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GEOL6379-Applied Biostratigraphy - Day4 09-03-2022-Part1
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00:03 Oh, I've been muted. Okay. So uh there we
00:11 And I was telling you yesterday, guys can see a whole lot of
00:21 . Okay. As I pointed out , there's an awful lot of uh
00:26 there's a lot of local standards that developed and then there's all these local
00:31 and uh just by looking at that , when I tell you that we've
00:36 at a lot of data, it's obvious you don't really need to be
00:40 . But in the North Sea I I was the person that did the
00:49 standards. Uh and that person was that included talk lower and classics.
01:05 pretty much led by a guy named stein. And uh and he was
01:12 good stanford graduate. He worked at research center a little bit and also
01:20 other people, but we had a of people that really knew what they
01:22 doing. And the really good thing it was, you know, we
01:27 always agree with each other and we hammer it out and figure out what's
01:30 on. It was really neat. was uh I think I mentioned this
01:36 . Most paleontology and bios photographer, fee is done by a professor in
01:41 university by himself. He doesn't have real peer to work with except for
01:46 he goes to a meeting and uh know, it's almost you know when
01:51 in that kind of isolated situation, kind of like come come to a
01:55 dinner and you don't know how to for something, you know, it's
01:59 , You know the scientific uh banter you get when you when you work
02:04 in an organization with 35 people, can really question what you just
02:10 you learn an awful lot. It's you know, I don't know how
02:16 got in that environment. Even when worked at the Smithsonian wasn't as good
02:20 that. And we figured out things people at the Smithsonian couldn't even
02:26 And we even we even got a . Uh not well he was he
02:31 the branch chief of aliens photography. got him to work at a market
02:34 a while. He was brilliant. didn't understand all the database stuff,
02:40 for three years he just irritated the out of everybody. It ended up
02:43 the chairman of L. S. . For many years. But he
02:48 who came up with some really good and the management that I worked with
02:55 with him the minute, the minute left and went to L.
02:59 U. We were able to switch to following his lead because he gave
03:05 some really good ideas on how to it much more efficient. And uh
03:10 again when you have more people that talented and at your peer level,
03:18 you can get these debates and these and we were even forced to go
03:22 coffee twice a day where we could would be in a cafeteria, we'd
03:27 with each other. So it was was really it was really a neat
03:32 if if it was our job we could have invented a nuclear bomb.
03:37 uh thank God it wasn't our job do something like that. Okay this
03:47 weird like it's. Oh I see going on the minute I put this
03:52 . Let's see. Yeah still working some reason. Today I can I
04:02 use my cursor. My Mikey is up and down keys changes. Some
04:07 it just goes being I don't know can't figure out why. Okay so
04:12 looked at that. Okay so we're at um origin types and precision and
04:21 it comes to precision. Uh What did was we when we you know
04:26 went out and got real data and in outcrops and cores. Once we
04:36 the standards we were able to use cuttings because we we we had a
04:42 handle on what we were supposed to . It wasn't cave. And in
04:48 comparing your data to a composite standard it real easy to see Cape even
04:55 caving and and reworking. And sometimes . If you think about deposition processes
05:03 lot of times reworking is right after nonconforming in other words, rework stuff
05:10 piling on top of the floating. sometimes that in conformity is eroding the
05:16 that was just a little bit young little bit older. And so when
05:20 see stuff that's just a little bit , it's like is that really
05:23 But with graphic correlation, we could it and useless data sets that have
05:30 lot of reworking and some of the wells because they, because of the
05:35 and the processes going on in the record, the data was almost worthless
05:41 it was hard for them to just at a list, figure it
05:45 But when you start plotting tops and on graphs, you start to get
05:50 pattern. And uh, no. I'll point out some other times
05:55 when this is really important. But thing is, so we use raw
06:02 when we look at a lot of events in. We had a,
06:10 haven't talked a lot about taxonomy. talked a little bit, but you
06:14 , one company has one taxonomy, company has another taxonomy. Um One
06:19 fossil worker at Nebraska doesn't have the identification sense as the one in florida
06:28 unless he went to florida state trained somebody really good. And uh,
06:34 when, when you're a company you to get your stuff to be consistent
06:38 you can't say it's this zone in meeting. And another guy comes in
06:43 says that's a, so uh, had a lot of internal consistency And
06:49 we got, when we got data , from other vendors, we had
06:54 way to evaluate it. And and it to what we had, in
06:58 words, they had the names wrong to our system. We had we
07:03 had a program where you just punch a company's name and it will tell
07:08 what it was in our system. really simple and uh we put a
07:14 of work into it. It's a up tables and and uh and it
07:18 useful okay because it's inclusive in ro um is because we looked at everything
07:29 we compared, we were able as you remember from the thing,
07:34 had all all this work on all world, um if something because of
07:41 paleo geography, something was at the that was much younger than we saw
07:46 the world. We could tell that was happening because we could see it
07:50 situ in a sample with something that younger than we thought it would come
07:55 and it and it didn't have a assemblage of these rework things like you
08:00 expect if it really was. We so we had the tool, the
08:05 correlation tool helps you evaluate your not only does it help you pull
08:12 all together and actually uh composite's sections you learn what's in a section,
08:20 section of the next, but also you evaluate um the reliability of certain
08:27 of your data. So even in same sample and as I said with
08:31 correlation real. Reworking stands out from true signal that's underneath it. You
08:37 the graph and look okay And what drew in your exercise and and Megan's
08:45 do is what what you drew was example of the if we used all
08:51 the tops that we knew were good that area we would get that signal
08:55 then the other stuff would be not right on for different reasons.
09:02 Um and of course I pointed this with that diagram. The duration and
09:07 of apparent high able surfaces is really know, compensation or whatever, whether
09:18 this or compensation. Okay. Okay and Jeff stein came up with
09:38 little diagram which I thought was fantastic it's a simple cartoon that people can
09:46 . Um When we evaluated data we at it we looked at everything in
09:53 same sample. Normally when you get strata, graphic data from a
10:01 A micro paleontologist might look at benthic , he might look at plastic
10:08 they may not look at both. they will look at both but he
10:11 might pick a different set of samples the than the same guy that's doing
10:16 ology or cal curious nana python might a different set of samples. Another
10:22 another issue is, yeah, recovery ology. She was one of the
10:31 schools to come into like I said unless it's oxidized person almost all a
10:41 times how curiously dissolve dissolved. And of them are made out of
10:50 But some are made out of is likely to dissolve and disappear. Uh
10:59 the specialists specialists would develop the zones mana fossil recovery is really good.
11:11 Somebody did the for the recovery was , those two places may not be
11:18 same. So it was rare that zones match because they weren't working together
11:24 make them. In other words, if I had this fossil type,
11:33 certain things are easier for me to . So based on Likewise with the
11:43 . But it ended up with zones were might be somewhat close in
11:49 but they're always off of them. . What we did was we looked
11:54 samples so we could tell without the . It's just the bio that's everything
11:58 where it was supposed to be. you didn't have to figure out how
12:03 went together which one was actually smaller which one was actually larger. Like
12:07 was showing you doing a linear It's just it's not gonna report,
12:12 it didn't work. And uh companies get a report from one guy was
12:17 me it was one age and another was telling another age. And the
12:22 was, zones were very broad and were they were given erroneous signals relative
12:28 what actually was happening. Okay. and this is a typical what we
12:35 a bios photographic model. And uh is hasn't changed. A whole lot
12:43 paleo data has been updated. I that's where this originally came from.
12:48 is an older time store. let's see if I can make it
12:58 here, 1995 1995. So that's 1995 scale and uh see a number
13:16 things on here. Um but you you have limited number of a good
13:23 that are listed on here. And this diagram, I can tell you
13:28 are all tops and they only use the most part, they have arrows
13:33 directly at at the at the right? And they don't have they
13:40 have a little tail on them to you whether it's actually a top or
13:43 . But these are top refined. . Okay. These these actually aren't
14:00 were not defined the zones you're actually bio of. It's like, thank
14:10 , I find you because I understand haven't come up with the zones,
14:17 these have been tied to understand Yeah, this is where I'm actually
14:33 President. This pretty much tells you far. Yes, you know,
15:03 so that's what that is. But up here, you can see there's
15:07 few things in place to sleep and is just a chart. This we
15:14 do better now jim Bergen worked on too when he got when he finally
15:18 to BP and he's finally published something recently that's even much more detailed than
15:26 . But there's one or two bio over this interval in that chart.
15:31 you can see there's many of them this chart. And uh and have
15:39 shown you this chart before? But . Okay. So anyway this uh
15:52 is showing you this because I just a few of the here. Uh
15:59 each one of these is about two years. Very 36.30. So that's
16:08 like too late down here. These occurred. The exception was below this
16:19 . And then you can see some these evidence they just heard. But
16:23 270 tops for a list of your in that composite standard the best africa
16:35 . Um We had them for different and these are all the events we
16:45 to recognize the time and the standard there. But he is too.
