| 00:09 | sure. I don't know. Mm hmm. Hey, folks, |
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| 00:36 | . Um, So today, I'm gonna finish up part 6 1st |
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| 00:43 | viruses. We have one more life to go through a couple of |
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| 00:48 | other things. Um, Uh, we'll go into the Chapter 13 |
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| 00:54 | So remember it will be a number questions kind of built a discussion around |
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| 01:01 | . Um, so, uh, , uh, you tend to, |
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| 01:08 | guess. Okay, rightly so or . Um, you get students can |
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| 01:14 | a bit tunnel vision to just worry the grades, write great books. |
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| 01:21 | about the grades so much. So me say upfront quicker questions or two |
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| 01:26 | whether you answer right or wrong. . So don't focus on the rightness |
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| 01:29 | wrongness. Just focus on here is content and the question. I think |
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| 01:33 | through, we'll go through it. , so obviously trying to, you |
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| 01:37 | , answer the best of your But you know, don't stress it's |
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| 01:44 | ? Okay. Better. Yeah. . Much better. Okay. |
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| 01:52 | so, so don't just worry about focus on the content as we |
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| 01:59 | And you know, you have but tablets and stuff can be a |
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| 02:03 | sticky for some people. Okay. hopefully I'm going to unstick that. |
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| 02:09 | , um, but if you have , certainly, uh, bring him |
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| 02:13 | , uh, and we'll go through get through get parted metabolism metabolism. |
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| 02:19 | remember that as you go through. you already looked through the book, |
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| 02:22 | , that I don't, you don't to memorize, 50, 60 70 |
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| 02:26 | reactions and all the enzymes involved. , I don't handle it that |
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| 02:29 | If frankly, if I wanted you know that. Um, you just |
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| 02:34 | it up. Right. More important breaking what what's the purpose overall purpose |
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| 02:39 | it? What are we breaking down the stages of the process? |
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| 02:42 | What goes in? What comes out the stage? And we're only talking |
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| 02:46 | maybe four or five stages. So it's more that uh, you |
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| 02:51 | look it up if you if you to know individual reactions and things. |
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| 02:55 | . So it's more about more of , but you know, details at |
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| 03:00 | point. Okay. So we'll go it. Um and uh, hopefully |
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| 03:06 | makes sense to you. Okay, , um so let's start with so |
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| 03:12 | , I sent out the email So we're still kind of back in |
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| 03:16 | mode of a quiz each week. then there will be a smart work |
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| 03:20 | . Um, and and so So let's look at I think I |
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| 03:29 | a question. We're gonna start with question I believe. Yeah. So |
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| 03:34 | is back to the um plus and . Right, so I kind of |
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| 03:39 | that and whether plus train represents the strand represents. Um just kind of |
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| 03:45 | basic question here to kind of see you remember that. Um and so |
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| 03:52 | we're gonna as you reading this So today we're gonna go through the |
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| 03:57 | is a retrovirus life cycle. little and then finish for a little |
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| 04:03 | about post defenses. Okay against How how we can defend against |
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| 04:08 | Um Let's see here. All So this question of course, remembering |
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| 04:17 | the we have a single stranded plus RNA virus. This genome would first |
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| 04:24 | to transcribe this into a minus antisense . Then translate from this antisense strand |
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| 04:30 | viral proteins. True or false. . Sure. Mhm. Mhm. |
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| 04:46 | right. And that's okay. So some question about what's going on. |
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| 04:56 | . So who answered truth. So why did you pick Truth |
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| 05:16 | Right. So the second part is be what? So can you express |
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| 05:24 | can if the minus sent strand if had a minus sent strand I just |
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| 05:28 | into a beaker of buffer zones. drivers won't be able to do anything |
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| 05:32 | it. No I won't be able trans translate. So the plus trend |
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| 05:36 | the only strand form that is Okay so um so as you said |
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| 05:46 | plus trend is transcribed into a minus . Okay. And then um then |
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| 05:55 | my strength is not translatable. Okay remember that um the you could it |
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| 06:08 | certainly translate that plus trained as it into the pits infecting virus that plus |
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| 06:12 | could certainly be translated as it enters uncoated and is inside the cytoplasm but |
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| 06:20 | that that wouldn't be enough. It would have to end game. |
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| 06:25 | . That virus is infecting will want make lots of viral progeny. Each |
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| 06:29 | of those viable project requires a copy the genome. This is a plus |
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| 06:32 | would have to have a bunch of plus strained copies to put into the |
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| 06:38 | as they assembled the viruses. So you need numbers of stuff. |
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| 06:43 | . Um, any question about Okay. Alright. Um, |
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| 06:51 | questions go ahead. Why you It's it's not. Why do they start |
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| 06:59 | a poster and they are just that of virus there. A poster and |
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| 07:05 | flu um, et cetera. That's the viral. It's not that they |
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| 07:11 | . Why it's not. Why are starting out that way? It's that's |
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| 07:13 | they are. Okay. It's like double stranded. We have double strand |
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| 07:18 | . And our ourselves. That's what are. Right? These viruses are |
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| 07:22 | viruses are the viruses, DNA It can be, it's just what |
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| 07:26 | is. Okay. That what's the that you have? Mm hmm. |
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| 07:44 | , if that were the case would these advice still have to be |
