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GEOL6380 - Sequence Stratigraphy - Zoom_Bhatta-22
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00:00 We'll see how it goes. but so, uh, you see
00:11 not with us yet? It z know? Yeah, Joseph is
00:29 but he said he's got some, , technical troubles today. What's the
00:36 of the of the shell? fine, because I can see the
00:42 one, but I'm not sure. see the second one for shape,
00:51 , yeah, I didn't see it . Oh, yes. Uh
01:17 Well, it's weird. E load up today. I don't know why
01:22 not showing up there. I know lot of them in. It does
01:29 morning for a lecture started. So 15 is the DePorter one. Number
01:36 . Yeah. I'm gonna give that now. Me out. But I
01:41 up a 16. I put up 17. Okay. Okay. I
01:44 have those. Yes. Yeah. just put it up this afternoon,
02:02 Yeah, Yeah. Mhm. For Okay. Mhm. Is it
02:29 up now? Yeah. The shown okay. It's a twice for some
02:39 . Yes. Mhm. Strange. , I'll put the other one in
02:58 too, Just in case. Yeah. Mm hmm. Yeah.
03:36 . Yeah. The share one is but my table Awesome to load up
03:40 , but they're in it. Maybe e not sure what happened.
03:48 All right. Uh huh. Yes. Seems so. Clayton and
04:18 missing. I mean, for Okay. Sorry. It's who else
04:26 my sister? And that's everyone. for just just just, uh,
04:38 . Yeah, Just just Peter. right? Can you see that,
04:50 ? Yeah. Okay. The best . Yeah. What's that? It's
04:57 different phone calls. It's kind of on red. So it's hard to
05:03 way gonna sort of finished the main here with electron deep water systems as
05:11 lot of faces size with Europol and we'll sort of end with the
05:16 photography. Yeah. So you so far, we've been mostly talked
05:23 shall I bring systems and, river systems. And of course,
05:30 know, in a in a slide this, you know, part of
05:33 essence of secrets. Sugar fees, know, when when the shelf is
05:36 , you know, sedimentation is back on then. You know, particularly
05:40 the shelf edges is exposed and rivers to the shelf edge. Then we
05:44 sedimentation in the deep water. And so, you know, it's
05:48 been thought that big changes in in level control, whether or not sediments
05:53 supplied to deep water or whether it's up on the shelf. So that's
05:57 know, that's in a nutshell. the the the big observation on your
06:04 , predicting for sands and deep you know, depending on the width
06:08 the shell from where she at sea is usually need to have some sort
06:12 some supply close to the shelf slope . So we already talked about the
06:17 of sort of source to sink The sources think Idea is is particularly
06:23 and deep water systems because predicting the , scale and shape of deep water
06:29 sort of depends on the area that's being drained. Ultimately, the supply
06:36 on you know, at any point the stores, distinct system sentiment may
06:41 stored in Delta's shelf edge or make out to deep water. And,
06:45 course, you know, if sentiments taken out of the out of the
06:49 system, you know none of it get too deep water. Some of
06:53 may get to the deepwater. Maybe of it gets to the deepwater.
06:58 , for those of us interesting you exploring in deep water, whether it's
07:01 from Mexico or wherever is around the , you know, predicting the geometry
07:08 , position and heterogeneity of deep water fan plays is kind of critical
07:15 The other thing is, is that talk about later is that when tremendous
07:20 are flowing over the sea floor, tectonics could be very important in creating
07:26 of very high local subsidence that contract in a mini basin. And so
07:31 many basic plays is also quite important the deepwater Gulf of Mexico,
07:36 And this slide again. We've seen slide before, and you know when
07:39 I show slides again and again, probably indicates that's a concept I think
07:45 far reaching and important. And it emphasizes that if all you do is
07:50 , you know they're locally available. settlements during the CIA will fall.
07:54 get relatively small downstream sinks, whether Delta's, whether summary fans. But
08:00 you have a conveyor belt systems such the Mississippi, where you're funneling sentiment
08:04 the Rocky Mountains across North America and the Gulf of Mexico. Uh,
08:10 , besides, the submarine fans is sensitive to the degree of sea level
08:15 , but more sensitive to the overall of the source to sing system.
08:22 everybody is interested in scaling relationships. in the last lecture, you
08:27 I focused very much on looking at and scales of rivers. You
08:32 their debts, their wits and then some sort of back of the envelope
08:37 of sediment. Flux is using the method to predict how much sediment has
08:41 through the system, and then, course, allows us to predict whether
08:46 that the Deltas or submarine fans will smaller big, depending on the ultimate
08:51 of the trump rivers that collect sentiment water from the drainage area from it
08:56 a point and then disperse it in sedimentary basin. Okay, so these
09:01 points that represent the balance between the area and the and the ultimate sink
09:07 , very good places to make broad as to the size and scale of
09:12 submarine fans themselves on, You in the case of flu video,
09:18 were measuring grain size we measured across thickness. We measured the thickness of
09:24 finding up a channel story, which approximately the channel Depth way, used
09:29 grand size to estimate the flow, and the bed forms. And that
09:33 us understand discharge and then depending artist of the overall time on flood
09:39 We could estimate and given knowledge of long that river was their you
09:44 whats how long? Low standard or might last. We could predict the
09:49 amount of sentiment or sand that might deposited in a particular de positional
09:56 So someone out at Statoil now, , uh, decided to do a
10:02 study of their databases on They just every dimension of every s aspect of
10:08 source of sync system that they So they estimated, you know,
10:12 maximum relief in the drainage basin the of the longest river channels from source
10:19 sink, uh, water discharge sediment the the you know, the distance
10:28 the canyon to the to the river , the area on the whip width
10:34 the depth of the shelf, the of slope, the depth of the
10:40 apex with respect to the continental Slow break, uh, the
10:47 The submarine fan fan with fan Estimates of deposition rates. The fan
10:54 , uh, use the death length width of submarine fan channels, the
10:59 , width and depth of submarine A swell as things like shelf
11:06 river Slope and other parameters. And put together a lot of data like
11:14 . Right. So here's for the slope slope length plot is a
11:19 of shelf with fans. Volume, area, fan length, catchment
11:22 length of the main channel, main river channel on the main river
11:27 . Radiant or slope? Uh, they continue on with slow slope length
11:33 sediment load theme. The deposition of of the fan and the Peak River
11:39 discharge ratio. Okay. And you any any one of these things you
11:45 be able to estimate in an ancient . And, of course, you
11:48 , they're they're they're all log log , right? Eso there scatter
11:54 You know, they all show, know, either positive or negative
11:58 So, for example, you as the, uh, So here
12:03 got small river systems here they've got systems. Okay, Andi. And
12:10 show that the ratio of peaked average is greater. The small, the
12:15 that's actually well understood. Small river overwhelmed very quickly. There's a big
12:21 , you know. It can accept lot of water. So there's a
12:23 flood. Okay, Yeah, it's big flood that just accepts more
12:26 So the ratio of peak discharge thio discharge. There's more variation with small
12:33 , and there's lower variation with big . Okay, on some of these
12:37 might be sort of relatively intuitive. , you know, the the flatter
12:46 the lower the lower the slope of river. Typically Thea the have been
12:54 . So this is Ah, Main channel. Radiant. So he you
12:58 , here we have small steep Small, steep grading nervous down
13:02 Okay. And here we've got passive large rivers here. So low
13:07 passive margin rivers typically have extra are of kilometers long. So big continental
13:15 . Where is small tectonic lee? systems with steep grading rivers like the
13:20 of California have relatively small slopes, the distance from source to sink is
13:27 small and steep grading systems. That's and big rating systems, right?
13:32 the channel gets long, Slope tends be bigger and so on and so
13:36 . So you know what it If you know something about the
13:39 then you can predict something about the submarine fan system. So these scaling
13:48 of a wide variety of factors was in this series of diagrams. So
13:57 air, sort of Nesta diagrams. on the front, we have
14:01 steep grading systems. We have mountains almost no shelf the funnel settlement directly
14:07 deep water. Right. You notice scale of this cross section is in
14:14 of kilometers. OK, the height in thousands of meters. Okay,
14:20 Ben, as the drainage area here tender, modest three. So,
14:24 know, 1000 square kilometer drainage area we pretty small on the back
14:30 the lateral scales and thousands of So now we're talking about Continental passive
14:37 systems relief is in, is again thousands of meters, so the vertical
14:43 aren't that different between between the Uh, you know, this would
14:46 sort of, you know, Mississippi , Amazon fan on this might be
14:51 in the California borderlands, so different scale systems and then in the
14:57 we've got typical large, active and sized passive margins. So the idea
15:02 , is that the scaling of submarine systems scale, too? Things like
15:07 slope, radiant slope length, the of the shelf, the size of
15:10 training, the length of the the steepness of the river on those
15:15 the area of the fan. The of the fan, the point at
15:19 the that the fan begins to deposit . So the distance from the edge
15:23 the show slope break to the to potential reservoir prize. And they felt
15:29 this compilation of a wide variety of cross spotting Justus many things is they
15:34 could think of to measure gave him opportunity. If they only had one
15:38 two of those things and exploration they could, they could predict several
15:43 . Right? E, I have question. Yes, go ahead.
15:48 in the starting the left, the that has the mountains closer to the
15:53 break. If I read this the bottom, it says, like
15:58 52 200. So the delta has m. And then if I go
16:07 the O to the one in the , it says like 1000 I would
16:12 to the opposite, Like the one the mountains closer to the shelf
16:16 The delta goes much harder than the that the mountain is further away from
16:22 shelf break. Uh, Okay, , let me think. Here.
16:27 here's the area of the submarine Okay? Hmm. And that that's
16:33 that, you know, submarine fans be It's in square kilometers,
16:39 So, you know, a submarine and a very steep system might be
16:43 few 100 or square meters, Maybe 1000 square meters in size.
16:49 know, the Mississippi fan might be square meters, so that show that
16:54 area increases is the system gets bigger degrading gets lower. Okay,
17:00 I'm not sure what you're talking The Delta systems here, the deltas
17:03 . Basically little things here. This would really wouldn't have much of a
17:07 . And it's not uncommon that in grading systems, you know where mountains
17:11 feed to see you get fan Delta's . Very coarse grained, uh,
17:19 cones or sometimes called. Right. , I think in my mind,
17:24 would expect the opposite that were The are closer to the shelf break.
17:30 fans are bigger. No, they're . It depends on the drainage
17:35 Okay, so on the drainage area the steep grading systems is typically much
17:42 , right? So the California you know, they're simply, you
17:46 , because the mountains are close, know? You know, let's say
17:50 got a mountain chain here, So I'm gonna draw sort of theoretical
17:54 chain, and I've got the coastline . Right? You know, I
17:58 draw a circle from the from the , right? Any any rain falling
18:03 this side of the mountain is gonna the into the Pacific Ocean. Water
18:07 this side will drain across into the . Right, But because there's no
18:11 for a draining system developed, you don't have the areas never big
18:16 So what you get if you remember in my New Zealand example, when
18:20 have a very short distance from mountains see what you have is a much
18:27 number of small source to sing So any individual Fanis small But you
18:33 have 100 fans Long strike, Okay, so I think the sediment
18:41 will be higher. But the total of sediment supplied is to put the
18:47 is the is the is the sediment per unit area. But the area
18:52 develop an integrated drainage okay into a to sync system. That area there
18:59 limited in in a system that's that's a short distance from the drainage divide
19:04 the shoreline. There simply isn't enough for a large area to be drained
19:11 converging into a single river drainage. the rivers never big by definition of
19:17 , the submarines can't be big. makes sense. Yeah, it makes
19:22 . Thank you so much. All . Okay. Now, of
19:28 the source to sink concept, you , is really intended to start to
19:35 quantities dimensions of features that you can in sedimentary systems and then considerations of
19:42 like area and and size of the of the volumes off. The deposition
19:48 systems produced a za consequence of things the slope the length that we can
19:54 . And, of course, sequence is very focused on analysis of the
19:59 of the sink sentiments, right? opposed to the upstream source.
20:05 And as as we've talked about, know, secrets, photography, subdivided
20:09 according their lap out patterns. you know, we've shown the submarine
20:14 here, you know, in the diagram and in the slug diagram on
20:20 is this the sandy basement floor Here's a series of rhetoric rotational channel
20:24 complexes, thes economy sandy, thes muddier. And in this diagram
20:31 it implies that the earliest fans to deposited on the basement floor fans,
20:36 tend to be sandy and then over lane by channel Levy complexes.
20:41 . Now the channel, every Let's look a bit a little bit
20:44 this, Okay? It looks like volcanoes. Okay, back in the
20:51 mid eighties, when I was a exploration geologist, we didn't have three
20:55 seismic data people would often talk You know, if you ever draw
20:59 picture of a bird flying, you , you draw something like that,
21:03 ? So that's called the going gold . And a lot of companies were
21:12 for goings and their seismic data to to figure out where the channel Levy
21:17 were, where the base of four were. Sometimes they drilled into
21:22 They found that they just drift that drilled into a debris floor mass transport
21:28 . So they were finding that the for submarine fans was extremely risky because
21:32 were having a hard time predicting what nature of sediments in the submarine fans
21:38 . Okay, so a lot of I'm gonna end this lecture off with
21:41 sort of some of the ways that photography and understand the mechanics of submarine
21:46 processes can help us predict what the of of quality of sand is in
21:52 channel. Levy complexes versus a basement submarine fan, of course, in
22:00 original sort of early sequence strata graphic , you know, at High
22:06 the shelf was flooded, and the order is collecting not much, except
22:10 organic rich shales. Which is good that results in source rock condensed sections
22:17 viewers when sea level falls, as as the rivers get to the shelf
22:21 . If the shelf smoke break is , you could get nick points.