17:00 . If that fossil wasn't at a . No you might say this continuous
17:11 , I was missing. You still those products. It's possible. Uh
17:16 the bottom was missing you could still it. Still think that was all
17:21 . But with this um Take out of these and say 100 of these
17:28 just didn't happen. Still Still I 170 times. And if you didn't
17:42 one of these things for example was . But for some reason this environment
17:48 this point in time was say this deep water and the benthic forums might
17:55 end down here. Something back into shallow would still get the everything,
18:06 know we composited all this information places out where the uh then after we
18:18 that, no big baseball things that , you know, in a lot
18:26 records it's the challenge India or c one ever knew that when you when
18:41 work in one base and then you something that looks complete and uh you
18:46 see rational surface sequences after having a composites. See that is missing.
19:05 a significant drawdown That no one knew . And of course when you have
19:11 drawdown, you know that your reservoirs gonna be downslope instead of on the
19:17 the shelf because you had A Okay, so um there's just two
19:35 ways to build a composite standard. one was section by section which is
19:39 we did. And when I mean it could be a core, it
19:42 be a, well it could be outcrop section. And we started out
19:48 it one x one because we didn't what we would find out if we
19:52 . So we we did it started hard way. One of the things
19:57 scares people from doing this as most the publications were will tell you that
20:03 need to do it that way to it right. But once you've done
20:06 that way you can see that certain have bio strata graphic models like that
20:18 , it's not the best one in world. But you can use those
20:22 when you're working in the gulf of to start building a regional standard and
20:30 to a global standard to see how is and if you don't see any
20:34 there's very few things on here. told you in the North Sea there
20:40 a whole bunch of dina flatulent tops were just completely wrong and especially the
20:46 blooms. But uh but here most this is pretty close. You can
20:53 can the scale. Mhm. Consider even positive standard time is direct basically
21:07 plotting time against time trying to figure if there's some gap. So you
21:14 actually rather than go around the world do it all over again, you
21:18 actually look at these things and you , even without a composite standard you
21:22 clock two of them together that were good and figure out what was wrong
21:28 which one. In other words one be off here and another one might
21:32 off because you're plotting them side by . Why aren't they the same?
21:36 tells you why they say you can what the mistakes might have been and
21:43 that's how since I left Amoco and wasn't given the database. Um And
21:52 sometimes when you have the database, would make mistakes and do something
21:57 which I'll talk about. Uh and have to worry about making sure that
22:02 been done in a certain section. because I would just start with this
22:07 I would start with what we thought the literature was the best model and
22:11 would test it against all the wells and other models that were nearby.
22:22 , so there's two ways to build composite standard. Either section by section
22:29 it really is a reiterate process and is exactly like machine learning. And
22:35 and if we can get uh some analytics to uh sai car look up
22:44 is like data analytics is trying to trying to take garbled data and turn
22:49 into clean data. And uh and we can get something to do that
22:57 it would be real easy to build with computers and uh and let them
23:03 the hard comparative work. But if have a good strategic for overlooking
23:11 the right decisions can be made when you decide, you know, this
23:15 to be wrong for this reason. , so the section by section,
23:25 standard started out with used non dimensional which we called composite standard units.
23:32 call them C. S. S. And you built the standard
23:36 section at a time. And the one, like if you were starting
23:41 a basin, you would just get best and so what we did when
23:45 started a global one was, we all over the world and got the
23:48 sections that we knew about. to start doing it. You guys
23:53 a break already. Okay. and again, you know, we
24:04 to have well measured stuff and when had outcrops, we did tops and
24:08 because we wanted to know what those points were. So we could,
24:11 plotted a graph, we could use if they looked like they were in
24:14 right place. Um, we make strata graphic file with, with
24:22 with the data and then we cross and then we add additional wells.
24:27 uh, then after we got to , we would run a second one
24:30 do do the same thing. But show you the diagram. So
24:35 here's to well measured sections covering essentially same depths meaning the same time.
24:50 , he's in the, well, is where we first found. These
24:53 the inception points and extinction points. it's at the actual truth, all
25:03 a whole range of this is what saw. And if somebody, so
25:16 would take these two sections and literally them against this, this car team
25:21 of makes it real obvious, I . Okay. So he basically make
25:32 real simple, this publication shows it's really take this, this section right
25:40 , you put it on its we'll leave this on the X
25:45 And therefore you would have these ranges out here against these ranges up here
26:01 you would get something like this. um okay, this is they're calling
26:17 zones and they're not zones which really me. But um that's uh this
26:25 from bogs any in um see here square is base. And and did
26:44 did copy this out of a But uh, I don't I don't
26:51 it looking looking like that. As in an America. We use pluses
26:56 minuses. Excuse me. We use and pluses. So today,
27:05 some of the other publications is which a big square square. Something especially
27:29 old computers, but it works really with new computers too. Excuse
27:49 Uh started this, but most people . There's a really good software package
27:55 bugs that and a lot of times publications and but did start it.
28:08 is a guy with a sediment ology boggs and uh, I'll give him
28:13 . He put him in a chapter graphic correlation. Well, a big
28:17 in the chapter on graphic polish. , well, we have to have
28:28 go through this before. You'll see . The thing is, is you
28:36 find it, this is an editor for example. This would be your
28:41 will. And then you plotted against to figure out where things fall.
28:47 can see that the you're working at level. We'll have zeros over
29:04 It's not a linear regression. Times basically she was basis this way
29:45 seven. This was developed channels That one. So basis can help
30:05 sometimes. This is not pay Cyprus like this person those things first.
30:29 you get a pretty good idea based the best times. Yeah. Also
30:45 care cancer gratified. Okay. So use the uh thing and of course
31:16 start out with two Ls two But then take this information, take
31:24 line of correlation and it actually adjusts of these things. So for
31:31 uh, this is a face. top looks like it's probably pretty
31:38 I think that's a face. You say that based on this line of
31:43 . This thing actually is Same with Top two, Top 2. If
31:52 had a top here here, here not this one sort of like this
32:33 should have been someone environment ship top these. This is what I'm trying
32:57 explain to you. It's like They 270 100 of them shallow water
33:11 Something speak for them. People are things with. True, this is
33:29 they're not it disappeared from the section this exchange basis. So it's for
33:56 it's really simple. But I but I'm explaining to you understand, it
33:59 be complicated and that's because I've been it for years and uh, this
34:13 uh, and here here it's showing and pluses and, and so they're
34:20 like that. So here's here's the of this thing, here's there's the
34:24 , the top, the fat and here's the total range of of a
34:30 event and you can take these events you can correlate them like that or
34:43 can plot them like this on their , like I was explaining and plot
34:49 like this and you get that line correlation and depending on the rock accumulation
35:00 , in one section to the other , uh this slope will go up
35:04 down, depending on the rock accumulation . When you do it against time
35:10 thickness, this always becomes steeper when a high rock accumulation rate and shallower
35:18 it's a slower accumulation rate. But you, when you don't know one
35:23 from the other, uh that's a bit off. And again, this
35:27 , this is just showing you how build these things. It's not how
35:30 interpret all the data. And let me see what the next
35:35 Okay, and see here are things you know, you had, you
35:49 an idea of the range of things from this one and you had the
35:52 of the range of things for this . But when you plot the two
35:56 together, it allows you to uh draw the line of correlation, where
36:05 I going okay? There's a line correlation here are the things that fell
36:12 on the line. But all the things I'm going backwards. What's going
36:35 ? Okay here, you applaud Here's the line of correlation and here's
36:42 you're adding things in the red ones new ones, uh, that what
36:49 telling you is based on what we of these things uh, that
36:56 So to build a composite standard down , we're adding these things to the
37:00 of correlation to figure out what the is gonna be. Now, this
37:04 how this is the interim process. talking about the, well on the
37:09 becomes a composite standard and you're adding stuff from this. Well over here
37:19 see that, you know, I lost track of what other words,
37:31 way they're explaining this in this example they had these two sections and
37:50 they have those two species in but they weren't in the composite standard
37:59 they drew the line of correlation and they were able to add,
38:09 these additional fossils in here. And was 1, 11 and 12.
38:17 other words, the, I'll go to the beginning now that I'm okay
38:28 here. They had a limited number things that they could tie with.
38:33 . Because they knew they knew the of these things and they were in
38:36 . They were in common. But there's there's, there's species in this
38:41 and species in that, well that in common. So they don't know
38:44 to correlate them. But you draw line of correlation and you're able to
38:52 them into the system and you have correlation points based on what you saw
38:57 and when you saw that. And then here and that's that's just
39:04 you it would add, it would value. Just correlating a well two
39:08 that you're correlating together and you don't what something means in that well or
39:14 . And then if you go to composite standard and you have things here
39:21 this, um you can actually start it and making it better. For
39:28 if I go back this one by of the fact of granting these two
39:38 . I was able to come up a system down here that had instead
39:43 those species that's out of these. now we know where they are.