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| 07:48 | to this point that were true, they would have died out and become |
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| 07:52 | . Right? Is there? Like don't know if the top of my |
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| 08:04 | . I don't know if anybody knows . But we do know that they |
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| 08:09 | are quite successful. Um, I know Inherently there's anything what's negative about |
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| 08:15 | . What's bad about it. What up more than most resources. Not |
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| 08:24 | because whether you're a plus or you're gonna have to go through. |
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| 08:27 | you're a plus you're going to go and plus minus to a plus. |
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| 08:30 | your mind is you're gonna go minus minus. So they're both going to |
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| 08:32 | through that process. And so they're they're not once not using any more |
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| 08:36 | than the other because they always whether a plus or minus single stranded RNA |
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| 08:42 | , you're gonna go through the route if you're a plus plus minus |
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| 08:46 | if you're minus minus plus minus. why is that again? What's the |
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| 08:56 | ? Making baby virus is each of babies needs a protein captured at minimum |
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| 09:00 | the genomes stuck into them. And it becomes a numbers game a |
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| 09:05 | strand of virus entering communities. One you've got to make a bunch of |
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| 09:10 | genomes right eventually to put in all viruses here assembly. So that's gonna |
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| 09:16 | the case whether you're going in starting a plus virus or in mind if |
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| 09:20 | gonna go through those two stages. . You're really not using any more |
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| 09:27 | in their perspective. Yeah. Any questions. Okay. Okay. So |
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| 09:37 | summarizing to look at the plus RNA the minus RNA viruses um uh and |
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| 09:44 | just gone through the process uh Ian process around with animal viruses. Uh |
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| 09:52 | different variations under the incoming physical releases free genome and then then there's different |
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| 10:00 | for that. Whether it's just the becomes confident is used for virus production |
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| 10:07 | doesn't integrate into a into a chromosome making approved virus. Okay so there's |
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| 10:13 | there as well the cut. Um with the retrovirus, okay, it's |
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| 10:20 | RNA virus group that's a little bit in terms of it goes to |
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| 10:26 | D. N. A. Intermediate . So there's there is uh it |
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| 10:29 | have the need for an RNA dependent polymerase because it's copying its genome which |
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| 10:36 | plus RNA into DNA. Okay. so again the what's gonna end up |
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| 10:44 | in this life cycle is happening because endgame eventually is going to have to |
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| 10:50 | if this virus wants to replicate it will have to eventually make viruses |
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| 10:55 | look like this, each having a RNA genome. And of course our |
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| 11:00 | assembly. Uh so with the retrovirus transcriptase viral enzyme. Okay. The |
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| 11:09 | again notice the relationship between an opaque , right? Even though it's it's |
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| 11:16 | D. N. A. Still plus minus relationship. Right? And |
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| 11:22 | this minus single strand of DNA is into a into a double strand by |
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| 11:27 | the host DNA. Because this double form is what is going to integrate |
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| 11:33 | the chromosome. This this single platform integrate into the chromosome needs to have |
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| 11:38 | needs to be the same as what going into. Okay. And so |
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| 11:42 | while integrated can uh and does direct transcription of the Plus RNA which can |
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| 11:53 | be translated into proteins, assemble viruses package genomes into them. Okay so |
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| 12:00 | retrovirus is one that we see the here. It has an envelope. |
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| 12:08 | . It go through the encoding process binding to receptor. And so these |
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| 12:13 | very specific in terms of what they . So um type of T helper |
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| 12:19 | , T helper cells will talk about later in the semester. They have |
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| 12:26 | roles in in not just um certain your immune system such as um dealing |
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| 12:34 | infected cells for example but they also involved in helping other cells make |
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| 12:40 | Alright so b cells make antibodies don't that but you'll learn that but actually |
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| 12:44 | cells help to activate those b So T cells are very important in |
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| 12:48 | overall what we call adaptive immune Okay. And uh and so this |
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| 12:56 | is very specific for that particular cell and so it effects um and then |
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| 13:02 | see the um you were transcriptase copping D. N. A. Uh |
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| 13:10 | the double strand using host DNA primaries then integrating. And then while integrated |
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| 13:17 | can um directed synthesis of new viral . So I remember that viruses are |
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| 13:23 | the nucleus right like this would be into the host Crowe's own that translation |
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| 13:30 | proteins across outside here in the how it is directing synthesis of viral particles |
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| 13:38 | then the budding process some of the is how deep envelope is acquired, |
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| 13:43 | around the captured as it exits. and then um and so this can |
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| 13:51 | can happen. Uh so number when the virus inserts into the |
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| 13:57 | it can just sit there and do right? For a long time, |
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| 14:02 | , weeks, months, and even . Okay. And then uh and |
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| 14:07 | not exactly sure what the trigger but then it may begin to then |
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| 14:11 | viruses and do so at a lower so that viruses but out okay, |
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| 14:17 | a low rate in the cells that violence. Okay. So that can |
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| 14:21 | for a period of time and it's of when that begins to happen, |
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| 14:26 | get a slow accumulation of viruses of . Um and then then an eventual |
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| 14:33 | blood test results, right? So it's integrated into the chromosome in doing |
