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BIOL 3324 Human Physiology - BIOL3324_lecture18_1026
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00:03 Afternoon everybody you guys ready last class the exam, right? That would
00:13 exciting. All right. Today, we're gonna do is we're gonna talk
00:18 really the function of the respiratory Ultimately, the function of the respiratory
00:23 is to serve as the middle man the atmosphere and the cells. All
00:27 . And so we want to ask question, how do we move oxygen
00:32 carbon dioxide through the body to get the cells that are doing the
00:37 All right. And that's what this slide is trying to show you
00:39 It shows you here is the So the alveoli in this case is
00:43 the atmosphere because technically, it is direct contact with it. Even though
00:48 we've already said alveolar air is different the atmospheric here. How's it
00:53 What did we add to it? . So I was hoping someone would
00:58 agua fresca, but all right, . All right. And then what
01:02 gonna do is we're going to take and oxygen is gonna move down its
01:06 pressure gradient into the blood and then gonna travel through the body and arrive
01:11 the cells where that oxygen is going move to the cells because of the
01:15 pressure of oxygen inside the cells must lower. And at the same
01:18 we're gonna pick up carbon dioxide, dioxide moves into the circulatory system because
01:23 moving down, it's partial pressure and it travels back up to the lungs
01:26 the partial pressure, carbon dioxide in lungs must be less and in the
01:31 because carbon dioxide moves out into the . And that's the big picture and
01:34 can go home, right? Of , we never get to go home
01:38 just the big picture. We always to deal with the details. So
01:42 we're gonna go into those details. this is basically the net fusion and
01:46 net or net diffusion of carbon dioxide the net diffusion of water or sorry
01:51 oxygen. And what I want to out here, I'm sorry, I'm
01:53 tired and it's not an excuse. just explaining to you. So when
01:56 start like falling asleep up here or words, it's because I've literally been
02:01 since 8 30 with the exception of five minutes, it took me to
02:04 from my office to here. I a lot of students this morning.
02:09 right. So my brain is kind there and I don't have anything to
02:15 to make my body better. I just started thinking about drink to
02:19 my body better. Hm. Yeah. All right. So this
02:26 just trying to show that. But I want to point out here are
02:29 partial pressures just so that you could some numbers again, not to memorize
02:33 numbers, but to see the this action, right? You can see
02:37 here it's talking about oxygen, about millimeters of mercury, blood returning back
02:41 the uh lungs has a partial pressure around 40 millimeters of mercury. So
02:45 can see there's this massive difference that's draw oxygen into uh into the blood
02:51 a result of that difference in partial . And what you're gonna do is
02:54 gonna reach equilibrium, right? The equilibrium occurs is because the blood slows
03:00 in the capillaries. So blood just of putters along until the oxygen moves
03:03 until it reaches that equilibrium. And now that blood is going to travel
03:07 and it's going to have that same pressure. So that's what we see
03:11 the other side. And then the pressure of oxygen down the tissue is
03:14 40. So the oxygen comes rushing because of that difference in equilibrium is
03:18 because in the capillaries, the blood down. And so that means all
03:21 oxygen can leave down to that So that's why the oxygen uh uh
03:27 , while the partial pressure of oxygen the blood is 40 when it's coming
03:30 is just because it's just matching the from where it's coming from in each
03:35 , right? So I'm going in now I'm going out and I'm just
03:41 there. And the same is true what's going on in carbon dioxide.
03:44 difference is, is in the So we have more 46 millimeters,
03:48 versus 40. So you can see , what am I doing? I'm
03:52 tilting and then again reaching that So that's, that's what's going
03:57 Ultimately. Now, oxygen transport is through hemoglobin. And there's that fun
04:03 molecule we've already looked at, but doesn't just travel attached to hemoglobin.
04:08 first thing that it's gonna do is gonna dissolve itself into the blood.
04:12 when you hear, dissolve, that mean it disappears and falls apart.
04:14 just means that it's gonna distribute right? It's not big clumps of
04:18 . You don't have big bulbs of traveling along. It's, it's
04:22 meaning it's distributed in, in a of a homogeneous way. All
04:27 So when we talk about the partial of oxygen, that's what we're talking
04:31 is the oxygen molecules present in the . All right. So it's actually
04:36 in the fluid. It's not very . We've already seen the number.
04:39 about 100 millimeters of mercury. All . And that the dissolving of oxygen
04:45 is going to be dependent upon the pressure that's driving it into that tissue
04:49 the first place. Or into into the blood, right? So
04:52 I breathe in, remember we there's a calculation, we can
04:56 what is the partial pressure of oxygen the atmosphere? How does it get
05:00 when it gets in the alveoli? then we said there's math involved,
05:03 ultimately, it's around 100 millimeters of . And that's where that number comes
05:07 . And so that's that driving pushing oxygen into the blood. But
05:11 hemoglobin, this is slightly different. right, it's still oxygen that we're
05:17 around. Oxygen exists or hemoglobin exists a deoxy form, right? But
05:23 you do is you get oxygen and when you get the oxyhemoglobin. And
05:27 it it keeps this really simple. we do is we look at it
05:30 terms of saturation, right? So we say is we have a hemoglobin
05:35 , hemoglobin has four hes each heme in oxygen. So how much oxygen
05:38 a hemoglobin combine? Four? And so what we do is we
05:42 saturation in percentile. So if I four oxygen bind to the hemoglobin,
05:47 have 100% saturation. All right, here ever got that pulse ox monitor
05:53 on your finger, right? And looking at it and basically, it
05:56 give you a perfect number. It you a number around 90% really about
06:00 96% right? This is just kind an average, basically. So there's
06:04 a lot of, I mean, , uh, the, the hemoglobin
06:07 your blood is not perfect. It's gonna be 100%. It's not gonna
06:10 much lower than that. 90% after starts dropping below 90%. That's when
06:14 get concerned very quickly. All But you can imagine what we're gonna
06:18 is we're gonna talk about it in very simple percentiles and we're just gonna
06:21 it off that single molecule. But can imagine we're just amplifying it.
06:25 if all your hemoglobin is saturated, 100%. But if you drop one
06:30 off of one of those hes, now at 75 and then if you
06:35 another 1 50 another 1 25 so gonna use those values to make our
06:40 easy. Ok? Now, um the partial pressure of the gas in
06:51 blood that's gonna drive oxygen onto or of hemoglobin. Does this make sense
06:59 I say it that way? All . So let me put it this
07:03 . The amount of hemoglobin or the of oxygen you're gonna find on hemoglobin
07:06 gonna be dependent upon whether or not have more outside of the hemoglobin or
07:11 oxygen outside the hemoglobin. Does that more sense? So, if my
07:15 pressure is high oxygen is gonna want move on to hemoglobin until you saturate
07:21 . If my oxygen level is low the blood partial pressure is low,
07:26 oxygen is going to fall off. that make sense? It should because
07:32 is one of the first things we about when we started this class.
07:35 remember the law of mass action. you don't remember that, then you
07:41 go back to chemistry class where they you the very same thing,
07:44 Is basically things move down their And that's what we're doing here.