39:55 and so ultimately you make a composite from that and you have all of
40:00 in it instead of just this Yeah. Yeah. Why is the
40:12 ? So it's not like I think just a well it doesn't have to
40:24 because because right here, you we don't um it's not it's not
40:35 least squares. But um it gives everybody. It's actually trying to get
40:45 like that theoretically reality. Sometimes we'll something that that we have tops of
41:08 environment. Yes. You also want see faces like here. We have
41:20 be real careful. So that will ones that are here. Sometimes you
41:26 a top of it. Yes, do. Is you kind of draw
41:44 lines like this. You can go and look at it. Okay.
41:51 report spaces. This looks like a sequence, right? Probably one of
42:03 work belts because you're in a certain of the face uh correlation slowed
42:15 you know, skipper. So I not have something maybe like that.
42:36 it's just a question example actually you don't want to do sometimes six
43:04 rest of the apostles of Oh we can take a look so
45:04 Oh, you can't do this by with a a current. Let's
45:24 I've got a my videos not playing . We were, my voice was
45:35 recorded. Okay, so uh when do we get up to date,
45:41 an up to date time scale with X axis, get brighter, chronology
45:45 from a range chart or tabulated data . And uh and you can start
45:50 that and then you don't have to it with separate samples all around the
45:55 . You can start with somebody's best and you can also start testing it
45:59 something like what we have, if get your hands on it or you
46:03 test it against other other ones. and as you might imagine is when
46:08 plot them together, you can see they're not plotting on the line,
46:13 can see what's wrong with one scale the other. Sometimes there's something wrong
46:17 a certain spot on one scale. wrong in another spot on another
46:21 When I calibrate all of them, would calibrate all the native two uh
46:28 times. Remember, remember I said stages some stages expanded time and something
46:37 you beautiful. 2000 16 2020, calibrated 2016. I told you you
47:02 some ships for some so I might these stages. I can see
47:20 see what Mhm. I don't want spend a lot of time for the
47:27 is is that it's one of these is gonna be So I might have
47:32 lot of stages with. So this be, Let's just assume, I
47:41 know exactly. Let's assume this is , but one of them um stretches
47:51 one of these shrinks. There's only or 2, right? Just like
48:22 . Except here. It's come something happened. Yes, sure.
48:31 rest of it's exactly. So you find all of the data in
48:38 It's that line of formation adjusted to . So all of that data.
48:48 and thousands of posses, They were out on 26 weeks now. It's
48:55 be tired. Exactly. Not, like a adjusted stage. Right.
49:17 , okay. And uh when, we uh when we do that,
49:29 know, like if we have a fossil or something like that, that
49:34 a total range that's significant relative to scale like this. We can actually
49:44 whether they're fitting. But also we take all of these zones from one's
49:50 and plot them against um the new scale like I just showed you and
49:55 can figure out how it should be . And here is the calibrate,
49:59 actual calibration scale. Uh I didn't if I had this in here.
50:05 is from a 1985 to a 1998 . I did this in, You
50:10 see in 2007. And what it is it takes all of the old
50:18 and helps you figure out exactly how should be relative to the new time
50:26 . In other words, they get or they get stretched where they need
50:30 be stretched and shrunk to fit the scale. And it's based on the
50:35 boundaries, you know, there's probably be perturbations that are smaller than the
50:40 . But we do it at this scale and it works pretty well because
50:45 , the stage, the definition of stages where we, is where we
50:50 rock to time and uh after you've this, like when you go to
50:59 1998 you know, you could actually at this chart and look at the
51:03 and figure out what's changed. But when I changed the 1998 to
51:10 uh that was a calibration scale And I, and I could see
51:15 were, there were a little bit kings there, you know, So
51:18 , every time there's a new there could be a little tink in
51:20 of these, the time scale creator does this, they calibrate the stuff
51:28 time they make a new scale. have, they They don't do
51:34 but they have data sets that they've from the oil industry. And then
51:38 a little bit later. Like if they come out in 2012, they
51:42 out with the scale. They didn't 2016, they didn't get around to
51:47 them into the new 2016 scale. don't always do it every time.
51:52 you can do it if if you plotted. Okay. And it's the
52:00 thing with the uh, with geo data, we can plot that into
52:05 composite standard. And uh in other , if you did that, you
52:10 have the geo chronology and feed over from a well that you knew was
52:15 good well, and you could sort what, what it would be millions
52:19 years in the composite statement rather than you can see here. Uh this
52:29 uh 65 To 20 million years And what I've done here is I
52:41 changed the scale, 2000 ft is million years in the scale. And
52:49 7000 ft would be 70 million years that school. But I did
52:54 So I could use the same software without affecting anything. And it still
52:59 up and helps me correct this, it gets this curve where I can
53:04 take the data that's in this old and readjusted to that particular thing and
53:10 can do the same thing on Put a paleo mag curve right up
53:15 and it's gonna be in depth. I can actually figure out that the
53:21 that are putting ages on it having . Because I've got the new
53:25 I've got something that approximates time. if I can trust the top of
53:32 , if I can trust for example top of this Which I probably would
53:38 one million years in the base of at 18 million years, I can
53:42 the rest of it to fit the times feel the way it's supposed to
53:50 . Okay, so when we do , when we when we have a
53:53 standard with the fossil data and we a composite standard with the uh geo
54:04 data, it doesn't have to be polarity. We can also put into
54:08 composite standard. If we have something depth with the fossil assemblage together,
54:14 can pull it into the composite So so we get radio metric dates
54:18 here and all sorts of things and I think in the diagram that I
54:24 you here like get back to There's some black things in there.
54:33 of the black things for the most of geo chronology date which we can
54:44 against if we see it in another and figure out if it's working
54:51 Okay this is a diagram. Um fossil that's drawn here is not the
54:56 age for this. But somebody drew to show you that you can um
55:02 you can uh take paleo mag Cron's correlate them to fossil data sets.
55:12 uh and come up with a scale we call this bio chronology. I
55:16 to call it bio geo chronology because using the bio I'm using the geology
55:21 it's all one thing. So I like to just say bio chronology.
55:24 like to say bio it doesn't work in your spellchecker but it's a better
55:33 and uh here's kind of what the dataset looks like. And uh in
55:41 particular format this would be yeah this the top and sometimes the numbers are
55:51 same and that means besides top okay a base in here like this 1
56:04 coming off that composite standard graph every we draw one we would enter into
56:11 you know comes up with billions of and that's what you were looking at
56:16 chart of millions of years. I think I did. Yeah.
56:27 . I made up that data because wanted to, it's just like anybody
56:37 do this for the first time. want to see all the things after
56:43 actually working on. It's an interpretive , but it's an interpretive process with
56:52 behind it. Yeah. There's logical for and did not face these
56:59 It's different. And so here's what is and and uh and here's a
57:07 terrace, which is which is obviously a paleo environmental shift of of
57:13 But any any base uh that's above line, any top that's below the
57:21 . Your final line of correlation uh showing you uh that uh we have
57:30 call these depressed tops and we call raised bases. Now if a top
57:36 over here, what does that have mean if the tops on on that
57:39 . What that means is that in section this should be actually younger than
57:47 age of this. In other the age of this section based on
57:51 line of correlation is over here Like 10 million years. But according to
57:58 composite standard, that top is 15 years old. So it's it's on
58:05 wrong side of the line and that it's been reworked. So that's a
58:09 fossil, what is it? And make this easy to see. I
58:15 have a lot of other rework Sometimes we have different rework patterns and
58:19 don't know if it's in this this lecture or another one, but I
58:24 show different types of rework patterns you over here. Uh We were looking
58:30 the lowest occurrence of certain things. these didn't these didn't get all the
58:36 to the base probably because of a shift in a casing point. So
58:42 didn't cave down there. But when saw these, we had a line
58:47 correlation that looked like this. And saw these falling just about where they
58:51 . So we plotted them. So we would know that the bases are
58:54 responding correctly. Okay, these are bases in the race basis. Uh
59:06 I were to look at the just awesome. Of course it
59:17 This is the total range. Like going well, changes like this
59:35 . That's awesome. First time. is the right thing. I don't
59:50 to throw that out because this could to have something to do sample
59:58 sample buys 50 space stand up Yeah, that's one of the reasons
60:25 a lot of things because they don't . So what are the other top
60:37 occurs that this occurs way, way , what These are suppressed tops.
61:04 are raised bases. This case. uh That fossil should be um like
61:14 million years old. And based on thing we're seeing, we're seeing the
61:21 show up at, This would be 27 and it's about 27 million
61:37 27, 30, 26 20. So it's it's occurring lower in the
61:46 . The only way to know for . It's absolutely, we had a
61:53 said this was about questions very partially compressed that there could be a
62:11 base basis change here through this whole . That space is bias, which
62:20 , is a signal. So, you can't use it as a signal
62:24 you're plotting and stuff to see how is falling out relative to its own
62:29 and relative to all the other fossils . And uh this is this is
62:38 graph that I drew. It's a uh clearer than it normally can
62:45 But it shows you a shift in accumulation rates in the middle of the
62:52 . And normally, what I see a good long section is the rocket
62:55 rate is really close unless you get some of this younger stuff that hasn't
62:59 de watered. And uh and that again, is because in some of
63:06 sections for a long time that's clean in the deep water where that points
63:12 on the shelf. So the rock rates through time. Can I average
63:18 to be about the same in other , this real line could could be
63:27 because that's the decision. So That particular one like this, see what
63:46 might call first order. It's Some really have this problem samples.