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| 14:39 | , whether it's not really detectable, ? It's a negative be produced even |
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| 14:47 | at some point it'll get to a that's detectable and that's when it becomes |
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| 14:52 | positive. And so um this latent refers to viruses that do this. |
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| 15:01 | the individual shows no symptoms for a time. Okay, then all of |
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| 15:05 | sudden they do as the viruses begin multiply and accumulate. Um and then |
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| 15:10 | then of course began to kill off cells that they've infected. And so |
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| 15:18 | the uh and so the of course you begin to kill the particular to |
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| 15:24 | ourselves, that then of course really the immune system. The people that |
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| 15:33 | to the disease do, so not of this virus, but because they |
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| 15:36 | defend themselves against typically pneumonia, that's they died from, because the immune |
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| 15:42 | just can't fight it. And um, but nowadays it has been |
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| 15:47 | quite some time. It is it's curable, but it's certainly treatable. |
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| 15:52 | can live with HIV uh, fairly life. Okay. As long as |
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| 15:57 | have access to them, the Right. So, uh, nowadays |
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| 16:01 | think it's like a combination of eight nine different antiviral drugs is given. |
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| 16:06 | them is a enzyme are a drug counteracts the effects of reverse transcriptase, |
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| 16:15 | an ideal target since it's completely viral . And so many drugs target that |
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| 16:22 | one. And so, um So I said, people nowadays have access |
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| 16:28 | the medication to live a fairly normal unlike 30 years ago or so. |
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| 16:35 | . But unfortunately not everybody has access those two, that medicine and there's |
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| 16:40 | of the world where AIDS is Okay, epidemic. And uh and |
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| 16:47 | for a whole other host of reasons having access to drugs for various economic |
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| 16:52 | other reasons. Okay. But that the nature of this retrovirus. |
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| 16:59 | it can also there's types of these cause certain leukemias as well affecting blood |
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| 17:05 | cell production. So, um, think uh, the feline leukemia virus |
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| 17:10 | used often used as a model to the retrovirus as well. Okay, |
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| 17:16 | , any questions about retrovirus? so, uh, so lastly here |
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| 17:24 | little bit about the fences. So talked about genetic resistance. Okay, |
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| 17:30 | me. And genetic resistance, is going to be a, anything that |
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| 17:34 | infected with the virus could potentially become resistant. And that simply refers to |
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| 17:40 | mutation that occurs in the population that a meal acid change occurs in the |
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| 17:48 | of a receptor protein or however the gets into the cell, a change |
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| 17:52 | . Now it's kind of like changing locks on the door. The virus |
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| 17:56 | really get in. It doesn't recognize that component anymore or it binds only |
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| 18:02 | weakly to an inquiry in effect not strongly. And so these are typical |
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| 18:09 | against a virus um Not more specific what we called RNA interference. We'll |
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| 18:17 | about that later in the in unit . Um but it's widespread among all |
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| 18:23 | kingdoms. These are our NHS that bind to the virus. Again, |
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| 18:30 | base pairing can trigger uh destruction of of the viral genome or and or |
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| 18:40 | it or blocking expression of it. , the interferon, it is a |
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| 18:48 | of our innate immune system defense. will also talk about this later. |
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| 18:54 | is um basically antiviral drugs are produced response to interferon. And so of |
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| 19:02 | there's vaccination that's a way to counteract viral infection. Um anybody has produced |
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| 19:11 | virus. The virus cannot then That's what the Covid vaccine works that |
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| 19:17 | . These are what are called neutralizing buying into the viral surface of the |
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| 19:23 | cannot then buying too to the micro to on the soul surface. Okay |
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| 19:31 | interfere on it's best to just show here. Okay so interference is naturally |
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| 19:38 | produced by many many of our cells um it will be set aside in |
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| 19:46 | to a virus infection. So here's cell the virus affecting it. Um |
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| 19:53 | viral infection itself can induce the production interference. Okay and you're throwing diffuses |
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| 20:00 | of the cell. Okay. And cells that had the receptor for it |
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| 20:06 | can take it in and then that as a um molecule that induces expression |
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| 20:15 | antiviral proteins. Okay so essentially these are infected with the virus and are |
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| 20:22 | against the viral infection due to the of these antivirals as a result of |
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| 20:29 | . Okay so the infect the this cell is infected will likely succumb to |
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| 20:35 | viral infection but in doing so it basically protected those around it by executing |
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| 20:42 | interferon that then those cells can take and have a defense against the |
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| 20:47 | Okay so um and so interfere Is can be also given it is |
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| 20:56 | given as a external drugs as an to fight the fight environment affection as |
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| 21:02 | as part of the treatment, but it's a it's ourselves many of brussels |
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| 21:07 | these on their own for this for purpose. Okay. Um, So |
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| 21:13 | concludes chapter six on the virus. there any questions about these? |
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| 21:20 | um Alright, so now we're kind gonna do it. Someone about 1 |
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| 21:24 | here. Okay, as we go metabolism. Okay, so the first |
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| 21:28 | of this is more of a Um . 101, if you will. |
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| 21:33 | . And so basically, we're of , looking through the context of protest |
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| 21:38 | , it's obviously applicable to any living on this planet. Okay. And |