22:25 nick points, not those nick can not only be cut by
22:30 but they could be also cut by and stability. And generation of submarine
22:35 on the submarine canyons may be cut initiated slump. And then, if
22:40 place becomes a focus for turbidity they could be enhanced and and incised
22:46 successive turbidity currents, forming a very submarine canyon and at the mouth of
22:51 canyon. At the choke point you get, you may get large
22:55 And for fans, they also noticed you may get smaller fans perched on
23:00 slope, which they refer to as fans. Okay, aan den.
23:06 go back into the uh then, course, the the pro grading shelf
23:11 webs builds out over the old There's the down lap slope, so
23:16 is the down lap surface of the , migrating over the old fan bearing
23:20 on. Then eventually the system is and you go back to the high
23:26 . So those fans, the settlement is deposited as the fans is that
23:30 settlement that's directly eroded from the high plus whatever else comes in during the
23:37 , so some of that sentiment is to be delivered through the entire
23:43 Some of it will be reworked. . Some of it will be material
23:48 , the shelf edge that fails and down. Some of it will be
23:52 actually supplied by the river that's at shelf edge. The short answer is
23:56 of the above, right. As get into this talk, I'll give
24:00 examples of different types of settlement that find in associate with submarine fans and
24:05 mechanisms that did deliver those now, part of understanding, you know,
24:12 to sink sentiment. Partitioning is, know, when a sentiment likely be
24:17 be preserved in the coastal prism. is uh, sentiment likely depart to
24:24 deposited as a high standout or what likely positive shelf margin Delta. How
24:31 of it gets into the deep fee sea and that might be Social Bengal
24:34 , Okay. And, uh, Good Bread and Steve Keogh have noted
24:40 the galaxy from a brutal system during , high stands. An enormous amount
24:45 sediment is sequestered in the language of shoreline Okay, We've seen that in
24:51 in our Foreland basin deposits where we , you know, beautiful Floreal systems
24:56 as a result of Hiestand conditions. , Hal, uh, Christian Carbon
25:05 during this PhD with Ron Steele. , a nice PH. D on
25:10 , uh, Peru Alex. Strong deep water systems in the Shockey Basin
25:18 Wyoming. This is the Lewis and again interesting sort of looking at
25:23 . So? So this would be sand stones and Louis Shell.
25:29 there's the shoreline, sand stones, then the green represents the flu.
25:38 sand stones. The flu via sand are assigned to the lance formation
25:44 Ah, the yeah, that the Sand Stones are assigned the Fox Hills
25:53 . Okay. And the rest of applied for Louis Shale. So this
25:58 this is all Lewis, Even though got sand stones in it. This
26:02 , um, ing shore face delta called the Fox Hills. And then
26:08 youngest normally unit is called the lats . This is a classic example where
26:12 little faces boundaries are highly Democritus and nothing to do with secret strata.
26:19 relationships. This goes right back to the reason why sequence photography foundational e
26:26 us to change our thinking. Because this has is No, no,
26:29 . That that the formations already misleading there are these dipping timelines thes climate
26:35 , right, That that that cross the shoes, um, faces
26:40 And if you had a seismic line this, you would never see
26:42 Suzanne, all you see is the . It forms on the climate farms
26:46 the shoreline and shelf sand stones, deposition of slope. And then once
26:52 get to the flatter basement floor, get to the choke point and you
26:55 to get the deposition of these nice fans on in plan view. They
27:00 . They can map the river channels then the low stand fans deposit out
27:05 individual river systems. Okay, these are fairly steep, radiant,
27:09 source to sink systems. Scale here 25 kilometers. So these fans were
27:14 five kilometers by maybe six kilometers. maybe 25 square kilometers, right?
27:21 Kohona, that's the answer to your . These thes small river systems produce
27:26 submarine fans because they're small source to systems, even though you know the
27:31 aren't that far away in this Wyoming , whereas in the Mississippi, the
27:36 of thousands of kilometers away. But there's so much area to collect
27:41 You generate a continental scale river as a consequence, submarine fan deposited
27:46 the Mississippi, the Amazon are 100 1000 times bigger than the smallest state
27:52 systems. So we could sort of a block diagram of a submarine fan
28:01 and thistles. A diagram from the faces model text that they the S
28:09 p. M. Published on, know, here we have a mid
28:14 Hiestand fan here, we've got the stand Delta with a submarine canyon
28:21 So this is what Henry refers to the staging area, you know?
28:26 some of the sediments deposited down here re mobilization or reworking of sediment of
28:33 shelf edge. Some of it represents that's that's eroded from the hinterlands passed
28:40 and deposited on the submarine fan. , we've also got these these mass
28:46 complexes. Okay, Uh, and we've got the channel. Let me
28:53 of the levee channel on. Then have these things called frontal displays.
28:58 , those can occur here on. I'll show here, but they can
29:01 occur in the front part of these these channels. We may have oxbow
29:07 on additional. You may get, , control currents. Ah, variety
29:13 of deep marine currents that can remobilize tops of these fans into Siris of
29:20 waves. So those are sort of main, uh, the main components
29:26 architectural elements that characterize submarine fan Okay. You've also got slump scars
29:34 represent failure of the shelf edge, canyon, and then the channel within
29:40 on. Of course, you can these adults ing distribution channels that build
29:46 submarine fan. Yes. I said word distributor channels that those air those
29:51 terminated channels, not river channels. . Uh huh. So it's just
29:59 kind of an oldie but goodie block . Thes air actually sort of modeled
30:03 the California fans on board. They emphasized the submarine fan is a cone
30:10 body of sediment. Okay, that out of a submarine canyon that's largely
30:15 by turbidity currents and a mass transport with some variable degree of sediment reworking
30:25 you. Some submarine flans found that ones in California may be fed by
30:31 drift. So here we're sort of period of high stand, and sand
30:34 carried a longshore. This canyon heads , way up the shelf, although
30:39 this case the shelf isn't very wide captured settlement in the longshore system.
30:43 the California fans are quite sandy in origin. Where's fans like the Mississippi
30:48 fed directly by the Mississippi River on much muddier in the character?
30:54 of course, separate fans could be , a few tens of square
31:00 Or they could be thousands of tens thousands of square kilometers and signs.
31:05 some early fan model from Bill nor , who work primarily in California on
31:09 noticed that you know that the fan again a broadly low, bait shaped
31:14 of sediment on. He noticed that California that was sort of thes,
31:20 little bumps on top of the larger , and they called the super,
31:25 means on top of so they found . This super fan on top of
31:30 the fan on these super fan sat on top of the main large
31:36 , and it looks like these things of shifted around like distributor channels and
31:40 fact, consisted of a network of bifurcating distributor channels coming out of the
31:47 . So that's sort of the main abortion point. Uh, Roger Wall
31:56 Nor Mark was a hey died quite few years ago, nor Mark work
32:00 the United States Geological Survey, and was really a marine sediment ologists.
32:06 , Roger Walker, before I worked him, did a lot of work
32:12 deep water systems and terabytes. He worked in outcrops, so the sort
32:18 the addition and fan models that Roger with these were these little measured
32:24 So he tried to sort of take Nor Mark Marlow and then give an
32:28 of what the vertical faces successions would like in these different architectural elements.
32:34 the distilled Our fans form thin bedded lights with mud, so sort of
32:40 light sand mud couplets. The sandy channels could be filled with sharp based
32:48 upward channel fills. You notice if no evidence of cross spending across
32:52 so they're rather different looking from alluvial on. Then the super fan lobes
32:59 of sharp based finding upward sandy, deposits and then, uh, adjacent
33:05 the submarine canon. You might get variety of degrees, slumps, slides
33:11 mass transport complexes. In addition, to the channels, you have levees
33:17 that also consists of thin bedded Right. So Walker realized, you
33:21 thinned it better term insights that represented fan environment. And if you find
33:27 , you have to go a long to find the amalgamated sounds. But
33:31 you find thin bedded turbin lights that to channel levies, you have to
33:35 a short distance to find the sweet body in the sand Channel. So
33:40 Roger said, Well, how do distinguish Channel Levy termites from lower found
33:45 so that that became a critical area research. Okay, so in the
33:52 , we began getting a lot of data that image submarine fans, and
34:00 is sort of a synthesis of the geophysical imaging showing the main deposition areas
34:06 elements. Uh, in this this is the the Amazon found and
34:14 s stands for a slump. The debris flow so a slumping debris flow
34:19 be collectively referred to as an or mass transport complex. Okay,
34:25 these air into fingering with channel Levy , which C. L C s
34:31 on these were all sort of confined more proximal area of the fan.
34:36 some of the Tibetan currents go far away. Notice the scale here.
34:41 we're already about 300 kilometers at that . And then the day Brady could
34:46 another couple 100 kilometers before the end the day Moreira abyssal plain Okay,
34:52 so this would be the area of bedded distillate urbanites district, the area
34:57 submarine meandering channels and channel lemme complexes these air inter fingered with mass transport
35:04 on. Of course, the questions terms of petroleum systems, as you
35:07 , which, which is the better . You know, thin Bennett
35:11 You know, these could be very . You can have thousands of feet
35:14 Finn bedded, terabytes and shales, the very horrific reservoirs Sandy channel feels
35:20 best, but they're tiny. They're small, proportionately compared to the area
35:25 the submarine fan. Of course, flows and slumps and size are extremely
35:31 and it could be it could be mud which places has no reservoir
35:35 Or it could be a slump channel in which case about high may have
35:39 reservoir potential, but with a very complex internal geometry. So eso
35:45 exploration went from the shelf to deep , the need to understand the complexity
35:50 deep water systems, uh, increased in order to reduce the risk of
35:56 understanding of reservoir heterogeneity in deep water that led to a massive research effort
36:03 the in the sort of late uh, to try thio solve the
36:09 of understanding submarine fans. Now, reason why people are interested in summary
36:15 because of the volumes of sentiment. , so the volumes of sediment on
36:19 bottom access one of this table are in cubic kilometers. Right? So
36:26 remember that when I looked at the example If you remember this, I
36:30 that that that the amount of sand one Paris sequence of the Farron,
36:35 might be one reservoir seal pair, on the scale of about three cubic
36:41 . Cube. Okay, I've done calculations for the gun, Bagan
36:48 And it's delta lobes. Are you , maybe 5 to 10 cubic
37:00 Okay, now we could all do little petroleum calculation here. Okay,
37:09 many cubic meters are there in in cubic kilometers? Can anyone tell me
37:17 who's good at math? Get out calculators and let's do some petroleum geology
37:39 . And I'm gonna yet need a to fill. 100 Cuba,
37:54 So I got three billion cubic kilometer meters. Okay? In 10 Cuba
38:03 . So what was the fight? many meters? How may How many
38:13 meters in? Five cubic kilometers. meters. Okay, right, so
38:20 one kilometer is 1000 m. So 1000, uh, kilometers cubed
38:28 times 1003 times. That's a billion meters. Okay. Times. Uh
38:40 , five will be five billion cubic . Okay, That's the volume off
38:47 . If you multiply that by we get 50 million cubic meters of
38:54 space. Okay, So, if if five cubic kilometers of a
39:01 was filled with oil, you could 50 million cubic meters of oil in
39:07 on That's roughly 300 million barrels of . That's not bad, right?
39:15 ? That's and that's and that's a interpretations. Delta. Now you do
39:21 calculation for the amount of oil that could contain in the Mississippi fan,
39:27 is 29,000 cubic kilometers. Right, get the truth. Millions of cubic
39:34 of potential pore space. Okay, that's the whole Mississippi fan. Maybe
39:40 5% of sound, but it's still of cubic meters of poor space,
39:47 of cubic meters of poor space. ? So the available poor space in
39:53 submarine fans dwarfs the kinds of source sink systems that we've been looking at
39:59 my beloved quotations Delta. Right? , you know, this is why
40:05 the source of sync stuff is Once you start getting volumes of
40:10 you could quickly convert that two volumes poor space that gives you the theoretical
40:16 of fluids that could be contained with . That's the prize, right?
40:21 is the prize that we're looking at now. We're trying to make predictions
40:25 drill. About what? What? potential scales That prize could be
40:30 That essentially is the game. And you need to risk the possibility that
40:35 of that prize being Fillmore oil, , in the amounts that you are
40:40 to find. Okay, So back the story. So this is a
40:46 bath metric. This is based on seismic data. The boat was moving
40:50 that direction, So this is swamped symmetry of the sea floor. Thistle
40:56 Gulf of Mexico. Okay, And is the base of slope here.
41:00 . And then there's that kind of around here. You could see this
41:04 submarine channel coming in here. it's That's the That's the That's where
41:10 used to flow. Now it flows this direction. Here, you can
41:13 beautiful debris flow with debris levies and a really relatively top that represents the
41:19 of the debris flow low. So shows both mass transport complexes as well
41:24 channel levy complexes. Okay, and of course, these architectural elements
41:34 are the key to understanding the the of submarine fan deposits. And which
41:39 these submarine canyon elements are the attractive targets within either a what I call
41:47 tree distributive terminal systems, crevasse channel levy complexes, and size canyons
41:54 the or the mass transport complexes. back to our Amazon fan model.
42:02 , Uh, so this little red represents a cross section through one of
42:11 one of these channel living complexes. , this pre old data, this
42:16 this is 1988 seismic data. But I will tell you when. When
42:21 . When these data first came we were just stunned at what we
42:25 . That with these look like Like, what the heck is this
42:28 ? They're not because they're not rooted in igneous rocks. Right on.