64:14 you have something that's high frequency. one of my Absolutely. So so
64:44 we're seeing is really talking to you basically, you know this spot right
65:12 . No slow. So uh but so all the way down slow and
65:35 gonna be the so then we that's starts to starts to trail off.
66:06 if you don't even if it's a that ships this one where tell you
66:33 the front. So see how, , so here's a high rate of
66:49 accumulation rate in this. And so long as we plot depth against time
66:54 you go from oldest, oldest is this end. The origin is
67:01 And mathematicians hate this because if you about it, um look at those
67:18 . Yeah, that's quite fun like this negative numbers here. So that
67:43 for some reason it makes more And uh on the other hand,
67:52 that draw did time depth charts a of time like to flip this
68:00 And let's see because that's how and I just can't stand. That's
68:12 that's how it took me a calibrate your brain to Yeah, you
68:26 the paleontologists have to do something that's little different. Okay, here are
68:31 of the other things that you can with it uh within that sample
68:37 this is something, this is when really add geology to it. like
68:44 I have samples here and I have here and any one of these equations
68:48 any one of these lines like this a line like this or a line
68:53 in the middle where this blue one . It's like where is it?
68:58 know, I got to see I have a rock accumulation rate.
69:05 have a lot of you have a event here. This, this is
69:17 my samples here in my samples. don't know where it is. This
69:20 even people with relationships. So I to use john so look at the
69:32 log and you may see something sometimes can see why there's a break where
69:37 break is in the log, you kind of pick it up or you
69:42 be able, especially if we have log somewhere else. So if you
69:47 pick a nonconformity or fault or something looks like a with the log,
69:56 know, this diagram I'm saying it's , which is what I'm saying is
70:02 it was able to figure out from that there was a break. But
70:07 the welding, the weld is another that works is if it's down
70:16 that's probably where, if it's up , that's probably worth it. If
70:21 up here, that's where, because the sample gap um it's most likely
70:27 be, you know right here where know here, I've got a lot
70:33 so intelligent, The line of correlation the interval of where that bridge has
70:41 be log data and precisely where it and once once it tells you where
70:48 is you draw across here and you exactly when different started and when that
70:54 it. I can tell that the of paleontology anthology on top of the
71:02 . You can actually yeah, you exactly when it happened that. Yeah
71:13 well this this is sample vise here a sample here, it was our
71:18 stop. Then we had a sample next samples down here and have a
71:22 of cops what would be actually there there that terrace is because of that
71:29 saw in the well other words paleontologists the northern geological data and they would
71:37 do this. That's it. I now I have a sample again,
71:46 have a sample gap. Is there geological data that can help me understand
71:50 sample get what's going on in this have a break between this line of
71:55 that it's a condensed interval. We'll see it in our data. But
72:01 reality it would be a very low p thing like this. You might
72:10 we don't have enough precision in our to actually see that. But there
72:16 places where we have is but it's I don't want to teach people stuff
72:21 you're rarely gonna see. And some the younger sections you could see.
72:28 , but because the decision is greater rock accumulation, they still high.
72:34 it's all stretched out. What if punch all this down? Uh,
72:40 know, if you had a slope that mathematically, I mean it's accordion
72:50 relationships like that. You see something , So here's something else you can
73:02 if you have this uh, say side, this is a normal fault
73:09 this. I figured out it was million dollars versus was able to restore
73:18 scene to do what it was. it should be on the other side
73:21 the ball. He was able to . And uh, so yes,
73:38 that paul wasn't there, this line be up here. That's the section
73:48 feet. And it should be perfectly . That's a, that's a power
73:58 era actually from uh, does it perfectly vertical from where you're at?
74:07 , it does here on this. know it is, this is
74:26 Okay. And we do the same with the abundance events. You
74:29 nobody. A lot of people never what some of the times and dates
74:33 for. You know, they record top and the base, but we
74:38 actually tie it in here on our standard and see what that is.
74:43 thing is we can go because we're , excuse me, We have 10
74:58 with this abundance event for all those to see if that event one over
75:04 is occurring at the same time. how we tell whether it's consistent it's
75:10 basin wide event the same spot. not a basin why the And this
75:25 that log I was telling you about is what had to be reported to
75:29 , this is what BP did and BP had to share this data with
75:34 partner. It's really, you you know, you have partnerships offshore
75:39 you know, somebody owns 30%. you're the operator, the operator gets
75:43 paleo data done and the operator to own paleo. And a lot of
75:49 operators will share all their data with people that are working B. P
75:56 BP only gave oxy the data that can see here. That doesn't have
76:01 blank space. Um the ad in means that it's so we knew there
76:11 a fossil there. And did this , here's what he did. Then
76:16 have to report everything in here. didn't have to tell them. They
76:21 the, they didn't have to tell that. They didn't have to tell
76:26 that. They told told this and got this data, we were able
76:35 draw graphic correlation plot and only pp , obviously couldn't do it because I
76:43 have all the tables and uh and came in with a diagram and here's
76:49 where those things were. They actually us see I'm just kind of pointing
76:53 where they are, I don't want do pluses or minuses um to to
76:59 this in a talk. I took names off and everything but it's basically
77:05 was a top name there and it pointing when it was planning.
77:09 And so uh these three right here really critical in this sequence boundary.
77:15 this sequence boundary had a lot to with where the reservoir was. And
77:19 you didn't have that data you would been able to and you wouldn't have
77:23 that's what was going and they almost got to a point where they were
77:30 were thinking of suing, you know me for we're stealing data somehow and
77:37 and the other guys. Oh anyway the it's allergies by the way,
77:49 hate him. So anyway the whole of this was um yeah with graphic
78:00 . Sometimes you can do detective work figure out things other people couldn't figure
78:09 . Okay, there's this, you , there's a sequence of important cops
78:13 compliments I knew I think I knew red ones and we looked at the
78:22 that they were posting. This has be that. Yeah And there was
78:32 data than this. This is just and then and then so um yeah
78:40 actually that isn't even the whole Uh these are the actual ones that
78:46 the actual, you can see Uh well one of one of those
78:54 right here and uh and then there's ones here but uh a lot of
79:00 different tops, there's the red ones the green ones. There's a whole
79:04 of them we were able to from whole thing but I think the most
79:15 . Thank you. Yeah I'm remembering I did 20 years. Um It's
79:25 a slave. All of these, a lot of other kick down to
79:35 but this one was supposed to occur you know, things constrained by other
79:47 we did know that the ones they telling us we're good or they would
79:52 told us they wouldn't have cared. know if it was like a it
79:56 like a depressed top or something that have left it on. So we
80:02 whatever they took off also was probably on the line. Okay. And
80:10 another thing that I did and somebody's published something like this but but this
80:14 real time um had to drill a to a certain depth and they're afraid
80:22 they drill the open hole too far they have to they had to get
80:30 a certain, so they drilled this these are composite standard means it's only
80:37 it's been so long for me. almost government um uh Jurassic rotations boundaries
80:48 probably well up there and this is is all Jurassic, we had to
80:54 to a certain formation in the and that formation, where was that
81:06 They could drill uh Something like 40 m oh, before they needed,
81:21 , I don't know if you know , but the cases go all the
81:26 to the top, they have this hole and uh down here it's open
81:33 the so they had a certain amount Pressure they had they could handle with
81:41 , they had to get it behind . People got to somewhere around 40
81:48 and so they didn't know exactly where were. You know, these these
81:57 are parting, this is this is where consultants, so they're drilling down
82:08 , well how far he got down project. In other words, before
82:16 drill I'm just gonna project. So sitting there waiting for them to report
82:24 data, but when they get to , this is the last time because
82:27 work, we're worried they're gonna have go too deep, not too far
82:32 and uh in which case uh they have to pick the target somewhere around
82:44 . Okay. And so it's terrible I don't think, but the target
82:53 was above where they um it's above they had to set. And I
83:02 even before I worked on this, below here, Below this point,
83:06 gonna be a big and uh so I did was I knew it was
83:14 going to be an uncontrolled fall down and I mentioned that So I drew
83:18 as a possibility. So you make projection based on the, remember I
83:24 you just the same over long periods time just because debate is in the
83:30 part of the so I find it and that was project and uh,