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| 21:44 | it's true metabolism is how, you , that's how life works. You |
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| 21:49 | , it's how life can survive and the things that needs to do, |
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| 21:53 | production of energy, which is needed , you know, obvious things like |
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| 21:58 | limbs and whatnot. But maybe less things like, you know, carrying |
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| 22:02 | those sailor functions that are going on our bodies right now. Okay. |
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| 22:07 | as well as especially for us, Therms right? We rely on heat |
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| 22:14 | right to to maintain our body And so that comes from eating breaking |
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| 22:18 | food because that generates heat. And we use that heat to control |
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| 22:23 | body time. So, obviously metabolism an essential thing um to to allow |
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| 22:32 | to live basically. Okay, and we're gonna start with a kind of |
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| 22:36 | question here, just kind of to , test your knowledge of kind of |
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| 22:42 | basic metabolism stuff or maybe not so . Okay, so, here's the |
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| 22:46 | question. Okay, So, looking the false statement here, if there |
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| 22:51 | one. So these are kind of then we're gonna go through all these |
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| 22:56 | some of these are basic concepts will through today and next time. Um |
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| 23:02 | there really are just fundamental things. and like I said, it's really |
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| 23:08 | processes that enable us really to to what we do. Okay. Or |
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| 23:14 | living thing to do what it Um Oops, sorry. There we |
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| 23:26 | . Yeah. Yeah. Okay. . Mhm. It ain't counting down |
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| 24:26 | 5.4. Mm hmm, mm Let's see. Okay. B C |
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| 24:44 | A B C D E F and . Okay. Um so, certainly |
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| 24:50 | is required to form a tps. uh, you know, stuff you |
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| 24:54 | for lunch would have you? I , you're constantly, constantly producing and |
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| 24:58 | constantly breaking down millions of a tps second. Okay. Um generally, |
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| 25:05 | food that you eat will ultimately become by the cells in your body. |
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| 25:09 | . One of the things, one the main things in this Chapter |
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| 25:13 | Chapter 14 in Metabolism General is our reactions. Right, oxidation reduction |
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| 25:22 | Right. So, oxidation is our . Right, reductions are gaining of |
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| 25:29 | . And so electrons are energy. . And you can transport electrons |
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| 25:35 | You're carrying energy. Right. Um that is done to a big degree |
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| 25:42 | metabolism as you'll see uh you have reactions occurring in your body uh you |
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| 25:49 | when you had a workout and your are sore. That's fermentation reactions that |
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| 25:54 | generated lactic acid. Um you waited this morning, your body sees this |
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| 26:00 | a source of electrons. That is . As we'll see. Um donuts |
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| 26:06 | full of carbs, Right? Right? That's that's one of the |
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| 26:12 | energy sources you use are carbs too . Right. And so um |
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| 26:18 | And they break the redox reactions. ? So if oxidation ins you |
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| 26:22 | cause release of electrons, well then you go, we're gonna capture those |
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| 26:27 | we're going to get energy from We're going to make a tps from |
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| 26:30 | . And so um https can be to provide energy for cellular process. |
|
| 26:35 | course. Okay. So the thing remember is, you know, we're |
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| 26:39 | familiar with a T P. I , I'm assuming. Okay. But |
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| 26:44 | you can break them down and you form them and one takes energy. |
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| 26:50 | releases energy. Okay? Um and the option you inhales converted the |
|
| 26:55 | That's true. Okay, so all these are true statements. Okay, |
|
| 27:00 | G is the correct answer here. , so we'll go through these uh |
|
| 27:08 | . So we'll start with this thing micro let's call it. Okay. |
|
| 27:15 | um the process of growth, We're talking about from Chapter Four growth |
|
| 27:22 | division production of biomass, right? is going to take a lot. |
|
| 27:29 | represents a lot of energy. we are building biomass biomass is is |
|
| 27:35 | living um uh mass of material in example of cultural growing, this is |
|
| 27:41 | biomass and people are always standing and on a scale at one time. |
|
| 27:44 | the biomass in this, in in this auditorium. Okay, so |
|
| 27:49 | represents um lots of energy and you , cell division protein synthesis at high |
|
| 27:56 | when this is going on. It takes lots of energy to do |
|
| 27:59 | . And so of course you need for that. Okay, we mentioned |
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| 28:04 | , how important carbon is carbon is that based molecule right? The carbon |
|
| 28:10 | and what all your bio molecules are of. And so and going from |
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| 28:13 | one sell these several, we've generated lot of biomass and along the way |
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| 28:20 | of uh of new biomolecules that we to have carbon to both provide energy |
|
| 28:29 | You and the components to make these molecules. Okay. And so of |
|
| 28:34 | in this chapter it's mainly we're focusing 13 on metabolism which breakdown of organic |
|
| 28:43 | but it's um header trophy sitting on trolls right? Like us. |
|
| 28:49 | And we're looking 14, we'll look uh little trophy photo trophy. |
|
| 28:55 | but 13 we're focused on on things eat like we do. Okay. |
|
| 29:01 | approach And so um chemical eric so obviously if they're eating chemicals were |
|
| 29:08 | energy from that? Okay but there's ways to be energy. Okay it |
|
| 29:13 | be like all at once like a of dynamite going off. That's a |
|
| 29:17 | of energy. Okay you can combust , you can combust these kinds of |
|
| 29:23 | , you see it up there, , proteins um and they'll give off |
|
| 29:28 | . Right? But life cannot rely getting energy from something like that. |
|
| 29:35 | wouldn't survive. Okay. To extreme exchange heat of course. So we |
|
| 29:43 | why one of the reasons you have many reactions of metabolism. Right? |
|
| 29:49 | 60 something plus reactions occurring because you molecules down in increments in certain steps |
|
| 29:56 | can capture the energy turns out to much more efficient to do it that |
|
| 30:01 | then as like an all in one of a process multiple steps um and |
|
| 30:08 | stuff to capture energy. Okay and again back to electrons. Right? |
|
| 30:14 | we have oxidation reactions going on which us to capture those electrons and then |
|
| 30:19 | gonna be able to do something with . Okay, as this will all |
|
| 30:23 | as we go along. Okay, looking at um we've seen some of |
|
| 30:31 | terminology before. Okay, so the processes. Right? So we're really |
|
| 30:37 | on header coach really in this in section. Okay so we already know |
|
| 30:42 | breaking down complex organic material. Right where does the energy come from? |
|