42:33 could say these high amplitude reflectors. call these horrors the channel every complexes
42:39 by a much broader, high amplitude . Okay, And then you relatively
42:44 stuff on either side on then these units, which were interpreted as the
42:51 flows and slump units, right? bright reflections were interpreted, the channel
42:57 , and then the lateral adjacent, uh, lighter stuff as the ast
43:04 levee deposits. Now it's interesting about diagram is you know, the the
43:10 there's the channel on top. that's the levee. Okay? And
43:17 the if you will the the base the levee. Okay, that
43:23 Let's let's put here. Okay, that's one second of two to a
43:30 time. That's half a second. that's, you know, close thio
43:36 to a quarter. A quarter of . Okay, So the distance from
43:40 top of the levy to the base , you know, from here,
43:44 to the basement floor is up to 250 milliseconds. Does anyone know what
43:52 that is? What debt that What's that? Elevation drop?
44:03 what was the conversion you gave us milliseconds? 2 m. That it
44:07 a second meeting. Milliseconds. so that's 250 milliseconds. So therefore
44:16 elevation drop is 2050 m. And how many feet is that?
44:26 by 3.3 Henry. Feet 504 190 to 708. 25. So you
44:47 about a 700 elevation draw from the of the channels that base the
44:52 Now, folks, you know, had levies. You know, if
44:57 stand on the Mississippi levee, walk to Lake Pontchartrain, you might drop
45:02 15 and 20 ft you're not going drop down 1000 ft or 500
45:07 So these were totally different scale features river channels. Okay, Eso That's
45:14 of a critical thing to remember. this is a schematic, uh,
45:21 section put together by Alabama and Jim showing the cross sectional geometry on the
45:27 fan going from the head of the to the end of one of
45:32 uh, channel levies. Right They show incision of the canyon in
45:38 most proximal end. Uh, then start to show mass transport complexes with
45:45 levies and channels. And as you to the distal basement floor, you
45:49 debris flows or mass transport complexes distal levy complexes on, then parallel laminated
45:57 floor turning lights. Okay. So organized transition from incised team or sheet
46:03 geometries going from the from the head the canyon to the tip of the
46:09 fan again. Look at the look the scale here. That's 102 103
46:16 for almost 500 kilometers of distance. ? Thes air. Big,
46:21 big features. Okay, Uh, , here's an example of of three
46:27 data. This again. This is material, Walker paper. So this
46:31 one of these debris flow or one these mass transport complexes in cross
46:37 And you can see it's a Siris recurrent thrush mints on this is although
46:42 not quite the same setting, very looking geometry to be to be,
46:47 , immigrant immigrant thrusts toe thrust that observed in your seismic exercise In plan
46:54 , you can see the pressure ridges represent the compression in that mass transport
47:00 . Okay, there is just to up showing the stacked immigrant thrust in
47:06 again, these air underlined overline by rocks indicating that this is quote inter
47:11 , all soft sediment deformation. And then, you know, Henry
47:17 a great guy, just taking photographs everyday thing. So in the days
47:21 had been category, he was shoving deck and noticed that the same immigrant
47:26 sheets were being formed in the as was observed in the debris flow
47:32 the three D seismic data. you guys, how many of you
47:37 have actually seen snow like this? . Yeah. Okay. Here's a
47:46 of this submarine channel that, uh I showed at the beginning of the
47:51 . And you can see, you , abandoned all the loops you can
47:55 Evidence of slopes. Cars on here a cross section. So here
48:00 uh, nice meandering submarine channel. is a cross section. So that's
48:06 plan view across that channel on What could see is there's the channel.
48:11 is the last position of the Older positions of this channel was basically
48:17 laterally and then a grating vertically. here is the levee deposits on either
48:23 . Okay, so there's the interpretation migrating to a grating channel. That's
48:28 Sam is. And that's got these bedded Let me turn lights on either
48:33 . Okay, There's the seismic section no vertical exaggeration. And there's the
48:40 products right now. This has no exaggeration. Andi, Uh, let
48:48 think this from there to there is there to there. Okay, that's
48:56 a half a kilometer. So that's half. 12 About three kilometers,
49:03 ? Eso half 1.5 to 2. this is about yeah, two
49:11 Okay. On the cross section Right. And the fitness of
49:16 Okay, that's that's two kilometers. no vertical exaggeration. So then
49:21 Where were we Hear? That's about a kilometer. That's about 250
49:28 That's about maybe 100 m. So sandstone is about 50 to 100 maybe
49:34 60 m thick. Right. So sandstone is about two kilometers in
49:43 Okay. By 50 m Death. . And the width of this thing
49:52 is the width. Okay. I it's roughly about Yeah, about 500
50:00 . Uh, 500 m wide. . So, uh, two kilometers
50:08 that view. And of course, length of the system is is,
50:13 , you know, that's half a . 123 maybe five or six kilometers
50:18 . Right. So maybe you can another. Maybe it's six kilometers
50:23 Yeah, right. So two times is 12. Ah, 12 kilometers
50:30 times 1000 times. 1000 is 132,000 50. Right. You figure out
50:38 cubic meters of sound, multiply that 2030 30% ferocity and tell me how
50:44 ferocity there isn't that sound by. the prize that the company's going for
50:49 they're exploring for submarine channel fills within channel. Every complex that makes sense
50:57 I can ask the question. So the channel is migrating latter, like
51:04 example, would we see buffers between scent like or would be a super
51:12 sand? Um, that's a very air of research, you know,
51:19 this diagram, looks like each channel eroding into each other. So the
51:24 is that would be connectivity, A lot of the issue is whether
51:28 not there's any mud within the channel . The general assumption is that these
51:32 more or less high net to gross . Okay, so the general assumptions
51:37 would not be. I think the you mean is baffles or barriers between
51:42 reservoirs, right, in this the some things pre continuous reservoirs.
51:48 , the channel lemme complexes are much hetero Olympic. Okay, here's a
51:54 , a nice, uh, plan you image of a meandering deep water
51:58 . Uh, the channel slope is So curiosity is 2.3, which means
52:06 the length divided by the the path the path is 2.3 times longer than
52:13 actual straight line length on the Leg, slope, eyes the slope
52:18 you go down this path First, straight line distance. So that would
52:22 the channel belt slope and the Taliban would be along this line here.
52:28 , so go on. Partly asked answer your question here is now
52:32 of course. Green Channel fills from San Clemente formation in California again.
52:37 , you can see some channel There's a cut bank there with more
52:42 , maybe a little bit a little of mud in here, So that
52:44 be a barrier baffling mud over lane underlined by Sandy turbulent. Here's another
52:53 of of of my seat urbanites in And here you've got Sandy Turbin
52:59 sandy terabytes of sandy terabytes. But this case, they're they're inter betted
53:04 money, your faces. Now these not be zero probability that they will
53:09 lower variability. So So you know the net to gross the channel film
53:14 depends on the proportion of these muddier versus the sandy units. And how
53:19 of these air cut out by the timidity current flows. Mhm. My
53:25 , his graduate students didn't wanna work turbin lights in the Brushy Basin in
53:31 Permian Reef complex, and they showed hierarchy of cutting a of channels that
53:39 filled, expanded, uh to a and then faded back again. So
53:44 interpret these sort of erosion all Once the Cole was was filled.
53:50 they spilled out. Excuse me, , stereo, Um, and and
54:00 also notice that there was a hierarchy a smaller scale modernist minor sand
54:05 He couldn't do that. Made of with bars and feudal systems, those
54:10 themselves into channel belts. The channel within Inter, bended with convincing actions
54:17 start to form the major reservoirs, pairs and eventually built these large scale
54:22 submarine fan. So there is indeed hierarchy of architectural elements from the more
54:28 sandy elements that represent the more continuous and then the separate, uh,
54:34 elements that might be separated by by shells that break them into separate reservoir
54:41 . So that's that's the thing, compartmentalization you're asking about one. So
54:47 answer is yes. There are studies the reservoir complexity of submarine fan systems
54:53 what Mike and Jim showed in their of the Brushy Basin is in a
54:58 proximal eras. You get these deeply canyons. Onda should go towards the
55:03 floor. You start to get small and more sheet liked urbanites so that
55:08 transition from incised to shoot like a , like uh, is seen in
55:13 smaller outcrops in the Brushy Basin. , they match the same kind of
55:18 seen on the Amazon and Mississippi fan systems that are 10 times bigger.
55:23 it's It suggests that the overall shape organization of submarine fan elements similar regardless
55:30 the scale of the system, and part of the question is,
55:35 you want are you targeting these nice amalgamating sandy things or the more extensive
55:40 like things that may have more Barry's in between them. Okay,
55:47 to bring occurrence and river channels operate completely different ways. They're they're you
55:53 it. It's when you look at images of meandering channels, you
55:58 Wow, it just looks like a meandering channel. But you'll notice that
56:03 you know, you see a single here. The channel belts relatively narrow
56:08 than almost any, uh, Mississippi or me Andrew streaming they ever see
56:14 . Duh. And the behavior of flows is totally different, you
56:19 in A and a river channel. . He in a river channel.
56:40 star room channel. Okay. Got point bar here. Right. And
56:45 a river channel at low stage. know, the water might be down
56:51 , and the boss were exposed. the river begins to flood,
56:57 And eventually the water may top the , and then it flows onto the
57:01 and floor. Okay, so that be the river flood stage flood
57:07 The top of the river might be elevated above the levee by, you
57:12 , maybe 10% of the overall channel . Right. But, you
57:17 the water can't lift up infinitely, ? What that means is the distance
57:21 the top of the levy to the floor. You know, from the
57:25 the top of the leading to the floor in a in a in a
57:29 , you know, it might be of the channel depth. So if
57:33 channel is 50 m deep, that be the levy might be 5 m
57:40 . Okay, what we see in fans, there's the levee. So
57:46 me go back to the red What we saw in in Submarine
57:54 there's channel. There's Levy is that levy is 700 ft above the lateral
58:07 , 700 ft, as opposed to 7 m in a river channel.
58:16 , so when a when a turbidity is flowing down a travel levy
58:23 this is what the turbidity current looks . So the biggest turbidity currents might
58:28 10 times higher, right then the . So rather than the flow being
58:35 little trivial thing. So when When a river floods, as soon
58:43 the water lifts over the levee, gravity forces it down. But it's
58:47 current because the dynamics of debris flows totally different. The two Britney current
58:52 be way, way, way higher thickness. The temerity current can be
58:56 to the relief between the levy and base and floor. So if you
59:00 , if you have a seven or ft elevation difference from the top of
59:05 to the basement floor, the temerity could be twice that size, the
59:09 could be thousands of feet thick. right now what happens is when that
59:14 Britney current is flowing down the Some of the flow is within the
59:21 channel, right? So you sort have to separate flows. You've got
59:25 to pretty. Current is confined in channel on the rest of it is
59:31 on that unconfined flow is constantly spilling the levees, and it's losing
59:37 right? So it's so. Some the flow is coming down the can
59:42 the channel on some of its moving away from the channel, and it's
59:46 depositing sediments on the levees. It's and it's losing mud and a
59:51 bit of very fine suspended sound that carrying the course. Sentiment is stuck
59:57 the channel. Okay, sometimes what is the, you know, the
60:03 currents moving around this corner. Thea to bring current keeps on moving and
60:08 a positive or a splay onda to current moving in the in The confined
60:13 of the channel between the levees keeps around the bend, and that's sometimes
60:19 to as flow stripping. So you're separating the two pretty current into two
60:24 flows, one that's unconfined that keeps in a straight line on the confined
60:30 forced to travel in the curve. , because what that does it means
60:36 the two Betty current is losing and it's losing sediment as it flows
60:41 . Okay, so it's basically losing momentum. It's losing its max.
60:46 losing its settlement. Okay, then big question is like, Yeah,
60:49 which sentiment isn't losing is that losing fine grained settlement is losing its suspended
60:55 ? Or is it is it losing bed load that's dragging down the floor
60:58 the channel? The short answer is losing the fine stuff. So to
61:04 bury currents have very strange property. is in the in the channel?
61:09 complex, the the overall ratio of coarser sand to the final material increases
61:20 because the coarse sand is stuck in channel and can't get out on the
61:24 , settlement is being lost. So it loses the final settlement. Whatever
61:29 initial ratio, of course, bed waas to find a settlement is increasing
61:35 the turbidity current moves down in the part of the channel that makes
61:44 That's kind of a critical thing to . Now here's more Henry's wonderful seismic
61:51 examples that shows a series of little Krass plays that are that are coming
61:56 of the mouth of this at this in this in this submarine channel
62:02 Okay, now channel levy complexes or bedded. Here's some examples of Channel
62:08 complexes from Barbados. I'm such a . I went on vacation to Barbados
62:15 I was a graduate student, a guide from McGill University on. When
62:20 got there, I said, there's there's Turbin lights on Barbados.
62:24 just finished a graduate course at McMaster on Turbin Lights, and we haven't
62:29 mentioned the word submarine fan. So got my buddy, had a nice
62:34 millimeter camera, and we tooled around windward side of Barbados and I talk
62:39 that took all these nice pictures of , uh, Barbados Terabytes. Terabytes
62:43 between drinking, uh, back I think that is a bank
62:48 Is the Barbados beer Anyway, of course. You know this.
62:52 know what's the next to growth of photograph here? The ratio of sand
62:57 clay. Anyone? Tell me roughly . Yeah. Good. Good
63:08 So that's that's not a bad net Gross. But, you know,
63:11 single reservoir unit is interpreted with a clay, so Ah, very analytic
63:16 . High net, You know, net to gross, but very,
63:19 poor. K B K h. . Uh, that's that's a
63:24 Now, distant urbanites, this should distal, so distal based on the
63:29 turban nights, a much more Ben didn't have way more clay.
63:33 these air classical turban nights Here's an from Alaska on these air deepwater distillate
63:39 , these aren't levy faces from from over settlements in encounter. Um,
63:49 , So we briefly reviewed, briefly reviewed some of the faces,
63:58 , in channels and levees. so here's the thing. This beautiful
64:03 system that heavy worked on, There's couple things, you know. You
64:07 how the channel is wide here. narrow there, right? So eso
64:12 courage is losing steam. It's losing stress. It's getting weaker as it
64:17 down the slope. It's losing sentiment water to the levee. So the
64:23 is getting shallower. and shallower. whole system is just running out of
64:27 and sediment, however, as long the channel, as long as there's
64:33 channel levy there, uh, it's in the course screen sound.