07:49 difference is we're talking about a partial versus a saturation. But it's the
07:53 principle that oxygen, when there's more , it's gonna want to bind
07:58 When there's less oxygen, hemoglobin is wanna release it. That makes
08:04 All right, the thing is is we don't have one compartment, we
08:09 to consider all the compartments along the . Now, we're not gonna go
08:14 this much detail, but you need understand that this is absolutely 100%
08:19 So for example, the partial pressure oxygen in the lungs in the alveoli
08:24 our first thing. And so oxygen going to be driven from there to
08:28 next compartment. The next compartment is cells. Actually, it's actually in
08:33 particular case, it's showing you the layer. So they're that thin layer
08:36 water with the with the uh uh in it. So oxygen has to
08:40 into that. So the partial pressure oxygen there must be less to,
08:44 draw water into that or to draw in and then you have the alveolar
08:49 and then you have the interstitial space then you have the capillary cells and
08:52 you have the plasma itself. And when we're talking about the partial pressure
08:57 oxygen, look how far downstream, many things we have to cross.
09:03 each one of them is a little less. So oxygen is sprinting to
09:08 into the blood. And then where's hemoglobin? Is the hemoglobin just floating
09:12 the blood? Where did we find ? Red blood cells? So we
09:17 to cross the plasmin ran into the blood cell. And now that's the
09:22 pressure that the red blood or the is concerned with, which is the
09:27 point. Now, all this stuff eventually get saturated. By the time
09:30 leave the lungs, all the oxygen moved down from the alveoli out into
09:36 cytoplasm and on to the hemoglobin. then that's gonna keep happening until equilibrium
09:42 met. Does that make sense the we think about it in very simple
09:48 is we ignore everything in between these . So we say this is
09:53 this is next highest, that's third . And so we're just driving that
09:57 . But you got to remember your is saturated with oxygen before it starts
10:03 stuff into the blood and ultimately into red blood cells and ultimately on
10:10 Ok. So you can think about like this. All right, hemoglobin
10:15 very, very important and very, valuable because the partial pressure of oxygen
10:21 100 millimeters of mercury is not enough really keep you alive. All
10:26 So, if we didn't have red cells and we didn't have hemoglobin,
10:29 , you'd still have oxygen circulating in blood, but it's not enough to
10:33 those cells alive. So your cells die and then you'd die and then
10:36 would be the end of that, ? The hemoglobin serves as a way
10:42 keep the oxygen in the blood. that when your cells have need for
10:48 , it doesn't have to wait for to breathe it in. It basically
10:52 it from the red blood cells. right, it increases the oxygen carrying
10:59 of the blood. That's its All right. So right now,
11:03 can only carry a partial pressure of 100 millimeters of mercury of oxygen.
11:08 could go back and calculate how many that is. We're not gonna waste
11:11 time. But by having the remember what we said is we had
11:15 real low red blood cells and they like what? It was it five
11:19 10 to the ninth or was it times 10 to the fourth? I
11:22 remember there was a lot, there a lot of hemoglobin, see how
11:25 not important to remember the actual right? There's a lot of
11:28 There are a lot of red blood , right? And so what we've
11:31 now is we've created a bank of that is now circulating in your body
11:37 whenever any cell needs. So we more. So this is trying to
11:42 you so without hemoglobin, that's your carrying capacity. About three mils per
11:50 . Not very much, then you in the hemoglobin. Look what
11:54 Boom, it goes way up. the idea. So that's the whole
12:01 of the hemoglobin is to make sure your body has the oxygen it
12:08 And it's just gonna keep moving This is just a picture to kind
12:12 me to reiterate the point. Oxygen keep moving into the blood just because
12:18 has a means to do so because my blood, when my hemoglobin is
12:23 saturated, I have a point where oxygen can be received. That kind
12:27 makes sense. Do I need to back to the M and M example
12:31 we have pocket M and M's and M and M si, did I
12:35 that to you guys? She's saying . Do you know I didn't do
12:38 ? OK. Everyone here like M M si I see the indifference.
12:44 Halloween. If you got a bag M and MS, would you
12:49 No. All right. Let's say have a pair of 55 gallon barrel
12:53 M and MS and you can take much as you'd like? All
12:57 that's plenty for everybody, don't you ? How would you get the M
13:01 MS back to your seat? Would just take one scoop and then walk
13:05 ? Is that enough? M and for you? Now, what would
13:08 do? Put them in your Right. Well, no,
13:14 you're stuck with what you got. you got to come up here as
13:17 maybe you might pull your shirt and do the whole shirt basket,
13:23 You know. So now if we to eat the M and MS,
13:27 the first group of M and we're gonna eat the ones in our
13:31 , right? That would be the M and M's, and then you'd
13:34 go to the pocket M and Are you saying the green ones?
13:37 red ones? Ok. No, was talking about which ones that you're
13:40 ? I mean, but that's, , that's a good, you
13:42 red M and M's work, Maybe you actually pick out the greens
13:46 the reds and, you know, the idea is, is now there's
13:49 , there's a pattern to which I up my M and MS. So
13:52 ones I'm gonna eat first are the that are in my hands that are
13:55 available. Right. So I'm just and then what will I do is
13:59 I go and start reaching into my to the pocket M and MS.
14:04 ? And that's kind of what oxygen hemoglobin is. So, the first
14:09 that we're going to get is the that's readily available. Right. That's
14:13 one that's in circulation out there in blood, that partial pressure. But
14:18 the next group of oxygen I'm gonna is the stuff that's on the
14:21 So it first has to fall off hemoglobin and it becomes blood oxygen.
14:26 . So my pocket M and MS my pocket M and MS until I
14:29 them in my hands and now they're hand, M and MS and they're
14:32 to get at. Right. That's same idea. So what we're looking
14:38 here is we're gonna look at the to move oxygen into a different way
14:43 carrying it. So I have access less access. That's the idea,
14:48 ? Hemoglobin is less access, but allows me to carry more just like
14:52 pockets are less easy to access, allows me to carry more M and
14:57 . That's the idea. All So that's when we see things like
15:01 , the saturation curve and you can what we have here is we have
15:04 relationship, we have a relationship between and we have a relationship with saturation
15:10 partial pressure of oxygen. All So it's just asking the question based
15:14 this curve. What kind of curve that you guys remember the name of
15:17 type of curve sigmoid curve? Thank . Good, right? So it's
15:22 sigmoid curve. And basically what it is look, there is a pattern
15:26 falling off or getting on relative to degree of saturation or, or
15:31 relative to the degree degree of partial . And so what we have
15:36 you can see here, here's So that's the partial pressure in the
15:40 , right? And so this is highest point. And then what did
15:43 say in the tissues? What was about 40? So this would be
15:48 tissue down over here. And so you can see is way up top
15:52 there. All right. What is percent saturation? 0 25 50 75
15:59 then way up top, it's So over here, what am I
16:04 when there's lots of oxygen, oxygen going on to hemoglobin. It's basically
16:09 there is a place to go and driving oxygen off to hemoglobin,
16:15 So it's just constantly putting things into pockets. It's you up here at
16:18 barrel going, I'm going to put in my hands, but I want
16:21 get more. So I'm just gonna putting it in my pockets until my
16:24 are full, until I reach 100% , 100% pocket full of M and
16:30 . All right. Now, this is not linear. This is a
16:37 of co-operative binding for every oxygen that to hemoglobin. It becomes more attracted
16:41 the next oxygen and so on. each time an oxygen binds, it's
16:46 to bring its friend along. That's the co-operative binding means. All
16:51 So that's what's going on here. what we've done is we've now created
16:54 oxygen reserve. That's the thing that referring to the auction that we can
16:58 to when our cells have need when show up to the tissues,
17:06 We get to the resting tissues. what happens. That's when we start
17:13 oxygen out of the blood, Oxygen is getting pulled out of the
17:16 . And here we're now at our point. So what's gonna happen is
17:21 we lose our first oxygen. What if the tissues are really active and
17:26 burning through oxygen, pressure, pressure . Look what we have here.