| 30:48 | the molecule? Where is that coming ? As we break it down? |
|
| 30:53 | is the energy actually coming from? what's the what makes up the |
|
| 30:59 | hurry up. C6 H 1206 is . Alright. So what what is |
|
| 31:05 | in that thing that we're breaking apart and bonds are made of electrons |
|
| 31:13 | so violently bottom. Okay. And as we consider our actions as we |
|
| 31:17 | it apart, we're gonna capture those . Right? That's what redox is |
|
| 31:20 | about. Okay, so it comes the bonds in the molecule and breaking |
|
| 31:26 | bonds into capturing the energy. And so um so respiration and |
|
| 31:33 | So both rely on breaking down more organic materials. Remember? Right? |
|
| 31:39 | not talking in this part about auto . Not talking about those guys that |
|
| 31:45 | the 02. Right? It's all these more complex organic forms. |
|
| 31:49 | so in fermentation, okay. Often to as an in incomplete oxidation, |
|
| 31:58 | complete oxidation. We go to any to which you really could do nothing |
|
| 32:04 | with. Okay, could not break down any further. And you'll see |
|
| 32:10 | respiration gives us C. 02 and that's complete oxidation because we can't take |
|
| 32:14 | . 02 and break it down any . Sio two is actually a very |
|
| 32:18 | molecule. Okay. And we're not break water down to get energy from |
|
| 32:23 | . So um but fermentation there's still left? And these molecules? It |
|
| 32:30 | be you know, this is Example two types of products of fermentation. |
|
| 32:36 | more of us that are possible. they're all typically short chain um acids |
|
| 32:41 | alcohols like this. Okay. And are bacteria that can actually eat these |
|
| 32:47 | . Okay? And get energy from . So the point is that's what |
|
| 32:49 | call these incomplete oxidation or not. still some energy left there. But |
|
| 32:54 | the nature of fermentation, right? uh and you don't use oxygen as |
|
| 32:59 | . Okay, so now respiration by is looks much more complicated. And |
|
| 33:07 | is because it involves doing many more involving other components. Okay, So |
|
| 33:16 | , complete oxidation, right? Can't anything with co two and water. |
|
| 33:21 | actually exhale ceo too. Right. but we do form a teepee and |
|
| 33:28 | of the things when you have redox . Okay. In a biological |
|
| 33:34 | um you will form a tps directly some at some steps. But you |
|
| 33:40 | many more of these, some of A D H. But a lot |
|
| 33:46 | N A D H. These two . Our electron carrying molecules. |
|
| 33:52 | so we can have we'll have a right with the food, you know |
|
| 33:58 | stuff we ate for lunch today. ? That could be that's our source |
|
| 34:01 | electrons. Right? If you had hamburger, right? That's your source |
|
| 34:06 | electrons. Okay? Of course. You have to get at those electrons |
|
| 34:12 | first breaking down, right, the and getting your digestive system and broke |
|
| 34:17 | down eventually down to individual molecules. ? That's what then were willing to |
|
| 34:22 | to yourselves. Right. And then when we begin these processes of |
|
| 34:28 | Okay. And um and so that hamburger source of electrons isn't one actually |
|
| 34:37 | . Right. It's these electronic caring . That's what that's what's gonna |
|
| 34:42 | Be involved in these reactive oxidation reactions they're gonna be the ones being the |
|
| 34:47 | . Right? So they're going to the work. Okay. And but |
|
| 34:52 | only result they only result right by from an electrical source that was broken |
|
| 35:01 | . So it starts with that. then then they're going to be handed |
|
| 35:05 | to these electron carriers that are then to go to electron transport system. |
|
| 35:11 | . And so that's where Uh A lot of the work is going |
|
| 35:15 | be done as well. See? . And then finally to uh what's |
|
| 35:20 | the terminal except er right oxygen or could be something else. Right? |
|
| 35:27 | remember the bacteria archaea. Right? don't necessarily just have to re spire |
|
| 35:35 | but actually they can have nitrate is common. It could be iron, |
|
| 35:41 | could be um sulfate, it could a number of things. Right, |
|
| 35:46 | respiration. I mean honestly anaerobic respiration uh are more prevalent among the pro |
|
| 35:55 | archeo world than is aerobic respiration. . So it's very common in that |
|
| 36:01 | that precarious world. And so um even though you're seeing any D. |
|
| 36:09 | . And F. A. H. We're not we're not seeing |
|
| 36:11 | tps yet. Okay. Their work carrying electrons to this system here. |
|
| 36:20 | . Results in a lot of A . T. I'm gonna we're gonna |
|
| 36:25 | this again in a second. So not gonna get into specifics here but |
|
| 36:30 | that those restaurant carriers end up resulting making a lot of https as we |
|
| 36:35 | see shortly. Okay. And so ahead of trophy. Okay. Also |
|
| 36:42 | the category of metabolism. Okay. the operative word or part of the |
|
| 36:48 | is this? Alright. We have trump. Even though it has photo |
|
| 36:53 | now most people association when they see . Oh it's a plant. Now |
|
| 36:57 | photo had a trove. Can use to produce energy and but It cannot |
|
| 37:04 | Co two it must still have organic organic forms of carbon to eat. |
|
| 37:09 | so it does Kuttab allies but it produce some energy. Light. |
|
| 37:13 | Okay. Um and as we saw the previous slide, you know many |
|
| 37:20 | most all examples and textbooks are glucose a starting material. Obviously many things |
|
| 37:26 | be used in place of glucose. sugars, fats, proteins undertake |
|
| 37:32 | Any of these things can be potentially eaten as a source of carbon and |
|
| 37:38 | . Okay. Um Now And so because it's just for completeness only looking |
|
| 37:47 | these different metabolic categories. Right? we're not focusing on focusing on these |
|
| 37:51 | until Chapter 14. Uh you have autotrophs of course. Right. So |
|
| 37:57 | little troughs. Methanol genesis also fits that group. Uh they all fixed |
|
| 38:02 | 0.2. Okay. And it's always they remember to do this right? |
|
| 38:10 | you're taking co two units and making complex organic molecule Okay. The building |
|
| 38:18 | building takes energy breaking down, releases . Building takes energy. Okay? |
|
| 38:24 | that energy can come from light if a photo of a trophy can come |
|
| 38:27 | just oxidation of inorganic. That's little . Okay so again we'll come back |
|
| 38:35 | that next week. Okay. But I'm just gonna focus on uh these |
|
| 38:41 | . Okay and so here's a question . Let me just throw this one |
|
| 38:46 | . What we've been talking about Sure. So respiration does not require |
|
| 38:55 | one or all these requirements. Okay we're not sure about it. That's |
|
| 39:20 | we're gonna go through it. E two. Yeah. Mhm. |
|
| 39:48 | . All of these things are Okay so let's let me just bring |
|
| 39:54 | up here, come, okay All right so you're gonna see some |
|
| 40:07 | of this diagram whether it's like this I draw it like this where |
|
| 40:13 | T. C. Is electron transport and I'll have something here and something |
|
| 40:19 | . Okay. Use this a lot kind of we're doing oxidation reduction reactions |
|
| 40:25 | what's going on. Okay so, the membrane is essential. Right? |
|
| 40:35 | remember the membrane is what gives you , ion gradient is really in a |
|
| 40:43 | respiration is all about maintaining an ion . That's as basic as I can |
|
| 40:48 | it. Okay. And so here see and I am broken gradient. |
|
| 40:53 | . And we talked about this Okay. But the uh this respiration |
|
| 41:00 | all about maintaining that. Okay, How are we gonna maintain a |
|
| 41:06 | Right, well, number one This proton gradient is hello, concentration |
|
| 41:15 | high out here. As you can by the number of H is |
|
| 41:19 | So, if we're going pushing right low to high, that's energy |
|
| 41:24 | energy to do that. Well, don't see any https being expended? |
|
| 41:30 | only see https forming here. That's a D P to a tee |
|
| 41:37 | . Right. You're still not seeing . The energy coming from. |
|
| 41:42 | well, the energy is coming from on left side here. Right, |
|
| 41:47 | we have protons being pumped out. what's that Got to be interviewed supplying |
|
| 41:51 | because we're going up the grading. , It's coming from the transfer of |
|
| 41:57 | . Okay. Electronic or energy transfer for transferring energy. Right. And |
|
| 42:04 | leads to a release of energy. ? So electronic transfers you can release |
|
| 42:09 | that can be used to do stuff and this process here is to pump |
|
| 42:14 | protons. Okay, um now in to do that. Okay, you |
|
| 42:22 | have to have something supplying electrons. ? Because you have to have something |
|
| 42:28 | these. Okay. And so we mentioned that. Well, the food |
|
| 42:34 | . Right. The food source will those. Okay. And now the |
|
| 42:43 | interaction right? With with the components electron transport system are things like an |