64:40 uh, the lower parts. There's Liberty current, okay, and part
64:48 the two pretty current is confined on other parts. Unconfined now, once
64:53 confined part of two pretty current Once the thickness of the confined part
64:59 the Liberty card is thicker than the of the levees, it's no longer
65:05 . And then it's kind of like a hose, cranking it on on
65:10 and just holding the hose about 2 back from the end. That hose
65:14 fish tail around on. If that was filled with sand, then you'll
65:20 this big sandy deposit. Okay, that's called the distribute Terry fan.
65:27 is the feature that in the old was called the base in the floor
65:31 . Okay, it's a very sand de positional system. Okay, so
65:39 Henry's Channel Levy complex. 100 that is, that is that there
65:44 thes sandy channels that we looked but it's overland by a vory
65:49 reflective and, well, you nice, high, continuous reflections indicating
65:55 sheet like geometry. And the strong indicate relatively fast reflective sediments. And
66:04 on here's the the scale hair and is what that system looks like in
66:11 view. You can see it's a of rapidly bifurcating splitting channels that looks
66:18 some sort of distribute Terry Channel complex a deposition. All fan. So
66:23 this thing is sometimes called a Terry fan. You wouldn't call the
66:27 because the Delta usually refers to something by river. But it's essentially it's
66:32 submarine Delta deposit. Okay, here's example. What? These submarine distributor
66:39 uh, complexes look like I think is Henry post military taking a picture
66:44 you can see lots of little relatively sheet like geometries with shallow scours
66:51 a nice amalgamated sandy deposit. Mostly on sand contacts. This would make
66:57 great reservoir target. Okay, some of these distribute Terry Loebs could
67:04 about like this. They can thicken and you get amalgamated Sandy channels representing
67:10 thes massive sandy spews out of front these of these sandy channel channel
67:18 Okay, there's been a lot of done on fairly small, deep water
67:22 in South Africa. Thes air very exposed. A lot of work is
67:26 done on these Onda. There is outcrops on cores taken behind the outcrops
67:34 the show. Nice upper questioning facing notice. The scale here is now
67:40 in hundreds of meters as opposed to of meters on the horizontal scale is
67:45 kilometers. So these air very small systems. They show evidence of procreation
67:51 cycles with abandonment surfaces that resemble shallow Paris sequences. Sometimes I look fairly
67:58 based, okay, and other times look a little bit more gradation
68:04 There's evidence and very similar in the of their their their The fact that
68:10 cut, they expand to a Then they fade to the to the
68:15 basin systems. Okay, corn show found mud stones going into head.
68:22 splay fills and distant urbanites going into more massive bedded Turbin lights represent the
68:29 distribute Terry fans okay on. They out that in our crop, you
68:35 , the base of the cliff looks the base of the main sandy fan
68:41 . But they point out that the initiation of Fan is associated with these
68:45 units that are mostly normally graded beds the show that you go from.
68:51 the fan initiate, you get you pro additional on the aggregation of turbo
68:56 and then finally into retro gradation turban to go from thick bedded too thin
69:01 on. Eventually you get into the section draping inter fan mud stones,
69:08 fans a relatively small. So in case we've got there's a scale
69:12 So these thes fans are kind of 20 kilometers. So maybe 100 square
69:17 in size. So small systems these thes, if you will,
69:23 fan thes upper questioning fan cycles. could call in Paris sequences if you
69:29 s Oh, this is kind of dip section that section it shows aggregation
69:34 procreation. Okay. And that uh, back to aggregation als and
69:40 a retro traditional stacking patterns. so we see similar types of stacking
69:46 and accommodation successions, as we've seen the shallow water and shelf slope chromosomes
69:52 we're talking about in previous lectures, And this is an example of the
69:57 fans and strike section. So they laterally. They're great vertically. And
70:03 they contract a stay back step and supply decreases. Okay? And so
70:09 suggested that the aggregate that these, , procreation tau aggregation recreational cycles may
70:16 changes in sea level. Jane. , folks, I'm detecting maybe personally
70:26 , ah, little slow down okay? And we're also at just
70:30 little over an hour, And, know, all the advice is keep
70:35 Electra videos down to an hour, I'm gonna stop right there and take
70:40 little break. Right now it's 30. Okay, so let's take
70:45 little 10 minute break, and we'll up again at 20 minutes to So
70:53 got about 10 minutes, take a breather, and then we'll finish off
70:57 deep, our lecture and kind of , uh, you don't have maybe
71:02 20 slides to go, so but end of this won't be won't be
71:06 long, but we're getting in some critical slides. That's a key information
71:10 will certainly be tested on in the few lectures. And I want to
71:14 fresh for that. So take a , have a little breather. Get
71:17 coffee. Whatever. We'll be back about 10 minutes. Okay?
71:23 e think I'm lucky that way, . Okay. Yeah, sometimes it's
71:29 . Yeah, e do that. is no sleeping that night,
71:35 Oops. Everyone's doing pretty good I don't see anyone sleeping, So
71:48 assume that, uh, that you're to follow elections Pretty good, Because
71:57 that if I fell asleep in the of a lecture, that's never happened
72:00 me yet. But you know who the famous guy? I think it
72:03 the president of Indonesia who fell asleep the middle of giving a political
72:10 You guys remember that now? E he was e think he was 85
72:16 something, and he fell asleep in middle of a in the middle of
72:19 lecture he was giving anyway. Is else back? We're still waiting for
72:26 Dylan and Sarah Grant. I'm Okay, I'm taking my camera.
72:34 allergies are really acting up, and don't think everybody wants to see me
72:37 my nose. Okay. Sorry. . Okay. You know, it's
72:44 nice to be able to see But, you know, I
72:46 You know, I'm always actually didn't this morning, so I figured,
72:50 , Saturday, You know, it's I'm home. E was still a
72:55 bit awkward when I'm snacking on You know, I'm just sitting here
72:58 like a cow. Like what? that even look like everybody?
73:03 Okay, so let's finish up this lecture, and, uh, we've
73:10 a few kind of key points to towards the end. So we're just
73:14 just looking at some examples of these small fans, you know? And
73:19 they're small, you can get a for the overall Staten pattern off the
73:24 site. Click faces, developments, air that is sort of roughly equivalent
73:29 Paris sequences in the shallow marine. , and the idea is that these
73:35 , uh, expand to some maximum , then contract recording an overall procreation
73:43 and retro gradation on them that they of suggested that these related thio sie
73:49 changes memory serves. I think these , uh, these this is a
73:56 and age. I think they're Pennsylvanian . Uh, anyway, um,
74:03 we were talking about these distributor and here I am back in
74:07 just taking some photographs of these You know, lots of soft sediment
74:13 , and you know you can see scour surface here on some quite course
74:18 being carried. But you notice There's no cross bedding in here.
74:23 it's it's grated, but there's no bedding, and that would be very
74:28 than than from what you might expect a flu viel deposit. So the
74:33 sedimentary structures in deep water channels are different from what you see in river
74:38 , which are typically have very well cross bedding. And there's an enormous
74:44 of work being done on the sentiment and the on the mechanics of Of
74:49 sentiment. Transport of these coarse grained currents on the feeling is that they're
74:55 high concentration that inhibits the formation of forms, and also many of them
75:00 super critical. And so you just bed forms that are are not usually
75:05 in the sub critical flows that dominate modern and ancient river deposits. Here's
75:11 example of a nice, nice Karen . This is from California. You
75:16 see the scour margin here. Once , it's got a very chaotic party
75:20 fill with vague, flat stratification, complete lack of well organized doing scale
75:28 forms. Now you know, not of you have taken build to praise
75:32 . When water is flowing downhill, takes hours for dunes to form,
75:37 dunes make cross beds. Ripples typically and very science. Find Sam.
75:42 form in seconds, two minutes. that's why turbo T flows commonly produce
75:47 because they readily form in seconds, minutes. The dunes require steady state
75:53 for hours on their inhibited if the concentration gets too hard. Uh,
76:00 also more common in sub critical versus flows, where they can form it
76:05 . So there's a variety of factors we think are important in explaining.
76:09 lack of dune scale cross bedding or beds in in in, in in
76:17 termite channel fills okay, so the faces faces. Architectural elements include that
76:24 channel levy complexes that the thin bedded bank deposits so displays levies, then
76:32 front displays, which in the old were called the base. And for
76:36 , those were really the sort of distributor rechannel complexes on then the mass
76:43 complexes. So, you know, of the question is is you
76:48 is there Is there any rhyme or toe how these organized strata graphically as
76:55 consequence of base level processes? And this is the theme I'm going
77:01 kind of, uh, of sort end off within the next 34
77:09 And, uh, these are the and probably the most important for
77:13 Thio. Keep in mind for the the exam on on Wednesdays. That
77:18 kind of a hit that this stuff . Thats the stuff that that I
77:22 to be quite useful in a predictive to help understand the relationship between where
77:28 Shelly deposited in deep water systems. these architectural elements are are stacked in
77:35 water systems and what that relationship might . The base level changes, which
77:39 sort of the essence of sequence Which is how sentence supplying accommodation
77:44 uh, stacking patterns. Oh, . So one of the things toe
77:54 about deepwater faces models before I show critical slides is that Is that summary
78:01 in a way. You know, sort of have, you know,
78:06 accommodation. Maybe I should explain So let's just say that you've got
78:11 continental margin, okay? You maybe we're relatively so low sea
78:19 and we got a summary found down . Okay, let's say that the
78:23 depth is 5000 m. Let's say we deposit 100 m of fan
78:40 Okay, So what's the water that we deposit 100 m, so we'll
78:50 100 m of settlement there. what's the new water depth?
78:56 Yeah. Does that sound like a change in water depth, Geraldine?
79:06 of giving a hint of a As is J. D.
79:10 let's look at a delta, With, you know, let's say
79:21 m water death, right? And the delta builds, what's the new
79:26 depth? Right. The doubt just out in this area. What's the
79:35 that helps is built? Uh, . No, there was 20 m
79:42 water hair. Now there's now the has gone past. So what if
79:45 now at that point zero? There exactly right, right? So as
79:51 consequence, because We're constantly filling up accommodation, All of it. We
79:55 these really well developed up for questioning successions, right? But in deep
80:00 , you know, fans consider be here and there, and they don't
80:04 don't sell, they don't. They cause a relative change in water depth
80:09 they could never fill the whole So it's by definition, it's always
80:13 water. So the consequence you don't , you know, with rare exceptions
80:18 the Karoo, you know, you see these really well developed, upper
80:22 Paris sequences that fill all the So it's a It's a foundational difference
80:27 shallow Marine on the deep water So what does control where sediments deposited
80:34 deep bring systems? A lot of is controlled by the symmetry,
80:40 And in the in the grossest that's the choke point. And as
80:44 see in a minute, you if you've got salt, withdraw many
80:47 , you know, a turbulence coming , and then there's a whole and
80:51 may suddenly dump in the hole and keep on going. So many bases
80:54 be areas where sediments accumulate. Okay, so this is kind of
81:01 , kee Slide to put up Key slide. Okay. And this
81:07 especially for Joseph, who's having technical . Want him to know that this
81:13 something Needs to pay attention to. me explain this diagram here so way
81:20 have depth on the vertical axis. this is high. That's low,
81:25 . Or height. Okay. so this dashed and dotted line represents
81:31 total height of a timidity flow. , the temerity flow can be
81:39 Okay, Into a a a, , so that the blue dash line
81:48 represents the high density part of the . Right. So most of Britney
81:53 , if you look at the if have a flow, you look at
81:56 concentration profile. It's gonna be low and then high concentration. And that's
82:02 where all the bed load is Or intermittent suspension on the upper part
82:09 the liberty currents. Gonna be very . Sound. Most declared.
82:12 so you have a low concentration flow a high concentration flow. The boundary
82:19 that blue dotted line. Okay. blue dash line represents the height of
82:24 levee. So across action, there's levee. There's a channel,
82:30 So, Aziz, long as the long as the dash blue line is
82:39 that the top of the levee, the bed loads going to be confined
82:43 channel. Okay, now what happens remember, we showed as the two
82:49 current flows downhill, it's constantly losing and sediment. The channel is getting
82:57 downstream. Okay, on the height is getting lower. So let
83:07 is getting lower the channels getting shallower getting narrowed. Are you with
83:14 Okay, so this is kind of point here. Okay. At that
83:21 , the levy drops below the top the high concentration layer. Okay,
83:29 if you want to think of this high, highly concentrated sand.
83:34 The overall height of the Tiber T is getting less because the Tibetan current
83:38 losing water, and it's losing So the entire two pretty current is
83:44 mass losing massive volume. Uh, levy is getting lower and lower and
83:51 because the entire diverted courage is getting and smaller and smaller. Okay,
83:58 height of the of the high It may drop a little bit just
84:03 overall drop in the height of the current will mean a little bit of
84:07 drop of share. Stress on that some accumulation of bed load in the
84:13 . But, you know, it in a much lower rate than the
84:17 in the levee. Height on by loss of of of of sentiment in
84:23 high concentration layer is less than the drop in the elevation of the temerity
84:30 . Ohh. Now, this blue marks the ratio of Sam tomorrow.
84:39 what this shows is is you whatever concentration we start with the two
84:45 current initially shows an increase in the of Santa MMA. It's losing its
84:51 to the levee, and it's keeping sand in the confined part of the
84:56 . Okay, It's keeping it in , and it's losing, uh,
85:03 and mud to the levee. Now this point here, it starts
85:10 become unconfined. Now the temerity current steam very rapidly. It starts to
85:17 t to start of those all over place on this is the point where
85:22 to start where it deposits that distribute Channel complex. Also, notice the
85:28 flay at that point. It's now sand faster. That's losing mud.