17:31 gonna lose our second oxygen there. happens if we keep burning through the
17:37 , it comes off faster and faster faster. It's again, it's the
17:41 of the cooper of binding. It be the cooper release. In other
17:45 , less, less affinity hemoglobin And so it's more willing to give
17:50 that oxygen as we're losing oxygen in environment. So, hemoglobin is this
17:56 that says, hey, when there's available oxygen, bring it and I'll
18:00 on to it. And then when in desperate need of it, I
18:02 let you have it back and I'll it back to you faster and
18:06 Look at the difference, 100 to what's the difference between those two
18:10 60 millimeters of mercury, right? look to lose that next one.
18:15 right about there, would you So, just shy of 30
18:21 the difference between 30 millimeters of mercury 40 is, you know, let's
18:25 call it 12, right? So lose the first one, I have
18:29 lose 60 millimeters of mercury of right? So I have to lose
18:33 lot of oxygen, but to lose next oxygen doesn't take a lot of
18:37 , does it? So my tissues not starve because the hemoglobin is more
18:43 to give up its oxygen as a . Now, there are a couple
18:53 things that will help oxygen fall off . I'm hoping you won't be surprised
19:00 these. So how do I know a tissue needs oxygen? What's going
19:08 ? We said it and I said , right? Metabolism. So what
19:12 the characteristics of metabolism? Well, this, right? If you,
19:18 you don't understand this, I I you to get in the, in
19:21 the passageway here in the middle of thing do about 50 push ups.
19:25 me how if you warmed up or , OK? If you feel that
19:30 , yeah, that's your muscles giving that extra heat. So temperature and
19:34 happens is this temperature is gonna cause I hate saying these words, but
19:37 gonna say it causes the line, know, the sigmoid curve to move
19:44 the right now. Why do I saying that when I was in your
19:49 ? I was a freshman in a class and the stupid professor kept showing
19:54 graph and saying it was the Guns Butter graph. You know, where
19:57 have that nice, uh, that . And he was like,
20:00 look. And then if you do , the curve shifts to the
20:03 It's like, no, it's a curve. It's not the same
20:06 It's a different curve. No, , it shifts to the right.
20:12 I'm, I'm just letting you know my own pet peeves are. So
20:15 curve is redrawn shifted off to the . And what that means is,
20:21 we're looking up here is that at higher temperature now, right? That
20:28 temperature we're gonna release oxygen earlier. . So that makes sense. So
20:34 here, the blue line, uh , the, the, the port
20:38 had to stop and pause for a . The red line is normal.
20:42 line should not have been normal. should have been blue or no,
20:45 should have been green is what it have been because if I increase the
20:49 , what color of the line what should it be? It should
20:51 red. So our blue line is to be our red line, but
20:54 not. But what we're doing is shifting our see, I did it
20:57 . We're redrawing our line to the . And so what it's saying is
21:01 to lose one hemoglobin. Remember if lose one hemoglobin, what would the
21:06 be or not one hemoglobin? One ? What would the saturation be?
21:10 ? So here's our 100 fully Follow your dotted line and look where
21:13 releases now, roughly about right right? So at 50 millimeters of
21:21 , I'm now more willing to let of my oxygen than I would be
21:25 I was at normal temperature. So showing you and then the opposite effect
21:29 true. If it cools down, hemoglobin is less inclined to release its
21:34 . So you can go a lot . So here's the partial pressure of
21:38 releasing that first oxygen that would be 35. Again, the values aren't
21:44 . It's just showing you how the of temperature changes where you're willing to
21:49 that first oxygen. All right. else? Well, when I increase
21:54 activity I dropped phph has the same of effect. The lower the
21:58 the more willing I'm willing to give that oxygen ph increases. Right.
22:03 other words, I become more then I'm less inclined to release that
22:09 . All right. What about carbon ? Well, carbon dioxide binds up
22:14 oxygen itself, right? It doesn't so at the heme it does.
22:18 at the globin portion and it changes shape of the globin molecule. So
22:23 more willing to kick out the, oxygen. It's a, it's the
22:27 saying, hey, we're burning through and I'm actually telling you directly let
22:32 of the oxygen. So it And so the more carbon dioxide,
22:35 more we shift off to the less carbon dioxide, I'll shift off
22:40 the left. And lastly, we this molecule inside red blood cells.
22:44 called uh 2 3d PG. I that's, yeah, I have up
22:48 . Uh you might sometimes see it bi phosphor glycate. So it might
22:52 BPG in some cases, depends on old the books are that you're looking
22:57 . But basically, it's the same . It's a molecule found in red
22:59 cells and it's a uh produced in to signals from the surrounding cells
23:05 hey, um I need more And so basically, the signal comes
23:10 that cause red blood cell to start the DPG. The DPG uh reduces
23:15 affinity towards oxygen. So it releases more readily. So literally, the
23:20 tells it, hey, um I'm . I need oxygen. So these
23:24 four different means to change how hemoglobin up oxygen. And they're all connected
23:30 the same thing when I increase metabolic , I increase my need for
23:36 And so these are by products of activity that tell the hemoglobin to change
23:43 affinity toward that oxygen. So, you with me OK. Oxygen carrying
23:53 easy, hemoglobin, bind it, it oxygen partial pressure, sitting in
24:00 blood, easy peasy, right? dioxide a little bit more complicated,
24:06 a lot more complicated. A little complicated. There's three means by which
24:10 carry carbon dioxide in the blood. is we dissolve it in the blood
24:15 like we do the oxygen. This our partial pressure of carbon dioxide.
24:18 right, that's about 6% of the dioxide we carry in the blood is
24:22 . This means, all right. , we're gonna bind it up to
24:26 . This is called carbaminohemoglobin. what is that? About 20%?
24:30 so we're gonna do this nice simple . We take that carbon dioxide,
24:33 bind it up to the deoxy hemoglobin there you get your carbo hemoglobin.
24:37 right. And so I have it there as deoxy, but you can
24:40 have oxy and you just kick off oxygen. So it makes it
24:44 All right. Um That's a good . I don't know the answer
24:50 That's, that's, that's a fair . I really don't know. All
24:53 , the third type. All So, so far similar to
24:59 even though carbon dioxide binds in a location, right? The third type
25:04 that what we're gonna do and this a reaction that you need to memorize
25:10 this is not the only place you'll it. It's actually one of the
25:12 important reactions in your body. All . So this is what it is
25:16 dioxide. When you add it to , it will do this even without
25:22 enzyme. But we're gonna throw in enzyme on top of this as carbonic
25:26 . What it'll do is it'll convert into carbonic acid. And carbonic acid
25:31 to dissociate itself into a proton and another molecule, bicarbonate. And bicarbonate
25:40 the way we carry most of our dioxide in the blood. And this
25:44 is 100% reversible. So what happens I feel like I have a hair
25:51 the worst. And I did, was small to yuck. All
25:56 Wasn't a squirrel hair. It was of my hairs. And yes,
26:00 time you see me and I hope be less bushy, it's upsetting me
26:05 this point. All right. So happens is is that when carbon
26:09 when carbon dioxide gets in the red cells, there's carbonic anhydrase in that
26:14 it's going to drive the reactions produced bicarbonate. But you can imagine that
26:19 bicarbonate would build up inside the red cell and then the reaction would stop
26:24 it would reach equilibrium and that's not helpful. So what we do is
26:27 going to drive the reaction forward by rid of the bicarbonate. So we
26:32 in the surface of the red blood , these exchangers and what this exchanger
26:37 is it says, hey, I give the bicarbonate out to the
26:41 to the plasma. Uh, you give me a chlorine to balance out
26:44 proton that I have floating around in and then you can keep the
26:49 And then when we arrive in the , we'll go ahead and reverse that
26:52 . Well, we'll push the bicarbonate into the red blood cell and reverse
26:56 the opposite way. All right. , what we're doing is we make
27:00 and tons and tons of bicarbonate and carry that bicarbonate in our blood.