|
| 42:50 | D H F A D H. ? Although the food source is the |
|
| 42:56 | the source of electrons ultimately get broken . And then we're gonna form an |
|
| 43:00 | . D. H. D th the process. And those guys are |
|
| 43:02 | be the ones interacting electron transport Okay, so these guys will give |
|
| 43:08 | the electrons. Okay. And you have um a very important part of |
|
| 43:15 | process is flow. Yes. Going this direction, electron flow. |
|
| 43:25 | And so you need how you keep going. How do you keep going |
|
| 43:28 | left to Right, well you have have something there that that must be |
|
| 43:33 | electrons to it. Right. So is where the terminal Except there comes |
|
| 43:45 | . Oh, to for example if aerobic. Okay, so you're gonna |
|
| 43:49 | a molecule at the B end. gonna be something that's a super duper |
|
| 43:56 | grabber that loves electrons. Okay. molecule that's a very strong um oxidizing |
|
| 44:05 | . Don't worry about that yet. about that yet. Strong oxidizing agent |
|
| 44:10 | electrons and oxygen is very very powerful agent. Okay. It's why it's |
|
| 44:15 | the end the most powerful one in context. That's why it's at the |
|
| 44:20 | , right? It's a electron sucking . Okay, at the front end |
|
| 44:27 | at the left hand over here, say over here, because you arrange |
|
| 44:31 | components in this chain point in this . Left to write in order of |
|
| 44:41 | guys have to really give up electrons . Alright, strong donors. |
|
| 44:47 | So the ones that give up black easily at the front those that like |
|
| 44:52 | grab onto them more and more so we go to the right, |
|
| 44:57 | that maintains flow. Okay guys, give up electrons easily those that like |
|
| 45:03 | grab. Right? And that's what slow going. Okay, if you |
|
| 45:07 | believe me, put a paper plastic over your head, tie it |
|
| 45:12 | What's going to happen? All This Stops stops on this track. |
|
| 45:21 | have about eight minutes and you're Okay? So if you don't believe |
|
| 45:27 | , believe that. Okay, So it is absolutely true. Okay, |
|
| 45:34 | , um you're just walking out the accepting from getting from doing that by |
|
| 45:40 | that. Okay, So, electron flow, you're basically stopping electron |
|
| 45:45 | when you do that. Okay. so all backed up and then you're |
|
| 45:50 | . Okay, So, um okay, we've got that going. |
|
| 45:55 | now we know how to do Strong dollar, have a food, |
|
| 45:58 | electron source of food source um have in this chain that will go from |
|
| 46:06 | giving up electronic ones that grab them strongly now keep flow going. We |
|
| 46:12 | electron flow. We've got a proton sustained. Okay, so so I |
|
| 46:17 | to answer the question. How are making these? Okay, because |
|
| 46:22 | let me just scroll down to This is one of the main concepts |
|
| 46:28 | thing right here. Okay, coupling requirement, processes energy releasing all the |
|
| 46:35 | habits and the tablet. Right? so we just saw it. We |
|
| 46:40 | sought the electron transport chain. electron transfers release energy. Right, |
|
| 46:46 | that to public. Protons requires Right? So, we did it |
|
| 46:50 | there. We're going to do it on the right side. Alright, |
|
| 46:54 | now we've generated a proton gradient A lot of potential energy there. |
|
| 47:02 | , so now if we can get going downhill, police energy again. |
|
| 47:07 | , so we'll couple that process to a Tps. Because making a Tps |
|
| 47:13 | energy. That's how we're gonna couple production to make energy to make these |
|
| 47:20 | release from those guys going downhill. , so you've generated a high concentration |
|
| 47:28 | of protons outside the cell. Big hide low. Right? That's that's |
|
| 47:33 | force, right? Because they will go downhill. You give them an |
|
| 47:38 | . Another charged they can't just flop a lipid violent, Right? They're |
|
| 47:42 | be repelled. So you got to him an opening and the opening is |
|
| 47:46 | A. T. P sentences. , so they'll flow in that |
|
| 47:50 | Okay, So you have that concentration force. Okay? You also have |
|
| 47:58 | shown really is most cells or have negative on the inside. Okay. |
|
| 48:06 | learn that. That it comes really the proteins you have in your in |
|
| 48:10 | cell. Ok. Charge at the exists if you like negative charges |
|
| 48:16 | So these positive protons have that So you have two forces protest. |
|
| 48:22 | called a proton motive force, Charge attraction. And the concentration |
|
| 48:27 | Both those combined bring these protons in and that brings him in, releases |
|
| 48:34 | . And that's what can be used fuel that. That's that 80 Pecent |
|
| 48:38 | . Making A. T. S. Okay, so again, |
|
| 48:42 | energy releasing with energy requiring process. , very efficient. Right. So |
|
| 48:49 | doing this as you see in the , we're not expanding, physically expanding |
|
| 48:53 | teepee. Right? Because remember that to go from here. Mhm. |
|
| 49:01 | here. Right, releases energy. . And you don't see this reaction |
|
| 49:12 | in there were in their right to a source of energy. Right? |
|
| 49:15 | just doing it by combining these right? Transfer energy released to the |
|
| 49:20 | protons. Um protons going down pregnant or at least to form an |
|
| 49:26 | So very efficient that way. so um again yeah, we're gonna |
|
| 49:35 | through this again and again. So So um but that's that's really the |
|
| 49:40 | of respiration. Okay? Remember Um It can be doesn't have to |
|
| 49:48 | aerobic right. Does not have to it could be an aerobic sports, |
|
| 49:52 | ? Um And we can involve light in the process. Right? So |
|
| 49:58 | the same basic components of electron transport proton pumping 80 P synthesis. That |
|
| 50:08 | also occurs in plants analogy and santa . Right? And these it's all |
|
| 50:14 | it's driven by light and so but similar in terms of how what you |
|
| 50:19 | there happening also happens in other Okay. It's just the energy source |
|
| 50:24 | different. Okay, that that drives . So um so let's look at |
|
| 50:34 | Any questions. Yeah, it's already . Yeah. Well, two there's |
|
| 50:44 | charge. There's and then there's the difference. Yeah. Yeah. |
|
| 50:50 | Exactly. Like I said, I'm . It's on entry now, technically |
|
| 50:54 | I just talked about. We'll talk that and later in Chapter 13. |
|
| 50:58 | I figured let me just like a blast throw it out. Some stuff |
|
| 51:03 | stick. At least we come around it again. All right. |
|
| 51:05 | you know, we're just talking about . So that's my purpose here right |
|
| 51:08 | . So if you don't quite get , it's all right because we're gonna |
|
| 51:11 | gonna hear it until you want to up basically. You're gonna hear it |
|
| 51:14 | and four and five and six Okay. So I'm going to get |
|
| 51:16 | into your head no matter what. right. So all right. So |
|
| 51:21 | a question. So, think about , I was just talking about. |
|
| 51:28 | . And then look at this the diagram. I'm just labeling five different |
|
| 51:32 | . 123, 45. Okay. So you're inside the colon if this |
|
| 51:39 | . Coli work and uh and aerobically . Okay. If you could, |
|
| 51:47 | would you what area went through? would say? Oh, okay. |
|
| 51:52 | why I determine that at. Okay. The timer on. |
|
| 52:52 | Okay. Um there's gonna be another with the same diagram, but a |
|
| 52:57 | question. Okay. Yes. let's see. Cut. Yeah, |
|
| 53:06 | would be location three. Okay. would be there. So, let's |
|
| 53:13 | at this next question. Then I'll back and and uh will go through |
|
| 53:19 | . Let me reset that. so now we're saying bacterium. |
|
| 53:24 | now it wouldn't be any cooler. be something else. But uh if |
|
| 53:27 | were a little trough, how would determine that? Where would you |
|
| 53:32 | Where would you look to see if it's a little trophy for not what |
|
| 53:37 | tell you that? Surely. Yeah. Okay, mm hmm. |
|
| 54:28 | . Mhm. Mhm, mm Yeah. So right here, if |
|
| 54:38 | an arab. Arab anaerobic aerobic Look at the terminal Except er for |
|
| 54:43 | . That's the truth. Hello. . Look at one, Right, |
|
| 54:48 | you're asking really, what's what's the . Right, what's the electronic source |
|
| 54:53 | inorganic sources hair pros like us more . And so it's gonna be one |
|
| 55:01 | will tell you that. Okay, um so we just went through |
|
| 55:07 | So let me just go to It's kind of just another summary. |
|
| 55:11 | , so, again, just the of these components of the membrane, |
|
| 55:17 | ? Respiration and membrane is important because gives you besides writing stuff molecules on |
|
| 55:23 | side of the gradient. Right? Also the other the other benefit is |
|
| 55:31 | you always see this in whether it's or photosynthesis, a membrane, not |
|
| 55:37 | for the purpose of making a but also you stuff it full of |
|
