the bacteria in there fixing nitrogen. OK. |
|
| 49:55 | uh Santa bacteria which are uh of course, uh they too can |
|
| 50:02 | this uh but they have little specialized structures. Uh So What we call |
|
| 50:09 | . So every it's like every 10th is a heteros. So you see |
|
| 50:13 | chain here. So these would be photos photosynthetic types that produce oxygen, |
|
| 50:22 | ? Excuse me. So remember that nitro fixation is poisoned by oxygen. |
|
| 50:27 | the hetero cyst evolved to be a where where nitrogen fixation takes place since |
|
| 50:32 | compartment will be devoid of oxygen. it's CYO bacteria is a way of |
|
| 50:38 | being able to do this by having own special compartment for it called the |
|
| 50:43 | . OK. Um Yeah. So focus here is on symbiotic, a |
|
| 50:50 | . OK. So it's not just random association between bacteria that do this |
|
| 50:56 | and plants. It's it's very OK. Uh The the species of |
|
| 51:03 | and the species of plants, very interactions, right? So these are |
|
| 51:07 | involve different chemical signals between the two bring them together. OK. And |
|
| 51:13 | again, types of plants that do . So things like soybean and particularly |
|
| 51:17 | plants, uh peanut plants grow and nutrient poor soil plant. Practically, |
|
| 51:23 | can sandy soils and they can do . You often find these kinds of |
|
| 51:29 | in nutrient poor soils where other plants necessarily be able to grow. But |
|
| 51:34 | can because they have their own little of nitrogen with them. Ok. |
|
| 51:40 | so, um, so here's an of a root of a, just |
|
| 51:46 | a, a plant that can fix symbiotically with, with these bacteria. |
|
| 51:52 | again, it's all about chemicals that this OK, chemical um uh signals |
|
| 51:59 | bring them together. So uh chemo , right? These are uh these |
|
| 52:04 | the chemical form of being called flavonoids time. And so the plant sends |
|
| 52:08 | out these tracts of bacteria that are to it. And um they |
|
| 52:14 | the bacteria itself has um uh proteins produces uh one of these being a |
|
| 52:20 | factor. And so root hair curling a very important part of this |
|
| 52:27 | Uh mutant plants that can't do this will not, will not form these |
|
| 52:32 | of what are called infection threads. . So, curling of the root |
|
| 52:38 | right? From something like this to like that is based on these kinds |
|
| 52:44 | chemicals, right? And that promotes initiates the um invasion by the cells |
|
| 52:51 | then formation of an infection thread. ? And so um and then be |
|
| 52:58 | beginnings of a nodule as you see , OK. And the beginnings |
|
| 53:04 | So we go like that to that flying to a fully developed or what's |
|
| 53:09 | a bactero. So basically this is this is an example of a |
|
| 53:14 | type that's basically differentiating. So what , what it is here is zum |
|
| 53:20 | as you see here, all Is now differentiating into this form called |
|
| 53:24 | factoid. OK. And so it's an N2 fixing factory. That's |
|
| 53:29 | it does. OK. And so and so we've seen these kind of |
|
| 53:37 | before. think of a of a forming cell, right? It's a |
|
| 53:41 | cell that can form into an endo , right? That's another type of |
|
| 53:45 | . So this is uh analogous to . OK. So the uh the |
|
| 53:51 | form uh provides protection to the to cell but then com compartmentalize it. |
|
| 53:56 | remember, fixation is sensitive to So by putting it in a particular |
|
| 54:02 | of structure like this, it can it minimize the the exposure to |
|
| 54:08 | There's actually another thing that helps with uh too. So, excuse |
|
| 54:15 | so again, very energy expensive, can see the amount of of A |
|
| 54:19 | P S needed. OK. So so we look closer up at |
|
| 54:24 | close up at this here is here be a a bao you see |
|
| 54:30 | OK, that has developed inside of plant. And so um get the |
|
| 54:39 | production needed. So they're gonna have they have a T C A cycle |
|
| 54:43 | on. So the bao is again into this me fixing form if you |
|
| 54:50 | . And uh and so it needs of energy. So N A DNA |
|
| 54:55 | , right? Uh in the creb , OK. Um A T P |
|
| 55:02 | right through, here's a respiratory right? Components. We've gone through |
|
| 55:08 | before. All right, the A P A s and production of A |
|
| 55:11 | P. So I just going to here's nitrogenous enzyme to fix nitrogen. |
|
| 55:19 | . So uh interestingly, they have plant, this is a plant |
|
| 55:26 | produced protein called leg hemoglobin. So know what hemoglobin does. Hemoglobin binds |
|
| 55:33 | . Leg hemoglobin does the same thing the plant. OK? And so |
|
| 55:39 | helps to minimize the um the the oxygen getting inside the bactero, |
|
| 55:48 | You don't want N two inside right? No 02, right? |
|
| 55:56 | so it's like hemoglobin kind of helps it out, right? So it |
|
| 56:00 | aerobic respiration out here, right? part of the respiratory chain. So |
|
| 56:05 | hemoglobin kind of helps to regulate that prevents it from coming inside the back |
|
| 56:11 | will where it would poison this process fixing nitrogen. Ok. So, |
|
| 56:17 | interesting really evolutionary development on the, the part of these two where the |
|
| 56:22 | plant has, has formed this to the process. OK? And so |
|
| 56:29 | the, and you can see here the individual rights over cell. |
|
| 56:34 | Let me put my power cord sorry. And so you can see |
|
| 56:40 | how it differentiates in two, the excuse me plugging in my power cord |
|
| 56:55 | . Ok. So, um so , it's a very energy expensive |
|
| 57:01 | Um and, and uh but the , you know, has it has |
|
| 57:06 | part in the process where it can minimize exposure of oxygen to the |
|
| 57:11 | Uh But then, of course, the the supply of nitrogen through by |
|
| 57:17 | nitrogen fixation process. Of course, plant uses that right to, |
|