27:04 then when we need to get rid carbon dioxide, what we do is
27:07 just shift it the opposite direction and exhale. Have you ever yawned?
27:12 for no reason, just like you're there and you do that kind of
27:15 side that Yeah. Have you ever why? No, no one's ever
27:23 why. I'm, I'm, I'm tell you why, but have you
27:26 , you should always wonder like why my body do weird things?
27:30 Every day. You should wake up say, man, my, my
27:33 is twitching. Why is it doing and go look it up? All
27:36 . Why do you yawn so weird that? Well, part of that
27:39 that acid based balance thing that I we're not gonna talk about basically what's
27:43 is, is your, your acid bounce is out of whack. You
27:46 too much base. So your body thinking I need to get rid of
27:48 uh get rid of carbon dioxide, is the bicarbonate, which is keeping
27:52 blood basic or making it too So all I gotta do is just
27:56 , get rid of that extra carbon . I'm gonna push the reaction in
27:59 opposite direction. So now I have bicarbonate. All right now me saying
28:05 doesn't make it helpful, does Because chemical reactions are hard to
28:09 So let's just show you all this stuff. All right. So here
28:15 are in the tissue, right? is producing carbon dioxide, right?
28:20 the first thing carbon dioxide is gonna is gonna go into that interstitial
28:24 then ultimately into the plasma of the , right? And so what you
28:27 imagine is the carbon dioxide, partial is rising. So that's what you'd
28:32 to be going on out here. carbon dioxide stays dissolved in the blood
28:36 up about 6% right? But if want to keep driving carbon dioxide
28:40 you want to get rid of that dioxide, right? Because once you
28:43 equilibrium, nothing moves. So if want to keep things moving, I
28:47 get rid of it. So what going to do is I'm going to
28:49 the carbon dioxide to change. One the things I can do is I
28:53 turn it into bicarbonate on its It doesn't need carbonic anhydrase to do
28:58 , but that's a really, really reaction. So we're not dependent upon
29:01 , it just exists. All So that's one way we're gonna keep
29:05 carbon dioxide in this direction. The thing I could do is there is
29:09 carbon dioxide inside the cell. So dioxide is naturally going to want to
29:13 into the red blood cell. Great. Eventually that's gonna fill up
29:18 carbon dioxide. So I gotta keep carbon dioxide moving. So what can
29:21 do? Well, it can bind to hemoglobin, right? And so
29:25 what it's gonna do. And so we have our carbo Mino hemoglobin.
29:30 . Great. So that's eventually going fill up. So we got to
29:34 something to keep driving the carbon dioxide . So what are we going to
29:37 ? Well, that's that carbonic anhydrase . So I'm gonna take carbonic or
29:42 dioxide and water, put them make my carbonic acid and I'm gonna
29:46 bicarbonate, but that means I'm gonna too much bicarbonate in the cell eventually
29:50 everything is gonna reach equilibrium. So when I use my little exchanger,
29:53 pump and that moves bicarbonate out And so that keeps this reaction going
29:59 this direction, right? So I'm constantly going into the cell and then
30:06 I get to the opposite side, do I do? What's the first
30:10 to leave? Think about the M MS first thing to leave M and
30:16 is in my hands. So the thing to leave in terms of carbon
30:19 when I arrive in the lungs is one it's gonna be dissolved,
30:24 So, if the dissolve leaves, creates a, a hole to be
30:28 , and where can I fill that with? Well, I've got carbon
30:31 inside the cell. So the inside goes out here and now I've got
30:34 hole that needs to be filled. what do I fill that with?
30:37 , I got carbon dioxide, bind to the hemoglobin. So it goes
30:40 fills that hole, right? And constantly moving things and then, oh
30:45 , I have bicarbonate here and so is going this direction, but I
30:49 have, I'm creating a hole there I can pull bicarbonate in. So
30:54 I'm doing is I'm shifting carbon dioxide bicarbonate and back again through all of
30:59 different steps. So there's an extra in here to deal with relative to
31:05 . But the oxygen is doing the thing. It's either binding up to
31:08 or it's being released from hemoglobin. the first place that we go to
31:12 anything is the stuff that's directly OK? And if you can't remember
31:19 because I'm seeing a couple of blank , always go back to the Eminem
31:26 , if you need to, there a bunch of kids gonna be walking
31:28 on Tuesday, although that's gonna be night. That might be a little
31:32 too late. All right. But still candy that you can go
31:35 So get your thing. A thing M and MS put some in your
31:37 , put some in your hands. the question. Which one am I
31:39 eat? First one's in your All right. We have a name
31:48 what carbon dioxide does to hemoglobin when bound up to oxygen. It's called
31:53 Haldane effect. And basically it says any partial pressure of carbon dioxide,
31:59 the total co uh carbon dioxide content the blood is gonna rise as the
32:03 levels is gonna fall. All In other words, what we're saying
32:06 is as carbon dioxide levels rise, is naturally going to be leaving,
32:11 has to. All right, and oxygen is gonna to be released from
32:17 . Why? Because carbon dioxide binds it and forces the oxygen off.
32:22 so then the partial pressure is gonna that oxygen out and away. This
32:26 collectively what is referred to as the effect. All right, protons.
32:32 I have more protons, what is with regard to the Ph they going
32:35 or going down or staying the It's gone down. See that you
32:39 learn that principle good. You, don't have to get that tattoo.
32:42 right, but it's just one of principles when, when protons go
32:45 ph is going down and what did say when my cells are active,
32:49 am producing protons, it's a by of metabolic activity. So the protons
32:54 available drives this process as well. right. So both protons and carbon
33:00 collectively decrease the affinity for hemoglobin to causing oxygen to be released. So
33:09 just that picture. The same picture showed you showing you what carbon dioxide
33:14 , it goes from here to there there, right? And in order
33:20 it to be in here, what it have to do? It has
33:22 be converted from bicarbonate back to carbon first, so far? So
33:28 Huh? All right. Next I don't want it to be
33:34 but if I say it wrong, may be confusing. OK, I've
33:38 mentioned this but I want you to this home. So just put this
33:42 little star here. It doesn't matter you're breathing in or breathing out or
33:46 your breath for a short period of caveat, but the partial pressure of
33:52 stays the same, the partial pressure carbon dioxide stays the same right in
33:56 lungs. All right. Now, , there are slight variations and that's
34:02 this picture is trying to show you that during periods of inspiration, you
34:05 in a little bit more oxygen than decreases and you bring in again,
34:08 decreases in terms of carbon dioxide. opposite occurs. But relatively speaking,
34:15 doesn't matter if you're breathing in or out, it's more or less a
34:18 value. So this shift is very small, right? It's very
34:24 . So I want you to walk from here saying there is no readily
34:31 changes in the partial pressures, whether breathing in, breathing out or in
34:38 breath. Ok. Obviously, if hold your breath, partial pressure of
34:43 is gonna go down. Partial pressure carbon dioxide is gonna increase until you're
34:51 . All right, we're getting ready land, land the plane for this
34:56 . All right, pulmonary ventilation simply the volume of air that you're breathing
35:03 and breathing out in a minute. right. So pulmonary ventilation has a
35:07 . It's mils per minute. That's tidal volume, which would be mils
35:12 the number of breaths you take per . That's your respiratory rate so that
35:17 can calculate the values out. It's equals TV times RR Very simple
35:23 right? So we could just oh, my title volume is 500
35:26 take 10 breaths. So my uh ventilation is whatever 50 times 100 so
35:35 mils per minute, right? Nice calculation. There's a problem with
35:40 the, but let's, we'll see this problem here in just a
35:44 All right, if I double my rate or my respiratory rate, what
35:51 I do to my pulmonary ventilation? using this equation? If I double
35:58 rate, what happens to pul I it. OK. If I double
36:02 title volume, what happens to my ventilation? Double? Great. So
36:08 you can see that this is, when you actually go measure it in
36:11 real world, it actually more advantage more advantageous to increase uh tidal volume
36:19 than respiratory rate. What? But says do this? All right.