| 55:41 | the enzymes involved in respiration. Very often these can be folded up |
|
| 55:47 | to increase surface area and just stuff full of the respiratory enzymes or |
|
| 55:53 | the horror films and pigments and Right? The membrane serves both those |
|
| 55:58 | . Okay. Um then uh uh transport system. Okay. And |
|
| 56:07 | so, remembering that, Okay, need a source. Right? Is |
|
| 56:10 | organic or inorganic? Little trophy. , Trophy. Okay. Um and |
|
| 56:16 | of course, that source is not the one that's interacting with the components |
|
| 56:21 | change. Right? But rather we're break it down. Okay. And |
|
| 56:25 | the process we're going to generate these electronic carriers that are gonna received electrons |
|
| 56:32 | these steps. So they become alternately and reduced as they gain electrons. |
|
| 56:40 | . And it's actually these guys that interact with the components of the |
|
| 56:43 | Not not the source itself, but a source gets broken down then the |
|
| 56:48 | in a dhs that former little ones actually interact with the I can transport |
|
| 56:55 | then transfers, right? We're gonna transfers electrons. The components are organized |
|
| 57:01 | strong donors, easily give up electrons stronger except ear's right. They like |
|
| 57:07 | hang onto electrons. So we're going maintains the flow. And then of |
|
| 57:12 | the strongest one, strongest oxidizing agents be at the end sector aerobic. |
|
| 57:21 | . In the process it becomes Okay. Um, and so I |
|
| 57:27 | it's it can be uh counter You go, okay, Michael is |
|
| 57:33 | electrons, isn't it? Getting Right? Why are you saying it's |
|
| 57:35 | ? That's just that's just the Okay, so Michael that becomes reduced |
|
| 57:40 | actually gaining electrons. Okay. and so electronic transfers are coupled to |
|
| 57:49 | proton pumping. Okay. So we a gradient and then, uh, |
|
| 57:55 | proton motive force mentioned earlier, charge positive. Outside negative inside plus the |
|
| 58:02 | in concentration. Right. And so draws them through an https production of |
|
| 58:10 | . So protons are going down to release. He used to form |
|
| 58:16 | So, um, we will, kind of the overall process will focus |
|
| 58:22 | on this. The nuts and bolts this in Chapter 14 in the beginning |
|
| 58:27 | Chapter 14. Um, but as go through the rest of 13, |
|
| 58:32 | more like, here's here's the stages like like calls us and respiration. |
|
| 58:37 | um we don't focus so much on details but but kind of with the |
|
| 58:42 | process here. Okay. But it's causes respiration. The overall process of |
|
| 58:47 | is to maintaining gradient from https. ? But the the energy to that |
|
| 58:56 | this is the energy from the breakdown that source molecule. Okay. Breaking |
|
| 59:04 | down. So remember for us header , right? The the carbon source |
|
| 59:11 | . Is Serves two purposes as a of electrons. And it's um broken |
|
| 59:20 | , right? We get energy from right to the oxidation and then uh |
|
| 59:23 | serves as building blocks to make bigger . So we kind of get a |
|
| 59:27 | for one in that respect. Um so let's oh, I should |
|
| 59:36 | also this is a term you're gonna a lot in this chapter. Next |
|
| 59:40 | in this one, oxygen foster So everything you see on that |
|
| 59:45 | Okay, that's oxygenated fast forward. there's different ways to make a |
|
| 59:54 | Mhm. Basically three ways. Actually, the foster relation that you |
|
| 59:58 | there that involved all that stuff. then there's what's called substrate level foster |
|
| 60:04 | . Okay. What's simpler? All that's going on there because we |
|
| 60:09 | a a single reaction. Right? Let's say here's substrate. Very |
|
| 60:18 | That has a phosphate group on Okay. And then in a reaction |
|
| 60:25 | phosphate is added on to an D. P. Right? So |
|
| 60:30 | have substrate that's D. Phosphorus And you have an A. |
|
| 60:35 | P. Okay. That's all it pretty basic. Okay, so you |
|
| 60:41 | form a few https like that process substrate level cross correlation. Okay. |
|
| 60:47 | you can see compared to oxidative foster is much more complicated. Is oxidative |
|
| 60:51 | relations? Right? So this process restoration electron transport chain, proton radiant |
|
| 60:57 | https resulting. That's oxidative relation Now phosphor relation um is almost the same |
|
| 61:09 | oxidative except it's light. Light is driving thing. But for a false |
|
| 61:13 | you do have electron source. You have electron transport chain. You have |
|
| 61:18 | A. T. P. So all that stuff is similar. |
|
| 61:21 | ? Except that light is the is driver for it. Okay, so |
|
| 61:25 | level foster relations. Oxidative foster Similar components. So there's no population |
|
| 61:32 | more simple. Okay. So and speaking this process because this does occur |
|
| 61:43 | a as a adjunct as a addition respiration. Okay. But this I |
|
| 61:50 | produces about 4 80 P. S . Okay, Whereas this appear producers |
|
| 61:57 | 34 or something like that. 34 . Okay. So that's sometimes oxidative |
|
| 62:04 | relation. Okay. So big difference substrate overpopulation and what oxidative cross relation |
|
| 62:11 | you? 34-4. I mean it's . Right? So um anyway, |
|
| 62:18 | certainly looking at you right now but what we're going to revisit all this |
|
| 62:21 | again. But I figure let's just it this way. Okay, so |
|
| 62:26 | it's you know, it was oh my God, stop. It's |
|
| 62:29 | much. It's all right. You , you're we're gonna go through it |
|
| 62:33 | and again. Okay. Um so a little bit about bio |
|
| 62:39 | right? Well, basically have been about that, but let's just put |
|
| 62:43 | a couple more terms on this. the delta G term, right? |
|
| 62:49 | Free energy. Okay, so free is the energy that can do useful |
|
| 62:56 | , whether it's proton gradient or or making a gps or what happened? |
|
| 63:03 | , Delta G. Is that useable ? Right. So we look at |
|
| 63:07 | overall uh delta G. Equals the energy delta H minus that. Of |
|
| 63:14 | times entropy score. Entropy is that often described as a measure of order |
|
| 63:20 | disorder? Right. More disordered, randomness. That that equates to greater |
|
| 63:26 | . Okay. To maintain order. . There's a decrease in entropy. |
|
| 63:33 | is a very ordered um things Uh to to maintain these bodies and |
|
| 63:40 | cells, it's about maintaining order. . And that takes a lot of |
|
| 63:46 | , right? That's why we constantly to keep eating, fueling ourselves, |
|
| 63:50 | to sustain that. And so um and you can measure these in the |
|
| 63:56 | like in heat, heat exchanges that . Okay. And you know, |
|
| 64:03 | plus years now of looking at different reactions and others. Okay, we |
|
| 64:09 | basically lump them into into being extra or rendered. Gotta write negative or |
|
| 64:15 | delta G. Okay. Um And terms synonymous. So eggs, organic |
|
| 64:22 | bolic sometimes called spontaneous. Okay all meaning the same thing. Right? |
|
| 64:27 | energy release. Okay so A delta . Produce negative DELTA G. |
|
| 64:33 | What you coupled to a positive delta . 11 can make the other go |
|
| 64:39 | um uh And so again positive energy organic non spontaneous uh Anabolic. Are |
|
| 64:46 | all kind of categories? Okay. so when we look at um when |
|
| 64:52 | talk about bio energetic sor thermodynamics, . You often you you when you're |
|
| 65:00 | at these kind of energy changes going , you're looking at you define what |
|
| 65:07 | you measuring these changes in? It can be defined in a number |
|
| 65:14 | ways. It could be just a reaction, right? It could be |
|
| 65:17 | cell, it could be a it could be the whole organism. |
|
| 65:23 | could be an ecosystem, it could the world, right? So it's |
|
| 65:27 | measuring these heat heat exchanges going Okay. And that is done. |
|
| 65:32 | . To see you know the productivity an ecosystem. You know you can |
|
| 65:37 | what's the rate of zero to Things like this are all about these |
|
| 65:41 | changes. And you can measure these different scales from itself to to uh |
|
| 65:46 | an ecosystem. Okay. And so often the term system and surroundings, |
|
| 65:52 | the system and surroundings. Okay. in a completely so if we look |
|
| 65:57 | just the basic reaction of A plus reactions giving C plus D. |
|
| 66:02 | Okay. If this were happening in closed test tube right? You had |
|
| 66:09 | A. And B. To the the in a buffer. Close the |
|
| 66:15 | box. Okay. Well A. B will go to make C. |
|
| 66:18 | D, assuming it's a favorable Okay. And it will continue to |
|
| 66:24 | products until when A. And Would make C. And D. |
|
| 66:30 | we reach the word you deliver Right then don't change after that. |
|
| 66:39 | . Um That's the nature of a system. Okay. But fortunately life |
|
| 66:44 | an open system right? We can we can we can continue to add |
|
| 66:51 | . Right. Take it in. . Exchange with the environment we can |