85:34 now we get the classic dimes downstream okay, even fresh, even
85:41 Marine Delta's show downstream finding, but build the currents behaved very different from
85:48 . There's Santa Mud ratio increases until the until the height of the levy
85:55 below the height of the high concentration . Okay, now, of
86:01 What what's not? What not? not on this diagram is for any
86:05 submarine fan fan. Some flows, up Thio. Maybe big ones.
86:10 some flows, maybe small ones, ? And some of the smaller flows
86:13 so small that they actually deposit their in the submarine canyon. We saw
86:18 with some of the photographs of channel earlier, where we saw some mud
86:23 draping an additional once the two pretty Ways way wanes. The tale of
86:29 two pretty current could be quite and that can collapse onto the top
86:33 sandy Channel films, right so we get some blood in the Channel Channel
86:38 . Can you just say again? , Can you just say again how
86:42 different than a river? I didn't catch that part when the river is
86:46 downhill. Okay, By and it Z it doesn't. It just
86:53 lose. So here's a river Okay, Right. So when the
87:01 is in flood stage, a little of the water flows out of the
87:06 , but not most of it. ? So a river could lose a
87:10 bit of blood to the levee, keep a bit of bed little,
87:12 by and large, you know, , uh, you know, deposit
87:16 bit of their sentimental floodplain. Yeah, they do retain some bed
87:20 , so but nothing, nothing to but they don't lose as much.
87:24 load to the floodplain as due to cards. Right? It's the
87:29 Rivers show a classic damn stream Whereas Tibetan current show a downstream course
87:36 . We're certainly downstream increase in Santa ratio, you know, at a
87:41 that you would never see in a or a delta, that that's a
87:45 difference between between the defining behavior of water systems versus rivers. Is that
87:53 , JD? Okay, now this another complicated slide that's worth spending a
88:00 of time. Mob again. That's of what I want. I want
88:03 take a break because I want you be alert for these explanations. And
88:07 you don't understand, please, Please me, and I'll try to either
88:11 to gather explain it differently. So this is showing is just that the
88:17 of a submarine fan system through Okay, so initially, you
88:23 the turbine light comes down, hits chokepoint and then starts to positive front
88:28 . Okay, So the transition point the levee channel on the front display
88:34 interpreted to occur in a more proximal as time passes and successive,
88:45 successive, uh, ter polite to that point has a tendency to move
88:53 . Okay, So the idea is through time that the distributor fan complexes
89:00 . And as time passes the Levy will build out over the distributor
89:05 complex on that. That replicates the idea that the sandy basement floor fan
89:11 overwhelmed by the Channel Levy complex. , part of the idea is that
89:18 that, uh, the during the low stand, you have ah,
89:23 content of Sam to mud. And as time passes, you typically
89:30 a lower concentration of Santa mud during late low stand. This diagram has
89:39 information, and it's kind of a to the box table here. It's
89:46 think it's a relatively straightforward concept, what this is trying to do?
89:51 couple things. So on the on bottom axis here we have Santa mud
89:57 . Okay, so the system is sandy er in that direction.
90:03 now some separate fans, like California , have less motor, more sand
90:09 directly to the submarine canyons. Other , like the Mississippi vory mud dominated
90:18 addition to California stems. Fans have ingredients, and the Mississippi have,
90:27 , let's degrade. It's so we of see variations in the sand mud
90:32 variations in the radios. Okay, the arrow represents the boundary.
90:39 between between the Channel Levy Complex and sandy distribute Terry found so that
90:47 you know that that's the high net gross target and everyone's interested in.
90:54 not that people are interesting channel every , but in Channel Lemme complexes,
90:58 sweet spot is typically the channel, is a which can be hard to
91:04 Now. The other thing on this is the curvature. Okay, so
91:10 some systems will have a high which means you have a very sharp
91:14 point. And other systems have a curvature, which means you don't really
91:19 a very well developed nick point. , They point out that for systems
91:23 high curvature Okay, you know that transition from channel levy to distribute Terry
91:30 occurs lower down as the curvature gets right. That tends to move seaward
91:37 this diagram. They also show that if the curvature is constant and high
91:45 you increase the Santa mud ratio, chokepoint migrates language. So the muddy
91:50 the system, the for the down transition between mud pro Channel, every
91:57 and sand pro distributor channel complexes So the position of the channel levy
92:03 distribute Terry fan complex changes with the of curvature. So the high
92:09 the more distillate is that it changes sand mud ratio, such as the
92:13 sand content. The more approximately is lower. Lower curvature, steep ingredients
92:21 will result in a greater proportion of fan complexes versus Channel levy on all
92:28 things. So Henry's doing what he does, which is sort of adding
92:31 comp, the concept of the actual in slope or the physiognomy of the
92:37 as a control of where deposition Okay, this is kind of the
92:46 slide, and this tries to sort put put the put these elements thes
92:57 . You know, what we're talking is how these elements stack as a
93:01 of curvature changes sand mud ratios. on. We sort of talked a
93:08 about that. The last slide shows those systems stack as a function of
93:15 level changes. So now we're sort the final sequence photography summation. So
93:21 we have, uh, s so we have low sea level that it's
93:27 . That's right. Sorry. Then rising that it's falling that it's rising
93:33 . Okay, so what they show that, you know, at times
93:39 high sea level, Okay, so high stand, you get the content
93:43 , that's that's no surprise there, know, the rivers are stuck on
93:47 shelf and they're not able to supply deep are. Then they show that
93:52 the period of falling stage during the of falling stage. The pressure of
93:58 water on the slope decreases because water getting shallower. That will typically release
94:05 pore pressure in the shelf edge of failure. So they hypothesized that mass
94:11 complexes are generated during periods of rapid level fall, so that makes
94:20 If you see the falls, there's weight of water. You release the
94:25 , and that pressure is sort of the set in the place you release
94:29 water, you decrease the water the pore pressures less, and that
94:34 instigate failure. So they say, , commonly we'll get a high stand
94:40 section, then a mass transport which is which really is recording a
94:46 stage. Uh, that these mass complexes will commonly cut a V shape
94:53 in the in the continental margin, starts a slump, cuts initiates a
94:59 . The river flows with that and becomes the submarine canyon. Yeah,
95:05 typically you get frontal displays initially being as the asses those fast flowing to
95:12 current hit that chokepoint and then as start to sort of smooth out the
95:18 , then you get level chant levy building out on top of that.
95:22 course, that point we talked about that point will occur, depending on
95:27 curvature of the system on the Santa ratio. And post material thinks that
95:32 Santa Santa mud ratio of big systems to increase with time. Okay,
95:44 eso during the during the during the falling stage and early rising stage,
95:50 they would call sort of mid mid late low stand. We get Channel
95:55 complex so we get front displays over by Levy Levy channels That, of
96:01 , will produce all overall finding And then, there's suggest is when
96:06 go into the rapid transgression. You , by now you've deposit bunch of
96:11 edge. Delta's okay, and a of settlements being sequestered in Slope.
96:16 a sea level. All of a , it adds pressure and triggers another
96:22 of failure, so they suggest that get another suite of mass transport complexes
96:29 . Then when you go to the stand, you get another condensed
96:33 So essentially, what they're saying is the mass transport complexes are more likely
96:39 occur during times of rapidly changing sea in the words falling stage and rising
96:46 . We're falling stage and transgression through submarine. Fans are primarily deposited during
96:53 low stand interval, and then the sections and seals are deposited during the
96:59 level high stands. So that's their of very simplistic explanation of how the
97:07 key elements of submarine fan system stack to a cycle of base level
97:15 Any questions about the explanation is that that fairly clear? I'll show an
97:20 just a bit to reinforce it. , Aziz, Dylan was commenting.
97:24 always likes it. If I If explain something and then show one,
97:29 two examples. So once again we back to an example that we've seen
97:34 times. Now on dawn, the is a schematic drawing of the seismic
97:41 . What it shows is a mass complex. Oh, Verlaine by a
97:50 , any channel complex. Oh, by a channel Levy complex overland by
97:59 mass transport complex draped by condensed So the falling stage would be the
98:07 transport complex, early low stand and be the frontal splay or distribute Terry
98:15 complex. The late low stand would the Channel Levy complex. The rising
98:21 would be the next failure and the transport complex or upper debris flow
98:28 And then that would be draped by section showing the high stand. So
98:32 was. It was observations like these showed the systematic stacking of the elements
98:38 led post mentoring. Walker suggests that vertical stack of terminate elements could be
98:46 as a consequence of fairly straightforward base . Uh, hi stands falls,
98:53 stands, rises and then high Okay, so that's sort of the
98:58 . And then that's the observation behind theory. Our domestic transport complex,
99:04 good city, depends what they're made . You know, if if you
99:10 you slump partial, then they could steals. If you slump a
99:16 then they may be very poor. . So MTC, sort of the
99:20 of deep water exploration. You there's been some interesting. They're
99:26 you know. And so there's been whether or not they could host
99:29 but they're very complicated. So I most companies probably are avoiding mass transport
99:36 in the old days, you as I mentioned, countries were drilling
99:40 goings thinking that they were submarine fans out that they would mass transport complexes
99:45 those were drilling failures. So in early days of exploring for deep water
99:50 Alaska, particularly when I was up , they spent a lot of money
99:54 what they thought were submarine low stand on the ended up during a lot
99:59 debris floats. And so they those failures. So they were not happy
100:06 eso. They realized they had to a better job of predicting where
100:10 uh, where the submarine failure departments . Of course, Henry was partly
100:15 in that Alaska research as well. , so the last thing I'll mention
100:21 , uh, you know, another play type in the Gulf of Mexico
100:26 these many bases on? I'll use to make sort of a final point
100:31 about the control of sea level on fans. For some reason, this
100:36 becoming controversial, okay? And I my own opinion on this, which
100:41 will explain to you at the end this, uh, towards the end
100:44 this lecture, and we've got just little bit to go so many bases
100:49 be could be the result of tectonics , shale, but certainly Gulf of
100:56 salts the big player okay, and can fill. And then that once
101:03 basin fills that that the subsequent to currents and debris flows can flow into
101:08 next downstream. Many basin on a with any many basin adds weight
101:16 That, of course, could cause salt excavation and can continue the growth
101:21 the mini basis. So commonly there's actually an intimate relationship between sedimentation and
101:27 evolution of many basins. The weight the settlement pushes down, causes more
101:33 to move away and results and continued of the mini basin so they can
101:37 fairly thick. Uh, successions of water sand stones Sounds okay,
101:45 and the question is, you so the idea of filling spill Is
101:50 the sin tectonic, salt, tectonic , Maybe maybe sort of auto genic
101:55 created in which sediment creates accommodation because pushes down and causing subsidence and propagates
102:01 many basin on the adjacent areas where salt diapers pop up to the
102:06 The stability. One of the big you know how to settle to get
102:10 there in the first place. And short answer is that sea level low
102:14 are your best friend to get settlement deep water. So there was my
102:20 done in the Gulf of Mexico. sort of had this theme throughout both
102:25 flu Viel on delta part of the . So this is the oxygen isotope
102:31 for the last 100,000 years. So is the step sea level fall.
102:37 , that's the last glacial maximum. the Holocene transgression. And of
102:42 we're in a current policy in high of sea level. Okay? They
102:48 at a Siris of many basins off coast of the Gulf of Mexico on
102:54 were looking at the fill of these over the last over the last 100,000
103:00 or so. Now, they had Siris of cross sections cores through.
103:07 , I think these air from many four, which is the biggest of
103:11 , But they had data in all these many bases. Okay, so
103:16 this is an example of Of The feel of one of the many
103:19 looks like, Okay. And you've evidence of you know, bright
103:24 transparent reflectors. And, uh, , on these these were interpreted in
103:37 of our old friends, the mass complexes, the distributor, channel load
103:44 , the levee channel complexes and the section drapes. So these are the
103:49 elements that stacked to fill this many . Okay. And, uh
103:58 so so I think these bright reflections those, uh, sandy distributor fan
104:05 . And I can't recall exactly the Every complexes are, but they map
104:09 identified these things in the seismic Okay, now, this is for
104:17 . This is kind of the most message. And what this shows is
104:23 ratio off help people. Logic versus heavy pelagic. So this is stuff
104:31 just floating around from nowhere. And this is the stuff that's being
104:37 directly by the rivers. Okay, , again, black is heavy for
104:42 sand, and this represents stuff that's not coming from the river, but
104:47 floating around in the shelf on. course, this is the last 100,000
104:52 . So what it shows is that this late falling stage to the last
104:57 maximum, that's when the rivers supplying the sentiment. But even in this
105:04 town of sea level, there's very river, very little settlement coming out
105:08 the rivers. And in the modern , almost no sentiment is coming to
105:12 basin from river sources. It's all floating around the water hole. So
105:18 this data demonstrate unequivocally that there is significant sediment supply to the deepwater unless
105:26 a low stand of seal and it's to be a pretty significant low
105:31 you know, these sort of you . So this is a step falling
105:34 of sea level on these low stance get to the shelf. EDS.
105:37 a consequence there still dumping most their on the shelf, and almost none
105:41 getting into the deep water. on these air painted your country for
105:46 maps that show the falling stage the low stance. So there's the shelf
105:50 delta, and there's many basic four and still, you know, hundreds
105:56 kilometers from the from the shelf Okay, then during transgression, shoreline
106:02 rising all the way back to So what they know so based in
106:08 is the closest to the shelf slope basin for is the furthest.
106:15 And so it's pretty clear. No that the first and time on the
106:20 axis here. So it's pretty obvious the first basin to start filling was
106:25 on one that's the most proximal. . And based on four.