36:27 it's saying is and let's see if makes more sense to you. If
36:30 say this like this, it is better. Wait, let me ask
36:33 question. How many of you guys an athlete? Some type of athlete
36:37 some point? Ok, good. when you had coaches and you were
36:42 , for example, did they tell to take deep breaths or quick fast
36:48 ? Was it better to do uh or I better do this?
36:58 do you think deep breaths, deep ? I don't know you didn't
37:05 Ok. You think the short Ok. I like dissenters, not
37:12 you're right, but I like Dissension is good. It's, it
37:15 we can have a discussion, And that's good, right. Let's
37:19 , think about this. Anatomical dead . As you see down here is
37:25 due to anatomical dead space. Anatomical space is the part of the conducting
37:30 that must be filled with air that no role in exchange. Ok.
37:37 here we have a model lung. model lung says, look, I
37:41 breathe in 500 mils during a regular . That's my title volume,
37:47 But what I have is I have 100 and 50 mils of that 500
37:52 is going to be in my conducting . Whereas the remainder of 350 will
37:56 found inside my lung in the exchange . Right? So that means every
38:03 I breathe in 500 mils go in 350 mils of that get down to
38:09 exchange can take place. 100 and mils are just sitting there inside my
38:14 trachea, my bronchi and my right? When I breathe out,
38:20 first amount of air that leaves is and 50 mils that played no role
38:24 exchange. And then the next 350 out and of that 350 100 and
38:31 mils stay inside my lungs inside the zone. And then when I breathe
38:36 again, that 150 goes back down my respiratory zone with a no new
38:43 uh portion about 200 mils of fresh . And then 100 and 50 mils
38:47 in the conducting zone. Another every time you breathe in some of
38:53 breath that you're getting is old stale that's was already in your lungs.
38:58 who knows how long it's been stale in your lungs? Oh,
39:03 With all that skin that you've been in Ok, sorry, I'm getting
39:10 little loopy here. I didn't even to have lunch. All right.
39:14 you can imagine every time I'm I'm only getting about 70% of the
39:19 that I'm actually breathing in and All right. So this is why
39:24 debt space can be problematic because if begin breathing quickly, my respiratory rate
39:31 up, but I'm doing short What am I doing? I'm only
39:36 air that's sitting in the conducting All right. Now, I know
39:41 guys didn't do stupid things when you kids because I've already said that you
39:44 need to get out more, So, we used to do something
39:47 when we were kids. Um, was to sit in a chair like
39:53 and then to lean over, kind of scrunched up and then hyperventilate
39:57 about like a minute and then you up and see who would pass
40:03 It was a party game that you in middle school, right? Because
40:06 guess people hadn't been introduced to drugs yet. Although I, I grew
40:10 in the eighties. So that was completely different question. Don't do
40:14 folks. Yeah. It's always funny you drive into the parking garage and
40:18 just smell pot and it's just really, you know, come
40:23 All right. Anyway, so you see if I'm not moving air down
40:31 my exchange zones right into the, , into where I can have
40:36 I'm not, I'm using up all oxygen and eventually what will happen
40:40 is you'll pass out, there's nothing drive you forward. So, the
40:45 thing to do, I'm not picking you. Right? Because you,
40:48 brave enough to say, I don't , maybe this one sounds better.
40:51 better thing to do is to do breaths. So what will happen is
40:55 I'm doing deeper breaths, I still change how much air is in my
40:59 zone. It's still 150 mils, ? But if I'm doing a deeper
41:02 , let's say I'm doing 700 I'm carrying another 200 extra mils of
41:07 down into my lung lungs. Now may slow down my respiratory rate,
41:12 ? But I'm still having a greater . This is a graph that or
41:17 table that kind of shows that and don't like this particular table because if
41:21 think about it when I'm running really is my respiratory rate go up.
41:25 my title volume go up as Yeah, both of them do.
41:29 this is your body basically saying I to get more oxygen. So what
41:32 gonna do is I'm going to increase rate plus I'm going to add in
41:35 title volume. But if we want keep one thing constant, this is
41:39 this graph is trying to show you saying, look, I'm going to
41:42 to keep pulmonary ventilation constant. In words, the end of the
41:47 And so if I look at my of volume t my rate, that's
41:50 I get that number. But you now see what my alveoli are
41:55 Right. That's what this part is you. And so by taking shallow
42:02 , I get half the volume of in my alveoli as I should based
42:07 these values. Whereas if I right, if I could take a
42:12 deep breath, relative to my normal , I get more, significantly
42:18 So that's how you can use this of about to do that.
42:22 the thing is, is alveolar dead . Um I mean, so this
42:26 how we, how we deal with , this dead space, this anatomical
42:30 space, but there's also something that's alveolar dead space. All right.
42:37 really all alveolar dead space is, simply alveoli that are not participating in
42:44 gas exchange, right? For one or another. All right. And
42:48 is not a particularly helpful picture. what I'm gonna do? Yeah.
42:54 I swore I'd do this the next I had something hard. Um Let's
42:58 here. I want to, I've just got to find the right
43:04 here. I want to white screen . There we go. So alveolar
43:15 Space is the space wherein we are participating in exchange. So the way
43:20 want to, I want to demonstrate , there's another picture and the next
43:24 is going to do this as Um So you can see a professional
43:28 as opposed to my drawing. All , but I'm going to use my
43:30 and seeing if this helps you. again, I apologize because trying to
43:36 on a screen that is not steady not always easy. So I'm gonna
43:40 to do this such a way that writing is, is OK? All
43:44 . So I want you to think a normal alveolus. So here's my
43:48 and it has a blood vessel, capillary that's associated with it,
43:53 That's to represent that. And so can imagine in this structure, I
43:58 a large part pressure of oxygen and have a small partial pressure of carbon
44:04 . Can we tell the size difference that? Is that OK? All
44:08 . And so blood returning back to LV OS, what would the partial
44:12 of oxygen look like? Small? . So we're gonna do small and
44:17 what would carbon dioxide look like? ? OK. So we can tell
44:23 in, in the drawing that these things are separate, right? And
44:26 what you'd expect is you'd expect right? So oxygen would go in
44:30 dioxide would go that way. And what would end up happening over
44:34 So that's what that represents is over , right? What would end up
44:38 is that we would have an alveolus would end up with a high partial
44:45 of carbon dioxide and a low partial of oxygen. Right? So I'm
44:52 gonna try to demonstrate that through these things. So that's again, supposed
44:56 be small. So would their exchange taking place at this point with
45:01 or what I'm suggesting here is equilibrium , has taken place. So there's
45:05 exchange. So what we have now is what we would call alveolar dead
45:10 . So what we'd want to do we'd want to take our blood someplace
45:16 , right? Because the blood that sending to this particular alveolus is not
45:21 any good. So we want to perfusion so that we could then supply
45:28 particular blood with actual oxygen. So would I reduce perfusion in this
45:35 What, what would be the one that I could do here? I
45:41 it there. I want to see someone else can get it.