| 57:22 | to form its amino acids and, um both coexisting. And so |
|
| 57:28 | the, the plant relies on that . Um So uh let me just |
|
| 57:35 | back real quick if there's any. , here we go. Ok. |
|
| 57:41 | How can these dead zones recover to good B O D? Good |
|
| 57:47 | So, uh oftentimes because they, can persist for quite a while. |
|
| 57:55 | I would have to just be a of time. I mean, you |
|
| 57:57 | , it would be impractical to kind , uh I'm not sure on a |
|
| 58:02 | basis how you, how you could the levels of oxygen in those |
|
| 58:07 | Um um I, I, I'm sure, I don't know uh because |
|
| 58:15 | are still areas that persist even since uh uh what was that called horizon |
|
| 58:21 | in the Gulf. There are still that are, that are dead |
|
| 58:23 | So I, I don't have a answer to that one. Unfortunately. |
|
| 58:27 | What did you miss with sensitive of ? Yes, the nitrogen A is |
|
| 58:30 | is sensitive to oxygen. OK. The uh it's uh that's why we |
|
| 58:38 | this leg hemoglobin, the plant producers kind of help keep oxygen away from |
|
| 58:43 | bactero, but still be able to it for respiration outside that bactero. |
|
| 58:50 | OK. So, uh back All right. So, OK. |
|
| 58:56 | the other side of the triangle, ? So that was the N two |
|
| 59:00 | ammonia. So now, nitrification, we talked about before. Um and |
|
| 59:05 | this is lit, right? using ammonia, uh oxidizing to |
|
| 59:10 | nitrate can be oxidized to nitrate. And as it says, there you |
|
| 59:15 | two different genera, bacteria do, these uh side note. Um |
|
| 59:22 | that same company I worked for, we actually grew uh nitro fires as |
|
| 59:27 | product. Uh So those of you have aquariums may be familiar with |
|
| 59:32 | that in aquariums, you have to monitor the water, especially for ammonia |
|
| 59:38 | because of fish waste. And so can become toxic. And so we've |
|
| 59:42 | had a product that contained nitro fires would sell to like to like to |
|
| 59:48 | restaurants and things that have like these aquariums or even like for coid ponds |
|
| 59:52 | things like that to reduce the levels ammonia in the fish that produced from |
|
| 59:56 | fish waste. And um of the nitrate nitrate produced could be used |
|
| 60:01 | the plants in, in the, the system. And So um prove |
|
| 60:05 | be a, a useful product. of course, um if you have |
|
| 60:12 | ex excess, right, an excess ammonia um in a in an |
|
| 60:19 | uh this activity can produce lots of nitrate which can be acidic and can |
|
| 60:25 | soil P S. OK. This the example I I think I mentioned |
|
| 60:29 | , we haven't looked at this one . This is an example of Asim |
|
| 60:32 | nitrate reduction. So that remember the we looked at before was where this |
|
| 60:37 | to N 20 and then two N . OK. That was the dissimulator |
|
| 60:47 | here. This is, we'll see on the next slide. That's the |
|
| 60:50 | deification, right? But this is one is Asim toy because it's producing |
|
| 61:00 | that then is used by the cells make amino acid. So they're, |
|
| 61:04 | holding on to it right? From toy means you hold on to |
|
| 61:08 | you're not letting it go. And so this is a example of |
|
| 61:12 | toy nitrate reduction. OK? And course, for, for the use |
|
| 61:18 | amino acids, OK? To make acids. So um so you |
|
| 61:24 | metabolism, nitrogen can take lots of forms here. And um and depending |
|
| 61:29 | the bacterial type, it, you , you can do some of these |
|
| 61:32 | not others and, and so OK? Um Just Murray talked about |
|
| 61:38 | uh as well. So um now we're also talking about this as |
|
| 61:46 | right. So here's what we call , nitrate reduction because we're going |
|
| 61:51 | to products ultimately nitrogen that's going to let go to the atmosphere. So |
|
| 61:56 | not holding on to these, hence dissimulator. Right. And so |
|
| 62:02 | so it rates of de electrification, how fast that process process works up |
|
| 62:11 | on top. Uh can um there factors that can, that can influence |
|
| 62:19 | . And so this is, remember is and aerobic, OK? And |
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| 62:29 | anaerobic respiration, remember that? And so uh in areas that are |
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| 62:35 | , right? Um it can, activity can be quite vigorous and one |
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| 62:40 | the 11 of the components in this , the N 20 right is a |
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| 62:48 | gas. OK? And so levels this can be quite high in areas |
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| 62:53 | you have these dead zones, Dead zones. So these these this |
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| 62:57 | deportation can coincide in these areas on that are hy toxic due to these |
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| 63:05 | effects we've talked about, right? influx of nutrients, aerobic tropes use |
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| 63:10 | the oxygen, right? Oxygen levels down, right? And so then |
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| 63:13 | can lead to this uh and and increase in electrification. OK. And |
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| 63:21 | an increase in levels of this three gas. OK. Um So we |
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| 63:28 | about another one, right? methane is a greenhouse gas, nitrous |
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| 63:32 | , right? So these these bacterial are are ones that can are producing |
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| 63:37 | things. Uh IKEA in case of . But um and so as |
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| 63:43 | so we can see this uh here's one, a different one. This |