106:29 Didn't didn't receive a sniff of settlement about 50,000 years ago. So the
106:36 segment that was being deposit was about years ago, Uh, in the
106:41 place to say okay. And lo behold, that was a mass transport
106:46 . Okay, then that's overlaid by complex. Then that sort of laid
106:51 distributed Channel Low complex in the in Postman Tear Walker View. The distributor
106:58 should be overlay by level Levy It isn't. Okay, so that
107:02 quite match their model. Okay, , then there's another mass transport complex
107:13 over lane by another distributor channel But now you've got sediment. Now
107:19 got some of that mass transport complex into basin to So now that's beginning
107:24 fill. Then we get a distributor complex that's filling both based in one
107:30 basin to Okay, then that's lane by against some or another mass
107:37 complex, another distributor channel complex. we get based settlement shifting the basin
107:46 then maybe about 60 70,000 years At that low stand, we get
107:52 transport complexes in Basin four, then distributor channel complex, uh, than
108:00 mass transport complex and then a So it's not clear that this follows
108:06 post material Walker model all that we have a big rise of sea
108:11 . Okay, so we get major revulsion, and then we get
108:15 process beginning again with the second cycle again, many based in one
108:20 First, it starts with a mass complex. Then it goes into distributor
108:26 . Then it's overland by by clay , so never developed Levy Channel.
108:30 this basic forms later in time starts with MTC, then a distributor channel
108:37 , then 11 channel complex that fits post material Walker model. Then,
108:42 on three, begins to feel later starts off with a mass transport
108:48 then a distributor channel complex, then channel complex that fits the mold,
108:53 , so two of the many basement fit this sort of sequence model for
108:57 post mentoring walker. These other ones do it quite so well,
109:02 on then the bass and four fills a distributor fan. Then it's over
109:08 by 11 channel complex that also fits of the sequence model of Post
109:14 Walker, maybe by this time is getting too far to get any mass
109:18 complexes into leave. Now, one the things that's missing from the Post
109:26 and Walker model is the question of triggers to build the currents and mass
109:32 complex. Does anyone know the answer that question? What's an important trigger
109:37 T affordability cards? Yeah, anybody what her to the ground backs to
109:49 current of 1929. The tectonic It was an earthquake. Yeah,
109:55 , of course, earthquakes to be about it. Earthquakes don't give a
110:01 ass about sea level. Earthquakes occurred false move so mass transport complexes.
110:09 a nice idea that they formed during of rapid change, rapid fall,
110:14 rise of sea level. They can shut them in if there's an
110:18 Right? So you know one thing missing from the post material Walker model
110:24 the fact that you could generate slips slides as a consequence of earth of
110:28 earthquakes that have actually no relationship whatsoever see that will change. Okay,
110:34 I think that, you know, model is certainly, you know,
110:37 . It makes sense, but it's not perfect. Yeah, the other
110:42 we're saying is, in general, know, the more distant basins feel
110:47 than the more proximal ones, And makes complete sense, you know,
110:52 But there is evidence that, you know, this basis feeling that
110:57 goes back to back then here there some sort of jumping back and
111:00 so it's not perfect. Okay, here's an example of the many base
111:05 Phil. Okay. And that goes to the the diagram that I didn't
111:10 a great job of explaining, which the size of line. Uh,
111:15 can say so. Here are folded sentiments that represent, uh, subsidence
111:23 of the tech. The neotek tectonic of salt. Okay. All
111:29 So this is a schematic version off base and fill patterns. Okay on
111:35 are very various units. Okay, we've got non heavy pelagic muds with
111:43 turban lights. Okay, honey. muds. Which would be sort of
111:48 sections. Thes should be sort of . Then Sandy turbin lights on shows
111:56 they stack throughout the evolution off evolution sea level. Okay, so when
112:02 levels high were depositing non heavy pelagic with modern sandy Turpin lights, that's
112:09 , um uh, whatever is kind floating around. Okay, Andi and
112:15 the main river supplied sentiment to That's the sandy river fed turbin lights is
112:22 there. Most aggressive, right? what that says is that the major
112:25 Turbin lights occurring when sea level is . Now the reason I say this
112:30 you know, Peter Burgess. Brian , Joe Uh uh Joke joke.
112:41 , vault. They're all big fans high stands submarine fans. They've all
112:49 California. It's very narrow. Shelf break. There's no doubt that sentiment
112:55 be supplied to summary friends during high if there's a narrow shelf. But
113:00 thing, it shows that a passive continental margins most of the
113:04 It's getting there when sea levels not during high stands. Right.
113:10 is true that when the issue start melt during the earliest days of
113:16 There's so much water being generated by melting glaciers that they continue to flush
113:21 in the summary fans during the early on that led Van Cola and Pasta
113:27 to talk about transgressive submarine fans, know, and those mechanisms are all
113:34 and fine. But you know, data to me convinced me that the
113:38 of sedimentation deserving submarine fans occurs at times of lowest. You know,
113:45 , I think that fits the sequence model quite well. Every time I
113:49 , I try saying the paper he says. Well, you
113:52 you could get submarine fans active in stands. I'm like, Well,
113:55 can. But that may happen 5% the time. 90% of the big
114:01 submarine fans are primarily active during low , right? You know, I
114:06 this exceptions, but those exceptions, think, are statistically probably not that
114:12 , right? You know, an . It's really important to think statistically
114:18 Anyway, so that goes back to slide, which I quite like,
114:22 shows that look, you know, of the non heavy plastic river drive
114:27 is being deposited during the period of , most at not at periods of
114:33 stand when you have no sentiment coming the land at all. Okay,
114:41 , this is just sort of a illustration based on some outcrop work that
114:45 this idea that you could get a basin a little sail on the more
114:51 many basin. So, you this is this basin is collecting heavy
114:55 sediments claims to condense sections once the basin fills up. You know,
115:01 za long is that cell is fairly , the turbulent come down and they
115:05 actually bounced off that cell and create flows which create complicated circulation patterns in
115:12 mini basis. Eventually, many basin up, and in this case,
115:16 generate in many basin Nick Point that someone to be funneled the adjacent many
115:22 , which which then begins to fill fill. And you get this process
115:26 Phil spill and then fill and continued in this case, producing overall ah
115:33 filling upward strata. Graphic patterns. . And that's just sort of indicate
115:39 evolution off these against strata. Graphic as thes many basins. Villains,
115:45 . Okay, um, John Anderson done a lot of work on the
115:51 Coast systems, and one of his is, you know, when do
115:57 get to the shelf edge? When they feed submarine fans? So once
116:02 , he returned to this idea. you able to get high stand sediment
116:08 delivery submarine fans? So what, point out along on the Gulf
116:13 Okay, um, you've got, know, the Mississippi, which is
116:18 granddaddy. And then you have a of small rivers along the Gulf Coast
116:24 as you go to the south, river drainages getting more and more
116:28 So he said, But we have big change in sentiment supply from high
116:33 supply in the apple app. Florida Mississippi system on, then increasingly
116:39 sediment supply as you go as you into the Texas Gulf Coast and you
116:44 you also get changes in the width the shelf. And so he pointed
116:48 that late Hiestand before sentiment has got the shelf edge. The Mississippi is
116:54 huge that it may program to the edge before it's forced. There by
117:00 in sea level. So here's You maybe get some delivery of sediment
117:05 to the Mississippi fan even, you , maybe during late Hiestand, when
117:10 level is kind of not rising as just because that Big Delta could get
117:15 the shelf. But he points out systems like the Brazos in the Rio
117:20 , they can never get to the edge. Let's see, see drags
117:24 there during the seat of the That's kind of what this is
117:28 He's the sort of the human okay, and then these the arid
117:32 down on the bottom. So that's of walked out. That's kind of
117:35 his rap waas Jake. So just few words to kind of wrap up
117:43 , Henry Post went There is a fan of the idea that much of
117:47 sentiment that delivered the submarine fans is based on whatever sentiment is at the
117:54 edge with Visor, the big conveyor sources, systems like the Mississippi,
118:00 maybe transferring systems for much more distant . Uh, but But the mallory
118:06 one else study shows that you actually need rivers at or near the shellfish
118:11 significant settlement delivery directly from rivers on invariably requires a drop of sea level
118:18 transport complex represent re mobilized slope Those air typically money. Hence,
118:24 not usually the most attractive reservoir targets may form during rises and falls of
118:29 level. That that results in the pressure changes, but they can also
118:34 triggered randomly by earthquakes that could locally MTC almost any time in a
118:41 Fan secrets. Yeah, there There evidence that the small that smaller fans
118:49 can show clear P. R A patterns and those maybe roughly equivalent to
118:58 me in Paris sequences and have been as such by some of those workers
119:03 ancient systems Slope and so slow pond . The shape of the both the
119:12 of the Marine surface are critical you know, chokepoints Nick points of
119:17 for defining where submarine canyons initiate where where submarine fans deposit okay and
119:24 the band between Shannon Lemme complexes distribute fan complexes is driven by the degree
119:29 curvature on the overall scale of the as well as the Santa mud
119:34 As we as we talked about on net to gross relate ratio may reflect
119:40 position on the found. The run distance was the distance to pretty current
119:44 to travel to remember as a Tibetan flowing downhill. Initially, the Santa
119:50 ratio increases until the levee hot drops the high concentration layer. And then
119:56 sand mud mud ratio decreases on That control the ratio of Santa sale
120:02 which ultimately controls reservoir quality and reservoir , which is something we want to
120:08 . Okay, alright, that's it submarine fans. Okay. Uh,
120:19 . Um, we're now at 30. So we've got one.
120:31 , I don't think how much time have left about maybe two hours,
120:36 hours. Okay. Um uh, the end of the former lectures that
120:42 really want to give you so way some choices for the remaining time we
120:48 this afternoon. Uh, my We take another little 10 15 minute
120:55 on, then we can come We can maybe talk about assignments.
121:01 . If you have any questions about quiz, we can review that.
121:05 you have questions, Questions about assignment last two assignments. We can talk
121:09 that. So my recommendations, We that for a while and see how
121:13 that gets us on. Then once done, you might want to take
121:18 few minutes to have a look at study guide. If you didn't get
121:21 lunch on, we could entertain some about that on. Now, I
121:26 have the lecture on shale, so could give There is a lot of
121:31 in that one, but that might very useful for you, Andi or
121:37 , as the case may be. I sort of depends on your energy
121:40 s. So why don't you sort think about what it is you guys
121:44 to do with the rest of our ? Um, JD has already contacted
121:49 about maybe doing another workshop or so Monday night. Okay, So the
121:53 options, we could, uh you , I'm not recommending we finished
121:56 We should do some Q and a on we can way. Don't get
122:01 all the Q and A today. can we can revisit on Monday and
122:05 do some informal question answers on any that you might have questions about.
122:12 do my best to try to get many of your assignments greater than these
122:16 by before that Monday meeting so that have those in hand as well.
122:21 you've got questions about those as as we did with these signs that
122:25 done sound good. Okay, let's a about about a 15 minute break
122:31 then we'll come back and we'll have and a time for a while.
122:36 then we'll see if we have the for more lectures. Or if
122:39 then we couldn't recall a day, we could always break up a little
122:42 early. I do want to make you guys get your money's worth.
122:46 So I am here to the bitter . Aziz, your need requires,
122:50 ? Wanna make sure that you're all , your knowledge and aren't sitting there
122:54 and concerned, right? I I will say that so far have
122:57 happy with your performance and everything. not seeing anybody who's you know,
123:01 say that they're all perfect, but you're not making major profound mistakes that
123:06 me think that you don't know what's on? So you should all take
123:10 in that so e can't guarantee what great is. But I think you're
123:15 going to dio reasonably well on the . But obviously, that will depend
123:20 how you have a great rest. let's come back in 15 minutes,
123:25 ? Mhm about about the study guide anything you guys wanna want,
123:35 You know, so we'll just do for a long as we want.
123:38 then, you know, if if have questions for the Monday session that
123:43 is gonna get everyone gonna come then we'll just do it again on
123:46 . At the end of the it's all good. Mhm. So
124:04 have the undivided attention of a professor the next, while the the format
124:10 how do you now that you get format of the final? I know
124:14 up in the air yesterday. I'm kind of working on that.
124:18 right now it's, uh I'm up 20 multiple choice so much I'm gonna
124:25 or less e think you have that schedule period is 6 to 9.
124:30 that correct? Yeah. So, , so I'll give you three hours
124:37 do the exam? Um, probably same format as as this one where
124:43 be, you know, uh, now I've got 20 multiple choice.
124:48 previous exams, I've had things um example. Well, a diagram
124:53 think it's going to be too difficult engineer, that with the online
124:57 So it's gonna be a bit more the exam today where it's,
125:01 multiple choice. Short answers on I gave you one question where I
125:08 of gave you a list of Forget Iwas like Paris sequences. You had
125:12 name the surface that goes with So I probably have a couple of
125:15 . We have a, uh you'll to two lists. You'll have to
125:20 things up. So I've got a of those questions on there right
125:24 Um, and I'm close to having done. I've got a few sort
125:29 shortest straw answer questions very similar to ones that you did today. So
125:34 tried to do it. So the exams give you a variety of
125:37 Styles? Um, I'm not a fantasy of true or false. I
125:42 , they're okay. But it's you know, that you can kind
125:45 guess with, um you know, it will be just a bunch of
125:49 choice, some short answers. I I've got it. I've got,
125:54 , some figures in there, So I'll ask you a question. I'll
125:57 give you a finger to sort of it. Uh, what I might
126:02 is just put some of the figures the notes in there and ask you
126:05 a figure caption. So again, something long, but just a basically
126:10 to figure just to make sure that understand it. So, you
126:13 it could be the some of those figures I showed today or the
126:18 Your block diagram, Something like So, you know, if I've
126:21 telling you this is already important figure previous years, I'll ask you to
126:25 the figure because I think it's going be too much of a hassle.