45:44 no, no, that's good. would like every one of them.
45:47 one of you should be go. This is, this is like
45:50 This is not like a really deep problem. This would be something if
45:53 were in charge of keeping carbon dioxide entering into that tube, what would
45:58 do? Yes. If I want prevent carbon dioxide from entering that
46:05 what would I do and remember? can't OK. Say it constrict.
46:10 that's that would be the first thing vaso constriction. All right. And
46:16 now what I have again, my is terrible. What I would do
46:21 I would constrict and so the blood go elsewhere. All right. But
46:27 still have a lot of carbon dioxide . I have a lot of oxygen
46:32 so I want to get rid of carbon dioxide and I want to bring
46:34 new oxygen. So what would I to do to that? Alveolus,
46:39 would I get rid of that carbon and bring in more oxygen? Can
46:44 , what's that do if I the LVLS, would I be able
46:48 get things in and out of All right. Think about the opposite
46:53 . I don't want to constrict. do I wanna do? I wanna
46:56 dilate. So what would happen is this is just the same thing I
47:01 dilate. Now again, I'm trying exaggerate here. So I'm dilating,
47:06 ? So now when I breathe in I breathe out, what's gonna happen
47:11 I'm going to have gas exchange taking . So the carbon dioxide leaves,
47:15 oxygen comes in. All right. we're gonna do that. So now
47:22 got exchange taking place and so now I have. All right, so
47:29 are all just kind of linked That's why I'm trying to do different
47:33 . So now what I have, have a lot of oxygen and I
47:36 very little carbon dioxide. I'll do this way co2 but I have no
47:41 going through there. So, breathing at this point now has wasted that
47:47 , right? Because when I breathe all that stuff that I've just brought
47:50 is gonna get. So what do want to do to fix this
47:53 I want to do what vasodilate and constrict is what I'm looking
48:00 I want to constrict the ventilation. I want to constrict the alveolar,
48:06 alveolar constriction. So the next step basically to constrict. And again,
48:12 trying to exaggerate the constriction and I'm to dilate. So now I got
48:21 oxygen and I have lots of very little CO2. And so I
48:26 that exchange again. And so what really doing is I'm basically going between
48:33 two states to ensure that there is little alveolar dead space. So I
48:40 perfusion, right? So, I increase blood flow and I uh
48:48 I uh I decrease uh ventilation. I, I basically die or I
48:56 . So when I increase perfusion, decreasing ventilation by vasocon vasodilation and uh
49:05 constriction. I know that's not the I'm looking for, but I'm blind
49:08 now. Um I don't have it here. Bronchial is the word I'm
49:12 for broncho constrict, right? So holding in the oxygen and I'm opening
49:19 the blood vessels so I can get exchange and then once equilibrium is
49:22 then I switch it, I bronchodilate I vasoconstrict. So now I can
49:29 and get rid of that carbon dioxide bring in new oxygen and then I
49:33 again and I open up the blood so that exchange can occur. And
49:37 keep doing this back and forth, and forth and that reduces alveolar dead
49:46 . That makes sense. Makes Makes sense. Makes sense. I
49:53 know. OK. Anyone who got picture of this got their picture.
49:58 news. It's recorded. So you always go back and look. All
50:01 . Um Let me show you So this is that same thing.
50:06 not doing a great job of showing constriction dilation. You have to look
50:11 , really closely at the size of vessel versus size of that vessel,
50:16 ? And look at the muscle versus muscle. All right. It's one
50:21 these, you remember those things as kid where it's like find the 10
50:25 in the picture. That's what this . It's find the differences in the
50:28 . OK. So what they're trying demonstrate in the cartoon is here's
50:33 here's bronchial constriction versus here's uh uh and vasodilation respectively. The two things
50:42 opposite. So when I dilate the the bronchi, I'm going to constrict
50:47 , the capillaries. If I'm going dilate the capillaries, I'm going to
50:52 the bronchioles. All right. I'm perfusion to ventilation that's the way we
50:58 of say that third picture looks like bunch of Halloween masks. I don't
51:04 if that's helpful, but if you a third picture, there's one in
51:07 notes. OK. Pausing here answering that since I'm having fun, I'm
51:27 gonna warn you all. When I shirts from the eighties, I'm gonna
51:31 asking you questions about the band. can't answer them. Huh? It
51:37 you gotta start listening to their Yeah. Yes, sir.
51:46 It's all the time. Every Every second. Always. Yeah.
52:04 along those orders. It's so I to say once per breath,
52:08 , it again, it depends on degree of perfusion versus the degree of
52:13 . Right? So when you're at rest, you're not needing, there's
52:17 as quite as large a need to as often. And so, or
52:22 , to match that perfusion and That's probably not the best way to
52:25 it. But basically you don't need oxygen as much and you're not needing
52:28 clear carbon dioxide as much. So can imagine there might be, I'm
52:32 making up a number, let's say have 1000 alveoli that are in perfect
52:36 , things are going, but you have one that's not behaving correctly.
52:39 that would be the anatomical dead space they have to go through and correct
52:42 . So this might be happening in little areas. It might be happening
52:45 unison over the whole course of all alveoli plus their capillaries so on and
52:50 forth. But it's just the way we try to explain this or understand
52:54 is you need to think you in of your lungs are not just a
52:57 old bag that you're inflating and It's actually a bunch of itsy bitsy
53:02 sacks that are all doing this based purely on need, metabolic need,
53:08 is really kind of cool, you . Mhm You're welcome. Yes.
53:18 . Yes. The question is it ? Yes. It's based on
53:22 the partial pressures themselves. All No more questions. I'm, I'm
53:32 there are no more questions. Maybe are. I mean, you're just
53:34 saying, all right. So what wanna do now is I just wanna
53:37 of wrap things up and say, do we regulate this stuff? How
53:39 we control our breathing? All So, first off, we have
53:43 centers in the brain stem specifically in medulla and the ponds, right?
53:47 are a couple of different ones. Your book really likes to go in
53:51 and deep and show you all the pathways and stuff like that. We're
53:54 to try to keep this really uh simple as possible. But in
53:58 what you want to do is you to think of what are the factors
54:00 ultimately result into uh respiratory control first what generates the pattern of inspiration versus
54:08 , right? You don't have to here and think must bring it
54:12 must breathe out. So something is the pattern of inhale exhale. That's
54:16 first one. The second one is do I regulate the magnitude based on
54:21 ? Right. When I start running , something tells my brain to tell
54:25 lungs to start inflating more and deflating . All right. So that's the
54:30 thing. And then the other the third part is one of those
54:34 that modify breathing to serve other Um So in my, in my
54:40 class today, we're talking about the brain stem, which is where
54:42 gonna spend time. And I briefly this, right? So think about
54:46 when you take a drink, do s do you breathe while you're
54:51 I mean, no, you you, you basically halt breathing for
54:54 moment, right? Or how about you sneeze? Right? I
55:01 that's, that's halted breathing. So , this is when we say modify
55:04 on other needs, even when you're , what you do is you are
55:09 air out through the larynx to make interesting noises, but you're not breathing
55:14 at the same time, you're actually a breath outward and then you pause
55:18 breathe inward. So this is an of modification, right? So we
55:22 this normal pattern and then we do stuff on top of all that.