83:41 see if I have, I don't I took the answer. I did
83:53 . And so the consultants in our standard had the same thing for fossil
84:00 fossil too. Can't see it because says, I'm talking here Possible
84:06 They have it in the wrong place there's a there's a thing in this
84:11 . Everybody has one top of the different kinds. So I have a
84:22 and uh, and so they always plotted in the wrong place for where
84:27 should. This is to. so I haven't here, here's what
84:40 tell them in the meeting before it . Said this is what we have
84:46 . You know, for some reason rock accumulation rate increases. It's gonna
84:51 here and uh, we're gonna you might have to case the likelihood
85:00 this happening is really good. Normally you go down in section right
85:06 This is the only thing you have worry about it should happen. This
85:13 the right accumulation rate of anything will down. Uh, we're staying the
85:19 . That was my um yes, is right because they have that race
85:30 that um let me put it to this way. This this turns out
85:35 be safe. This will be This will be safe. The only
85:44 we have a problem is for some reason, there's nothing to suggest that
85:50 would. And here's what happened. ended up, here's some of the
85:59 at the top of that chart I they were hot shot and samples and
86:03 calling me on the phone and telling . And uh somewhere around here is
86:08 they made the decision when they made decision not to set case. That's
86:14 happened. We saved $2 million dollars they didn't have to put it on
86:21 seven 7777. What was the big ? They would have had to uh
86:38 a cargo 747 and ship the casing the cargo 747. And it would
86:44 cost customer you too. That was the financial savings. Um They could
86:54 put the casing in. But it is a savings. You
86:57 it's well, here, here's the , it was starting to look like
87:02 was going to be a dry hole they didn't want to put the casing
87:06 unless they knew there was production to out. And so they asked
87:13 you know, as it's safe. uh and that that was the approximate
87:18 that they could go to actually was to 5051 something. And uh this
87:25 what I estimated from my original And uh you can't read it
87:30 But uh the objective was found all way up here because there wasn't enough
87:35 me that's the projected line. And is this fossil told me it looks
87:40 they're they're hitting a that in conformity I saw. And then when we
87:45 data after that, this is where made the decision. This is the
87:49 , but then then we eventually hit young conforming. And so nothing okay
88:02 it was a dry hole, which was, they didn't have to pay
88:07 the casing ahead of time. If if if if it hit production,
88:12 wouldn't blow out. You wouldn't have have to worry about blowout because you
88:18 you didn't have too much open So you know, you have to
88:22 the casing in there, it looks as you go deeper, the pressure
88:26 up and the farther you get from casing shoot, the more likely you're
88:30 have a blowout. If uh the is the plane, you hit the
88:37 , you're a lot deeper keep from . And this was Amoco BP might
88:45 done it anyway. Yeah. But yeah, I mean it's important because
88:52 whole point of this is it's an advantage to be able to call the
88:58 and a lot of the paleontologists got because because my projection was so good
89:04 they were going, Donnie, you're put us out of business. But
89:08 , I'm not, it doesn't It's not always perfect. And uh
89:14 but anyway, so it helps. that's that's one of the things that
89:18 , well that gets drilled with this like bio steering ahead of the
89:22 way ahead of the drove, you , when you're doing this kind of
89:26 , that's a different story, but it's just straight down and you have
89:29 line of correlation, you know, can tell them, you know,
89:33 , I think I could have in other places in the gulf of Mexico
89:38 , you know about here, I there's a pressure kick, you better
89:40 sure if you, if you have drill past that, you better have
89:43 casing set before you do that, know, that kind of thing.
89:47 did that to to pick casing points . Okay, that's extra stuff.
90:12 . Um I think I loaded the correlation exercise slides. So you you
90:19 look at that and see how that think it was pretty much self
90:24 I don't think I need to go that in class. Yeah, I
90:30 it was designed to be to be just so you could kind of understand
90:35 it was that we do with Once you have a composite standard in
90:39 database, which you can do with will. Okay, and now here's
90:46 more applications of graphic correlation and what want you to kind of take away
90:52 the last example. And these examples you don't have to know too much
90:58 the details. It's just like if is a test question, I'll ask
91:04 um, you know, in this of the world, I showed you
91:11 example of this, what was the contribution? You know, it's like
91:16 like you asked me, Uh you what what, why did it matter
91:20 I was able to predict? Save million dollars because they were able to
91:25 in the hole without putting faces. was all done and it's safe.
91:30 you know, if you're thinking about environment, you know, we're conserving
91:35 and a lot of, you it's gonna take a lot of fuel
91:39 energy to put that casing into the . Nobody talks about that kind of
91:46 that they're all companies. But that that conservation is conservation is probably
91:53 , the easiest way to reduce carbon every and everything else. Anything that
91:58 do, for example, when we these the new light bulbs and houses
92:02 are, You know, 12 watts of 60 watts. But they put
92:06 more light. I mean that's that's , you know, and that's not
92:12 it or anything that's just, we need it. Okay. And and
92:16 energy and the power that people need make money is still working okay.
92:23 here's one in the North sea plays the paleo gene, which includes the
92:30 seen, the Eocene and the legacy top. But in this case it
92:35 just the S. C. And alias scene. Uh, we had
92:38 fills and we had police in we had submarine channel fills and uh
92:45 shelf edge sand stones. And this , this is after the paley is
92:52 in the paleo seen below this in places or charts. So some of
92:57 chalk deposition that occurred in the cretaceous occurred at the very beginning of the
93:04 seen in certain parts of the north . And this is kind of the
93:11 graphic uh, section that they were and these are the formations uh,
93:23 here and uh, this resistance And uh, because whole basin was
93:41 deposition talk and all of a sudden objectives seven months before on the western
93:52 , the rest of you anyway, getting all these stands that are,
93:58 don't have to remember, just know it's paleo jean, there's a lot
94:07 oil place which turned into prospects from sand stones of the morning. Sand
94:14 big. There's a big sand coming the shelf and then uh, some
94:18 these other ones of turbine sites up here and uh, here's uh,
94:24 then here's a bunch of seismic lines were used to help define this thing
94:31 , You can see a little diagram the, this is an insect,
94:40 know, when you hear here, , you're looking mostly in this
94:47 but here is the central grab and in the central grab in. But
94:53 a triple junction in the uh, the Robins here in the south,
94:57 , Robin goes up that way and more he first goes off into the
95:02 and then there's another smaller one This is um, this is a
95:10 high on the edge here. this happens to be where uh,
95:16 the sea level dropped sand stones poured of this off of this fault line
95:21 formed the brace sands which are really Jurassic scenes. But again, we're
95:27 study area. Uh, this is whole study area here. And
95:33 and they're kind of looking uh looking up in this area up here and
95:42 one of the graphic correlation plots. can see how complicated they can be
95:46 . You can see some some depressed way out here, but you can
95:50 where the actual line of correlation is determined up over here. And
95:57 we had a program, almost none the programs numbers spider. Here's a
96:12 saying back then, uh, they know what I was telling you
96:17 So they weren't sure obviously real life uh anyway, they were able to
96:31 a lot of the breaks in the foundries. And of course those sequence
96:36 can be, you know, the of those things that you have transgressive
96:40 or anything like that. But even importantly, just knowing the age of
96:44 of the submarine fans way out of base of the lowest part to keep
96:49 part of those low stand systems tracks correlate them. Because the problem with
96:58 , because when you come up on edge of something, these are some
97:01 these things are relative. I'm not structural happening. Some of these things
97:14 coming down. Do you have any to come up? I know I'm
97:38 seismic resolution and tell them their here basically that's what you saw someone
97:57 So and this study helped us figure exactly where it was very complex.
98:07 is this shows you how complicated they get. And and I and uh
98:15 somebody that's a practicing paleontologist that does the first time is gonna get it
98:20 , it's doesn't matter how long you it to them, you know,
98:24 almost have to, you have to your head into the data. And
98:29 and so even though I was a and I could have people load
98:33 I was always quality controlling all the in the wells I work on because
98:38 you just you have to know you to know what's being plotted where and
98:45 and uh somebody just loading the May load a lot of rework stuff
98:51 so well they will and so what do is when we see the
98:57 we want to use that fossil its position. So we'll look at it
99:01 do it figure out whether whether like is reworking. You know, one
99:07 the things that they might have I didn't look at this data set
99:10 one of the things that you might , what's that here, wow.