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| 63:49 | using a nitrate as uh as a becoming reduced. OK. And uh |
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| 64:01 | two, right? So we've seen one before, right? Hydrogen a |
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| 64:04 | , right? So it oxidizes OK. And uh and then the |
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| 64:12 | reduces nitrate right to ammonia. So see this typically in areas that are |
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| 64:18 | kind of in stagnant areas typically that anaerobic um but may have an influx |
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| 64:23 | organic material, for example. Um don't know how major of the process |
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| 64:28 | is, I don't think it's, that big but it can be in |
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| 64:31 | environmental niches. It can, it , it can form again another way |
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| 64:38 | bacterial type that can use nitrogen in different way each time. But back |
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| 64:43 | this right here, we can see . Uh this is data from a |
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| 64:50 | done in India. So, off coast of India is a hypoxic zone |
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| 64:55 | , due to the things we talked before, right, influx of uh |
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| 64:59 | material like the pollutants of some sort creating the, creating the, |
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| 65:07 | the uh effect of growing and then even taking oxygen from the water |
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| 65:14 | and creating uh a dead zone. And so now it's anaerobic. |
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| 65:19 | And so that can promote deification. . And so um that um will |
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| 65:31 | to production of this is N N 20 uh greenhouse gas that is |
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| 65:38 | potent. And so you see the starting with nitrate here, then it |
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| 65:48 | utilized, right? Uh First step deification becomes reduced to uh nitrite. |
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| 65:56 | so then that goes up right down up. And then, so we're |
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| 66:01 | , then here, then here, to N O and N 20 as |
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| 66:06 | see this going up. And so a cascade effect, right? And |
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| 66:12 | are being this can produce significant amounts this N oxide and greenhouse gas. |
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| 66:19 | And so all, all, all this occurring because of the generation of |
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| 66:24 | hypo zones to these effects we talked earlier. So everything can kind of |
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| 66:28 | , build one, builds on the thing. OK. Um I |
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| 66:32 | not good but uh it's, it's what can happen in these kind |
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| 66:38 | situations. OK. Um So the animo reaction, OK. So it |
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| 66:51 | de de deification, this process right. Right. Here. This |
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| 66:59 | been known for quite some time. ? And for that reason, it |
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| 67:03 | thought to be the way the the that contributes to the loss of nitrogen |
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| 67:11 | the Environment. OK? Until the , I don't know, 15, |
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| 67:17 | years. Um The animo reaction is one that's been shown to be the |
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| 67:25 | uh generating the greatest amount of into so both in marine environments, terrestrial |
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| 67:34 | , uh bacteria that can do this numerous and it wasn't really known uh |
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| 67:39 | I said, maybe 10 years ago , as how much it contributes |
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| 67:43 | to the release of N two into environment. And so it's basically using |
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| 67:50 | ammonia, uh oxidation of pneumonia and of nitrate. And so it's a |
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| 67:58 | as I said, it's, it's one that accounts for mostly in two |
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| 68:02 | the atmosphere, not, not but rather this process. OK. |
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| 68:07 | these plank of my seeds, I to put a picture of this on |
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| 68:11 | . Uh They're kind of really odd looking bacteria that kind of on |
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| 68:16 | larger size scale, uh kind of amorphous Bobs, almost not really uniform |
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| 68:23 | and often have um specialized structures in . Uh In this case for |
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| 68:29 | for the type that actually carries out reaction, they have specialized structures. |
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| 68:34 | kind of a an odd um an group in, in that respect. |