55:25 those are the three different areas where going to uh regulate. So,
55:30 is the rhythmic breathing and this is be the mela. So we have
55:34 in the mela. Those are central generators. And what they do is
55:38 directly output to the respiratory muscles that located in the diaphragm and located in
55:43 thoracic cage. And so what these do and these, these particular nuclei
55:48 responsible for is activate, being active the subconscious level to ensure that inspiration
55:55 expiration occurs. So there is both that are there for inspiratory activity and
56:01 are neurons there that are for expiratory . Now, let's just back up
56:06 a second before I move forward. you are normal tidal volume, are
56:12 forcing air out through expiatory muscle using muscles? So I breathe in and
56:21 I do what? Relax the muscle and then it just causes it.
56:27 there's no expiratory muscle involved. It's inspiratory muscles. So, what we're
56:32 about here are when we're doing the breathing. All right. So the
56:36 group is called the dorsal respiratory As you might imagine, it's located
56:41 relative to the other one, hence name. All right, it's in
56:45 medulla, all right. And there's one that's gonna be eventually
56:49 All right. So the DRG is inspiratory neurons. So this is the
56:54 that's causing the tidal volume, This is what's making you go and
57:00 uh uh right. So it's just that, that simple pattern. The
57:07 , the ventral respiratory group is both and expiratory neurons. So this is
57:13 kicked in when you need to increase . So like when you start inspiring
57:20 and then when you need to push air out. So what we're gonna
57:22 now is we're gonna do those alternating of breathe in, push out,
57:26 in, push out, using those neurons to uh to tell those muscles
57:31 to do. This one's become a bit more controversial. I'm gonna teach
57:37 until some book tells me otherwise. right. So the pre Bolinger complex
57:42 located in the medulla and so you see here, I've changed the language
57:47 little bit. I say it's believed play a role in all right,
57:51 respiratory rhythm. That's becoming less and true, the more we learn about
57:57 . But for right now, what it's doing is it's, it's
58:01 your uh BRG and your DRG what do. All right, it's consists
58:07 of inspiratory neurons. And what they to be is that pacemaker. So
58:12 they do is they start firing, causes the other ones to start
58:15 which causes the inspiration, they stop and then your other ones relax.
58:20 , that's the principle behind this. is where it's even getting even
58:26 But I'm gonna keep teaching it until book tells me otherwise. All
58:30 we have these two groups of neurons are found in the ponds that appear
58:36 talk to the neurons in the So this is what we refer to
58:40 collectively as the ponte respiratory group ponte it's in the ponds. All
58:47 Two types of neurons. Here, have the attic and the pneumo tax
58:53 , the apus stick neurons are going talk to the inspiratory neurons. And
58:57 they do is they say don't keep pulling, keep firing so that
59:03 bring in more air. So what doing is we're lengthening inspiration in response
59:08 these types of neurons. I think they're doing now is they're changing.
59:12 names of these groups is pro probably the what the big issue here.
59:16 what I say up here is it as a gas pedal to inspiration is
59:21 you can think about it, how make bigger breaths because it's telling the
59:25 what to do. All right, pneumo taxi. On the other
59:30 is acting in a negative fashion. acting like a break on these
59:34 So it's saying, hey, stop breath earlier, don't breathe in as
59:39 . So it would make the tidal smaller. So that's why we're saying
59:43 acting as a break. It shortens . So the brain stem ponds and
59:53 together are responsible for controlling respiration, much you breathe in, how much
59:59 breathe out each little area that I plays that small role in how we're
60:04 it. So the mela is going to the muscle, the ponds regulates
60:10 stuff in the medulla is our current is how we, how we kind
60:15 put that. All right. But what ultimately controls ventilation is our need
60:24 oxygen, right? I had a who was a swimmer for Stanford Olympic
60:31 swimmer. He could hold his breath a really long time. In
60:35 he was a machine and I mean literally a machine. Uh So one
60:40 the swimmers decided to see how far could swim by holding their breath.
60:44 so he jumped in, swam, the wall, hit the wall,
60:48 the wall, something like three something . But he passed out while he
60:51 swimming and he kept going and the reason they knew was he was swimming
60:55 against the wall like this. All . Yeah, he was a
61:01 He never swam in the Olympics. was Olympic caliber, but his freshman
61:05 he had to have both shoulders, surgery on both shoulders. So
61:08 his time has never improved after his year shame. He's now a physicist
61:14 Los Alamos. So he's the one some scary stuff. Everything he does
61:18 classified. So you can't have conversations him. It's really boring.
61:25 since I'm telling stories about him um, he, he was a
61:30 from like the age of three And he swam with this,
61:33 like a, a club team and was a girl in the club team
61:36 he liked. They went to different . She went to Notre Dame came
61:39 , um, and their former coach you guys need to start dating.
61:43 they started dating. They got They have like three kids. I
61:47 know if they swim, but I they do. So, uh it's
61:51 , they're just producing a super race swimmers. So, all right,
61:56 peripheral or detecting uh chemicals. We receptors in our blood vessels that are
62:03 for looking at the concentrations of carbon dioxide and the concentrations of protons
62:09 ph in these, in the blood . All right. So where they're
62:14 , they're found in the aorta, found in the carotid arteries. So
62:18 just refer to them as the crowded bodies. So if they're in the
62:21 carotid bodies or if they're in the aortic bodies, all right. They
62:27 chemo sensitive and their specific type of are the glomus cells. So,
62:31 you see glomus, that's what it's to. Are these cells. All
62:35 . And they're looking at specifically those chemicals protons, oxygen, carbon
62:41 But there is a different value to importance that the cells put on these
62:46 and what we would do. And for example, if I'm oxygen
62:50 what would I want to be monitoring . What would I want to be
62:53 if I'm trying to determine if I more oxygen? Doctor Wayne would want
62:57 look at, it's not your I'm I'm not a smart guy so
63:02 be oxygen, right? And of , your cells are a lot smarter
63:06 we are. And so they say , no, no. I want
63:09 look at the by products of metabolic . So I wanna look at ph
63:12 carbon dioxide, but there's actually a because there are different things that are
63:19 important than others. So for which part of your body needs oxygen
63:24 most? If you had to decide you're gonna give oxygen to one tissue
63:28 one tissue only, which one would give it to the brain? That's
63:32 I heard the brain, right? central nervous system, right? Who
63:35 if my big toe gets oxygen, gets the oxygen. All right.
63:39 what we have is we have these , these types of chemo sensitive cells
63:45 not only located in the blood vessels the carotid. Well, they're located
63:48 carotid in the aortic, but they're in other tissues like deep,
63:53 And the carotid is asking the question , all right, am I sending
63:58 blood to the brain? Right? that's what it's basically trying to
64:03 Whereas the aortic is saying, am sending oxygenated blood everywhere to the
64:09 All right. And so really, it comes down to it, the
64:14 really doesn't care and the body really care about the partial pressure of oxygen
64:19 how much oxygen you have in your until it gets down to some really
64:24 levels. So that means the blood through your heart is leaving with a
64:31 pressure of around 60 millimeters of That's when your brain starts freaking out
64:35 saying, wait a second, something's . Now. You probably didn't grow
64:39 hearing this phrase. But I did lot. Don't go playing in vacant
64:45 and don't go playing in empty What I, I mean, I
64:53 the same thing you did like, ? Like, what am I?