99:19 mean samples down below here. They so that would help you know that
99:26 was obviously I saw this is the I saw samples all the way
99:38 I see Here you have 123456 of . five of 5%,, nowhere in
99:48 that was injected from erosion came in . It's obviously working jumps right out
99:55 it. That's another way that you . And uh what he did was
100:04 made what we call a no Each one of these lines is the
100:09 of correlation. What is showing you as best as they could strain it
100:16 on the wells that they had. is almost a conformity for that break
100:21 time. It's seen at different Different wells but it's the same breaking
100:28 . That right there is really close a different here. Remember when I
100:34 that picture of Senator Bells. Well all in here but I can't see
100:43 quality conformity, nothing. It wasn't to constrain it to a small band
100:48 time. Uh because they had, know, all of their wells have
100:55 big gap. So in the center all this, this one's, this
101:00 pretty well considering. And this one a little bit better constrained. But
101:05 one was not by the, but , if you drill somewhere else,
101:11 might be able to see the same . This whole thing, you
101:20 the break would not be that Okay? And again, what this
101:31 doing the scale down here, time the same, definitely 12 is
101:40 But if you plot them on top each other, you can correlate
101:46 You know, it's sort of like a wheeler diagram on a different axis
102:03 . Okay. And here's, here's detail you can see, here's the
102:07 and you can't see these beds all at all. And there's a high
102:11 you can see here that you can this one pinches out, but this
102:17 one goes all the way across. the seismic often suggests that none of
102:24 stuff is up here, that it's pinched out over here. It's pinched
102:29 there and it's pinched out here. you can see that actually some of
102:33 actually went over the top of this and you couldn't see it in the
102:38 D. And it would be hard see. And some of this would
102:40 hard to see in three D. to. And the advantage here,
102:47 graphic correlation was able to uh see a resolution greater than size. And
102:55 what the real advantage in that And here is the alcohol and hot
103:01 in Norway. This is um um I call this the tour hot because
103:10 of the hall is tour and in hot pot is hot. But
103:16 this is where we uh went in did uh the bios photography. And
103:24 think I've told you there's this gas that comes up, here's the
103:29 It slows down the energy and dissipates lot of the energy from the
103:34 So you can't see anything. Uh thing that you can see that it
103:38 down the velocity. So everything kind sags because of the velocity slows
103:42 It makes it look deeper than it be. And so you can see
103:46 sagging underneath this cloud. And you really get a good definition up there
103:51 the chalks chalks that we were drilling . And so the seismic was basically
103:58 . And electric logs university for like on the basis of 12 things have
104:42 share Basically charged three of these It turns out Now we will have
104:57 but seven different. I didn't realize of here scientists, one this would
105:27 they so some places they were producing guests more with some places they were
105:41 be based on because it was probably uh so anyway, because of
105:55 he was just showing you the chalks in Southern England, here's the the
106:01 and here the mandate was to create new geological model to address and address
106:06 decline production. And the solution of was a composite standard strata, graphic
106:12 of this and with graphic correlation and more than doubled it from three units
106:18 seven units. And uh the total , you know, obviously if you
106:23 it up, you're probably gonna have compartment over here. Mhm. Because
106:32 saw this in two wells, this probably the part, see this
106:41 Just find her. So you had more reservoirs, but some of
106:51 Yeah, But uh so we didn't the reserves, but it went from
106:59 million to a billion barrels of And uh it proved the upside potential
107:08 the flanks and the crest uh triple mapping. We we helped triple the
107:15 resolution for the tour formation. And because we were able to make picks
107:21 the wells, couldn't see it in seismic because of the gas club.
107:26 uh this is uh this is behind reserves. Then the value added was
107:35 350 you know, so it's like 52 to 3 50 added. That
107:40 it a billion when when am echo the were able to convince people that
107:47 what was going on. We even a 30 ft fall, You're never
107:52 see that. And that follows in uh the thing is is that uh
108:04 we did this because we were able get this and we also came up
108:09 the bio faces. Mom helped us out something about the permeability and process
108:16 they have different types of. So I was to ask um next
108:24 you know something like on this side be stuff that I'm hoping that you
108:29 know you giving you an example so you kind of have an idea how
108:34 this can be Now because we added 350-400 million barrels. I think that
108:41 the end of the 100 it's uh professor that's not there today but he's
108:52 , leon Thompson he will tell you they found all the oil but they
108:56 know that oil was there. We we were able to show that there
109:01 be more oil there. So that uh B. P. Who took
109:08 the field after him of an Amoco taken over the field. And the
109:11 got it with that extra 350 million of oil that they weren't even tapping
109:17 . They decided to do O. . S. Ocean Bottom survey and
109:22 for sensors and uh they wanted to so when you show added value,
109:30 company can spend extra money to produce added value. So when when they
109:35 the O. B. S on , that's not the bio strap
109:40 But I'm just telling you it has big impact. Two things when we
109:44 we found reserves, they didn't think had. We also gave them justification
109:48 using more expensive technology. And so they use that more expensive technology,
109:53 to Leon, they found another 500 barrels. So it went from,
109:59 went from 600 to a billion to billion. Where am I going?
110:19 . Really? Okay. Here's, another funny thing about see this picture
110:28 , those three platforms, that's these um This is a sign that you
110:35 more oil. You have two little and you have two gigantic platforms and
110:46 with the ability to separating and processing of the Hey ma'am, one of
110:56 things about these and see these look they're really big big things. These
111:02 built after they knew that this whole is sleeping. I think even this
111:09 was. But eventually here they knew was thinking so it's a little bit
111:15 figure than this one you have. um 1560 ft high waves so you
111:26 to make sure that you have enough here. So that fine.
111:39 Uh these these out here uh were with Jack ups so that they're like
111:49 um we thought almost like a telescope where when when they sink from subsiding
111:57 they're producing all this oil. Yes it's compacting. Yeah, serious because
112:05 is in geology at the time. but you have to still play particles
112:24 up. It's like a different And so the crossing in some places
112:32 got charged with two, there are places where before the that's activism,
112:47 ? This particular field that scratch across chamber. Mhm. That's I think
113:06 a problem. Yeah. Anyway you all the yeah Have 8% ferocity.
113:19 can lose 80% of the thickness of 80% of the 50's of the rockets
113:26 out. And you know there's there's limit to it. You know there's
113:35 only a few 100 ft of uh section. So it's not gonna it's
113:40 gonna subside too far. These these built, these already had built jack
113:47 on them so they didn't have to them once they got built and put
113:51 place, here's another example of where did this in the North Sea and
113:58 is in the Jurassic, not the , this one let me try to
114:09 here. This one is in the Gene which is cenizo. So this
114:18 the youngest one. So we have example from the centers OIC this one
114:25 from predominantly the cretaceous the little bit the base of the paleo scene but
114:34 upper cretaceous and this one is So I'm just showing you an example
114:43 two different geological columns completely different Uh, Hayden, let me ask
114:49 this. What do you think a is? Okay and an oil
115:05 Normally you wouldn't normally, you would this by now because you would have
115:09 petroleum geology. But you know, started just, you know, you
115:14 a little bit out of sequence, isn't a problem. It's just I
115:18 to make sure that that it doesn't have an okay here's, here's what
115:27 just, I'll just tell you, know, you, you're guessing around
115:32 issue. Okay, When, we drill for oil, we found
115:38 in lots of areas, uh, important is, does have a regional
115:44 . That regional seal is the same that well and that, well in
115:47 one, that's one part of a to have the same regional seal.
115:53 if they have the same regional the reservoir underneath that seal is gonna
115:56 the same coronation. That's the other of the play. Okay. And
116:02 are kind of the two main things then the deposition environment has something to
116:06 to uh, and, and also is the regional source, you
116:15 I think, does it seem like getting their oil, the charges,
116:19 charge coming from the same thing. there's really three things that you're looking
116:25 and uh, it's getting charged five situation. Sorry, same silvers.
116:43 . So Siegel Okay. Sports was be getting charged. That sources,
117:12 don't know why there's five elements of president formation deposition requirement. So support
117:37 ? Oh Wednesday I say structure. a trap 76 and in north
118:08 Thanks. You're and really actually find the trap, this Salomon's right
118:29 . What back out in Syria uh you can see all of this save
118:48 seven. This trap is based on destruction. Okay, so um this
119:11 a play. It went well that's way I'm gonna do it. Well
119:16 the plan. Thank you tell But actually becomes my prospect over
119:24 I know we have these that's a specific threat. Which one, All
119:38 of them, which one of them is a separate travel on specific
119:49 Just the traffic style a lot of . So so mhm formations.
120:08 that would be style, salt, trap finds, you can all this
120:37 john yeah, some of the wells like I feel that I'm gonna talk
120:49 now you're on a pole contact down and that's what this one's about.
121:25 , that's my wife. Yeah. that's what time and migrations, that's
121:34 of the maturation part because there's highly and maturation and uh that's that
121:42 the fact that you have. That's . So you have to happen.
122:04 and uh identifying the formations. So a lot of times this is
122:29 The actual new exploration. We're really to find sources. Uh it's a
122:44 deep enough that the next thing is there's a migration pathway related to.
122:59 funny. 25 million professor and uh a mature. So uh Sure
123:20 that that is still there. This started migration. So fun.
123:41 all of these things have different But one thing I wanted to kind
123:44 have a rough idea is what a was. And uh so if I
123:49 all these things and and I um if I have a well safe
124:02 is it like a map looking We're starting to see it. Uh
124:17 becomes experiment. So this and the deposits that I was talking about.