|
| 66:56 | C. And D. It's very metabolic reactions that the products of one |
|
| 67:01 | of the reactions for another reaction. . So it can be tied that |
|
| 67:05 | can also exchange with the environment. ? C. 02 X. |
|
| 67:09 | C. 02 as a result of metabolism. Right? So we can |
|
| 67:13 | with our environment. And so the is if um when so by that |
|
| 67:21 | then we can exchange with our environment When do when does a human come |
|
| 67:28 | equilibrium when eventually dead then you're an . Okay. So what with the |
|
| 67:42 | system is you are you know the of all these metabolic reactions right. |
|
| 67:47 | are you are continually going to But because you can exchange with the |
|
| 67:53 | , stuff can come in, stuff leave that you never quite get |
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| 67:58 | Okay, we're approaching delivery but you're getting there until the system is no |
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| 68:04 | exchanging or it's closed. Right? for a living thing, it's closed |
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| 68:09 | you're dead. Alright, because you're longer exchange with the environment. So |
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| 68:13 | you can be equilibrium. Okay, um so uh that's a good thing |
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| 68:21 | . Um ah And you can influence G. Right? By by the |
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| 68:28 | of products to react. And so keeps coming in, right? Uh |
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| 68:33 | can have a great excess of right? Let's say we have a |
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| 68:38 | hundredfold excess of A. And Over C. And D. That |
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| 68:44 | that can make a favorable delta Okay, well, I'll show you |
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| 68:48 | I mean. I'm going to get there. I'm getting ahead of |
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| 68:49 | Let's just go through these steps So how can we do so with |
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| 68:54 | things? Of course. It's um It's about making processes go okay? |
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| 69:00 | sometimes they need help. Okay, a an anabolic process, right? |
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| 69:05 | delta positive DELTA G. Needs energy make it go, okay. And |
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| 69:10 | you can see that here by these where they they show free energy changes |
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| 69:16 | time. And so this is quite . A an uphill process. |
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| 69:21 | This one this is glucose plus phosphate make glucose six phosphate. Okay, |
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| 69:25 | uphill process requires energy. And so units we use for for Byron |
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| 69:32 | Typically the human jewels from old. , this is plus 13 points let's |
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| 69:38 | plus 14 killer jewels promotes that's a delta G requires energy to make it |
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| 69:43 | . So on its own it So what we're gonna do? |
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| 69:46 | we can add the energy released from teepee hydraulics is so we can add |
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| 69:51 | tps to it. Okay, so is this is all additive. We |
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| 69:55 | combine them. And if the net is a negative delta G. Like |
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| 69:59 | is. Uh huh. Uh right to the net plus plus |
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| 70:08 | Uh Combined with the minus 30 you from a teepee hydraulic versus the net |
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| 70:13 | is a negative delta G. And directly should should go, Okay, |
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| 70:19 | why you see https being added or get out. Um I thought they |
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| 70:37 | riveted by the discussion of they want come in. Um Anyway. Uh |
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| 70:44 | . Alright, so that's why a are added to many or you see |
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| 70:48 | in all kinds of different reactions because energy release you get from them can |
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| 70:52 | the process go, Okay, so we just saw mentioned the concentration |
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| 70:58 | So it doesn't have to be necessarily chemical reaction. It can be the |
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| 71:02 | graded. Okay, that's a form stored energy potential energy that can be |
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| 71:07 | to do something I. E. down 80 pieces in place to make |
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| 71:11 | T. P. S. Um Again this concept of energy releasing |
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| 71:18 | for the energy requiring process put those together. Okay as I just mentioned |
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| 71:22 | second ago the concentration of reactant and . So there's an equation that here |
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| 71:28 | you can influence delta G. Um . Manipulating the concentration of products two |
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| 71:39 | okay. Or vice versa. You're get it both ways. But the |
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| 71:42 | is let's just look here that we . Um So here on this column |
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| 71:49 | see an excess of reactant. So a 10,000 to 1 product, |
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| 71:56 | sorry reacting to product ratio. Okay right here that equates to an increase |
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| 72:03 | delta G. Of that much. so it can make it so you |
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| 72:07 | , lots of times you know bacteria at the mercy of their surroundings. |
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| 72:11 | they may be in a scenario where metabolic processes. Someone that's a positive |
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| 72:16 | G. But if they just happen have you know being an area where |
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| 72:19 | an excess of reactant I'm reacting then that's enough to make it become a |
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| 72:26 | delta G. Process. Okay. there's a high excess and that can |
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| 72:30 | in some environments um uh So or alternative of that is if not an |
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| 72:37 | of reactions you can still have a ratio if you're taking away product that |
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| 72:42 | being made right? That too. too increases the ratio if it's going |
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| 72:47 | . Which is very often the case metabolism is their service reactions for another |
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| 72:51 | and products may just be sucked out quickly as they're made. And then |
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| 72:56 | two maintains a steep ratio between reactions products. So um uh so you |
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| 73:05 | , it's about making a negative a delta G more favorable than it may |
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| 73:10 | in some instances whether by any PPE a significant difference in propane reactions to |
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| 73:17 | . Um All these things are Okay. Um Many questions I know |
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| 73:24 | suit to look at you. Um Ruminate. Ruminate on this for |
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| 73:30 | couple of days. Okay. And um we'll come back. Okay. |
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| 73:35 | are there any immediate questions? So, well we're gonna have to |
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| 73:40 | this again. Okay. Uh so folks. We'll see you on |
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| 73:57 | Yes. Thank |
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