64:56 gonna go find empty refrigerators to go in. Well, apparently long before
65:01 was a green movement, people used just dump stuff wherever. All
65:05 And I used to think like this the stupidest thing I ever heard.
65:08 . Why are you telling me not go play in a refrigerator? If
65:10 go in a refrigerator, just push the door on the inside and it
65:13 open. No big deal. It a big deal when she was a
65:16 girl because refrigerators weren't just open They had the latches and they had
65:21 latches on the outside. So if went and played hide and go seek
65:25 a refrigerator, it would lock, one would ever find you. And
65:29 figure you'd go home and then you suffocate inside a refrigerator. And you
65:34 imagine here you are in your little refrigerator box and your body is breathing
65:40 that used air and the oxygen levels dropping. And so what happens
65:44 is your body starts panicking and saying not enough oxygen being delivered because I'm
65:49 the oxygen levels going up. So am I gonna have to start doing
65:53 get more oxygen in my body? hyperventilating. So what ends up happening
65:58 I start moving more carbon dioxide in I'm not getting any more oxygen and
66:02 I pass out and then I die then they find my body in an
66:04 refrigerator. A vacant lot a month going. Oh, what a tragedy
66:08 is. We should teach Children not go play in refrigerators. That was
66:14 multidimensional or multigenerational story. We don't to worry about that so much.
66:20 we get rid of refrigerators by not them on the corner of the
66:23 What we do is we have waste , take it away and drop it
66:27 a landfill and no one goes plays a landfill. You don't play the
66:31 , do you? No, no. As I said,
66:34 you don't. Right. I don't . You know what one of the
66:37 cartoons on Saturday morning was when I growing up? Fat Albert in the
66:42 . I want you guys to look what the background of Fat Albert in
66:48 gang was what they, what the was in which they performed the
66:55 I'll just tell you that was a . Hey, hey, hey,
67:01 know, that's what Bill Cosby grew with. That's who wrote the
67:06 Those were all his friends. Every of those characters is a friend of
67:10 , that, that he turned into and Fat Albert was one of his
67:15 and he's in that show, it's , Bill is like one of the
67:18 and that's supposed to be him and had a little brother. Sorry,
67:24 , I'm, I'm telling you, am deprived of food and I'm just
67:28 to drag this out for another three . All right. So this is
67:31 , what this is showing you um , this is way more detail than
67:35 need to know, but it's just you the, when oxygen levels drop
67:39 you know, what are, what we doing? We're going to send
67:42 up to the brain to say, , start increasing the rate of
67:46 All right. CO2 does the same . The difference is, so it's
67:50 down here is the hypercapnia, it's uh when you have too much carbon
67:54 coming into the cells, it's hey, what do we need to
67:56 ? We need to exhale and bring fresh air. What about ph we're
68:00 measuring ph, it's a different, different uh thing. Each of these
68:03 the glo cell is really what I be pointing out. So,
68:10 there we go. I was wondering . So this is the glo
68:13 It doesn't matter if you're looking at , carbon, carbon dioxide or ph
68:18 , it's the same cell just has detectors. But what we're doing is
68:21 looking at all of these different So, what we're looking at
68:26 hey, what is the protons? carbon dioxide, what's oxygen levels?
68:30 we're going to do it in a order. All right, there are
68:34 the centro chemo receptors. So these the ones that are gonna be located
68:39 the medulla and they're working in the respiratory group. This is the one
68:43 increases the rate of inspiration and right? So it has both of
68:47 . So it's the one that's gonna the rate and what it's gonna do
68:49 says, hey, I am looking carbon dioxide levels, I'm looking at
68:54 uh ph in the nervous tissue. when I see these things rise,
69:01 I'm gonna increase the rate. I'm waiting for the blood to show
69:04 I'm just going to tell you the is burning through stuff and I'm going
69:07 increase the rate. That's in essence this does. So, increased,
69:14 is dependent upon increased and partial pressures carbon dioxide in the tissues,
69:19 Specifically which tissue brain. So these the central ones So this is how
69:26 look at, look at this, don't have a lot of carbon dioxide
69:31 floating around. Why we just learned , why it's quickly converted into
69:42 All right, this is one of equations. I said it's important to
69:46 . Not because it's just respiration. in every tissue. We're about to
69:50 into the kidneys, we're going to into the stomach. This is a
69:53 that takes place. The reason you a high Ph in your stomach to
69:57 stuff is because the carbonic anhydrase it's just one of those three
70:02 You just memorize and learn and you'll it everywhere. All right. So
70:06 thing that becomes most important is not carbon dioxide, but instead it's the
70:13 in the brain. When your Ph , that's an indicator of increased metabolic
70:19 . This is what's gonna drive whether not you're gonna increase your rate of
70:24 . All right, following that, when you're gonna start dealing with the
70:30 system. So generally speaking, what say is anything central supersedes, anything
70:36 ph is the most important, followed co two followed by oxygen. So
70:40 you do is you'd say central central PCO two, central oxygen,
70:46 though we don't really do oxygen. then what you'd say, then we
70:48 into the periphery and now we're doing Ph because we don't have the same
70:53 . Instead, what we do is focus mostly on the partial pressures of
70:56 two than oxygen. This is kind a nice way to summarize it right
71:05 . Only when oxygen gets way, down into the emergency levels is when
71:09 body starts concerning itself. Last two he hearing Brewer reflex simply put,
71:18 make sure that you don't explode your by breathing in too hard. Have
71:22 been running so hard that you just like you're about to vomit and your
71:26 hurts? Well, part of it your chest is because you're just working
71:29 so hard. But the thing is your lungs will not over
71:34 It basically says when the title volume to about a liter, that's when
71:38 body starts saying no, no, . And it regulates, it
71:41 it prevents you from from expanding much than that. All right, there
71:46 stretch receptors that are uh recognizing the degree of stretch and that's serving
71:51 a negative feedback to the medulla to the VVRG from, from sending those
71:57 , expiratory signals and inspiratory ones for matter. But there are other parts
72:04 the brain that play an important Hypothalamus changes in temperature, creases,
72:11 , uh breathing. That one should pretty straightforward. The hotter it
72:15 the more I need to move air system, breathing rate in response to
72:24 . Think about crying, think about crying, you know. Right.
72:32 am I doing? I, my are controlling high breathe again. If
72:36 don't want to think about the sad , think about the happy things that
72:39 guy or that guy you think is cute and you know, we can
72:43 because you're either panting a little right? That sort of thing.
72:49 cortex when you're singing, I love picture. That's what I found.
72:57 don't know, it's talking all these , basic activities, also, your
73:02 itself is gonna play a role in or controlling the respiratory muscles. So
73:07 , what we're doing is what we're with are involuntary mechanisms, right?
73:12 can be overridden by voluntary control. you want me to just show you
73:16 what I mean by this? Everyone your breath and you could probably do
73:22 for a while, right? Eventually go. But when I told you
73:27 hold your breath, were you able regulate and control? You?
73:35 we're done. Unit three is So done, so done. So
73:45 is Tuesday. No class here. your weekend as best. You
73:52 Don't spend the whole time studying, out, do something and I will
73:59 you on Tuesday or I'll see you Thursday on Thursday. When we get
74:03 , it is going to be be a sprint through the rest of
74:05 systems. It's just designed that We'll do kidneys, digestive,
74:11 Well, urinary is in there with kidneys endocrine and then my favorite reproduction
74:16 if I could spend all the unit or the whole session I would,
74:21 , I'll drive you guys nuts. a great
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