124:51 know, there's chalk all in That's the play fairway for those chalk
124:55 and they are all getting their oil the same place that matured about the
124:59 time. Um you know, source a complicated thing and of course the
125:06 , the timing of the reservoir becomes relative to the timing of maturation and
125:14 . Yeah. Well um here's the uh when you, when you do
125:23 frontier exploration, you're trying to figure if there's even a reason to be
125:26 . So the first thing you try figure out is is there a source
125:31 , is there a potential source Now, sometimes you can see the
125:35 rocks in an exam bed on the line, something like stuff that's down
125:39 the, in there, down down in here somewhere on these islands
125:46 something. You can actually see the uh it's not mature because it was
125:53 but then you then you do, is gonna be figure out how long
126:02 deep enough to find. Has it very deep enough out here to create
126:13 , you might see it in an drop over here actually there's a
126:19 He's supposed to green that that actually just like some of the triple triple
126:30 out here. Like this is kind nice to a lot of what was
126:34 on over here at the time was on slightly different bases, slightly different
126:41 of restriction, but still a lot the same formations. And then then
126:46 some of these islands to the north the west have outcrops to. So
126:57 so when you're doing frontier exploration, first thing you want to find out
127:00 there is a source, then the thing is is it deep enough to
127:03 mature? And if the answer is about any one of those, you
127:08 , if it's not the first maturation doesn't matter if, but you
127:14 , you wanna, you wanna find that there should be a source rock
127:16 that case. And then then the thing is, was a very
127:21 like the east coast, we know some rocks down there, but most
127:25 them have been very people and the Coast of the United States.
127:30 but now that we're getting farther And you know, I have an
127:33 wish will have, I think, , that's in petroleum geology actually.
127:44 . Um, so the regional database that we use for the Jurassic,
127:53 it's basically uh worldwide and With the system that we had, but I
128:04 243 Jurassic wells to work with had wells to interpret 47 in the
128:12 Made a contribution to local contribution to composite standard. In other words,
128:18 the global standard. It's calibrated with wells. And uh, we also
128:24 with 2020 Northwest Europe European outcrops. uh, here's a look at the
128:33 database, Which I think for the , we had over 800 wells,
128:39 I didn't use all 800 wells. here's the area where I was studying
128:44 there was a, this is the viking robin. Here's essential grab in
128:51 here. And uh this is the moray firth coming off and this,
128:57 is a triple junction going this way that way and going down like that
129:02 it stopped expanding. And that's why have this nice basin full of source
129:08 . So here is the the field we're looking at. And this is
129:14 diagram I showed you before. And had to do this uh to sort
129:22 that some of their maximum flooding surfaces , we're composites, they were compressed
129:28 time. In other words, they stacked on top of each other.
129:31 a lot of their age calls from this was published and this was BP's
129:37 was working at Amica at the And a lot of this had errors
129:41 it. And uh sometimes couldn't figure why their reservoirs were missing. But
129:47 knew why I would be sitting in going, Mhm. It's something i
129:53 conformity, it's deep water, it's no sandstone. And uh and one
129:59 the, one of the things in North sea is the sand stones seem
130:02 be elusive because people didn't have the of resolution. They needed to figure
130:06 why they were being if you figure why they're elusive, they're no
130:11 you know where they are and where are. And this was just showing
130:16 an integration with walk away vsp and . And you can see that this
130:22 a graphic correlation plot. We plotted we plotted, it's at a different
130:28 . But when we try to put on a diagram like this, we
130:31 shut it down. And, you , the terraces don't look as significant
130:35 this thing. In other words, 100 million years might be like
130:39 But to get it to fit on thing, we squeeze it down like
130:44 . And that's why these things don't really dramatic. But one of the
130:48 that we could see is that a of the seismic reflectors tied directly with
130:55 of the terraces we saw. And , some didn't tie right with it
131:00 that one. And, uh, often there's a, there's a reason
131:03 that. And that's because something strange going on in the deposition.
131:08 uh, when you have technologies that tie together, I often, you
131:12 , put a red flag on it that's probably where the oil and gas
131:16 . But, uh, it's really to, uh, it's always convinced
131:20 . But as it was, this the, make sure I'm reading this
131:29 . I'm pretty sure this is the Jurassic boundary here. And there was
131:33 lot of, uh, a lot , a lot of issues with this
131:39 because it, because it was like diagram out there and the geophysicists and
131:44 lot of the geologists acted like there a point in time. It's a
131:49 . But really, it's like this the mail. So you, you
131:56 a lot of information you can see . Uh, did you see any
132:02 outs on this going up against that ? Because there are, and nobody
132:07 that. No one could see that were beds, uh, that go
132:11 that. And so there's the scott , um, here the Witch ground
132:19 is, uh, is sort of outer mori first spur, uh,
132:25 off of, uh, off of triple junction. And it's, it's
132:31 in there. And uh and the is, is just south of
132:37 right here and here's the lease there's a lease line fault, right
132:46 . There's little fault blocks in Uh, there's two to the
132:51 This is the one I work on . Oh no, I'm sorry,
132:55 worked on this one here, there's to the north and to to the
132:59 . So, uh, but this paper I think was published after
133:07 work. And uh in fact, know it was, but prior
133:12 prior to my work, they didn't there was anything in here. A
133:18 Hess on this chemical on this. has this fault line is actually right
133:24 the lease line. They probably drill that. So you could see the
133:28 line, but at the Jurassic they're sitting right on top of each
133:33 . And so Amerada Hess was draining . They drilled seven wells and they
133:38 prove there was anything over here. so they called, I told
133:42 you know, if you let me this, I can figure it out
133:45 you. And my uh the regional who became the exploration manager when the
133:51 was actually drilled and not the exploration of the exploration vice president for all
133:57 Amoco. He um he told me I started working on this, you
134:02 do it, you can do it hours because we don't think it's gonna
134:06 . What is it? Okay. so here it is and this was
134:13 little bit of a thing that confused too with oil water context. Was
134:17 actually two reservoirs and there's an eye here, which was a maximum flooding
134:22 that some people were missing with their strategic fee. But I was able
134:29 plot this thing out and there's a above it and a sandstone below
134:33 Nevertheless, I worked on the whole section to try to show them that
134:39 was sand in this reservoir. This the piper field model and this is
134:45 model that Amerada Hess was using. if if you look in here,
134:56 , what they were suggesting was that is um, this block rotated and
135:04 and it uh like this and it and and it was eroded off.
135:11 uh it seems, I don't trying to show you what happened,
135:17 odd, but that's what they that's they were getting away from it.
135:21 they suggested, however, that that that block tilted like this.
135:29 like it does up in here, the here's the Jurassic and you can
135:33 the cretaceous is sitting on top of is strictly in campaigning and this is
135:38 cretaceous, Tony asians getting close to cretaceous, It sits right on top
135:43 the Jurassic and some of these things the Cambridge clay is right underneath
135:47 so that the these beds like you suspect, you know, they tilted
135:54 a little bit like this, it down the fault and tilted a little
135:57 like this. But the whole thing planed off like that and cretaceous was
136:00 on top of it. So again saying the sand that's drawn here on
136:07 side was uplifted and eroded and the that was preserved was underneath just on
136:15 side of the family. I presented to Amerada Hess and they said we
136:20 a different story and I said, I know you did. I said
136:25 was a point in time when you we were getting close and they actually
136:30 uh part of our we had partners they actually bought out one of our
136:36 when they realized we were figuring this , they found out they figured out
136:41 we weren't gonna be still, they gonna be able to steal oil from
136:44 anymore. And so they bought a in the, in the, on
136:48 side that we had and I didn't that I was somehow they got word
136:55 I was doing this, we were worried. And anyway, um this
136:59 kind of a cartoon of what they the model was right because I wrote
137:08 away on the top that hyper my , this is they have suggested it's
137:30 like this. The problem is actually that so that the rotated like this
137:38 down here, this pops up right the top of it. Three pipers
137:49 , so right here's where they ended drilling the well, right there,
138:00 pretty close to the faults, but can see there's a fault line
138:04 We had a well here grilled, had a well down here near the
138:10 the oil water contacts right about here . And uh they drilled the well
138:15 , they drilled one here where it really thin and they couldn't figure it
138:18 because it looks like there were two oil water contacts because of that i
138:23 . So they had no idea what there. They drilled this well over
138:26 , below the oil water contact. the other block, here's one,
138:30 one where it was close to the water contact and that block far away
138:36 this block and uh there. And basically I was looking at the beta
138:43 to try to figure out if there's sand in there. And I figured
138:45 there's sand in here, it would sand in there and sand in there
138:50 the whole idea was that this, whole thing here was uplifted uh you
138:57 , you have a normal fault and , it's rotated the block on the
139:03 side rotates up like that. And and so that this comes down that
139:13 ends up sticking up and so the that was here is up there and
139:18 Jurassic over here is down here, is sticking up gets eroded away.