126:29 have you sketching things, not loading ? I might just give you the
126:33 and say, Give me a, know, give me a short paragraph
126:36 explanation to figure so you know, make sure you understand those figures.
126:41 know, if you could explain then that will demonstrate your understanding.
126:45 that's that's That's the format. So . Haven't completely finalized it. I
126:49 don't work hard and got most of done on. Uh, I'll certainly
126:55 sure that that completely finished by Not sure I can tell you what
126:59 questions are, but at least uh, I'll know what's on
127:02 And so I'll know you know how answer your questions as best I can
127:06 you have, um, about either study guide or the or the exam
127:11 anything else that you're confused on. sound good? Yeah. For how
127:17 ? Should be the final essence. final exam is scheduled from six PM
127:21 nine PM so I will set it to go live at 6 p.m.
127:26 I'll make it three hour exam. . Yeah, Let's drop that.
127:35 , Sarah, your it's very hard hear it. Just be close to
127:38 . Yeah, it'll be on blackboard . Yeah, correct. Exactly the
127:42 . It will be on blackboard. have three hours. I don't think
127:46 run at the time, but you , there's going to be 20.
127:49 choice Versus what? Around What was the quizzes to 10. Yeah.
127:55 I might I might add some more choice questions because, you know,
128:01 feeling is exams. Probably about an exam right now. Three hours,
128:06 know? I mean, hey, you finish her great. You
128:09 I want to make sure you have of time to finish the final Are
128:12 out of time, But you're not be doing interpretations with wheeler diagrams and
128:16 kind of time consuming on board. bit reluctant even ask a question.
128:22 mean, they're okay. But then , you know, it's like you
128:24 know when to stop typing, So sort of favorite withdrawn answer questions which
128:29 you to kind of get to the . You can't waffle and, you
128:32 , you may have to think about , but, you know, you
128:34 , what I do is I write answer That's usually two or three sentences
128:38 like that that z essentially what I'm for right there. Usually, you
128:43 , I don't know how you found the essay questions today or so.
128:46 extraordinary. Sir, I mean made statement. I ask you to
128:50 I think one question was about, , seismic photography and, you
128:57 and what while Dickinson got wrong and answer was he didn't understand that processing
129:05 seismic data to image subtle contact across boundaries. A supposed to arbitrary
129:11 boundaries or vertical cut offs which are in seismic data but were very important
129:16 wheeler, you know, And And vertical cut off is invisible seismic
129:20 So obviously it's useless concept in seismic . Useless. Right? And
129:26 you know, if you have some those points in there that's gonna get
129:29 mostly where you want with the with question, for example, what do
129:33 remember The other question? I got from Quiz to E. Don't know
129:43 you actually I don't think you just it. But the one where let
129:49 bring it up because I can't remember the exact words were. Way go
129:54 the quizzes, both of them. , I can hear you up.
130:00 , okay. Yeah. Have a up. Yeah. So my question
130:09 number 12. If you if you it, I don't have the quiz
130:13 front of me. No, it's and Onley in blackboard, so I
130:17 to have the blackboard to see Okay, well, I have been
130:19 . So it was a question that asked about the about Bill Dickinson.
130:26 . Yeah, the one with the that seismic reflectors are. And that
130:29 the one I just answered, Yeah, that's what it is.
130:32 What bill differences did not understand is the way that that seismic data is
130:37 and processed to be a stacking of points, uh, enhances the ability
130:42 see very subtle surfaces on beds with ecological change, as opposed to shezanne
130:49 , boundaries, arbitrary vertical coughs, the tools that we use Thio describe
130:58 , all boundaries. Commonly these dieticians faces boundaries. And Bill Dickinson seems
131:04 think that those produced reflections when they . Right. So that was the
131:08 . That question. Yet the other was the peat veil. Yeah,
131:15 . Um, hang on a minute , Pete. Val, what did
131:24 say? Uh, and primary seismic are generated by straddle services which are
131:32 , geographic rather than boundaries off arbitrarily with those geographic units So,
131:39 here's my answer. Veil was referring the use of arbitrary vertical cut offs
131:44 gradation of liquor faces. Boundaries routinely to define Lysistrata graphic units but which
131:50 not produce reflections in seismic data. was my answer. That question on
131:55 , my answer. Too big. question about um, Bill Dickinson,
132:00 that seismic data are required and process enhance subtle lift logic. Contrast across
132:07 boundaries that more typically coincide with the of surface versus arbitrary little logical faces
132:13 as used in this little photography. services are more likely to coincide with
132:18 timeline that can then conventional little faces . That was my answer. The
132:24 too, right? So pretty sure to the point. And I think
132:30 were more or less votes from the that I gave, um, other
132:39 . I do. I've got the in front of me, so I
132:43 , uh, base level changes the and profile that separates erosion from
132:49 Ah, sequences of genetic rated package strata bounded by un conformity is there
132:53 relative conformity. The low stance sister bounded below by the sequence family above
133:01 the transgressive surface, also called the aggressive surface. Transgressive systems track is
133:08 by transgressive surface below and the maximum surface above forced aggression results from C
133:16 fall that forces the shoreline to move . It was a normal aggression is
133:20 by high southern supply that allows a line to move seaward even if a
133:24 increases the depth of rose normally associate revetment, surface is typically defined by
133:30 with weight base. That's 5 to m sequence boundaries commonly marked an
133:36 seaweed shifting faces, such that shower or normally faces a jump turbos over
133:43 water or distilled faces. Paris sequence a relatively informal facing succession, bounded
133:49 flooding surfaces. So that was that . And what was UN conformity?
133:55 key aspect of sequence. Photography then a key interest. Exxon, where
133:59 dis conformity is formed by drugs as to anger on conformity, is formed
134:05 the deformation that has nothing to do used to see right. So although
134:10 they understood those, their interest was the record of sea level drops,
134:14 disc infirmities. I think I emphasize in that lecture, patrolling source
134:20 researching with condensed sections during times of high stands. And yeah,
134:27 Then there was a question of roughly . So a system strapped would be
134:32 to a Paris equals set. Fourth fifth over sequences will be my lack
134:37 its cycles. Paris sequences is roughly to a facing succession, and facings
134:42 beds are sort of at the same scale. So that was the,
134:46 , that was that question. If remember all those from this morning,
134:52 ? Did you get all that wanna I went through that pretty quickly,
134:56 yeah, I cannot see the quiz . I think Onley after you.
135:01 . So I will. Yeah. I have that, I will reveal
135:05 . Yeah, yeah, I'm just to the You know, my answer
135:09 with you just just so Yeah, perfect. Yeah. Again, the
135:14 of which one? The concept of graphic based double refers to the equal
135:18 profile separates. Deposition above. From below the basic fundamental mapping is the
135:25 . Accommodations to find is a space for sediment accumulation. Which of these
135:30 not a formal strata graphic unit that always trips people up, you
135:34 And I gave a long lecture. said speak with photography is not in
135:38 strata graphic guide or commission. So sequence A systems track the Paris sequence
135:43 all informally but formations members, period , crawls, bio zones. They're
135:51 encoded. Informal strata graphic guides. , so some of you were a
135:57 confused about that. But I did a whole lecture on that. I've
136:00 an entire slide that has this all formal schemes and all the informal
136:05 Eso just make sure that you look that started slide again and make sure
136:08 you you're familiar with with With which is which accommodations? Many controlled by
136:16 in tectonic subsidence. Uplifting. Used see, uh, for most photography
136:22 at the Earth Matic field is magnificent . That was kind of a pretty
136:25 question. I think the maximum flooding separates the transgressive system strap from high
136:32 systems. Track a bis own usually the time period. People get confused
136:37 that on Don Van. Daan Van has made disagree with me. But
136:42 know I showed this bible showed durations species you know, And most species
136:46 for millions to tens of millions of . So most buyers owns,
136:50 on the order of the million years so. Very rarely would you get
136:54 to hundreds of thousands years. So correct answer there was millions, Certainly
136:59 thousands of hundreds. That would be . You know, this there isn't
137:03 of that species that have time spans are that short, that are important
137:08 terms of bio started graffiti. Larry obviously did the inventive six sequences in
137:14 America. Down lap is variety of lap Okay on and and then in
137:21 secret strata graphic cross section, You have that in front of you.
137:24 , uh, most of you actually okay on that. So, you
137:28 , I think that was pretty So on, then the differently.
137:33 they couldn't nick point and choke which I've actually dispelled there. I've
137:37 pointed, you know, a knick , you know, and some of
137:41 just a little bit incomplete. So Point is defined as a point where
137:45 is a change from a less steep a steeper slope where erosion initiates a
137:51 point is a transition from a flatter slope or deposition initiates. So
138:00 just had a Knick point is where initiates. That's only partly true.
138:05 know it because of the slow Right on. Duh. That question
138:09 come up again another form. So sure you're clear about Nick points and
138:14 points. To me, that's a , uh, part of secret material
138:19 you need to be able to understand interpret because you have a seismic
138:23 You know, you look, you look for incision, where you've gotta
138:26 smoke, break right. It's it's . Understand that. So any questions
138:30 that about the quizzes should have gone those quickly, and I think Maria
138:35 recording it so again you can review is needed. Any questions about the
138:42 five and six on that were reviewed of how to start those. I
138:48 at least one of you have sent some examples of that. That sort
138:51 looked pretty good. So yes, again we can. We can also
138:57 the assignments. You know, up that, those aren't due until Friday
139:02 we can review those any time this . Even after Wednesday, if you
139:06 . You know J D. If want to set up another little final
139:10 review on Thursday evening to look at , you know, just finishing with
139:17 and six. We could do that well for a little bit more than
139:20 to do that. Okay, I curious about one thing, so
139:26 lot of these lectures have very specific , like the fair and sandstone.
139:31 one of them. Are Would you asking questions that air specifically related to
139:36 units, or are they all more in nature right now? There are
139:42 questions on any specific units. So, uh, I was thinking
139:49 putting one in there. I haven't it yet, So, um,
139:53 , you know, if there was question that would be I don't
139:57 it would be less specific to the . Maura, about I don't want
140:01 give away the question. I was about asking you, but,
140:04 you know, for instance, I say, you know, what was
140:08 main difference between you know, the strata? Graphic interpretation of the of
140:15 of the book cliffs versus a sequence graphic interpretation. You know it might
140:20 , you know, Or I could say, What's the advantage of Of
140:24 Little Strata? Graphic correlations. Where's secret strata? Graphic and short answer
140:28 three use of flooding surfaces to better find Reservoir CEO cares for improved
140:34 Right? So I could I could that about almost any of the examples
140:40 talked about. You know, I talked, You know, I gave
140:43 more examples of Paris sequence level mapping the Dunvegan. But, you
140:47 even today in the fair, I , Look, here's a map of
140:50 para sequence. There's the incised Valley there is the delta that feeds
140:54 And I didn't show you that the little strata graphic mapping of the
140:58 But you know, But you when I show you those big picture
141:02 geographic map with just a big blob sand, that's the whole fan.
141:06 added together, right? You Yeah. Show you basically where the
141:09 , because, you know, information where specific river and it's delta might
141:14 in the flooding shale that creates a seal pair. So, um,
141:18 I ask you a question? It It would be to illustrate a very
141:22 , important, overarching principle sequence You know, I would never
141:27 you know, what would the five successions in the fairing cross section that
141:30 be That would be crazy, So, you know, you know
141:35 know, e don't want to say look at that stuff, but,
141:37 know, you know, I'm not to say how Maney Paris sequence were
141:42 in the in the Farron versus the bag and that that would be again
141:46 a foolish on overbearing questions I would ask, right? Probably get some
141:51 down, that's for sure. Now, the bottom line is,
141:54 know, you've taken to quizzes, so you know, you should have
141:58 feeling for either the ease or difficulty the questions I asked, right?
142:01 mean that the whole reason I have , it's more about giving you a
142:05 for how I test so that the exam is not sort of out of
142:09 blue. Oh, my God. had no idea the questions were going
142:12 be that hard or that simple, ? You know. So you
142:16 if you do well, the then you should do on the final
142:19 if you've been I mean, I think anyone has been struggling. The
142:22 admitted I haven't greater this one so I don't know where the grades
142:27 . This one was a little bit challenging. I think maybe the multiple
142:30 questions were a little bit more you know, And you know my
142:35 Start to mix them up. I'll you right now, I'm pretty good
142:39 writing completely gobbledygook and answer sound where convincing, You know, on and
142:45 have to read them carefully. You , if I say you know,
142:48 sequence band a sequence band reforms as consequence of rising sea level because the
142:55 increase in sediment supply that allows increased , formation of turbin lights and generation
143:00 nick points. It sounds like a nice answer. It's just gobbledy
143:05 right? And so, you you need to sort of make sure
143:08 do understand the answers because I will , you know, I will deliberately
143:13 very convincing sounding statements That is completely , right? Of course.
143:18 I'm testing is when you actually know material, right? You know,
143:21 make sure you understand the answers that given the multiple choice, right?
143:25 not so much a trick question, , you know, sometimes I just
143:28 put, you know, like, that show who wants to be a
143:34 , right? Let's say, you , you know, uh, you
143:38 who of these was not a member the Beatles. You know Marilyn
143:42 You know, Jayne Mansfield. Eric , you know, or or was
143:49 member of Beatle George Harrison. And might go, Well, I don't
143:53 there were any women. The So it definitely wasn't Marilyn Monroe.