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| 68:39 | But there are other types besides them do that, but they seem to |
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| 68:42 | one of the, one of the ones, main ones that do |
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| 68:45 | Um So again, a reaction is can can, can um lead to |
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| 68:52 | loss of nitrogen uh in tune back the atmosphere. OK. Um |
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| 69:00 | uh oh I should mention also it is an anaerobic process. |
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| 69:04 | It's anaerobic process. So this does involve was, so you see this |
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| 69:09 | , in deep sea sediments in um terrestrial environments. Is where you see |
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| 69:14 | activity? Ok. Um So uh, let me before we just |
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| 69:23 | a couple of questions and that's Let me just, um, |
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| 69:27 | um, there any more questions? . Um Professor, you're muted |
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| 70:42 | Ok. So, um, so I said, there's a quiz uh |
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| 70:48 | what we talked about today, that's weekly quiz this week. Um It |
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| 70:53 | have some, it's gonna have, have a little bit of stuff on |
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| 70:55 | and eight, but it's, I it's not that many, not that |
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| 70:57 | questions. Um Like I said, , just nothing that difficult. So |
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| 71:02 | take it on them Sunday or Monday you finish exam too. Um |
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| 71:11 | so let's uh this right. So the Flimm treatment uh that's gonna be |
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| 71:28 | really taking out the big stuff, ? That comes through primary treatment, |
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| 71:33 | kind of the smaller and soluble Uh Secondary treatment, which of course |
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| 71:38 | the correct answer. That's, that's your bacteria. Are you promoting growth |
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| 71:42 | them in secondary treatment? Ok. is a big part of that, |
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| 71:47 | ? So it's aerobic res aerobic heterotrophic going on there. Tertiary treatment |
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| 71:53 | the, if it's done is the to be at atl chlorination and that |
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| 71:58 | of stuff. Um And so, , activated sludge correlates also to secondary |
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| 72:05 | . So when you see activate sludge activated is kind of the word |
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| 72:09 | If you wanna focus on a, a on that term. So, |
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| 72:14 | . So it's microbial activated, let's it that. OK. So activate |
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| 72:17 | correlates to the secondary treatment. So two uh go hand in hand. |
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| 72:25 | . So, uh so that's uh all I wanted to cover today. |
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| 72:30 | I remember it's two, it's chapter , but we're only talking about a |
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| 72:36 | of sections out of each of right? So just uh focusing on |
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| 72:40 | cycle, hydrologic cycle. Uh And , it's really, as you saw |
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| 72:45 | , you kind of just built on uh concepts we talked about previously in |
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| 72:52 | two and respiration, right? a respiration, um stay in and |
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| 73:01 | measure molecules and their different uses uh , in an action triangle. |
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| 73:07 | um is there any questions? Um Well, I hope that we're |
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| 73:19 | , we're back in the classroom on Thursday and I haven't seen any emails |
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| 73:26 | from the host uh mentioning, mentioning change Thursday. Uh I'm sure you'll |
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| 73:34 | the same time I do. But you know, for now, plan |
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| 73:38 | being back in class uh Thursday. hope I don't wanna continue this |
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| 73:44 | But um anyway, so, uh , I'll pull up the recording um |
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| 73:51 | in a second. Uh And then no questions, folks, I will |
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| 73:55 | you, hopefully see you in person time. OK. Uh uh That's |
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| 74:02 | folks. So I'll shut her down we'll see you, like I |
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| 74:06 | uh whatever happens, I'll send you an email so just keep your eyes |
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| 74:09 | . But for now uh see you . Thank you. You have a |
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| 74:16 | day. Thank |
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