139:23 one of the things that I thought could show by looking at the logs
139:26 that the sand gets thicker from here here. According to the model that
139:32 there was no sand in there. sand would get thicker in this
139:36 back to the east that we get in this direction turns out there's a
139:40 bit of a high over this you can kind of see part of
139:43 there, but you're starting to get it's kind of getting shallower in that
139:48 during the time of the sand. here I was doing with composite standard
139:56 . I did a nice APAC map I suspect type map with composite standard
140:03 . And these are composite standard And the uh the lower the
140:15 uh excuse me, the higher the . Um We've gone from 1630,
140:27 , 1660. This this timeline. if you think about it, this
140:37 here, that's their that's their that's not tell them. This is getting
140:43 . So it's thicker here and it thinner in that direction based on
140:54 And here is the uh net to that we got from the well
141:02 And I made this map too. here's here's thinner, it's getting thicker
141:07 it's getting thicker. So as as you top of that sand is
141:11 younger, there's a high underneath scott , it's okay. I have the
141:37 stuff. Yeah. And then she get back this way. I only
141:49 this mold here. So that in words um so she has on that
142:25 and this is kind of what it like. This was the this was
142:30 number three well on the on the and you can see here uh that
142:36 getting thinner in this direction. When look at the piper sands and uh
142:42 I did it, I did a in time, I overlaid time on
142:50 of of the thickness. and here's uh this is where a 147.5 million
142:58 would have been 146.540 544 million And this is the lift ology.
143:08 you can see you can see that had thinning in this direction towards the
143:14 seven. Well and uh and we thickening in this direction and at
143:21 well, if you remember there was there was a fault out and uh
143:32 this sand section in here was added by using, you know how I
143:37 you the throw on the fault? was able to add it. So
143:40 than plotting a zero over here, I saw was that the sand thickness
143:45 was pretty much had a constant rate thickening from here to here. If
143:51 I had zero there, you wouldn't that. But if I put the
143:58 They restored 500 ft in the 3 will uh And actually it's
144:04 well, right here, this is field, This is our field.
144:09 I'm sorry, I was just looking this one, this is this is
144:12 the fault was. This shows that stays pretty much the same. So
144:16 had all of this rather than something shot up like this and got eroded
144:22 had a little pinch out of the . And uh this is this is
144:28 a little bit more dramatically because I've uh some more sections. The point
144:33 doing this was showing that there was to them, There would be a
144:42 here that got uplifted in the road , that was still in here and
144:49 into that. What I was able show is the whole system before the
144:54 thing was, it was on lapping up to the up to the east
145:01 it was getting thicker and thicker as came here in the face. And
145:06 and when we hit the get to fault line, pretty much was able
145:11 show that this had to be here you can see this, this gets
145:16 to the south. In other this is sort of like uh strata
145:22 continuity. This is getting to the . This is, this is
145:29 this is getting thicker to the west this has a little bit of a
145:35 um here. But in general, up here, two formations up
145:42 we're seeing thickening above it. look if I see Sean's doing this
145:50 an area, there's no way that can be eroded away because we're getting
145:59 above the formation, thickening below the formation or that wouldn't work out,
146:07 wouldn't stay consistent above the blood. I was able to predict the exact
146:13 of feet of uh I said because this, because I'm seeing the section
146:30 like this. The only way the not in there, that's see the
146:36 in this. Well, we see sand in this. Well we see
146:38 sand in that, well, didn't here because this trend. Yes,
146:44 it. This trend fits that. trend can even see there's erosion up
146:51 . This trend fits that trend even it substrate underneath it. Jackson before
147:00 sand. During the sand and the , everything shows that just because I
147:05 uh it's consistent. So using those thickness, I created an ice pack
147:15 found and uh sometimes I forget what did 20 and 30 years ago.
147:23 what I found was you go back . Okay, I keep forgetting whether
147:34 two blocks above it and one block it. But there's a big block
147:39 here that they were draining the heck . And uh the story was that
147:46 of this, all the sand was here and we didn't see, you
147:48 see here, we do have something hit the oil water contact way out
147:52 . But it was thin, like was their thin, like it was
147:56 and then like it was there, is just up dip from this dry
148:02 when I proved that this was not and eroded. What I was,
148:07 I was showing them was that there to be oil here and there had
148:12 be oil in here and there had be oil all the way down
148:15 that was continuous with the oil across . And so this stopped our drainage
148:22 uh, and we started to get ization done where we were, we
148:26 getting a share of what they were over here. And and uh,
148:32 what I did though was the oil contact was right about in here.
148:37 thing was really had to thin oil contacts in that. Well,
148:42 that's solid. They drilled that. , I predicted that this was based
148:49 the thickness that I showed there. , I did use the poor boy
149:00 emitter like you did in your They came up with 90 million barrels
149:04 oil. And of course I put here and wedge down here, 90
149:09 barrels of oil when they drilled Well, the reservoir engineers calculated based
149:13 the pressures and everything in the flow , that it was uh 89
149:19 And uh, once that happened then started drilling up in here and down
149:24 . And I don't know if you see it in this map.
149:31 they don't show. But you can here, this is showing you where
149:34 reservoirs are. So the one I on was this one right here.
149:39 I said, the first time there two to the north and this one
149:43 one to the south. And uh can actually see they have a fault
149:50 actually separates it. If the lease comes all the way down there
150:06 And, and again, this is I showed um here we had the
150:12 sands and this is both of them together. One of them is the
150:15 ones, the piper now, because piper is the same age as the
150:18 and the piper field, but they Hess was suggesting that all that sand
150:24 eroded and the pre piper shale was to be on the other side and
150:28 we were getting might have been a bit of, you know, remember
150:31 told you there were thin beds out , that's all we were getting.
150:35 uh and so uh I was able convince him that the expert, the
150:40 that told me that I had to after hours to do this, his
150:44 was scott urban, he became the manager between when I did the study
150:49 when they finally filled the well the they approved drilling the well, he
150:53 to me in person and said God hope that stands there because because I
151:00 convinced based on your work, convinced , the board of directors to drill
151:06 . And I said, you scott, I bet you if you
151:10 oil there, I'll never hear from . But if there's no oil
151:14 you're really gonna want to know why me. And he looks at me
151:19 gone, you know, I'm not that and they go, I know
151:22 just teasing and uh and sure enough when they drill this really, you
151:29 , we have a whole, had whole department over in England uh that
151:36 worried about this and they had people statistics to to fight BP from draining
151:44 even though we couldn't prove that they wrong. And they had, they
151:47 had professors from Cambridge and Oxford and somebody's from Cambridge and Oxford, if
151:53 don't get somebody else from Cambridge and , they're not gonna listen to like
151:56 was an idiot. Okay. So just said, well okay, you
152:00 , and I didn't know that that was, you know supposed to realize
152:03 I was drunk and so I just him what it was, they went
152:07 and drilled it in in the guy of course amerada Hess just collapsed the
152:12 because I don't, I don't know they ended the court cases because they
152:16 have, they could have gotten a of trouble for lying because I really
152:20 they were like, I think they better. I know near. So
152:23 like I did this study in 89 we drilled it about Probably 93,
152:32 , maybe something. And uh I get a nice bonus sport but more
152:39 than that. More important than the , the president of all of Amoco
152:45 In front of the board of directors at me and said that guy's worth
152:48 million dollars a month this company and gone, that's all. But unfortunately
153:01 particular president got brain cancer dot, was really sharp and if he hadn't
153:09 , he was like a year later found out he had brain cancer and
153:13 . But larry fuller, the guy gave us a way to BP became
153:18 chairman because of that. He would been the chairman. And if that
153:23 was really sharp this conversation, every in this conversation that we've had
153:30 he would ask you about it a from you every everything in this
153:36 Every question that you would remember every the guy was amazing. But so
153:44 the way things go with that. think we can stop. Uh but
153:54 want to do wanna summarize, summarize , you know, with these three
154:04 . I'm trying to show you how correlation isn't just an academic exercise,
154:09 also gives you that detail to help attack a problem from a different
154:16 And uh and I think it's wrong think that the bios photography by itself
154:22 with the bio strategic graffiti, you , with the O. B.
154:25 . Helped me on making one the photography with the rock record help us
154:32 out That there were seven reservoirs instead only three in the other. And
154:39 when you go to the one that's the tertiary for the santa Zoe,
154:44 was was mostly in the but that um really thin but very good reservoirs
154:54 are from turbine sites in the Uh using graphic correlation, we were
154:59 to figure out where the boundaries were and figure out the limits of the
155:04 reservoirs and when it got up onto they were deposited up on the edge
155:09 that high, we were actually able see the extent of one from the
155:14 so that so that they could do reservoir management. So if you think
155:18 have, for example, if you you have one that's just from here
155:21 here, but you have three, here, one's like here and one's
155:27 here, you lose a little bit reservoir because it's they're not all that
155:31 at the same time picking up more for them. The map. You
155:37 , you have the same map thing you have smaller things which you can
155:40 . There's different compartments, that Sometimes it would spread out laterally different
155:46 you end up with different water boil and it helps them figure out the
155:50 lions and what the pressure should look . And so it was confusing in
155:56 three of these phases. What was before the biosecurity became clear And you
156:03 do better reservoir management and go from to a billion. From a billion
156:09 1.5 billion just because you're using all your tools. Okay. So um
156:17 you guys like to um transferred online this point in time to try to
156:24 the rain? Is it real heavy ? Okay. Let me
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