143:56 Mansfield. I know Eric Clapton played a lot of English groups. The
144:01 , the you know, uh, , You know, You know,
144:06 you're not a rock and roll you might think it could be Eric
144:09 . Kind of heard of George you know, so they typically have
144:13 just silly and then answers that are critical, right? So, sometimes
144:18 multiple shapes, I'll just put stupid , you know? You know,
144:21 mean, for you guys, you're gonna put you're not gonna answer that
144:25 , But you know, when you're 50 undergraduates and someone is never going
144:28 a single class, it's It's amazing people take those crazy answers,
144:32 So, you know, it doesn't to help you help you sort
144:35 you know, you know, get of the silly stuff on, do
144:39 on the stuff. That's probably There are questions there where, you
144:46 , ask a very specific question and have something related the topic. But
144:50 not on point. Right? you know, I think there were
144:52 couple of those in the question I I didn't read you all the,
144:56 You know, hopefully you're going you'll get a feeling for the for
144:59 style of asking questions about the whole is to give you feeling for my
145:02 style to allow you Thio do well the final right? You know,
145:08 not gonna give the final. It's anything that's particularly more complicated than anything
145:12 the quizzes that I've done that they're gonna be more question is that's all
145:16 . You know, I haven't quite writing it yet, so you
145:19 I tried to make sure that there . It's long enough that, you
145:23 and, you know, probably should you an hour and a bit to
145:26 . It really depends on how much you wanna work on those essay
145:30 You know, for those of you struggle with time, just make sure
145:33 keep your eye on the clock so don't run out of time,
145:36 You know, so you spend too time on the multiple choice question
145:40 Just click your best bet. Move . Right. You want to spend
145:44 minutes looking at a multiple choice They said that you wanna make sure
145:49 take, you know, you and, uh, now, when
145:53 start the quest, does it tell how many questions there are?
145:56 Does it tell you the type of ? No. Okay, So I
146:02 do my best to remember in the to tell you how many of each
146:07 type there are, so I'll let know there's 25. Multiple choice.
146:11 five as sort of short answer. there's too. You know what I
146:16 What is it? Parallel. I the name that type of question work
146:19 have to list. You have to orally. So So, uh,
146:25 , it's one thing you have to about me is that I As soon
146:30 I leave today, I'll forget what told you. I'm not gonna review
146:34 videos. You are, But it hurt for one of you at any
146:42 . Maybe tomorrow. Just send an and say, Remind me,
146:47 give complete instructions as to how many to the number of different types of
146:52 that will be on the final. that way, you know, if
146:55 know this 25 multiple choice, you say, Well, in general,
146:59 takes me a minute to do So if you've got, you
147:02 two out three hours to write the and there's 25 multiple choice, you
147:06 that if you spend five minutes of multiple choice, that's gonna be five
147:10 25. So that's gonna be, , you know, 125 minutes or
147:15 . That's an hour and a And so that would still leave you
147:19 our behalf to do the rest of exam. But, you know,
147:22 don't you don't have two hours into into it. A non question 15
147:25 example. You know, So you , Uh, yeah. So that's
147:30 of the way I'm gonna manage the . It will be the same format
147:35 you'll only see the question once. you answer it, you won't be
147:37 to go back. Yeah, you , And you know, the bottom
147:42 is gives you all the same right? So it doesn't allow any
147:48 Thio anybody? Yes, you You can you control if whether or
147:55 we can actually see the questions we because normally in the past, in
148:00 past two places, when we look the answers, we can't see what
148:03 selected. We just see whether it's or wrong, whether we got the
148:07 right or wrong, I will. , okay, so the bottom
148:11 I don't ever do that for final , right? Uh, for various
148:17 to be blunt, you know, do use these finals again,
148:21 you know, you know, I'm that I don't trust you guys,
148:23 the last thing I want is for final exam to be, uh,
148:27 right you know, because you however, you know, if after
148:32 exam you want to know how you I'm happy to go through with you
148:35 a one for one, like, , you made a mistake here.
148:38 . You know, my guess is do it if you do well in
148:41 course, you won't worry about it much. But, you know,
148:43 you've if you've got a question, , you know, this does do
148:48 lot of the great and, you , it does great all the all
148:51 multiple choice questions automatically. And so just go in and grade the essay
148:56 and make sure that s oh so that's that's that's equivocal. I will
149:02 , right. And in the event the computer makes a mistake, I
149:05 nevertheless review everyone's answers and and, know, sometimes, like it made
149:08 mistake on one of the exams where put the word truncation in for you
149:13 put in. But then I realized the question I put truncate and so
149:17 truncation wrong when it should have been . So I just went ahead,
149:21 , uh, I couldn't change your , but I was able to add
149:23 extra point back for on that particular , which is the question about lap
149:31 . Any other questions about the There are some answers that we need
149:36 clicking a button that says Save. then there's some times that I select
149:42 kind of checks, the same automatically you can save it for you.
149:47 you if you just go on the question automatically saves it. So there's
149:51 ways to save an answer. One to simply, you know, obviously
149:55 toe, you know, because I've the quizzes both ways. You
149:59 click, click on the answer, then I'll just go. Next
150:02 it automatically saves it. You can on the answer and then could click
150:06 , and then it will go to next question. Yeah, so I
150:10 it's fairly idiot. Proof that So And if you try it,
150:14 you try to move to the next without answering, it will tell you
150:18 have an answer yet, so it not let you go to the next
150:21 . Unless you've answered, it will there's no answer yet and so it
150:27 . It will make sure that you the question before you move on.
150:32 . Okay. Thank you. I looking at the study God, just
150:38 and one of the questions I didn't know where to begin with. I
150:42 you mentioned it just in passing, in terms of the areas of secrets
150:48 that require additional research, I couldn't up with anything besides on the You
150:55 already lost it. Yeah, I nothing on that. You know,
150:59 be, I think I've never actually that question in 15 years of teaching
151:05 . And it's it's very unlikely that would ask that on in this online
151:08 because I'm not used. That s question on there, and I just
151:13 probably gonna be a bit too So I'll probably just put a lot
151:16 short answers. Uh, having said in the short answer might say,
151:20 know, uh, you know, been debates about the document. The
151:24 boundary. You know, what's research might be Help answer that. You
151:28 , the answer might be well, improved time strata. Graphic studies of
151:33 systems, for example. Right. uh, you know, and I
151:37 of hinted throughout the whole core, today, that you know, big
151:42 with source to think. There's questions , you know, sea level control
151:47 submarine fan systems. We didn't talk Shales. You're welcome to have a
151:53 at that lecture. So you there's there's quite questions about how see
151:57 replies, Thio, purity sharing environments aren't well linked to Delta's anyway.
152:03 , you know, that was more matter of, you know, Do
152:05 have an opinion after sitting through five of secret strategy strata graphic electors,
152:09 ? You know, Or for let's say you decided I want to
152:13 a PhD and I kind of like photography or I want to do
152:17 Some students will kind of be and I really like doing this well of
152:21 . I'd like to do more of . You know? You know,
152:23 kind of a problem would you like solve? So that might be just
152:26 to think about. Yeah, that sense. Yeah, that's not a
152:33 that that there's an easy answer you know, I'm busy working on
152:38 variety of of, uh, of of secrets to me that there is
152:41 lot of debates about the nomenclature Ondas whether that's valuable. You know,
152:47 obviously not something electric on. you know, you know, I
152:50 sort of including my own research, I talked about some of the latest
152:54 Simon Patterns, and just wrote a saying, There's no incised valleys in
152:58 Black Hawk. There's no evidence of of sea level, and that's different
153:03 some other other people have looked So you know the integration of better
153:08 , your locker chapter studies to fully they flew the style that research is
153:14 and it's, I think it's early anyway. Okay, Yeah, I
153:19 probably write something for that, but Zatz definitely a graduate student question,
153:24 ? That za question that that's asking your opinion is supposed to tell me
153:29 I know or what you learn from class. It's asked me toe project
153:33 a little bit. Yeah, you know, if you are If
153:38 are management, all company What aspects secrets trigger a fee? Do you
153:42 a robust And what aspect would you ? You know. Do you think
153:45 important to understand Type one type two or TR cycles versus deposition of versus
153:51 sequences? Or is it more important understand forward progression? You know,
153:55 what aspects of seems would be most for exploration problem, Right. That
154:01 be another way to sort of think it, right? That's a very
154:04 problem you may have to worry If you get into the working
154:08 It seems like tying in Sindh oppositional features with climate forms that could be
154:15 useful, you know, And the between structural accommodation, salt tectonics and
154:22 are still, you know, areas their, you know, structure makes
154:26 very complicated. Even even the example you did assignment was three the size
154:30 flying. All of a sudden, gonna wear a structure, you
154:33 part of the point that exercise I know this is a secret strapped
154:37 , but you can't work in right? You know that that was
154:41 seismic line that had a bit of complexity that made it a bit more
154:45 to interpret. Right? But that's life, right? You know where
154:49 too was a fake example. Schematic . You know that that have less
154:55 for error in it because it doesn't the complexity of real data. Right
154:59 where you've got uncertainty, poor data structural complications that may make the interpretation
155:05 more difficult. And you have the . Hey, guys, it's been
155:22 pleasure teaching you. We're about 30. So I'm quite happy toe
155:28 today and give you guys have in extra toe Thio contemplate what you want
155:34 , uh, police work hard the few days. You know, you've
155:38 Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, all , Wednesday. I know some of
155:43 are working on. But if you've the energy we've got tonight to think
155:49 things, too, I'm gonna go some champagne and cocktails with my sister
155:54 during a gala party tonight online for some medical. She's a doctor,
155:59 she's got some big medical, daily going onto my there. When
156:04 tuxedos. I've got a shave and cleaned up, put on some form
156:09 clothes. I thought the class work well. I'd be very keen,
156:15 know, obviously, you know, is supposed to be confidential. I
156:19 know if Don is going to do course evaluation. Uh, this is
156:22 first ever course I've done online. would be delighted if you could get
156:26 feedback to Dom. Uh, let me know what you like.
156:30 about it. Uh, it be will be really useful for me to
156:34 me in the online classes that I to teach. McMaster were online for
156:38 entire year, including next semester. know, if there's things I did
156:42 you liked or things that I did could use some improvement. I'm pretty
156:47 at taking criticism. I won't take personally. You can give your comments
156:51 dawn and he'll strip your names off get that comments to me on.
156:56 asking if you'd be willing to a a little review because it would be
157:00 helpful to me to get your feedback . You know, things that I
157:04 improve or things that you thought were good. I know a lot of
157:08 made some good comments about my zoom . I don't think they were
157:12 but whatever. You know, I the best I can. You know
157:16 you have comments about about the the quiz style, how you felt
157:20 doing online quizzes, what you think or didn't feedback that could help me
157:25 a more effective quiz or if you know, all that would be
157:29 good information moving forward. So I would appreciate your comments. Uh,
157:35 know, don't be mean about but, you know, be honest
157:38 you if you did have some you know, and it's useful for
157:43 moving forward to help him understand how to give advice to other professors may
157:49 may not have much experience on my to help them, you know,
157:52 the best job possible to give you best experience. Make it as as
157:57 as we can. So far been by your performance on everything on great
158:01 so far you've done as well or than many other classes. I talk
158:07 this program on de So my feeling that your understanding it and getting it
158:13 what you need to learn on? , you know, uh, I'm
158:17 a big fan of grading its's not most fun part of being a
158:21 But I will diligently grade all the that you give me. Please make
158:25 you do get things, Uh, the time specified. Um,
158:30 I'll have the exams by Wednesday on . I'll have your final things by
158:35 end of the every Friday E this is I don't want to make
158:41 guys upset here, but, so far, I haven't been paid
158:47 anything. I've done it. You h this year. I'm trying to
158:49 them to get me on the payroll on Li the only stick. And
158:52 have to tell Don, I'm not the grades and formally until I get
158:57 . But obviously, I don't wanna you guys hang on how well you
159:00 . So I'll certainly get things And then you can have a look
159:05 your scores in, uh, and on dykan send you back your assignments
159:13 so you can have your grades but I may not formally submit them
159:19 Dawn until I know that we're square getting be reversed anyway. Yeah,
159:27 been doing this for 15 years, know, it's always worked out
159:32 And don, uh don my very friends, and he always works hard
159:35 make sure that he keeps me So I wouldn't anticipate any problem
159:39 but for me, I don't think do, actually, until the end
159:44 the semester. But obviously you guys like to know how you did before
159:48 , but I'm pretty sure he's certainly gonna pass. Long as you
159:52 uh, you know, just not the exam or something. So I'm
159:56 will wish you the best of But I'm pretty sure that I'll be
159:58 to you before before the exam and even afterwards. If you guys want
160:03 discuss the anything about the final Two , Okay, Any other queries and
160:10 ? If not, I will sign and, uh, wish you guys
160:15 best of the best of the rest the weekend on, uh, I
160:21 turn my zoom on at 6 p.m. time on Wednesday, just just in
160:29 you kind of wanna zoom in. there's some critical problem with exam,
160:33 don't work. I'll certainly be available on. But I'll ask Maria to
160:39 available just in case there's any trouble . I'm not gonna have her a
160:44 the exam, so it's gonna be just the same. You'll do it
160:47 your own, Obviously. You my assumption is, uh you'll do
160:51 is, Honestly, you can You're welcome, toe. You know,
160:56 your notes and stuff, But be that you've got a strict time
161:00 you know, and you know you go back. So, you
161:04 it is up to you to sort manage your time. That's why I've
161:07 the blackboard prisons the way that I so that you know exactly what you're
161:11 against in terms of Hannah, man the time. You know, I
161:14 Don't know how you've been doing Example whether you've been able to consult your
161:17 or not, or just get through and hope for the best. But
161:20 three example present exactly. Same challenge the quizzes. It will be
161:26 but you'll also have 33 You'll have hours versus half hours. So my
161:32 is you'll have more than enough time get the examine them. Okey
161:37 All right, everybody. We'll see guys later. Okay? Thank
161:41 Thank you. Okay. Yeah.
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